51
|
Goren A, Ashlock D, Tetlow IJ. Starch formation inside plastids of higher plants. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1855-1876. [PMID: 29774409 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a water-insoluble polyglucan synthesized inside the plastid stroma within plant cells, serving a crucial role in the carbon budget of the whole plant by acting as a short-term and long-term store of energy. The highly complex, hierarchical structure of the starch granule arises from the actions of a large suite of enzyme activities, in addition to physicochemical self-assembly mechanisms. This review outlines current knowledge of the starch biosynthetic pathway operating in plant cells in relation to the micro- and macro-structures of the starch granule. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge, in particular, the relationship between enzyme function and operation at the molecular level and the formation of the final, macroscopic architecture of the granule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asena Goren
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Daniel Ashlock
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Wei B, Cai C, Xu B, Jin Z, Tian Y. Disruption and molecule degradation of waxy maize starch granules during high pressure homogenization process. Food Chem 2018; 240:165-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
53
|
Vamadevan V, Blennow A, Buléon A, Goldstein A, Bertoft E. Distinct Properties and Structures Among B-Crystalline Starch Granules. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Alain Buléon
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA; Nantes France
| | - Avi Goldstein
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota; St Paul MN USA
| | - Eric Bertoft
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota; St Paul MN USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Abstract
The starch-rich endosperms of the Poaceae, which includes wild grasses and their domesticated descendents the cereals, have provided humankind and their livestock with the bulk of their daily calories since the dawn of civilization up to the present day. There are currently unprecedented pressures on global food supplies, largely resulting from population growth, loss of agricultural land that is linked to increased urbanization, and climate change. Since cereal yields essentially underpin world food and feed supply, it is critical that we understand the biological factors contributing to crop yields. In particular, it is important to understand the biochemical pathway that is involved in starch biosynthesis, since this pathway is the major yield determinant in the seeds of six out of the top seven crops grown worldwide. This review outlines the critical stages of growth and development of the endosperm tissue in the Poaceae, including discussion of carbon provision to the growing sink tissue. The main body of the review presents a current view of our understanding of storage starch biosynthesis, which occurs inside the amyloplasts of developing endosperms.
Collapse
|
55
|
Takagi H, Suzuki S, Akdogan G, Kitamura S. Surface structure and water adsorption behavior of waxy
/amylose extender
(wx/ae
) double-mutant rice starch. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takagi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Prefecture University; Sakai Japan
- Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.; Fuji Japan
| | - Shiho Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Prefecture University; Sakai Japan
| | - Guray Akdogan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Prefecture University; Sakai Japan
| | - Shinichi Kitamura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Prefecture University; Sakai Japan
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Abstract
Starch is a major food supply for humanity. It is produced in seeds, rhizomes, roots and tubers in the form of semi-crystalline granules with unique properties for each plant. Though the size and morphology of the granules is specific for each plant species, their internal structures have remarkably similar architecture, consisting of growth rings, blocklets, and crystalline and amorphous lamellae. The basic components of starch granules are two polyglucans, namely amylose and amylopectin. The molecular structure of amylose is comparatively simple as it consists of glucose residues connected through α-(1,4)-linkages to long chains with a few α-(1,6)-branches. Amylopectin, which is the major component, has the same basic structure, but it has considerably shorter chains and a lot of α-(1,6)-branches. This results in a very complex, three-dimensional structure, the nature of which remains uncertain. Several models of the amylopectin structure have been suggested through the years, and in this review two models are described, namely the “cluster model” and the “building block backbone model”. The structure of the starch granules is discussed in light of both models.
