1
|
Ajvazi E, Bauer F, Strasser P, Brüggemann O, Preuer R, Kracalik M, Hild S, Abbasi M, Graz I, Teasdale I. Inorganic Bottlebrush and Comb Polymers as a Platform for Supersoft, Solvent-Free Elastomers. ACS Polym Au 2024; 4:56-65. [PMID: 38371734 PMCID: PMC10870749 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Due to their unique rheological and mechanical properties, bottlebrush polymers are inimitable components of biological and synthetic systems such as cartilage and ultrasoft elastomers. However, while their rheological properties can be precisely controlled through their macromolecular structures, the current chemical spectrum available is limited to a handful of synthetic polymers with aliphatic carbon backbones. Herein we design and synthesize a series of inorganic bottlebrush polymers based on a unique combination of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyphosphazene (PPz) chemistry. This non-carbon-based platform allows for simple variation of the significant architectural dimensions of bottlebrush-polymer-based elastomers. Grafting PDMS to PPz and vice versa also allows us to further exploit the unique properties of these polymers combined in a single material. These novel hybrid bottlebrush polymers were cured to give supersoft, solvent-free elastomers. We systematically studied the effect of architectural parameters and chemical functionality on their rheological properties. Besides forming supersoft elastomers, the energy dissipation characteristics of the elastomers were observed to be considerably higher than those for PDMS-based elastomers. Hence this work introduces a robust synthetic platform for solvent-free supersoft elastomers with potential applications as biomimetic damping materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edip Ajvazi
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Soft Structures for Vibration Isolation and
Impact Protection (ADAPT), School of Education, STEM Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Felix Bauer
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Paul Strasser
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Rene Preuer
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Soft Structures for Vibration Isolation and
Impact Protection (ADAPT), School of Education, STEM Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Milan Kracalik
- Institute
of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Sabine Hild
- Institute
of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mahdi Abbasi
- Borealis
Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Ingrid Graz
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Soft Structures for Vibration Isolation and
Impact Protection (ADAPT), School of Education, STEM Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Strasser P, Schinegger V, Friske J, Brüggemann O, Helbich TH, Teasdale I, Pashkunova-Martic I. Superfluorinated, Highly Water-Soluble Polyphosphazenes as Potential 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Contrast Agents. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:40. [PMID: 38391893 PMCID: PMC10890119 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
"Hot spot" 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has garnered significant attention recently for its ability to image various disease markers quantitatively. Unlike conventional gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents, which rely on proton signal modulation, 19F-MRI's direct detection has a unique advantage in vivo, as the human body exhibits a negligible background 19F-signal. However, existing perfluorocarbon (PFC) or PFC-based contrast materials suffer from several limitations, including low longitudinal relaxation rates and relatively low imaging efficiency. Hence, we designed a macromolecular contrast agent featuring a high number of magnetically equivalent 19F-nuclei in a single macromolecule, adequate fluorine nucleus mobility, and excellent water solubility. This design utilizes superfluorinated polyphosphazene (PPz) polymers as the 19F-source; these are modified with sodium mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNa) to achieve water solubility exceeding 360 mg/mL, which is a similar solubility to that of sodium chloride. We observed substantial signal enhancement in MRI with these novel macromolecular carriers compared to non-enhanced surroundings and aqueous trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) used as a positive control. In conclusion, these novel water-soluble macromolecular carriers represent a promising platform for future MRI contrast agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Verena Schinegger
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Joachim Friske
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Structural and Molecular Preclinical Imaging, Medical University of Vienna and General Hospital of Vienna, 18-20 Währinger Gürtel, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas H Helbich
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Structural and Molecular Preclinical Imaging, Medical University of Vienna and General Hospital of Vienna, 18-20 Währinger Gürtel, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Irena Pashkunova-Martic
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Structural and Molecular Preclinical Imaging, Medical University of Vienna and General Hospital of Vienna, 18-20 Währinger Gürtel, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Coppola ME, Petritz A, Irimia CV, Yumusak C, Mayr F, Bednorz M, Matkovic A, Aslam MA, Saller K, Schwarzinger C, Ionita MD, Schiek M, Smeds AI, Salinas Y, Brüggemann O, D'Orsi R, Mattonai M, Ribechini E, Operamolla A, Teichert C, Xu C, Stadlober B, Sariciftci NS, Irimia‐Vladu M. Pinaceae Pine Resins (Black Pine, Shore Pine, Rosin, and Baltic Amber) as Natural Dielectrics for Low Operating Voltage, Hysteresis-Free, Organic Field Effect Transistors. Glob Chall 2023; 7:2300062. [PMID: 37745829 PMCID: PMC10517313 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Four pinaceae pine resins analyzed in this study: black pine, shore pine, Baltic amber, and rosin demonstrate excellent dielectric properties, outstanding film forming, and ease of processability from ethyl alcohol solutions. Their trap-free nature allows fabrication of virtually hysteresis-free organic field effect transistors operating in a low voltage window with excellent stability under bias stress. Such green constituents represent an excellent choice of materials for applications targeting biocompatibility and biodegradability of electronics and sensors, within the overall effort of sustainable electronics development and environmental friendliness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Petritz
- Joanneum Research ForschungsgesellschaftMaterialsFranz‐Pichler Str. Nr. 30Weiz8169Austria
| | - Cristian Vlad Irimia
- Joanneum Research ForschungsgesellschaftMaterialsFranz‐Pichler Str. Nr. 30Weiz8169Austria
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Cigdem Yumusak
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Felix Mayr
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Mateusz Bednorz
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Aleksandar Matkovic
- Chair of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsMechanics and Electrical EngineeringMontanuniversität LeobenFranz Josef Str. 18Leoben8700Austria
| | - Muhammad Awais Aslam
- Chair of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsMechanics and Electrical EngineeringMontanuniversität LeobenFranz Josef Str. 18Leoben8700Austria
| | - Klara Saller
- Institut for Chemical Technologies of Organic MaterialsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Clemens Schwarzinger
- Institut for Chemical Technologies of Organic MaterialsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Maria Daniela Ionita
- National Institute for LaserPlasma and Radiation PhysicsPO Box Mg‐36, MagureleBucharest077125Romania
| | - Manuela Schiek
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
- Johannes Kepler University LinzCenter for Surface and Nanoanalytics (ZONA) Altenberger Str. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Annika I. Smeds
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology/Wood and Paper ChemistryÅbo Akademi UniversityPorthansgatan 3‐5, ÅboTurku20500Finland
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenberger Str. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenberger Str. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Rosarita D'Orsi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Pisavia Moruzzi 13Pisa56124Italy
| | - Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Pisavia Moruzzi 13Pisa56124Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Pisavia Moruzzi 13Pisa56124Italy
| | - Alessandra Operamolla
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Pisavia Moruzzi 13Pisa56124Italy
| | - Christian Teichert
- Chair of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsMechanics and Electrical EngineeringMontanuniversität LeobenFranz Josef Str. 18Leoben8700Austria
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology/Wood and Paper ChemistryÅbo Akademi UniversityPorthansgatan 3‐5, ÅboTurku20500Finland
| | - Barbara Stadlober
- Joanneum Research ForschungsgesellschaftMaterialsFranz‐Pichler Str. Nr. 30Weiz8169Austria
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Mihai Irimia‐Vladu
- Joanneum Research ForschungsgesellschaftMaterialsFranz‐Pichler Str. Nr. 30Weiz8169Austria
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
- Present address:
Mihai Irimia‐VladuJohannes Kepler University LinzInstitute of Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz40040Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Strasser P, Montsch B, Weiss S, Sami H, Kugler C, Hager S, Schueffl H, Mader R, Brüggemann O, Kowol CR, Ogris M, Heffeter P, Teasdale I. Degradable Bottlebrush Polypeptides and the Impact of their Architecture on Cell Uptake, Pharmacokinetics, and Biodistribution In Vivo. Small 2023; 19:e2300767. [PMID: 36843221 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bottlebrush polymers are highly promising as unimolecular nanomedicines due to their unique control over the critical parameters of size, shape and chemical function. However, since they are prepared from biopersistent carbon backbones, most known bottlebrush polymers are non-degradable and thus unsuitable for systemic therapeutic administration. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of novel poly(organo)phosphazene-g-poly(α-glutamate) (PPz-g-PGA) bottlebrush polymers with exceptional control over their structure and molecular dimensions (Dh ≈ 15-50 nm). These single macromolecules show outstanding aqueous solubility, ultra-high multivalency and biodegradability, making them ideal as nanomedicines. While well-established in polymer therapeutics, it has hitherto not been possible to prepare defined single macromolecules of PGA in these nanosized dimensions. A direct correlation was observed between the macromolecular dimensions of the bottlebrush polymers and their intracellular uptake in CT26 colon cancer cells. Furthermore, the bottlebrush macromolecular structure visibly enhanced the pharmacokinetics by reducing renal clearance and extending plasma half-lives. Real-time analysis of the biodistribution dynamics showed architecture-driven organ distribution and enhanced tumor accumulation. This work, therefore, introduces a robust, controlled synthesis route to bottlebrush polypeptides, overcoming limitations of current polymer-based nanomedicines and, in doing so, offers valuable insights into the influence of architecture on the in vivo performance of nanomedicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Bianca Montsch
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Silvia Weiss
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Cancer Therapeutics (MMCT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Haider Sami
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Cancer Therapeutics (MMCT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Christoph Kugler
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Cancer Therapeutics (MMCT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Sonja Hager
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Hemma Schueffl
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Robert Mader
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Christian R Kowol
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Manfred Ogris
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Cancer Therapeutics (MMCT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, 4040, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Haudum S, Lenhart S, Müller SM, Tupe D, Naderer C, Dehne T, Sittinger M, Major Z, Griesser T, Brüggemann O, Jacak J, Teasdale I. Amino Acid-Based Polyphosphorodiamidates with Hydrolytically Labile Bonds for Degradation-Tuned Photopolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2023:673-678. [PMID: 37158040 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical additive manufacturing technologies can produce complex geometries in short production times and thus have considerable potential as a tool to fabricate medical devices such as individualized patient-specific implants, prosthetics and tissue engineering scaffolds. However, most photopolymer resins degrade only slowly under the mild conditions required for many biomedical applications. Herein we report a novel platform consisting of amino acid-based polyphosphorodiamidate (APdA) monomers with hydrolytically cleavable bonds. The substituent on the α-amino acid can be used as a handle for facile control of hydrolysis rates of the monomers into their endogenous components, namely phosphate and the corresponding amino acid. Furthermore, monomer hydrolysis is considerably accelerated at lower pH values. The monomers underwent thiol-yne photopolymerization and could be 3D structured via multiphoton lithography. Copolymerization with commonly used hydrophobic thiols demonstrates not only their ability to regulate the ambient degradation rate of thiol-yne polyester photopolymer resins, but also desirable surface erosion behavior. Such degradation profiles, in the appropriate time frames, in suitably mild conditions, combined with their low cytotoxicity and 3D printability, render these novel photomonomers of significant interest for a wide range of biomaterial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Haudum
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Stefan Lenhart
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Stefanie M Müller
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversität Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Disha Tupe
- Institute of Polymer Product Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Christoph Naderer
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Science, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Tilo Dehne
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, BIH Center of Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sittinger
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, BIH Center of Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoltan Major
- Institute of Polymer Product Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversität Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Science, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ajvazi E, Bauer F, Kracalik M, Hild S, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Poly[bis(serine ethyl ester)phosphazene] regulates the degradation rates of vinyl ester photopolymers. Monatsh Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-023-03042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractVinyl esters and carbonates have recently been demonstrated to have considerably lower cytotoxicity than their more commonly used (meth)acrylate counterparts, inspiring their use in the 3D printing of biomaterials. However, the degradation rates of such synthetic photopolymers are slow, especially in the mild conditions present in many biological environments. Some applications, for example, tissue regeneration scaffolds and drug release, require considerably faster biodegradation. Furthermore, it is essential to be able to easily tune the degradation rate to fit the requirements for a range of applications. Herein we present the design and synthesis of hydrolytically degradable polyphosphazenes substituted with a vinyl carbonate functionalized amino acid. Thiolene copolymerization with vinyl esters gave cured polymers which are demonstrated to considerably accelerate the degradation rates of cured vinylester/thiolene polymer scaffolds.
Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
7
|
Estrada Alvarez SA, Guger I, Febbraro J, Turak A, Lin HR, Salinas Y, Brüggemann O. Synthesis and Spatial Order Characterization of Controlled Silica Particle Sizes Organized as Photonic Crystals Arrays. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:5864. [PMID: 36079248 PMCID: PMC9456689 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural occurrence of precious opals, consisting of highly organized silica particles, has prompted interest in the synthesis and formation of these structures. Previous research has shown that a highly organized photonic crystal (PhC) array is only possible when it is based on a low polydispersity index (PDI) sample of particles. In this study, a solvent-only variation method is used to synthesize different sizes of silica particles (SiPs) by following the traditional sol-gel Stöber approach. The controlled rate of the addition of the reagents promoted the homogeneity of the nucleation and growth of the spherical silica particles, which in turn yielded a low PDI. The opalescent PhC were obtained via self-assembly of these particles using a solvent evaporation method. Analysis of the spatial statistics, using Voronoi tessellations, pair correlation functions, and bond order analysis showed that the successfully formed arrays showed a high degree of quasi-hexagonal (hexatic) organization, with both global and local order. Highly organized PhC show potential for developing future materials with tunable structural reflective properties, such as solar cells, sensing materials, and coatings, among others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Adriana Estrada Alvarez
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Isabella Guger
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jana Febbraro
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Ayse Turak
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Hong-Ru Lin
- Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Nantai St. No.1, Tainan 71005, Taiwan
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Picasso C, Salinas Y, Brüggemann O, Scharber MC, Sariciftci NS, Cardozo ODF, Rodrigues ES, Silva MS, Stingl A, Farias PMA. Lanthanide (Eu, Tb, La)-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Whey as an Eco-Friendly Chelating Agent. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:nano12132265. [PMID: 35808100 PMCID: PMC9268008 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for production and use of nanomaterials have rapidly moved towards safety and sustainability. Beyond these requirements, the novel routes must prove to be able to preserve and even improve the performance of the resulting nanomaterials. Increasing demand of high-performance nanomaterials is mostly related to electronic components, solar energy harvesting devices, pharmaceutical industries, biosensors, and photocatalysis. Among nanomaterials, Zinc oxide (ZnO) is of special interest, mainly due to its environmental compatibility and vast myriad of possibilities related to the tuning and the enhancement of ZnO properties. Doping plays a crucial role in this scenario. In this work we report and discuss the properties of undoped ZnO as well as lanthanide (Eu, Tb, and La)-doped ZnO nanoparticles obtained by using whey, a by-product of milk processing, as a chelating agent, without using citrate nor any other chelators. The route showed to be very effective and feasible for the affordable large-scale production of both pristine and doped ZnO nanoparticles in powder form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Picasso
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (P.M.A.F.)
