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Powell BS, Andrianov AK, Fusco PC. Polyionic vaccine adjuvants: another look at aluminum salts and polyelectrolytes. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:23-45. [PMID: 25648619 PMCID: PMC4313107 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants improve the adaptive immune response to a vaccine antigen by modulating innate immunity or facilitating transport and presentation. The selection of an appropriate adjuvant has become vital as new vaccines trend toward narrower composition, expanded application, and improved safety. Functionally, adjuvants act directly or indirectly on antigen presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells (DCs) and are perceived as having molecular patterns associated either with pathogen invasion or endogenous cell damage (known as pathogen associated molecular patterns [PAMPs] and damage associated molecular patterns [DAMPs]), thereby initiating sensing and response pathways. PAMP-type adjuvants are ligands for toll-like receptors (TLRs) and can directly affect DCs to alter the strength, potency, speed, duration, bias, breadth, and scope of adaptive immunity. DAMP-type adjuvants signal via proinflammatory pathways and promote immune cell infiltration, antigen presentation, and effector cell maturation. This class of adjuvants includes mineral salts, oil emulsions, nanoparticles, and polyelectrolytes and comprises colloids and molecular assemblies exhibiting complex, heterogeneous structures. Today innovation in adjuvant technology is driven by rapidly expanding knowledge in immunology, cross-fertilization from other areas including systems biology and materials sciences, and regulatory requirements for quality, safety, efficacy and understanding as part of the vaccine product. Standardizations will aid efforts to better define and compare the structure, function and safety of adjuvants. This article briefly surveys the genesis of adjuvant technology and then re-examines polyionic macromolecules and polyelectrolyte materials, adjuvants currently not known to employ TLR. Specific updates are provided for aluminum-based formulations and polyelectrolytes as examples of improvements to the oldest and emerging classes of vaccine adjuvants in use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander K Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Rothemund S, Aigner TB, Iturmendi A, Rigau M, Husár B, Hildner F, Oberbauer E, Prambauer M, Olawale G, Forstner R, Liska R, Schröder KR, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Degradable Glycine-Based Photo-Polymerizable Polyphosphazenes for Use as Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration. Macromol Biosci 2014; 15:351-63. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rothemund
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 Leonding A-4060 Austria
| | - Tamara B. Aigner
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 Leonding A-4060 Austria
- Transfercenter für Kunststofftechnik (TCKT) GmbH; Franz-Fritsch-Strasse 11 A-4600 Wels Austria
| | - Aitziber Iturmendi
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 Leonding A-4060 Austria
- Transfercenter für Kunststofftechnik (TCKT) GmbH; Franz-Fritsch-Strasse 11 A-4600 Wels Austria
| | - Maria Rigau
- Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service of Upper Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Krankenhausstraße 7 A-4017 Linz Austria
| | - Branislav Husár
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; Vienna University of Technology; Getreidemarkt 9/163 A-1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Florian Hildner
- Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service of Upper Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Krankenhausstraße 7 A-4017 Linz Austria
| | - Eleni Oberbauer
- Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service of Upper Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Krankenhausstraße 7 A-4017 Linz Austria
| | - Martina Prambauer
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 Leonding A-4060 Austria
- Transfercenter für Kunststofftechnik (TCKT) GmbH; Franz-Fritsch-Strasse 11 A-4600 Wels Austria
| | - Gbenga Olawale
- BioMed-zet Life Science GmbH; Industriezeile 36 A-4020 Linz Austria
| | - Reinhard Forstner
- Transfercenter für Kunststofftechnik (TCKT) GmbH; Franz-Fritsch-Strasse 11 A-4600 Wels Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; Vienna University of Technology; Getreidemarkt 9/163 A-1060 Vienna Austria
| | | | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 Leonding A-4060 Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 Leonding A-4060 Austria
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Palmer CD, Ninković J, Prokopowicz ZM, Mancuso CJ, Marin A, Andrianov AK, Dowling DJ, Levy O. The effect of stable macromolecular complexes of ionic polyphosphazene on HIV Gag antigen and on activation of human dendritic cells and presentation to T-cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8876-8886. [PMID: 25023392 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonates and infants are susceptible to infection due to distinct immune responses in early life. Therefore, development of vaccine formulation and delivery systems capable of activating human newborn leukocytes is of global health importance. Poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP) belongs to a family of ionic synthetic polyphosphazene polyelectrolyte compounds that can form non-covalent interactions with protein antigens and demonstrate adjuvant