Collapse
|
57
|
Encapsulation of the antioxidant ascorbyl palmitate in V-type granular cold-water swelling starch affects the properties of both. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 165:402-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
58
|
Goldstein A, Annor G, Vamadevan V, Tetlow I, Kirkensgaard JJ, Mortensen K, Blennow A, Hebelstrup KH, Bertoft E. Influence of diurnal photosynthetic activity on the morphology, structure, and thermal properties of normal and waxy barley starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:188-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
59
|
Raghunathan R, Hoover R, Waduge R, Liu Q, Warkentin TD. Impact of molecular structure on the physicochemical properties of starches isolated from different field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars grown in Saskatchewan, Canada. Food Chem 2017; 221:1514-1521. [PMID: 27979123 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the molecular structure and properties of recently released cultivars of field peas [CDC Golden (CDCG), Abarth (ABAR), CDC Patrick (CDCP) and CDC Amarillo (CDCA)] grown at different locations in Saskatchewan, Canada. Starch yield (on whole seed basis), apparent amylose, total lipid and specific surface area were in the range 34-37%, 38.2-42.6%, 1.07-1.38% and 0.31-0.38m2/g, respectively. The proportion of short (DP 6-12) amylopectin chains, amylopectin branching density, molecular order, crystallinity, crystalline heterogeneity, gelatinization transition temperatures, pasting temperatures, peak viscosity, extent of acid hydrolysis, and resistant starch content were higher in CDCG and ABAR. However, amylopectin long chains (DP 13-26), average chain length and thermal stability were higher in CDCP and CDCA. The results of this study showed that differences in physicochemical properties among cultivars were mainly influenced by amylopectin chain length distribution, amylopectin branching density and co-crystallization of amylose with amylopectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Raghunathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - R Hoover
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - R Waduge
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Q Liu
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - T D Warkentin
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Mitchell M, Pritchard J, Okada S, Larroque O, Yulia D, Pettolino F, Szydlowski N, Singh S, Liu Q, Ral JP. Oil Accumulation in Transgenic Potato Tubers Alters Starch Quality and Nutritional Profile. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:554. [PMID: 28446916 PMCID: PMC5388768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant storage compounds such as starch and lipids are important for human and animal nutrition as well as industry. There is interest in diverting some of the carbon stored in starch-rich organs (leaves, tubers, and cereal grains) into lipids in order to improve the energy density or nutritional properties of crops as well as providing new sources of feedstocks for food and manufacturing. Previously, we generated transgenic potato plants that accumulate up to 3.3% triacylglycerol (TAG) by dry weight in the tubers, which also led to changes in starch content, starch granule morphology and soluble sugar content. The aim of this study was to investigate how TAG accumulation affects the nutritional and processing properties of high oil potatoes with a particular focus on starch structure, physical and chemical properties. Overall, TAG accumulation was correlated with increased energy density, total nitrogen, amino acids, organic acids and inorganic phosphate, which could be of potential nutritional benefit. However, TAG accumulation had negative effects on starch quality as well as quantity. Starch from high oil potatoes had lower amylose and phosphate content, reduced peak viscosity and higher gelatinization temperature. Interestingly, starch pasting properties were disproportionately affected in lines accumulating the highest levels of TAG (>2.5%) compared to those accumulating only moderate levels (0.2-1.6%). These results indicate that optimized engineering of specialized crops for food, feed, fuel and chemical industries requires careful selection of traits, and an appropriate level of transgene expression, as well as a better understanding of starch structure and carbon partitioning in plant storage organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Mitchell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Madeline Mitchell
| | - Jenifer Pritchard
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Oscar Larroque
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Dina Yulia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Filomena Pettolino
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nicolas Szydlowski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290 - MSAP - Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la ProtéomiqueLille, France
| | - Surinder Singh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Qing Liu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Hong JS, Gomand SV, Huber KC, Delcour JA. Comparison of maize and wheat starch chain reactivity in relation to uniform versus surface oriented starch granule derivatization patterns. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
62
|
Impact of reagent infiltration time on reaction patterns and pasting properties of modified maize and wheat starches. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:851-861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
