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Zahn TJ, Eilers M, Guo Z, Ksebati MB, Simon M, Scholten JD, Smith SO, Gibbs RA. Evaluation of Isoprenoid Conformation in Solution and in the Active Site of Protein-Farnesyl Transferase Using Carbon-13 Labeling in Conjunction with Solution- and Solid-State NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja000860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd J. Zahn
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Markus Eilers
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Zhengmao Guo
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Mohamad B. Ksebati
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Matthew Simon
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Jeffrey D. Scholten
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Steven O. Smith
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Contribution from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 528 Shapero Hall, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, 312 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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Chehade KA, Andres DA, Morimoto H, Spielmann HP. Design and synthesis of a transferable farnesyl pyrophosphate analogue to Ras by protein farnesyltransferase. J Org Chem 2000; 65:3027-33. [PMID: 10814193 DOI: 10.1021/jo991735t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The posttranslational addition of a farnesyl moiety to the Ras oncoprotein is essential for its membrane localization and is required for both its biological activity and ability to induce malignant transformation. We describe the design and synthesis of a farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) analogue, 8-anilinogeranyl pyrophosphate 3 (AGPP), in which the omega-terminal isoprene unit of the farnesyl group has been replaced with an aniline functionality. The key steps in the synthesis are the reductive amination of the alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde 5 to form the lipid analogue 6, and the subsequent conversion of the allylic alcohol 7 to the chloride 8 via Ph(3)PCl(2) followed by displacement with [(n-Bu)(4)N](3)HP(2)O(7) to give AGPP (3). AGPP is a substrate for protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) and is transferred to Ras by FTase with the same kinetics as the natural substrate, FPP. AGPP is highly selective, showing little inhibitory activity against either geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type I (GGTase I) (K(i) = 0.06 microM, IC(50) = 20 microM) or squalene synthase (IC(50) = 1000 microM). AGPP is the first efficiently transferable analogue of FPP to be modified at the omega-terminus that provides a platform from which additional analogues can be made to probe the biological function of protein farnesylation. AGPP is the first example of a class of compounds that are alternate substrates for protein isoprenylation that are not inhibitors of squalene synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Chehade
- Department of Biochemistry, Kentucky Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (RabGGT) catalyzes the addition of two geranylgeranyl groups to the C-terminal cysteine residues of Rab proteins, which is crucial for membrane association and function of these proteins in intracellular vesicular trafficking. Unlike protein farnesyltransferase (FT) and type I geranylgeranyltransferase, which both prenylate monomeric small G proteins or short peptides, RabGGT can prenylate Rab only when Rab is in a complex with Rab escort protein (REP). RESULTS The crystal structure of rat RabGGT at 2.0 A resolution reveals an assembly of four distinct structural modules. The beta subunit forms an alpha-alpha barrel that contains most of the residues in the active site. The alpha subunit consists of a helical domain, an immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain, and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. The N-terminal region of the alpha subunit binds to the active site in the beta subunit; residue His2alpha directly coordinates a zinc ion. The prenyl-binding pocket of RabGGT is deeper than that in FT. CONCLUSIONS LRR and Ig domains are often involved in protein-protein interactions; in RabGGT they might participate in the recognition and binding of REP. The binding of the N-terminal peptide of the alpha subunit to the active site suggests an autoinhibition mechanism that might contribute to the inability of RabGGT to recognize short peptides or Rab alone as its substrate. Replacement of residues Trp102beta and Tyr154beta in FT by Ser48beta and Leu99beta, respectively, in RabGGT largely determine the different lipid-binding specificities of the two enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75235-9050, USA
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57
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Perola E, Xu K, Kollmeyer TM, Kaufmann SH, Prendergast FG, Pang YP. Successful virtual screening of a chemical database for farnesyltransferase inhibitor leads. J Med Chem 2000; 43:401-8. [PMID: 10669567 DOI: 10.1021/jm990408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Virtual screening of chemical databases is an emerging approach in drug discovery that uses computers to dock chemicals into the active site of a drug target to identify leads through evaluation of binding affinities of the chemicals. However, there are concerns about the validity and scope of the reported virtual screens due to lack of studies to show that randomly selected chemicals are not equally active and due to the fact that metalloproteins were rarely used as drug targets. We have performed a virtual screening of a chemical database to identify prototypic inhibitors of farnesyltransferase (FT) with zinc present in the active site. Among the 21 compounds identified by computers, four inhibited FT in vitro with IC(50) values in the range from 25 to 100 microM. The most potent inhibitor also inhibited FT in human lung cancer cells. In contrast, none of 21 randomly selected compounds have an IC(50) lower than 100 microM. The results demonstrate the validity of virtual screening and the feasibility of applications of this approach to metalloprotein drug targets, such as matrix metalloproteinases, farnesyltransferase, and HIV-1 integrase, for the treatments of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Perola