activity in animals and in human clinical trials. However, little is known about their ability to activate human immune cells. In this study, we characterized the effects of PCPP alone or in combination with a model antigen (recombinant HIV-Gag (Gag)), on the maturation, activation and antigen presentation by human adult and newborn dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. PCPP treatment induced DC activation as assessed by upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine production. Studies benchmarking PCPP to Alum, the most commonly used vaccine adjuvant, demonstrated that both triggered cell death and release of danger signals in adult and newborn DCs. When complexed with Gag antigen, PCPP maintained its immunostimulatory characteristics while permitting internalization and presentation of Gag by DCs to HIV-Gag-specific CD4(+) T cell clones. The PCPP vaccine formulation outlined here has intrinsic adjuvant activity, can facilitate effective delivery of antigen to DCs, and may be advantageous for induction of beneficial T cell-mediated immunity. Moreover, polyphosphazenes can further reduce cost of vaccine production and distribution through their dose-sparing and antigen-stabilizing properties, thus potentially eliminating the need for cold chain distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine D Palmer
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jana Ninković
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zofia M Prokopowicz
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - David J Dowling
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Caspase-1 Dependent IL-1β Secretion and Antigen-Specific T-Cell Activation by the Novel Adjuvant, PCEP. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:500-14. [PMID: 26344742 PMCID: PMC4494223 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The potent adjuvant activity of the novel adjuvant, poly[di(sodiumcarboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP), with various antigens has been reported previously. However, very little is known about its mechanisms of action. We have recently reported that intramuscular injection of PCEP induces NLRP3, an inflammasome receptor gene, and inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-18, in mouse muscle tissue. Caspase-1 is required for the processing of pro-forms of IL-1β and IL-18 into mature forms and is a critical constituent of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Hence, in the present study, we investigated the role of caspase-1 in the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in PCEP-stimulated splenic dendritic cells (DCs). Caspase inhibitor YVAD-fmk-treated splenic DCs showed significantly reduced IL-1β and IL-18 secretion in response to PCEP stimulation. Further, PCEP had no effect on the expression of MHC class II or co-stimulatory molecules, CD86 and CD40, suggesting that PCEP does not induce DC maturation. However, PCEP directly activated B-cells to induce significant production of IgM. In addition, PCEP+ovalbumin (OVA) immunized mice showed significantly increased production of antigen-specific IFN-γ by CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. We conclude that PCEP activates innate immunity, leading to increased antigen-specific T-cell responses.
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Awate S, Wilson HL, Singh B, Babiuk LA, Mutwiri G. The adjuvant PCEP induces recruitment of myeloid and lymphoid cells at the injection site and draining lymph node. Vaccine 2014; 32:2420-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Köhler J, Kühl S, Keul H, Möller M, Pich A. Synthesis and characterization of polyamine-based cyclophosphazene hybrid microspheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Köhler
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Sebastian Kühl
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V.; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Helmut Keul
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V.; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V.; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
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Comparison of the Synthesis and Bioerodible Properties of N-Linked Versus O-Linked Amino Acid Substituted Polyphosphazenes. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-013-9989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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58
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Synthesis and Characterization of Polyphosphazenes Modified with Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate and Lactic Acid. INT J POLYM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/645869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(dichlorophosphazene) was prepared by melt ring-opening polymerization of the hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene. Poly[bis(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate)-phosphazene] and poly[(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate)-graft-poly(lactic-acid)-phosphazene] were obtained by nucleophilic condensation reactions at different concentrations of the substituents. The properties of the synthesized copolymers were assessed by FTIR,1H-NMR and31P-NMR, thermal analysis (DSC-TGA), and electron microscopy (SEM). The copolymers have a block structure and show twoTg's below room temperature. They are stable up to a temperature of 100°C. The type of the substituents attached to the PZ backbone determines the morphology of the polymers.