63
|
Amagliani L, O’Regan J, Kelly AL, O’Mahony JA. Chemistry, structure, functionality and applications of rice starch. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
64
|
Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhang R, Zhong Y, Luo Y, Xu S, Liu J, Xue J, Guo D. Effects of extrusion treatment on physicochemical properties and in vitro digestion of pregelatinized high amylose maize flour. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
65
|
Yang J, Xie F, Wen W, Chen L, Shang X, Liu P. Understanding the structural features of high-amylose maize starch through hydrothermal treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 84:268-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
66
|
Liu X, Wu JH, Xu JH, Mao DZ, Yang YJ, Wang ZW. The impact of heat-moisture treatment on the molecular structure and physicochemical properties of Coix
seed starches. STARCH-STARKE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201500290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology; School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hong Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology; School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hua Xu
- Chenzhou Test Center for Food and Drug Control; Chenzhou P.R. China
| | - Dan-Zhuo Mao
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control; Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jian Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control; Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Wu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology; School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Wang C, He X, Fu X, Huang Q, Zhang B. Substituent distribution changes the pasting and emulsion properties of octenylsuccinate starch. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 135:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
68
|
Surface binding sites in amylase have distinct roles in recognition of starch structure motifs and degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:338-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
69
|
Galvis L, Bertinetto CG, Holopainen U, Tamminen T, Vuorinen T. Structural and chemical analysis of native and malted barley kernels by polarized Raman spectroscopy (PRS). J Cereal Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
70
|
Liu D, Wellner N, Parker ML, Morris VJ, Cheng F. In situ mapping of the effect of additional mutations on starch granule structure in amylose-extender (ae) maize kernels. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 118:199-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
71
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Bertoft
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Minnesota; St Paul MN
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Cai C, Huang J, Zhao L, Liu Q, Zhang C, Wei C. Heterogeneous structure and spatial distribution in endosperm of high-amylose rice starch granules with different morphologies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10143-10152. [PMID: 25238128 DOI: 10.1021/jf502341q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Starch granules from high-amylose cereal mutants or transgenic lines usually have different morphologies. It is not clear whether the structure and spatial distribution of starch granules with different morphologies in endosperm is homogeneous or heterogeneous. In the present study, the structure and spatial distribution in endosperm of morphologically different starch granules from high-amylose transgenic rice line (TRS) were investigated. The TRS endosperm had individual, aggregate, elongated, and interior hollow starch granules. The individual and interior hollow granules had the lowest and the highest amylose content and gelatinization resistance, respectively, among the four types of granules. The individual granules were mainly distributed in the middle of the endosperm; the aggregate granules in the starchy endosperm cells between the subaleurone layer and the middle of the endosperm; the elongated granules in the peripheral starchy endosperm cells adjacent to the subaleurone layer; and the interior hollow granules in the subaleurone layer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Canhui Cai
- Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology of the Jiangsu Province and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Tanackovic V, Svensson JT, Jensen SL, Buléon A, Blennow A. The deposition and characterization of starch in Brachypodium distachyon. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5179-92. [PMID: 25056772 PMCID: PMC4157704 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is a non-domesticated cereal. Nonetheless, Brachypodium was recently introduced as a model plant for temperate cereals. This study compares grain starch metabolism in Brachypodium and barley (Hordeum vulgare). In Brachypodium, we identified and annotated 28 genes involved in starch metabolism and identified important motifs including transit peptides and putative carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) of the families CBM20, CBM45, CBM48, and CBM53. Starch content was markedly lower in Brachypodium grains (12%) compared to barley grains (47%). Brachypodium starch granules were doughnut shaped and bimodally distributed into distinct small B-type (2.5-10 µm) and very small C-type (0.5-2.5 