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Markus Clark Scharber
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry Institute, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (M.C.S.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry Institute, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (M.C.S.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Olavo D. F. Cardozo
- Post-Graduate Program on Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitaria, Recife 50670-901, Brazil;
- Phornano Holding GmbH, Kleinengersdorferstrasse 24, 2100 Korneuburg, Austria;
| | - Eriverton S. Rodrigues
- Post-Graduate Program on Material Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitaria, Recife 50670-901, Brazil;
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Sertão Pernambucano, Salgueiro 56000-000, Brazil;
| | - Marcelo S. Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Sertão Pernambucano, Salgueiro 56000-000, Brazil;
| | - Andreas Stingl
- Phornano Holding GmbH, Kleinengersdorferstrasse 24, 2100 Korneuburg, Austria;
| | - Patricia M. A. Farias
- Post-Graduate Program on Material Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitaria, Recife 50670-901, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (P.M.A.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marchfelder C, Pugstaller R, M. Wallner G, Brüggemann O, Aufray M. Effect of Epoxy Structure on Properties of Waterborne Coatings and Electrical Steel Laminates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081556. [PMID: 35458304 PMCID: PMC9028634 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy varnishes are of high relevance to advanced steel laminates for the transformation of electric energy. Structure–property correlations of epoxy varnishes, coil coatings and electrical steel laminates are poorly described. Hence, the main objective of this paper was to develop, implement and evaluate well-defined waterborne model epoxy varnishes for electrical steel laminates, and to elucidate structure–property correlations. Adhesives with systematically varied equivalent epoxy weight (EEW) based on bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) were investigated and used to formulate waterborne varnishes. Crosslinking agent dicyandiamide (DICY) was added in an over-stoichiometric ratio. The waterborne model varnishes were prepared by shear emulsification at elevated temperatures. The model varnishes in the A-stage were applied to electrical steel using a doctoral blade. At a peak metal temperature of 210 °C, the coatings were cured to the partly crosslinked B-stage. Coated steel sheets were stacked, laminated and fully cured to C-stage at 180 °C for 2 h. For laminates with an epoxy adhesive layer in the C-stage, glass transition temperatures (TG) in the range of 81 to 102 °C were obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis in torsional mode. Within the investigated EEW range, a negative linear correlation of EEW and TG was ascertained. Presumably, higher EEW of the varnish is associated with a less densely crosslinked network in the fully cured state. Roll peel testing of laminates at ambient and elevated temperatures up to 140 °C confirmed the effect of EEW. However, no clear correlation of roll peel strength and glass transition temperature was discernible. In contrast, fatigue fracture mechanics investigations revealed that hydroxyl functionality and crosslinking density were affecting the crack growth resistance of laminates in a contrary manner. The energy-based fracture mechanics approach was much more sensitive than monotonic peel testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Marchfelder
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing & Christian Doppler Laboratory for Superimposed Mechanical-Environmental Ageing of Polymeric Hybrid Laminates (CDL-AgePol), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (R.P.); (G.M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-732-2468-6624
| | - Robert Pugstaller
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing & Christian Doppler Laboratory for Superimposed Mechanical-Environmental Ageing of Polymeric Hybrid Laminates (CDL-AgePol), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (R.P.); (G.M.W.)
| | - Gernot M. Wallner
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing & Christian Doppler Laboratory for Superimposed Mechanical-Environmental Ageing of Polymeric Hybrid Laminates (CDL-AgePol), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (R.P.); (G.M.W.)
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Maëlenn Aufray
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP-ENSIACE, T 4 allée Emile Monso- BP44362, CEDEX 4, 31030 Toulouse, France;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Strasser P, Plavcan O, Ajvazi E, Henke H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Hetero and homo α,ω‐chain‐end functionalized polyphosphazenes. Journal of Polymer Science 2022; 60:2000-2007. [PMID: 35915665 PMCID: PMC9325445 DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The control of chain‐ends is fundamental in modern macromolecular chemistry for directed one‐to‐one bioconjugation and the synthesis of advanced architectures such as block copolymers or bottlebrush polymers and the preparation of advanced soft materials. Polyphosphazenes are of growing importance as elastomers, biodegradable materials and in biomedical drug delivery due to their synthetic versatility. While controlled polymerization methods have been known for some time, controlling both chain‐ends with high fidelity has proven difficult. We demonstrate a robust synthetic route to hetero and homo α,ω‐chain‐end functionalized polyphosphazenes via end‐capping with easily accessible, functionalized triphenylphosphine‐based phosphoranimines. A versatile thiol‐ene “click”‐reaction approach then allows for subsequent conversion of the end‐capped polymers with various functional groups. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this system to prepare gels based on homo α,ω‐chain‐end functionalized polyphosphazenes. This development will enhance their progress in various applications, particularly in soft materials and as degradable polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - Oliver Plavcan
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - Edip Ajvazi
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Wollaton Road Nottingham, NG8 1BB UK
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Quiñones JP, Roschger C, Iturmendi A, Henke H, Zierer A, Peniche-Covas C, Brüggemann O. Polyphosphazene-Based Nanocarriers for the Release of Camptothecin and Epirubicin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010169. [PMID: 35057062 PMCID: PMC8781282 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and study of efficient polymer-based drug delivery systems for the controlled release of anticancer drugs is one of the pillars of nanomedicine. The fight against metastatic and invasive cancers demands therapeutic candidates with increased and selective toxicity towards malignant cells, long-term activity and reduced side effects. In this sense, polyphosphazene nanocarriers were synthesized for the sustained release of the anticancer drugs camptothecin (CPT) and epirubicin (EPI). Linear poly(dichloro)phosphazene was modified with lipophilic tocopherol or testosterone glycinate, with antioxidant and antitumor activity, and with hydrophilic Jeffamine M1000 to obtain different polyphosphazene nanocarriers. It allowed us to encapsulate the lipophilic CPT and the more hydrophilic EPI. The encapsulation process was carried out via solvent exchange/precipitation, attaining a 9.2-13.6 wt% of CPT and 0.3-2.4 wt% of EPI. CPT-loaded polyphosphazenes formed 140-200 nm aggregates in simulated body physiological conditions (PBS, pH 7.4), resulting in an 80-100-fold increase of CPT solubility. EPI-loaded polyphosphazenes formed 250 nm aggregates in an aqueous medium. CPT and EPI release (PBS, pH 7.4, 37 °C) was monitored for 202 h, being almost linear during the first 8 h. The slow release of testosterone and tocopherol was also sustained for 150 h in PBS (pH 7.4 and 6.0) at 37 °C. The co-delivery of testosterone or tocopherol and the anticancer drugs from the nanocarriers was expected. Cells of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 demonstrated good uptake of anticancer-drug-loaded nanocarriers after 6 h. Similarly, MCF-7 spheroids showed good uptake of the anticancer-drug-loaded aggregates after 72 h. Almost all anticancer-drug-loaded polyphosphazenes exhibited similar or superior toxicity against MCF-7 cells and spheroids when compared to raw anticancer drugs. Additionally, cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase was increased in response to the drug-loaded nanocarriers. Almost no toxicity of anticancer-drug-loaded aggregates against primary human lung fibroblasts was observed. Furthermore, the aggregates displayed no hemolytic activity, which is in contrast to the parent anticancer drugs. Consequently, synthesized polyphosphazene-based nanocarriers might be potential nanomedicines for chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pérez Quiñones
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (A.I.); (H.H.); (O.B.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +43-6704039820
| | - Cornelia Roschger
- Department for Cardiac-, Vascular- and Thoracic Surgery, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Kepler University Hospital GmBH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz and Krankenhausstraße 7a, 4020 Linz, Austria; (C.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Aitziber Iturmendi
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (A.I.); (H.H.); (O.B.)
| | - Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (A.I.); (H.H.); (O.B.)
| | - Andreas Zierer
- Department for Cardiac-, Vascular- and Thoracic Surgery, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Kepler University Hospital GmBH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz and Krankenhausstraße 7a, 4020 Linz, Austria; (C.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Carlos Peniche-Covas
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, Zapata S/N entre G y Carlitos Aguirre, La Habana 10400, Cuba;
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (A.I.); (H.H.); (O.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schaumüller S, Cristurean D, Haudum S, Pappas GS, Himmelsbach M, Bechmann M, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Post‐polymerization
modification of aromatic polyimides via Diels‐Alder cycloaddition. Journal of Polymer Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Doris Cristurean
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - Stephan Haudum
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - George S. Pappas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - Matthias Bechmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wielend D, Salinas Y, Mayr F, Bechmann M, Yumusak C, Neugebauer H, Brüggemann O, Sariciftci NS. Immobilized Poly(anthraquinones) for Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications: Structure‐Property Relations. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wielend
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) Institute of Physical Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP) Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Felix Mayr
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) Institute of Physical Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
- Institute of Applied Physics Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Matthias Bechmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Cigdem Yumusak
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) Institute of Physical Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
- Materials Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Helmut Neugebauer
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) Institute of Physical Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP) Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) Institute of Physical Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jančík J, Krajcovic J, Brüggemann O, Salinas Y. Stability Enhancements on Methylammonium Lead‐Based Perovskite Nanoparticles: the Smart Use of Host Matrices. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Jančík
- Faculty of Chemistry Materials Research Centre Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 118 61200 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Krajcovic
- Faculty of Chemistry Materials Research Centre Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 118 61200 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pérez Quiñones J, Roschger C, Zierer A, Peniche-Covas C, Brüggemann O. Self-Assembled Silk Fibroin-Based Aggregates for Delivery of Camptothecin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213804. [PMID: 34771362 PMCID: PMC8587969 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A water-soluble hydrolysate of silk fibroin (SF) (~30 kDa) was esterified with tocopherol, ergocalciferol, and testosterone to form SF aggregates for the controlled delivery of the anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT). Elemental analysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy showed a degree of substitution (DS) on SF of 0.4 to 3.8 mol %. Yields of 58 to 71% on vitamins- and testosterone-grafted SF conjugates were achieved. CPT was efficiently incorporated into the lipophilic core of SF aggregates using a dialysis-precipitation method, achieving drug contents of 6.3-8.5 wt %. FTIR spectra and DSC thermograms showed that tocopherol- and testosterone-grafted SF conjugates predominantly adopted a β-sheet conformation. After the esterification of tyrosine residues on SF chains with the vitamin or testosterone, the hydrodynamic diameters almost doubled or tripled that of SF. The zeta potential values after esterification increased to about -30 mV, which favors the stability of aggregates in aqueous medium. Controlled and almost quantitative release of CPT was achieved after 6 days in PBS at 37 °C, with almost linear release during the first 8 h. MCF-7 cancer cells exhibited good uptake of CPT-loaded SF aggregates after 6 h, causing cell death and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Substantial uptake of the CPT-loaded aggregates into MCF-7 spheroids was shown after 3 days. Furthermore, all CPT-loaded SF aggregates demonstrated superior toxicity to MCF-7 spheroids compared with parent CPT. Blank SF aggregates induced no hemolysis at pH 6.2 and 7.4, while CPT-loaded SF aggregates provoked hemolysis at pH 6.2 but not at pH 7.4. In contrast, parent CPT caused hemolysis at both pH tested. Therefore, CPT-loaded SF aggregates are promising candidates for chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pérez Quiñones
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +43-670-4039820
| | - Cornelia Roschger
- Department for Cardiac-, Vascular- and Thoracic Surgery, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Kepler University Hospital GmBH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz and Krankenhausstraße 7a, 4020 Linz, Austria; (C.R.); or (A.Z.)
| | - Andreas Zierer
- Department for Cardiac-, Vascular- and Thoracic Surgery, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Kepler University Hospital GmBH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz and Krankenhausstraße 7a, 4020 Linz, Austria; (C.R.); or (A.Z.)
| | - Carlos Peniche-Covas
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, Zapata S/N entre G y Carlitos Aguirre, La Habana 10400, Cuba;
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dorniak A, Haas M, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I, Schöfberger W. Mechanochemical synthesis of freebase and metal corroles. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621501145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the mechanochemical reaction of pyrrole and substituted benzaldehyde precursors to produce freebase corroles and demonstrate the one-pot mechanochemical synthesis of 5,10,15-Tris(4-[Formula: see text]-butylphenyl)corrole (H[Formula: see text]-buPhC), in which both, the condensation and oxidation reactions steps, took place in the ball mill. Moreover, we could achieve the mechanochemical synthesis of copper corroles with decent overall yields of 10–12%. With the mechanochemical approach we could shift the EcoScale obtained from common synthesis procedures to significant more positive values and the E-factor for the mechanochemical copper insertion was lowered by factor of 3.0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Dorniak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schöfberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fiedler C, Ulbricht C, Truglas T, Wielend D, Bednorz M, Groiss H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I, Salinas Y. Reversible Speed Regulation of Self-Propelled Janus Micromotors via Thermoresponsive Bottle-Brush Polymers. Chemistry 2021; 27:3262-3267. [PMID: 33205559 PMCID: PMC7898474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a reversible braking system for micromotors that can be controlled by small temperature changes (≈5 °C). To achieve this, gated-mesoporous organosilica microparticles are internally loaded with metal catalysts (to form the motor) and the exterior (partially) grafted with thermosensitive bottle-brush polyphosphazenes to form Janus particles. When placed in an aqueous solution of H2 O2 (the fuel), rapid forward propulsion of the motors ensues due to decomposition of the fuel. Conformational changes of the polymers at defined temperatures regulate the bubble formation rate and thus act as brakes with considerable deceleration/acceleration observed. As the components can be easily varied, this represents a versatile, modular platform for the exogenous velocity control of micromotors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fiedler
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Christoph Ulbricht
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar CellsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Tia Truglas
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase TransformationsCenter of Surface and NanoanalyticsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Dominik Wielend
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar CellsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Mateusz Bednorz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar CellsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Heiko Groiss
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase TransformationsCenter of Surface and NanoanalyticsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
- Linz Institute of TechnologyJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
- Linz Institute of TechnologyJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fiedler C, Ulbricht C, Truglas T, Wielend D, Bednorz M, Groiss H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I, Salinas Y. Front Cover: Reversible Speed Regulation of Self‐Propelled Janus Micromotors via Thermoresponsive Bottle‐Brush Polymers (Chem. Eur. J. 10/2021). Chemistry 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fiedler
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Christoph Ulbricht
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Tia Truglas
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase Transformations Center of Surface and Nanoanalytics Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Dominik Wielend
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Mateusz Bednorz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Heiko Groiss
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase Transformations Center of Surface and Nanoanalytics Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
- Linz Institute of Technology Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
- Linz Institute of Technology Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fiedler C, Ulbricht C, Truglas T, Wielend D, Bednorz M, Groiss H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I, Salinas Y. Reversible Speed Regulation of Self-Propelled Janus Micromotors via Thermoresponsive Bottle-Brush Polymers. Chemistry 2021; 27:3192. [PMID: 33432677 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Ian Teasdale and Yolanda Salinas at the Johannes Kepler University Linz. The image depicts the self-propelled Janus micromotors reported in this work. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202004792.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fiedler