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Morozowich NL, Modzelewski T, Allcock HR. Synthesis of Phosphonated Polyphosphazenes via Two Synthetic Routes. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301679k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Morozowich
- Department of Chemistry, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
| | - Tomasz Modzelewski
- Department of Chemistry, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
| | - Harry R. Allcock
- Department of Chemistry, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
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60
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Intradermal immunization using coated microneedles containing an immunoadjuvant. Vaccine 2012; 30:4355-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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61
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Activation of adjuvant core response genes by the novel adjuvant PCEP. Mol Immunol 2012; 51:292-303. [PMID: 22521769 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are critical components of many vaccines but their mechanisms of action are often poorly understood. Understanding the mechanisms of adjuvant activity is critical in defining how innate immunity influenced adaptive immunity. We investigated the capacity of a novel adjuvant, poly[di(sodiumcarboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP), to induce innate immune responses at the site of injection. PCEP induced time-dependent changes in the gene expression of many "adjuvant core response genes" including cytokines, chemokines, innate immune receptors, interferon-induced genes, adhesion molecules and antigen-presentation genes. In addition, PCEP triggered local production of cytokines and the chemokine CCL-2 as indicated by ELISA. Interestingly, PCEP up-regulated the gene expression of the inflammasome receptor, Nlrp3, and induced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, and IL-18 at the site of injection. Secretion of these cytokines is predominantly a result of activation of the inflammasome, a multi-protein complex that activates caspase-1, leading to the processing and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that PCEP may modulate antigen-specific immune responses by strongly activating early innate immune responses and promoting a strong immuno-stimulatory environment at the site of injection.
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63
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Morozowich NL, Nichol JL, Mondschein RJ, Allcock HR. Design and examination of an antioxidant-containing polyphosphazene scaffold for tissue engineering. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py00570k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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64
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Amin AM, Wang L, Yu H, Amer WA, Gao J, Huo J, Tai Y, Zhang L. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly[bis(ethyl salicylate)phosphazenes] and Poly[bis(ethyl salicylate diethylamino)phosphazenes] and Their Hydrolytic Degradation. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-011-9529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Decollibus DP, Marin A, Andrianov AK. Effect of environmental factors on hydrolytic degradation of water-soluble polyphosphazene polyelectrolyte in aqueous solutions. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2033-8. [PMID: 20690712 DOI: 10.1021/bm100395u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of a water-soluble polyphosphazene, poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene], disodium salt (PCPP) has been studied in aqueous solutions at elevated temperature. This synthetic polyelectrolyte is of interest as vaccine adjuvant and its degradability constitutes an important component of its safety and formulation stability profiles. The degradation process is manifested by a gradual reduction in the molecular weight of the polymer and cleavage of side groups, which is consistent with previously reported data on hydrolytical breakdown of water-soluble polyphosphazenes. The kinetics of hydrolytical degradation exhibits distinct pH dependence and the process is faster in solutions with lower pH. Remarkably, a number of hydrogen bond forming additives, such as polyethylene glycol and Tween displayed a dramatic accelerating effect on the degradation of PCPP, whereas inorganic salts, such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride, showed a trend for its retardation. The results can be potentially explained on the basis of acid promoted hydrolysis mechanism and macromolecular interactions in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Decollibus
- Apogee Technology, Inc., 129 Morgan Drive, Norwood, Massachusetts 02062, USA
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PCPP (poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)-phosphazene]) microparticles co-encapsulating ovalbumin and CpG oligo-deoxynucleotides are potent enhancers of antigen specific Th1 immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2010; 28:8306-14. [PMID: 21036133 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We generated poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)-phosphazene] (PCPP) microparticles encapsulating ovalbumin (OVA) and CpG of 0.5-2.5 μm in diameter with an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 63% and 95% respectively. In mice the microparticles generated high antigen-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a titers with higher IgG2a/IgG1 ratios. Whole body in vivo imaging of mice subcutaneously injected with MPs showed several fold increase of OVA and CpG in draining inguinal lymph nodes compared to soluble formulations. We conclude that PCPP MPs are more effective in enhancing immune responses compared to soluble formulations, due to co-delivery of OVA and CpG resulting in a Th1 type of immune response.