µm) granules. Large A-type granules, typical of cereals, were absent. Starch-bound phosphate, important for starch degradation, was 2-fold lower in Brachypodium compared with barley indicating different requirements for starch mobilization. The amylopectin branch profiles were similar and the amylose content was only slightly higher compared with barley cv. Golden Promise. The crystallinity of Brachypodium starch granules was low (10%) compared to barley (20%) as determined by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and molecular disorder was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The expression profiles in grain for most genes were distinctly different for Brachypodium compared to barley, typically showing earlier decline during the course of development, which can explain the low starch content and differences in starch molecular structure and granule characteristics. High transitory starch levels were observed in leaves of Brachypodium (2.8% after 14h of light) compared to barley (1.9% after 14h of light). The data suggest important pre-domesticated features of cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Tanackovic
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Jan T Svensson
- Nordic Genetic Resource Centre, P.O. Box 41, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Susanne L Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Alain Buléon
- UR1268 Biopolymeres Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1871, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Shaik SS, Carciofi M, Martens HJ, Hebelstrup KH, Blennow A. Starch bioengineering affects cereal grain germination and seedling establishment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2257-70. [PMID: 24642850 PMCID: PMC4036499 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grain germination is central for plant early development, and efficient germination has a major role in crop propagation and malting. Endosperm starch is the prime energy reserve in germination and seedling establishment. In this study, it was hypothesized that optimized starch granule structure, and not only the endosperm starch content per se, is important for germination and seedling establishment. For that purpose, wild-type (WT), and specifically engineered degradable hyperphosphorylated (HP) starch and more resistant amylose-only (AO) starch barley lines were used. The transgenics showed no severe phenotypes and the WT and HP lines degraded the starch similarly, having 30% residual starch after 12 d of germination. However, the AO line showed significant resistance to degradation, having 57% residual starch. Interestingly, protein and β-glucan (BG) degradation was stimulated for both HP and AO lines as compared with the WT. At late seedling establishment stages, specific sugars were rapidly consumed in the AO line. α-Amylase activity was distinctly suppressed in both the HP and the AO lines. Pre-germination β-amylase deposition was low in the AO grains and β-amylase was generally suppressed in both HP and AO lines throughout germination. As further supported by scanning electron microscopy and histochemical analyses on grain and seedlings, it was concluded that inadequate starch granule deposition in combination with the suppressed hydrolase activity leads to temporal and compensating re-direction of starch, sugar, and protein catabolism important to maintain metabolic dynamics during grain germination and seedling establishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahnoor S Shaik
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Massimiliano Carciofi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Helle J Martens
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kim H Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Chen HM, Huang Q, Fu X, Luo FX. Ultrasonic effect on the octenyl succinate starch synthesis and substitution patterns in starch granules. Food Hydrocoll 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
76
|
Cai C, Zhao L, Huang J, Chen Y, Wei C. Morphology, structure and gelatinization properties of heterogeneous starch granules from high-amylose maize. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 102:606-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
77
|
Faltermaier A, Waters D, Becker T, Arendt E, Gastl M. Common wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and its use as a brewing cereal - a review. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Faltermaier
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; Ireland
- Lehrstuhl für Brau- und Getränketechnologie; Technische Universität München; Weihenstephan Freising
| | - Deborah Waters
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Thomas Becker
- Lehrstuhl für Brau- und Getränketechnologie; Technische Universität München; Weihenstephan Freising
| | - Elke Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Martina Gastl
- Lehrstuhl für Brau- und Getränketechnologie; Technische Universität München; Weihenstephan Freising
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Chen X, He X, Huang Q. Effects of hydrothermal pretreatment on subsequent octenylsuccinic anhydride (OSA) modification of cornstarch. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 101:493-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
79
|