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Tumor Biology Program, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Molecular Neuroscience Program, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Alexandrov K, Simon I, Yurchenko V, Iakovenko A, Rostkova E, Scheidig AJ, Goody RS. Characterization of the ternary complex between Rab7, REP-1 and Rab geranylgeranyl transferase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 265:160-70. [PMID: 10491170 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Geranylgeranylation is a post-translational modification of Rab GTPases that enables them to associate reversibly with intracellular membranes. Geranylgeranylation of Rab proteins is critical for their activity in controlling intracellular membrane transport. According to the currently accepted model for their action, newly synthesized Rab proteins are recruited by Rab escort protein (REP) and are presented to the Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (RabGGTase) which covalentely modifies the Rab protein with two geranylgeranyl moieties. After prenylation, the Rab protein remains in complex with REP and is delivered to the target membrane by the latter. In this work, we show that RabGGTase can form a stable complex with Rab7-REP in the absence of its lipid substrate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. In order to characterize this interaction, we developed three fluorescence assays reporting on the interaction of RabGGTase with the Rab7-REP complex. For this interaction we determined a Kd value of about 120 nM. Association of RabGGTase with the Rab7-REP complex occurs with a rate constant of approximately 108 M-1 x s-1. We demonstrate that the state of the nucleotide bound to Rab7 does not influence the affinity of RabGGTase for the Rab7-REP-1 complex. Finally, we address the issue of substrate specificity of RabGGTase. Titration experiments demonstrate that, in contrast with farnesyl transferase, RabGGTase does not recognize a defined C-terminal sequence motif. Experiments using Rab7 mutants in which the last 16 amino acids were either mutated or truncated revealed that the distal part of the C-terminus makes only a limited contribution to the binding affinity between RabGGTase and the Rab7-REP-1 complex. This demonstrates the functional dissimilarity between RabGGTase and geranylgeranyl transferase I and farnesyl transferase, which interact specifically with the C-terminus of their substrates. Based on these experiments, we propose that RabGGTase recognizes the overall structure arising from the association of Rab and REP and then 'scans' the flexible C-terminus to position the proximal cysteines into the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alexandrov
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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60
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Del Villar K, Urano J, Guo L, Tamanoi F. A mutant form of human protein farnesyltransferase exhibits increased resistance to farnesyltransferase inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:27010-7. [PMID: 10480914 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.38.27010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) is a key enzyme responsible for the lipid modification of a large and important number of proteins including Ras. Recent demonstrations that inhibitors of this enzyme block the growth of a variety of human tumors point to the importance of this enzyme in human tumor formation. In this paper, we report that a mutant form of human FTase, Y361L, exhibits increased resistance to farnesyltransferase inhibitors, particularly a tricyclic compound, SCH56582, which is a competitive inhibitor of FTase with respect to the CAAX (where C is cysteine, A is an aliphatic amino acid, and X is the C-terminal residue that is preferentially serine, cysteine, methionine, glutamine or alanine) substrates. The Y361L mutant maintains FTase activity toward substrates ending with CIIS. However, the mutant also exhibits an increased affinity for peptides terminating with CIIL, a motif that is recognized by geranylgeranyltransferase I (GGTase I). The Y361L mutant also demonstrates activity with Ha-Ras and Cdc42Hs proteins, substrates of FTase and GGTase I, respectively. In addition, the Y361L mutant shows a marked sensitivity to a zinc chelator HPH-5 suggesting that the mutant has altered zinc coordination. These results demonstrate that a single amino acid change at a residue at the active site can lead to the generation of a mutant resistant to FTase inhibitors. Such a mutant may be valuable for the study of the effects of FTase inhibitors on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Del Villar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1489, USA
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Anthony NJ, Gomez RP, Schaber MD, Mosser SD, Hamilton KA, O'Neil TJ, Koblan KS, Graham SL, Hartman GD, Shah D, Rands E, Kohl NE, Gibbs JB, Oliff AI. Design and in vivo analysis of potent non-thiol inhibitors of farnesyl protein transferase. J Med Chem 1999; 42:3356-68. [PMID: 10464022 DOI: 10.1021/jm990080l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase) based upon a pseudotripeptide template are described that comprise an imidazole group substituted with a hydrophobic substituent. (1, 5)-Disubstitution of the imidazole group is shown to be the optimal array that leads to potent and selective inhibitors of FPTase. A variety of aryl and isoprenyl substituents are shown to afford effective inhibitors, and the mechanism by which these compounds inhibit FPTase has been investigated. The biochemical behavior of these compounds suggests that they bind to FPTase at the site usually occupied by the protein substrate. In experiments in cell culture, the methyl ester prodrugs of these inhibitors are cell permeant and potently inhibit the posttranslational modification of H-Ras protein. Additionally, these molecules revert the phenotype of ras transformed cells as evidenced by their ability to slow the growth of ras transformed cell lines in soft agar. One of the inhibitors, as its methyl prodrug, was evaluated in two in vivo models of tumor growth. The compound selectively inhibited the growth of tumors derived from H-ras transformed cells, in nude mice, and caused the regression of preexisting tumors in an H-ras transgenic animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Anthony
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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