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Eng NF, Garlapati S, Gerdts V, Babiuk LA, Mutwiri GK. PCEP enhances IgA mucosal immune responses in mice following different immunization routes with influenza virus antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2010; 8:4. [PMID: 20735838 PMCID: PMC2936874 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that polyphosphazenes, particularly PCEP, enhance immune responses in mice immunized subcutaneously and intranasally. The objective of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of polyphosphazenes as adjuvants when delivered through different routes of vaccine administration. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized through intranasal, subcutaneous, oral and intrarectal delivery with vaccine formulations containing either influenza X:31 antigen alone or formulated in PCEP. Serum and mucosal washes were collected and assayed for antigen-specific antibody responses by ELISA, while splenocytes were assayed for antigen-specific cytokine production by ELISPOT. Results Intranasal immunization with PCEP+X:31 induced significantly higher IgA titers in all mucosal secretions (lung, nasal, and vaginal) compared to the other routes. Serum analysis showed that all mice given the PCEP+X:31 combination showed evidence of enhanced IgG2a titers in all administered routes, indicating that PCEP can be effective as an adjuvant in enhancing systemic immune responses when delivered via different routes of administration. Conclusions We conclude that PCEP is a potent and versatile mucosal adjuvant that can be administered in a variety of routes and effectively enhances systemic and local immune responses. Furthermore, intranasal immunization was found to be the best administration route for enhancing IgA titers, providing further evidence for the potential of PCEP as a mucosal adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson F Eng
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Srinivas Garlapati
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Lorne A Babiuk
- University of Alberta, 3-7 University Hall, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J9, Canada
| | - George K Mutwiri
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
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Andrianov AK, Marin A, DeCollibus DP. Microneedles with Intrinsic Immunoadjuvant Properties: Microfabrication, Protein Stability, and Modulated Release. Pharm Res 2010; 28:58-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mapletoft JW, Latimer L, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Intranasal immunization of mice with a bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine induces superior immunity and protection compared to those by subcutaneous delivery or combinations of intranasal and subcutaneous prime-boost strategies. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:23-35. [PMID: 19864487 PMCID: PMC2812083 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00250-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infects cells of the respiratory mucosa, so it is desirable to develop a vaccination strategy that induces mucosal immunity. To achieve this, various delivery routes were compared for formalin-inactivated (FI) BRSV formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) and polyphosphazene (PP). Intranasal delivery of the FI-BRSV formulation was superior to subcutaneous delivery in terms of antibody, cell-mediated, and mucosal immune responses, as well as reduction in virus replication after BRSV challenge. Although intranasal delivery of FI-BRSV also induced higher serum and lung antibody titers and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in the lungs than intranasal-subcutaneous and/or subcutaneous-intranasal prime-boost strategies, no significant differences were observed in cell-mediated immune responses or virus replication in the lungs of challenged mice. Interleukin 5 (IL-5), eotaxin, and eosinophilia were enhanced after BRSV challenge in the lungs of subcutaneously immunized mice compared to unvaccinated mice, but not in the lungs of mice immunized intranasally or through combinations of the intranasal and subcutaneous routes. These results suggest that two intranasal immunizations with FI-BRSV formulated with CpG ODN and PP are effective and safe as an approach to induce systemic and mucosal responses, as well to reduce virus replication after BRSV challenge. Furthermore, intranasal-subcutaneous and subcutaneous-intranasal prime-boost strategies were also safe and almost as efficacious. In addition to the implications for the development of a protective BRSV vaccine for cattle, formulation with CpG ODN and PP could also prove important in the development of a mucosal vaccine that induces protective immunity against human RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Mapletoft
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