Wang C, He X, Huang Q, Fu X, Luo F, Li L. Distribution of octenylsuccinic substituents in modified A and B polymorph starch granules. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:12492-12498. [PMID: 24289038 DOI: 10.1021/jf404162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The octenylsuccinic (OS) substituent distribution in octenylsuccinic anhydride (OSA)-modified normal maize and potato starches with different degrees of subsititution (DS) was studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and surface gelatinization. The remaining non-gelatinized portions of starch granules after removal of surface-gelatinized starch (remaining granules) were studied with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the level of succinylation. Results showed that greater proportions of the OS groups were present at the periphery than at the core of the granules. However, the granular interior of OS maize starch has higher fluorescent intensity than that of OS potato starch, as shown by CLSM. The DS of OS maize starch degraded less than that of OS potato starch under the same degree of gelatinization. In addition, the characteristic peaks of the remaining OS maize granules in the FTIR were more protruding than that of the OS potato granules after 50% chemical surface gelatinization. The results implied that maize starch displayed much more homogeneous OSA reaction pattern when compared to potato starch. With the special architectures (pinholes and channels) of maize, it is easier to change the location of OS groups than with potato starch by changing reaction conditions or starch pretreatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Wang
- College of Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Valcárcel-Yamani B, Rondán-Sanabria GG, Finardi-Filho F. The physical, chemical and functional characterization of starches from Andean tubers: oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) and mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón). BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502013000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical, chemical, and functional properties of starches isolated from the Andean tubers oca (Oxalis tuberosa M.), olluco (Ullucus tuberosus C.) and mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum R. & P.) were studied. The tubers were obtained from a local grocery. The morphology of the starch granules (size and shape) was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed ellipsoid, oval, conical, pear-shaped and prismatic forms: ellipsoids and oval granules with lengths up to 54.30 µm in oca; with lengths up to 32.09 µm for olluco starch granules; and with predominantly truncated spherical or oval forms and smaller dimensions (up to 16.29 um) for mashua starch granules. Amylose contents were similar among the samples: 27.60% (oca), 26.49% (olluco) and 27.44% (mashua). Olluco starch had less swelling power, forming opaque, less firm gels. All three starch gels showed the same stability on refrigeration and presented high syneresis under freezing temperatures, with a variation of 40.28 to 74.42% for olluco starch. The starches cooked easily, with high peak viscosity. The low gelatinization temperatures and high stability during cooling make these starches suitable feedstock for use in formulations that require milder processing temperatures and dispense freezing storage.
Collapse
|
81
|
Schirmer M, Höchstötter A, Jekle M, Arendt E, Becker T. Physicochemical and morphological characterization of different starches with variable amylose/amylopectin ratio. Food Hydrocoll 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
82
|
Chang F, He X, Huang Q. Effect of lauric acid on the V-amylose complex distribution and properties of swelled normal cornstarch granules. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
83
|
Li W, Xiao X, Guo S, Ouyang S, Luo Q, Zheng J, Zhang G. Proximate Composition of Triangular Pea, White Pea, Spotted Colored Pea, and Small White Kidney Bean and Their Starch Properties. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-013-1128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
84
|
Peroni-Okita FHG, Cardoso MB, Agopian RGD, Louro RP, Nascimento JRO, Purgatto E, Tavares MIB, Lajolo FM, Cordenunsi BR. The cold storage of green bananas affects the starch degradation during ripening at higher temperature. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 96:137-47. [PMID: 23688463 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the starch degradation of bananas stored at low temperature (13°C, cold-stored group) and bananas stored at 19°C (control group) during ripening. The starch granules were isolated during different stages of banana ripening, and their structure was investigated using different techniques. The activities of α-amylase and β-amylase associated to the starch granules were determined, and their presence was confirmed using immunolocalization assays. The increased molecular mobility likely facilitated the intake and action of α-amylase on the granule surface, where it was the prevalent enzyme in bananas stored at low temperature. The 10 days of storage at low temperature also influenced the sizes and shapes of the granules, with a predominance of rounded granules and pits on the surface along with superior amylose content, the higher amounts of amylopectin A-chains and the subtle increase in the A-type allomorph content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda H G Peroni-Okita