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christoph Ulbricht
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Tia Truglas
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase Transformations, Center of Surface and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Dominik Wielend
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Mateusz Bednorz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Heiko Groiss
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase Transformations, Center of Surface and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cristurean D, Schaumüller S, Strasser P, Haudum S, Himmelsbach M, Bechmann M, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Diels–Alder cycloaddition polymerization of highly aromatic polyimides and their multiblock copolymers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00314c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel route to highly aromatic polyimides is presented and is used to form multiblock copolymers which is inherently difficult to achieve via traditional routes for this important polymer family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Cristurean
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Stephan Schaumüller
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Stephan Haudum
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Matthias Bechmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Strasser P, Russo M, Stadler P, Breiteneder P, Redhammer G, Himmelsbach M, Brüggemann O, Monkowius U, Klán P, Teasdale I. Green-light photocleavable meso-methyl BODIPY building blocks for macromolecular chemistry. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01245b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the design of easily accessible, meso-methyl BODIPY monomers and their incorporation into photoclippable macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pauline Stadler
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Patrick Breiteneder
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Günther Redhammer
- Chemie und Physik der Materialien, Abteilung für Materialwissenschaften und Mineralogie, Paris-Lodron Universität Salzburg, Jakob-Haringerstr. 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Uwe Monkowius
- Linz School of Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Poscher V, Pappas GS, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I, Salinas Y. Hybrid Porous Microparticles Based on a Single Organosilica Cyclophosphazene Precursor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228552. [PMID: 33202795 PMCID: PMC7698118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous organosilica microparticles consisting of silane-derived cyclophosphazene bridges were synthesized by a surfactant-mediated sol-gel process. Starting from the substitution of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with allylamine, two different precursors were obtained by anchoring three or six alkoxysilane units, via a thiol-ene photoaddition reaction. In both cases, spherical, microparticles (size average of ca. 1000 nm) with large pores were obtained, confirmed by both, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Particles synthesized using the partially functionalized precursor containing free vinyl groups were further functionalized with a thiol-containing molecule. While most other reported mesoporous organosilica particles are essentially hybrids with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), a unique feature of these particles is that structural control is achieved by exclusively using organosilane precursors. This allows an increase in the proportion of the co-components and could springboard these novel phosphorus-containing organosilica microparticles for different areas of technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Poscher
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University at Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (V.P.); (G.S.P.); (O.B.); (I.T.)
- Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University at Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - George S. Pappas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University at Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (V.P.); (G.S.P.); (O.B.); (I.T.)
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University at Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (V.P.); (G.S.P.); (O.B.); (I.T.)
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University at Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (V.P.); (G.S.P.); (O.B.); (I.T.)
- Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University at Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University at Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (V.P.); (G.S.P.); (O.B.); (I.T.)
- Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University at Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-732-2468-9075
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jancik Prochazkova A, Scharber MC, Yumusak C, Jančík J, Másilko J, Brüggemann O, Weiter M, Sariciftci NS, Krajcovic J, Salinas Y, Kovalenko A. Synthesis conditions influencing formation of MAPbBr 3 perovskite nanoparticles prepared by the ligand-assisted precipitation method. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15720. [PMID: 32973262 PMCID: PMC7518261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports on an optimized procedure to synthesize methylammonium bromide perovskite nanoparticles. The ligand-assisted precipitation synthetic pathway for preparing nanoparticles is a cost-effective and promising method due to its ease of scalability, affordable equipment requirements and convenient operational temperatures. Nevertheless, there are several parameters that influence the resulting optical properties of the final nanomaterials. Here, the influence of the choice of solvent system, capping agents, temperature during precipitation and ratios of precursor chemicals is described, among other factors. Moreover, the colloidal stability and stability of the precursor solution is studied. All of the above-mentioned parameters were observed to strongly affect the resulting optical properties of the colloidal solutions. Various solvents, dispersion media, and selection of capping agents affected the formation of the perovskite structure, and thus qualitative and quantitative optimization of the synthetic procedure conditions resulted in nanoparticles of different dimensions and optical properties. The emission maxima of the nanoparticles were in the 508–519 nm range due to quantum confinement, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. This detailed study allows the selection of the best optimal conditions when using the ligand-assisted precipitation method as a powerful tool to fine-tune nanostructured perovskite features targeted for specific applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jancik Prochazkova
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria. .,Faculty of Chemistry, Materials Research Centre, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Markus Clark Scharber
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Cigdem Yumusak
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Ján Jančík
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials Research Centre, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Másilko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials Research Centre, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Martin Weiter
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials Research Centre, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Jozef Krajcovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials Research Centre, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Alexander Kovalenko
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,Faculty of Chemistry, Materials Research Centre, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jancik Prochazkova A, Mayr F, Gugujonovic K, Hailegnaw B, Krajcovic J, Salinas Y, Brüggemann O, Sariciftci NS, Scharber MC. Anti-Stokes photoluminescence study on a methylammonium lead bromide nanoparticle film. Nanoscale 2020; 12:16556-16561. [PMID: 32743623 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04545d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photon cooling via anti-Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL) is a promising approach to realize all-solid-state cryo-refrigeration by photoexcitation. Photoluminescence quantum yields close to 100% and a strong coupling between phonons and excited states are required to achieve net cooling. We have studied the anti-Stokes photoluminescence of thin films of methylammonium lead bromide nanoparticles. We found that the anti-Stokes photoluminescence is thermally activated with an activation energy of ∼80 meV. At room temperature the ASPL up-conversion efficiency is ∼60% and it depends linearly on the excitation intensity. Our results suggest that upon further optimization of their optical properties, the investigated particles could be promising candidates for the demonstration of photon cooling in thin solid films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jancik Prochazkova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Linz Institute of Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Salinas Y, Kneidinger M, Fornaguera C, Borrós S, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Dual stimuli-responsive polyphosphazene-based molecular gates for controlled drug delivery in lung cancer cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27305-27314. [PMID: 35516962 PMCID: PMC9055533 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03210g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A switchable silane derived stimuli-responsive bottle-brush polyphosphazene (PPz) was prepared and attached to the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The hybrid polymer with PEG-like Jeffamine® M-2005 side-arms undergo conformational changes in response to both pH and temperature due to its amphiphilic substituents and protonatable main-chain, hence were investigated as a gatekeeper. Safranin O as control fluorophore or the anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT) were encapsulated in the PPz-coated MSNs. At temperatures below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the swollen conformation of PPz efficiently blocked the cargo within the pores. However, above the LCST, the PPz collapsed, allowing release of the payload. Additionally, protonation of the polymer backbone at lower pH values was observed to enhance opening of the pores from the surface of the MSNs and therefore the release of the dye. In vitro studies demonstrated the ability of these nanoparticles loaded with the drug camptothecin to be endocytosed in both models of tumor (A549) and healthy epithelial (BEAS-2B) lung cells. Their accumulation and the release of the chemotherapeutic drug, co-localized within lysosomes, was faster and higher for tumor than for healthy cells, further, the biocompatibility of PPz-gated nanosystem without drug was demonstrated. Tailored dual responsive polyphosphazenes thus represent novel and promising candidates in the construction of future gated mesoporous silica nanocarriers designs for lung cancer-directed treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP), Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
- Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Michael Kneidinger
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP), Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Cristina Fornaguera
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL) Via Augusta 390 Barcelona 08017 Spain
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL) Via Augusta 390 Barcelona 08017 Spain
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP), Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP), Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
- Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Salinas Y, Brüggemann O, Monkowius U, Teasdale I. Visible Light Photocleavable Ruthenium-Based Molecular Gates to Reversibly Control Release from Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10061030. [PMID: 32481603 PMCID: PMC7352806 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present hybrid mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSN) with visible light-sensitive ruthenium complexes acting as gates. Two different [Ru(bpy)2L1L2]2+ complexes were investigated by grafting [Ru(bpy)2(4AMP)2](PF6)2 (RC1) and [Ru(bpy)2(PPh3)Cl]Cl (RC2) via two or one ligands onto the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), to give MSN1-RC1 and MSN2-RC2, respectively. The pores were previously loaded with a common dye, safranin O, and release studies were conducted. The number and position of the ligands were shown to influence the photocages behavior and thus the release of the cargo. Release studies from MSN1-RC1 in acetonitrile showed that in the dark the amount of dye released was minimal after 300 min, whereas a significant increase was measured upon visible light irradiation (ca. 90%). While successful as a photochemically-controlled gated system, RC1 was restricted to organic solvents since it required cleavage of two ligands in order to be cleaved from the surface, and in water only one is cleaved. Release studies from the second nanomaterial MSN2-RC2, where the complex RC2 was bound to the MSN via only one ligand, showed stability under darkness and in aqueous solution up to 180 min and, rapid release of the dye when irradiated with visible light. Furthermore, this system was demonstrated to be reversible, since, upon heating to 80 °C, the system could effectively re-close the pores and re-open it again upon visible light irradiation. This work, thus, demonstrates the potential reversible gate mechanism of the ruthenium-gated nanomaterials upon visible light irradiation, and could be envisioned as a future design of photochemically-driven drug delivery nanosystems or on/off switches for nanorelease systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (O.B.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-732-2468-9075
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (O.B.); (I.T.)
| | - Uwe Monkowius
- Linz School of Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (O.B.); (I.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Quiñones JP, Mardare CC, Hassel AW, Brüggemann O. Corrigendum to “Testosterone- and vitamin-grafted cellulose ethers for sustained release of camptothecin” [Carbohydr. Polym. 206 (2019) 641–652]. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 208:323-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
29
|
Quiñones JP, Iturmendi A, Henke H, Roschger C, Zierer A, Brüggemann O. Polyphosphazene-based nanocarriers for the release of agrochemicals and potential anticancer drugs. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:7783-7794. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01985e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesised polyphosphazene-based nanocarriers allowed sustained diosgenin and brassinosteroid release over 4 days, with strong to moderate MCF-7 cytotoxicity and good agrochemical activity at medium and low concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aitziber Iturmendi
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP)
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP)
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Cornelia Roschger
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- Kepler University Hospital GmbH
- Department for Cardiac-, Vascular- and Thoracic Surgery
- 4020 Linz
- Austria
| | - Andreas Zierer
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- Kepler University Hospital GmbH
- Department for Cardiac-, Vascular- and Thoracic Surgery
- 4020 Linz
- Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP)
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ulbricht C, Bouguerra N, Inack Ngi S, Brüggemann O, Egbe DAM. Defining side chain successions in anthracene-based poly(arylene ethynylene)- alt-poly(phenylene vinylene)s: probing structure–property relationships. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A detailed spectroscopic study of nine conjugated polymers with various octyloxy/2-ethylhexyloxy side chain sequences prepared using optimized regio-selective synthetic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ulbricht
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells
| | - Nassima Bouguerra
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells
- Physical Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Samuel Inack Ngi
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells
- Physical Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Daniel A. M. Egbe
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Linhardt A, König M, Iturmendi A, Henke H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Degradable, Dendritic Polyols on a Branched Polyphosphazene Backbone. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018; 57:3602-3609. [PMID: 29568158 PMCID: PMC5857928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present the design, synthesis, and characterization of fully degradable, hybrid, star-branched dendritic polyols. First multiarmed polyphosphazenes were prepared as a star-branched scaffold which upon functionalization produced globular branched hydroxyl-functionalized polymers with over 1700 peripheral functional end groups. These polyols with unique branched architectures could be prepared with controlled molecular weights and relatively narrow dispersities. Furthermore, the polymers are shown to undergo hydrolytic degradation to low molecular weight degradation products, the rate of which could be controlled through postpolymerization functionalization of the phosphazene backbone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Linhardt
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes
Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Michael König
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes
Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Aitziber Iturmendi
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes
Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes
Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes
Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes
Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pérez Quiñones J, Brüggemann O, Kjems J, Shahavi MH, Peniche Covas C. Novel Brassinosteroid-Modified Polyethylene Glycol Micelles for Controlled Release of Agrochemicals. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:1612-1619. [PMID: 29378135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two synthetic analogues of brassinosteroids (DI31 and S7) exhibit good plant growth enhancer activity. However, their hydrophobicity and quick metabolism in plants have limited their application and benefits in agriculture. Our objective was to prepare novel brassinosteroid-modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) micelles to achieve controlled release with extended stability while retaining agrochemical activity. Spectroscopic studies confirmed quantitative disubstitution of studied PEGs with the brassinosteroids, while elemental analysis assessed purity of the synthesized conjugates. Conjugates were also characterized by X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. Dynamic and static light scattering showed stable and homogeneous approximately spherical micelles with average hydrodynamic diameters of 22-120 nm and almost neutral ζ potential. Spherical 30-140 nm micelles were observed by electron microscopy. Sustained in vitro releases at pH 5.5 were extended up to 96 h. Prepared PEG micelles showed good agrochemical activity in the radish seed bioassay and no cytotoxicity to the human microvascular endothelial cell line in the MTS test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pérez Quiñones
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz , 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz , 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Hassan Shahavi
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Faculty of Engineering Modern Technologies, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies (AUSMT) , Amol, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Quinones JP, Jokinen J, Keinänen S, Covas CP, Brüggemann O, Ossipov D. Self-assembled hyaluronic acid-testosterone nanocarriers for delivery of anticancer drugs. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
34
|
Quiñones JP, Brüggemann O, Covas CP, Ossipov DA. Self-assembled hyaluronic acid nanoparticles for controlled release of agrochemicals and diosgenin. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:157-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
35
|