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Kovacs-Nolan J, Mapletoft JW, Lawman Z, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Formulation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, cationic host defence peptide and polyphosphazene enhances humoral and cellular responses and induces a protective type 1 immune response in mice. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1892-1905. [PMID: 19386785 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.011684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of serious respiratory tract disease in children and calves; however, RSV vaccine development has been slow due to early observations that formalin-inactivated vaccines induced Th2-type immune responses and led to disease enhancement upon subsequent exposure. Hence, there is a need for novel adjuvants that will promote a protective Th1-type or balanced immune response against RSV. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), indolicidin, and polyphosphazene were examined for their ability to enhance antigen-specific immune responses and influence the Th-bias when co-formulated with a recombinant truncated bovine RSV (BRSV) fusion protein (DeltaF). Mice immunized with DeltaF co-formulated with CpG ODN, indolicidin, and polyphosphazene (DeltaF/CpG/indol/PP) developed higher levels of DeltaF-specific serum IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies when compared with DeltaF alone, and displayed an increase in the frequency of gamma interferon-secreting cells and decreased interleukin (IL)-5 production by in vitro restimulated splenocytes, characteristic of a Th1 immune response. These results were observed in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains of mice. When evaluated in a BRSV challenge model, mice immunized with DeltaF/CpG/indol/PP developed significantly higher levels of BRSV-neutralizing serum antibodies than mice immunized with the DeltaF protein alone, and displayed significantly less pulmonary IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin and reduced eosinophilia after challenge. These results suggest that co-formulation of DeltaF with CpG ODN, host defence peptide and polyphosphazene may result in a safe and effective vaccine for the prevention of BRSV and may have implications for the development of novel human RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kovacs-Nolan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - J W Mapletoft
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Z Lawman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - L A Babiuk
- University of Alberta, 3-7 University Hall, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J9, Canada
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Kovacs-Nolan J, Mapletoft JW, Latimer L, Babiuk LA, Hurk SVDLVD. CpG oligonucleotide, host defense peptide and polyphosphazene act synergistically, inducing long-lasting, balanced immune responses in cattle. Vaccine 2009; 27:2048-54. [PMID: 19428829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines consisting of subunit or protein antigens are less immunogenic than traditional vaccines, and therefore require formulation with an adjuvant. Conventional adjuvants, however, often cause undesirable injection site reactions and Th2-biased immune responses. Therefore, novel vaccine adjuvants which can safely enhance and selectively bias the resulting immune response are required. Here the adjuvant combination of CpG ODN, indolicidin and polyphosphazene (CpG+indol+PP) was evaluated for its ability to enhance and modulate the immune response when formulated with the antigen hen egg lysozyme (HEL). Cattle immunized with HEL co-adjuvanted with CpG+indol+PP developed higher antigen-specific humoral responses, and long-lasting cell-mediated immune responses, as evidenced by elevated levels of IFN-gamma secretion by re-stimulated PBMCs, that were superior even to EMULSIGEN((R)), an oil-in-water based adjuvant that was used as positive control. Physical characterization of the vaccines indicated that formulation of HEL with CpG+indol+PP resulted in the formation of antigen-adjuvant complexes, which may have contributed to their enhanced immunogenicity. Furthermore, the addition of polyphosphazene to CpG ODN and indolicidin dose-dependently enhanced the secretion of the cytokines IFN-alpha, TNF-alpha and IFN-gammain vitro, indicating that polyphosphazene can also synergize with CpG ODN and indolicidin to stimulate innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kovacs-Nolan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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Kovacs-Nolan J, Latimer L, Landi A, Jenssen H, Hancock REW, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. The novel adjuvant combination of CpG ODN, indolicidin and polyphosphazene induces potent antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:2055-64. [PMID: 19428830 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The need to enhance the immunogenicity of purified subunit antigens and modulate resulting immune responses has prompted the development of new adjuvants. Here, the ability of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), a bovine host defence peptide indolicidin, and polyphosphazene to synergistically combine and enhance innate and adaptive immune responses was examined in mice. In vitro, the adjuvant combination of CpG ODN, indolicidin and polyphosphazene (CpG/indol/PP) enhanced the secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-12p40, and IL-6 by bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) when compared