- University of São Paulo, Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, FCF, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Cai C, Wei C. In situ observation of crystallinity disruption patterns during starch gelatinization. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:469-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
86
|
Abstract
Starch is the major non-structural carbohydrate in plants. It serves as an important store of carbon that fuels plant metabolism and growth when they are unable to photosynthesise. This storage can be in leaves and other green tissues, where it is degraded during the night, or in heterotrophic tissues such as roots, seeds and tubers, where it is stored over longer time periods. Arabidopsis accumulates starch in many of its tissues, but mostly in its leaves during the day. It has proven to be a powerful genetic system for discovering how starch is synthesised and degraded, and new proteins and processes have been discovered. Such work has major significance for our starch crops, whose yield and quality could be improved by the application of this knowledge. Research into Arabidopsis starch metabolism has begun to reveal how its daily turnover is integrated into the rest of metabolism and adapted to the environmental conditions. Furthermore, Arabidopsis mutant lines deficient in starch metabolism have been employed as tools to study other biological processes ranging from sugar sensing to gravitropism and flowering time control. This review gives a detailed account of the use of Arabidopsis to study starch metabolism. It describes the major discoveries made and presents an overview of our understanding today, together with some as-yet unresolved questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Streb
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH
Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH
Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Jørgensen AD, Jensen SL, Ziegler G, Pandeya A, Buléon A, Svensson B, Blennow A. Structural and physical effects of aroma compound binding to native starch granules. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
88
|
Ambigaipalan P, Hoover R, Donner E, Liu Q, Jaiswal S, Chibbar R, Nantanga K, Seetharaman K. Structure of faba bean, black bean and pinto bean starches at different levels of granule organization and their physicochemical properties. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
89
|
Impact of structural changes due to heat-moisture treatment at different temperatures on the susceptibility of normal and waxy potato starches towards hydrolysis by porcine pancreatic alpha amylase. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
90
|
Zhang B, Huang Q, Luo FX, Fu X, Jiang H, Jane JL. Effects of octenylsuccinylation on the structure and properties of high-amylose maize starch. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
91
|
Naguleswaran S, Li J, Vasanthan T, Bressler D. Distribution of Granule Channels, Protein, and Phospholipid in Triticale and Corn Starches as Revealed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Cereal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-10-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabaratnam Naguleswaran
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Jihong Li
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Thava Vasanthan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Corresponding author. Phone: 1-780-492-2898. Fax: 1-780-492-8914. E-mail:
| | - David Bressler
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Wellner N, Georget DMR, Parker ML, Morris VJ. In situ Raman microscopy of starch granule structures in wild type and ae mutant maize kernels. STARCH-STARKE 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
93
|
Peroni-Okita FH, Simão RA, Cardoso MB, Soares CA, Lajolo FM, Cordenunsi BR. In vivo degradation of banana starch: Structural characterization of the degradation process. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
94
|
|
95
|
|
96
|
Blennow A, Svensson B. Dynamics of starch granule biogenesis – the role of redox-regulated enzymes and low-affinity carbohydrate-binding modules. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420903408211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
97
|
Morphologies and microstructures of cornstarches with different amylose–amylopectin ratios studied by confocal laser scanning microscope. J Cereal Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
98
|
Christiansen C, Hachem MA, Glaring MA, Viksø-Nielsen A, Sigurskjold BW, Svensson B, Blennow A. A CBM20 low-affinity starch-binding domain from glucan, water dikinase. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1159-63. [PMID: 19275898 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The family 20 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM20) of the Arabidopsis starch phosphorylator glucan, water dikinase 3 (GWD3) was heterologously produced and its properties were compared to the CBM20 from a fungal glucoamylase (GA). The GWD3 CBM20 has 50-fold lower affinity for cyclodextrins than that from GA. Homology modelling identified possible structural elements responsible for this weak binding of the intracellular CBM20. Differential binding of fluorescein-labelled GWD3 and GA modules to starch granules in vitro was demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy and yellow fluorescent protein-tagged GWD3 CBM20 expressed in tobacco confirmed binding to starch granules in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Christiansen
- VKR Research Centre, Pro-Active Plants, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
|
100
|
|