Hackl CM, Schoenhacker-Alte B, Klose MHM, Henke H, Legina MS, Jakupec MA, Berger W, Keppler BK, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I, Heffeter P, Kandioller W. Synthesis and in vivo anticancer evaluation of poly(organo)phosphazene-based metallodrug conjugates. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12114-12124. [PMID: 28862707 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01767g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Within this work we aimed to improve the pharmacodynamics and toxicity profile of organoruthenium and -rhodium complexes which had previously been found to be highly potent in vitro but showed unselective activity in vivo. Different organometallic complexes were attached to a degradable poly(organo)phosphazene macromolecule, prepared via controlled polymerization techniques. The conjugation to hydrophilic polymers was designed to increase the aqueous solubility of the typically poorly soluble metal-based half-sandwich compounds with the aim of a controlled, pH-triggered release of the active metallodrug. The synthesized conjugates and their characteristics have been thoroughly studied by means of 31P NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, ICP-MS analyses and SEC coupled to ICP-MS. In order to assess their potential as possible anticancer drug candidates, the complexes, as well as their respective macromolecular prodrug formulations were tested against three different cancer cell lines in cell culture. Subsequently, the anticancer activity and organ distribution of the poly(organo)phosphazene drug conjugates were explored in vivo in mice bearing CT-26 colon carcinoma. Our investigations revealed a beneficial influence of this macromolecular prodrug by a significant reduction of adverse effects compared to the free metallodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Hackl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Beatrix Schoenhacker-Alte
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria. and Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Matthias H M Klose
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Maria S Legina
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Michael A Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria. and Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria. and Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria. and Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Wien, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Henke H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Branched Macromolecular Architectures for Degradable, Multifunctional Phosphorus-Based Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Henke H, Kryeziu K, Banfić J, Theiner S, Körner W, Brüggemann O, Berger W, Keppler BK, Heffeter P, Teasdale I. Macromolecular Pt(IV) Prodrugs from Poly(organo)phosphazenes. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1239-1249. [PMID: 27169668 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of novel macromolecular prodrugs via the conjugation of two platinum(IV) complexes to suitably functionalized poly(organo)phosphazenes is presented. The inorganic/organic polymers provide carriers with controlled dimensions due to the use of living cationic polymerization and allow the preparation of conjugates with excellent aqueous solubility but long-term hydrolytic degradability. The macromolecular Pt(IV) prodrugs are designed to undergo intracellular reduction and simultaneous release from the macromolecular carrier to present the active Pt(II) drug derivatives. In vitro investigations show a significantly enhanced intracellular uptake of Pt for the macromolecular prodrugs when compared to small molecule Pt complexes, which is also reflected in an increase in cytotoxicity. Interestingly, drug-resistant sublines also show a significantly smaller resistance against the conjugates compared to clinically established platinum drugs, indicating that an alternative uptake route of the Pt(IV) conjugates might also be able to overcome acquired resistance against Pt(II) drugs. In vivo studies of a selected conjugate show improved tumor shrinkage compared to the respective Pt(IV) complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Kushtrim Kryeziu
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelena Banfić
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Theiner
- Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Körner
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Henke H, Posch S, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Polyphosphazene Based Star-Branched and Dendritic Molecular Brushes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:769-74. [PMID: 27027404 PMCID: PMC4907350 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic procedure is described for the preparation of poly(organo)phosphazenes with star-branched and star dendritic molecular brush type structures, thus describing the first time it has been possible to prepare controlled, highly branched architectures for this type of polymer. Furthermore, as a result of the extremely high-arm density generated by the phosphazene repeat unit, the second-generation structures represent quite unique architectures for any type of polymer. Using two relativity straight forward iterative syntheses it is possible to prepare globular highly branched polymers with up to 30 000 functional end groups, while keeping relatively narrow polydispersities (1.2-1.6). Phosphine mediated polymerization of chlorophosphoranimine is first used to prepare three-arm star polymers. Subsequent substitution with diphenylphosphine moieties gives poly(organo)phosphazenes to function as multifunctional macroinitiators for the growth of a second generation of polyphosphazene arms. Macrosubstitution with Jeffamine oligomers gives a series of large, water soluble branched macromolecules with high-arm density and hydrodynamic diameters between 10 and 70 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Sandra Posch
- Department of Applied Experimental Biophysics Institute of
Biophysics Johannes Kepler University Linz Gruberstraße 40, 4020
Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz
Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz
Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Linhardt A, König M, Schöfberger W, Brüggemann O, Andrianov AK, Teasdale I. Biodegradable Polyphosphazene Based Peptide-Polymer Hybrids. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8040161. [PMID: 30979252 PMCID: PMC6432119 DOI: 10.3390/polym8040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of peptide based hybrid polymers designed to undergo enzymatic degradation is presented, via macrosubstitution of a polyphosphazene backbone with the tetrapeptide Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly. Further co-substitution of the hybrid polymers with hydrophilic polyalkylene oxide Jeffamine M-1000 leads to water soluble and biodegradable hybrid polymers. Detailed degradation studies, via 31P NMR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and field flow fractionation show the polymers degrade via a combination of enzymatic, as well as hydrolytic pathways. The peptide sequence was chosen due to its known property to undergo lysosomal degradation; hence, these degradable, water soluble polymers could be of significant interest for the use as polymer therapeutics. In this context, we investigated conjugation of the immune response modifier imiquimod to the polymers via the tetrapeptide and report the self-assembly behavior of the conjugate, as well as its enzymatically triggered drug release behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Linhardt
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Michael König
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Schöfberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Alexander K Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Clark DS, Karube I, Sode K, Bülow L, Brüggemann O, Lowe CR, Poulsen PB, Langer RS. Klaus Mosbach tribute. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:645-7. [PMID: 25599981 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Clark
- Editor-in-Chief, Gilbert Newton Lewis Professor, Dean of College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rothemund S, Aigner TB, Iturmendi A, Rigau M, Husár B, Hildner F, Oberbauer E, Prambauer M, Olawale G, Forstner R, Liska R, Schröder KR, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Degradable Glycine-Based Photo-Polymerizable Polyphosphazenes for Use as Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration. Macromol Biosci 2014; 15:351-63. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rothemund
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 Leonding A-4060 Austria
| | - Tamara B. Aigner
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 Leonding A-4060 Austria
- Transfercenter für Kunststofftechnik (TCKT) GmbH; Franz-Fritsch-Strasse 11 A-4600 Wels Austria
| | - Aitziber Iturmendi
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 Leonding A-4060 Austria
- Transfercenter für Kunststofftechnik (TCKT) GmbH; Franz-Fritsch-Strasse 11 A-4600 Wels Austria
| | - Maria Rigau
- Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service of Upper Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Krankenhausstraße 7 A-4017 Linz Austria
| | - Branislav Husár
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; Vienna University of Technology; Getreidemarkt 9/163 A-1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Florian Hildner
- Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service of Upper Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Krankenhausstraße 7 A-4017 Linz Austria
| | - Eleni Oberbauer
- Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service of Upper Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Krankenhausstraße 7 A-4017 Linz Austria
| | - Martina Prambauer
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 Leonding A-4060 Austria
- Transfercenter für Kunststofftechnik (TCKT) GmbH; Franz-Fritsch-Strasse 11 A-4600 Wels Austria
| | - Gbenga Olawale
- BioMed-zet Life Science GmbH; Industriezeile 36 A-4020 Linz Austria
| | - Reinhard Forstner
- Transfercenter für Kunststofftechnik (TCKT) GmbH; Franz-Fritsch-Strasse 11 A-4600 Wels Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; Vienna University of Technology; Getreidemarkt 9/163 A-1060 Vienna Austria
| | | | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 Leonding A-4060 Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 Leonding A-4060 Austria