to the individual components. When co-formulated with ovalbumin (OVA), CpG/indol/PP formed antigen-adjuvant complexes, and enhanced antibody and cell-mediated responses in mice, via both MHC I and II pathways, promoting a more balanced antibody-mediated and type 1-biased cell-mediated immune response. Furthermore, substitution of the proline residues of indolicidin with arginine increased the synergistic adjuvant effect of the peptide, and induced significantly higher IgG1 and IgG2a titers and IFN-gamma secretion, as well as increased uptake by antigen presenting cells. These results clearly demonstrate that the use of a combination of CpG ODN, indolicidin, and polyphosphazene as adjuvant can significantly enhance an antigen-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kovacs-Nolan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
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Istrate C, Hinkula J, Charpilienne A, Poncet D, Cohen J, Svensson L, Johansen K. Parenteral administration of RF 8-2/6/7 rotavirus-like particles in a one-dose regimen induce protective immunity in mice. Vaccine 2008; 26:4594-601. [PMID: 18588935 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) represent a novel strategy for development of a rotavirus subunit vaccine. In this study, RF 8-2/6/7-VLPs with rotavirus VP8 protein (amino acid 1-241 of VP4) fused to the amino terminal end of a truncated VP2, were evaluated for their immunogenic and protective properties. A single intramuscular dose of, either 2 or 20 microg, RF 8-2/6/7-VLPs alone or combined with a potent adjuvant poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)]phosphazene] (PCPP) induced rotavirus-specific serum IgG and IgA, fecal IgG titers that were enhanced 5-90-fold by adjuvant. Passive protective immunity was achieved in offspring to dams vaccinated with 2 and 20 microg RV-VLPs in presence of adjuvant and 20 microg RV-VLP without adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Istrate
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnologica and Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica, SE-171 76 Oeiras, Portugal
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Mapletoft JW, Oumouna M, Kovacs-Nolan J, Latimer L, Mutwiri G, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Intranasal immunization of mice with a formalin-inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine co-formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and polyphosphazenes results in enhanced protection. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:250-260. [PMID: 18089749 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) targets the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract, induction of both systemic and mucosal immunity will be critical for optimal protection. In this study, the ability of an intranasally delivered, formalin-inactivated bovine RSV (FI-BRSV) vaccine co-formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and polyphosphazenes (PP) to induce systemic and mucosal immunity, as well as protection from BRSV challenge, was evaluated. Intranasal immunization of mice with FI-BRSV formulated with CpG ODN and PP resulted in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, characterized by enhanced production of BRSV-specific serum IgG, as well as increased gamma interferon and decreased interleukin-5 production by in vitro-restimulated splenocytes. These mice also developed mucosal immune responses, as was evident from increased production of BRSV-specific IgG and IgA in lung-fragment cultures. Indeed, the increases in serum and mucosal IgG, and in particular mucosal IgA and virus-neutralizing antibodies, were the most critical differences observed between FI-BRSV formulated with both CpG ODN and PP in comparison to formulations with CpG ODN, non-CpG ODN or PP individually. Finally, FI-BRSV/CpG/PP was the only formulation that resulted in a significant reduction in viral replication upon BRSV challenge. Co-formulation of CpG ODN and PP is a promising new vaccine platform technology that may have applications in mucosal immunization in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Mapletoft
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Mustapha Oumouna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kovacs-Nolan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Laura Latimer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - George Mutwiri
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Lorne A Babiuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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Amount of maternal rotavirus-specific antibodies influence the outcome of rotavirus vaccination of newborn mice with virus-like particles. Vaccine 2008; 26:778-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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76
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77
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Zhu L, Zhu Y, Pan Y, Huang Y, Huang X, Tang X. Fully Crosslinked Poly[cyclotriphosphazene-co-(4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol)] Microspheres via Precipitation Polymerization and Their Superior Thermal Properties. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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78