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wilfert S, Henke H, Schoefberger W, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Chain-end-functionalized polyphosphazenes via a one-pot phosphine-mediated living polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:1135-41. [PMID: 24700544 PMCID: PMC4115175 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A simple polymerization of trichlorophosphoranimine (Cl3 P = N-SiMe3 ) mediated by functionalized triphenylphosphines is presented. In situ initiator formation and the subsequent polymerization progress are investigated by (31) P NMR spectroscopy, demonstrating a living cationic polymerization mechanism. The polymer chain lengths and molecular weights of the resulting substituted poly(organo)phosphazenes are further studied by (1) H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. This strategy facilitates the preparation of polyphosphazenes with controlled molecular weights and specific functional groups at the α-chain end. Such well-defined, mono-end-functionalized polymers have great potential use in bioconjugation, surface modification, and as building blocks for complex macromolecular constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Wilfert
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzWelser Straße 42, Leonding, A-4060, Austria
| | - Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzWelser Straße 42, Leonding, A-4060, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schoefberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzAltenberger Straße 69, Linz, A-4040, Austria
- Faculty of Science, University of South BohemiaBranisˇovská 31, Cˇeské Budeˇjovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzWelser Straße 42, Leonding, A-4060, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzWelser Straße 42, Leonding, A-4060, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wilfert S, Iturmendi A, Henke H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Thermoresponsive Polyphosphazene-Based Molecular Brushes by Living Cationic Polymerization. Macromol Symp 2014; 337:116-123. [PMID: 24926189 PMCID: PMC4050288 DOI: 10.1002/masy.201450314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of polyphosphazenes with molecular brush type structures have been prepared with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. The polymers show lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) between 18 and 90 °C, which can be easily tailored by choice of side-substituent to suit the required application. A temperature triggered self-assembly is observed to give stable colloidal aggregates with dimensions in the region of 100-300 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Wilfert
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Welser Strasse 42, 4060 Leonding, Austria
| | - Aitziber Iturmendi
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Welser Strasse 42, 4060 Leonding, Austria
| | - Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Welser Strasse 42, 4060 Leonding, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Welser Strasse 42, 4060 Leonding, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Welser Strasse 42, 4060 Leonding, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cheng C, Teasdale I, Brüggemann O. Stimuli-Responsive Capsules Prepared from Regenerated Silk Fibroin Microspheres. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:807-16. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP); Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 4060 Leonding Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP); Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 4060 Leonding Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP); Johannes Kepler University Linz; Welser Straße 42 4060 Leonding Austria
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wilfert S, Iturmendi A, Schoefberger W, Kryeziu K, Heffeter P, Berger W, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Water-Soluble, Biocompatible Polyphosphazenes with Controllable and pH-Promoted Degradation Behavior. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 2014; 52:287-294. [PMID: 24729657 PMCID: PMC3980369 DOI: 10.1002/pola.27002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of novel, water-soluble poly(organophosphazenes) prepared via living cationic polymerization is presented. The degradation profiles of the polyphosphazenes prepared are analyzed by GPC, 31P NMR spectroscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy in aqueous media and show tunable degradation rates ranging from days to months, adjusted by subtle changes to the chemical structure of the polyphosphazene. Furthermore, it is observed that these polymers demonstrate a pH-promoted hydrolytic degradation behavior, with a remarkably faster rate of degradation at lower pH values. These degradable, water soluble polymers with controlled molecular weights and structures could be of significant interest for use in aqueous biomedical applications, such as polymer therapeutics, in which biological clearance is a requirement and in this context cell viability tests are described which show the non-toxic nature of the polymers as well as their degradation intermediates and products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Wilfert
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzWelser Street 42, 4060, Leonding, Austria
| | - Aitziber Iturmendi
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzWelser Street 42, 4060, Leonding, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schoefberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzAltenberger Street 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
- Faculty of Science, University of South BohemiaBranišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kushtrim Kryeziu
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Medical University of ViennaBorschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Medical University of ViennaBorschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Research and Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research,”Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Medical University of ViennaBorschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Research and Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research,”Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzWelser Street 42, 4060, Leonding, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzWelser Street 42, 4060, Leonding, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Feinweber D, Verwanger T, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I, Krammer B. Applicability of new degradable hypericin–polymer-conjugates as photosensitizers: principal mode of action demonstrated by in vitro models. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1607-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00251b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Novel degradable polymers are shown to be promising carriers for the delivery of hypericin for PDT, significantly enhancing solubility of the free drug without compromising the photoactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Feinweber
- Division of Molecular Tumor Biology
- Department of Molecular Biology
- University of Salzburg
- 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Verwanger
- Division of Molecular Tumor Biology
- Department of Molecular Biology
- University of Salzburg
- 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4060 Leonding, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4060 Leonding, Austria
| | - Barbara Krammer
- Division of Molecular Tumor Biology
- Department of Molecular Biology
- University of Salzburg
- 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Using living cationic polymerization, a series of polyphosphazenes is prepared with precisely controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. As well as varying chain length through the use of a living polymerization, amine-capped polyalkylene oxide (Jeffamine) side chains with varied lengths are grafted to the polymer backbone to give a series of polymers with varied dimensions. Dynamic light scattering and size exclusion chromatography are used to confirm the preparation of polymers with a variety of controlled dimensions and thus hydrodynamic volumes. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how the number of arms per repeat unit, and thus the density of branching, can also be further increased from two to four through using a one-pot thiolactone conversion of the Jeffamines, followed by thiol-yne addition to the polyphosphazene backbone. These densely branched, molecular brush-type polymers on a biodegradable polyphosphazene backbone all show excellent aqueous solubility and have potential in drug-delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4060, Leonding, Austria
| | - Sandra Wilfert
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4060, Leonding, Austria
| | - Aitziber Iturmendi
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4060, Leonding, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4060, Leonding, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4060, Leonding, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Poly[(organo)phosphazenes] are a unique class of extremely versatile polymers with a range of applications including tissue engineering and drug delivery, as hydrogels, shape memory polymers and as stimuli responsive materials. This review aims to divulge the basic principles of designing polyphosphazenes for drug and gene delivery and portray the huge potential of these extremely versatile materials for such applications. Polyphosphazenes offer a number of distinct advantages as carriers for bioconjugates; alongside their completely degradable backbone, to non-toxic degradation products, they possess an inherently and uniquely high functionality and, thanks to recent advances in their polymer chemistry, can be prepared with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities, as well as self-assembled supra-molecular structures. Importantly, the rate of degradation/hydrolysis of the polymers can be carefully tuned to suit the desired application. In this review we detail the recent developments in the chemistry of polyphosphazenes, relevant to drug and gene delivery and describe recent investigations into their application in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, 4060, Leonding, Austria;
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, 4060, Leonding, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sobczak L, Brüggemann O, Putz RF. Polyolefin composites with natural fibers and wood-modification of the fiber/filler-matrix interaction. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
50
|
Dorner F, Zuckerstätter G, Müller U, Brüggemann O, Schwarzinger C, Panzer U. Rapid Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin Characterization by Means of Quantitative13C NMR with Polarization Transfer. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2011.562661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|