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In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Biodegradable Poly(organophosphazenes) for Biomedical Applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-006-9071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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79
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80
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Andrianov AK, Marin A. Degradation of polyaminophosphazenes: effects of hydrolytic environment and polymer processing. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:1581-6. [PMID: 16677042 DOI: 10.1021/bm050959k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphazenes with amino acid ester side groups show potential as hydrolytically degradable materials for biomedical applications. This study focuses on practical aspects of their use as biodegradable materials, such as effects of the hydrolytic environment and sample processing. Poly[di(ethyl glycinato)phosphazene], PEGP, and poly[di(ethyl alaninato)phosphazene], PEAP, were prepared by macromolecular substitution reaction, ensuring the absence of the residual chlorine atoms to avoid their influence on the hydrolysis. The kinetics of polymer degradation was studied by simultaneously measuring polymer mass loss, molecular weight decrease, and the release of phosphates and ammonia. The effect of pH, buffer composition, temperature, casting solvents, and film thickness were investigated.
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81
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Andrianov AK, Chen J. Polyphosphazene microspheres: Preparation by ionic complexation of phosphazene polyacids with spermine. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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82
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Andrianov AK, Marin A, Peterson P, Chen J. Fluorinated polyphosphazene polyelectrolytes. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Andrianov AK, Marin A, Chen J. Synthesis, Properties, and Biological Activity of Poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene]. Biomacromolecules 2005; 7:394-9. [PMID: 16398541 DOI: 10.1021/bm050790a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new water-soluble polyphosphazene polyelectrolyte containing carboxylate functionalities, poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) was synthesized via reaction of macromolecular substitution. The polymer was characterized using (1)H, (31)P NMR, and gel permeation chromatography with multiangle laser light scattering detection. PCEP was shown to undergo hydrolytic degradation in aqueous solutions, as indicated by the decrease in the molecular weight and the release of side groups. A series of incompletely substituted copolymers of PCEP containing varying amounts of residual chlorine atoms was also prepared. The rate of degradation for such copolymers increased with the rise in the content of chlorine atoms. In vivo studies demonstrated high potency of PCEP as a vaccine immunoadjuvant. The new polyphosphazene was also shown to be capable of forming microspheres in aqueous solutions via reactions of ionic complexation with physiologically occurring amines, such as spermine.
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Andrianov AK, Marin A, Peterson P. Water-Soluble Biodegradable Polyphosphazenes Containing N-Ethylpyrrolidone Groups. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0509309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Marin
- Parallel Solutions Inc., 763D Concord Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Paul Peterson
- Parallel Solutions Inc., 763D Concord Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Andrianov AK, Marin A, Roberts BE. Polyphosphazene Polyelectrolytes: A Link between the Formation of Noncovalent Complexes with Antigenic Proteins and Immunostimulating Activity. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:1375-9. [PMID: 15877355 DOI: 10.1021/bm049329t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphazene polyelectrolytes are potent immunostimulants. Their in vivo performance has been demonstrated for various antigens in a number of animal models. To improve understanding of the mechanism of action, we performed a comparative study in a model system: bovine serum albumin, BSA-poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene], PCPP, in vitro and in vivo. Multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) and size-exclusion HPLC methods were used to investigate polyphosphazene-protein formulations in an attempt to establish correlations between their physicochemical behavior and immunostimulating activity. These studies revealed the formation of water-soluble noncovalent protein-polymer complexes in the system. It was shown that both the amount of bound protein and the complex conformation could play an important role in the in vivo performance of the polyphosphazene polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Andrianov
- Parallel Solutions Inc., 763D Concord Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. aandrianov@ parallelsolutionsinc.com
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