51
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Jiang Y, Latif M, Kim J. Three-Dimensional Printing of Lignocellulose Structures: Improving Mechanical Properties and Shape Fidelity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23442-23450. [PMID: 38854504 PMCID: PMC11154944 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing of nanocellulose (NC) materials is an emergent technological domain that facilitates the fabrication of complex and environment-friendly structures that mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. However, printing high concentrations of NC into intricate structures encounters substantial challenges due to inadequate adhesion between the printed layers attributed to a high cellulose solid content, resulting in low shape fidelity and mechanical properties. Therefore, to address these challenges, this paper reports lignin (LG) blending, a nanofiller, in high-content NC (>25 wt % solid content) paste to improve the layer adhesion of three-dimensional (3D) printed structures. The printed structures are dried in a clean room condition followed by postcuring. The optimized lignocellulose (0.5LG-NC) paste showed high structural shape fidelity, remarkable flexural strength, and moduli of 102.93 ± 0.96 MPa and 9.05 ± 0.07 GPa. Furthermore, the volumetric shrinkage behavior in box-like 3D printed structures with optimized LG-NC paste shows low standard deviations, demonstrating the repeatability of the printed structures. The study can be adapted for high-performance engineering and biomedical applications to manufacture high mechanical strength environment-friendly structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxiaozhe Jiang
- Creative Research Center
for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Latif
- Creative Research Center
for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center
for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
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52
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Fate AS, Maheshwari Y, Shekhar Tiwari S, Das P, Bal M. Exploring nanocellulose's role in revolutionizing the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132837. [PMID: 38848844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global demand for eco-friendly products derived from natural resources has spurred intensive research into biomaterials. Among these materials, nanocellulose stands out as a highly efficient option, consisting of tightly packed cellulose fibrils derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Nanocellulose boasts a remarkable combination of attributes, including a high specific surface area, impressive mechanical strength, abundant hydroxyl groups for easy modification, as well as non-toxic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly properties. Consequently, nanocellulose has been extensively studied for advanced applications. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the various sources of nanocellulose derived from diverse natural sources and outlines the wide array of production methods available. Furthermore, it delves into the extensive utility of nanocellulose within the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, shedding light on its potential role in these fields. Additionally, it highlights the significance of nanocellulose composites and their applications, while also addressing key challenges that must be overcome to enable widespread utilization of nanocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Sandip Fate
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Yash Maheshwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Shashank Shekhar Tiwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Payal Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Manisha Bal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India.
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53
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Wang L, Li Y, Ye L, Zhi C, Zhang T, Miao M. Unveiling structure and performance of tea-derived cellulose nanocrystals. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132117. [PMID: 38718996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In this study, cellulose was extracted from black tea residues to produce black tea cellulose nanocrystals (BT-CNCs) using an optimized acid hydrolysis method. The structure and performance of BT-CNCs were evaluated. The results showed that the optimal conditions for acidolysis of BT-CNCs included a sulfuric acid concentration of 64 %, a solid-liquid ratio of 1:18 (w/v), a hydrolysis temperature of 45 °C, and a hydrolysis time of 50 min. The optimization process resulted in a 44.8 % increase in the yield of BT-CNCs, which exhibited a crystallinity of 68.57 % and were characterized by the typical cellulose I structure. The diameters of the particles range from 5 to 45 nm, and they exhibit aggregation behavior. Notably, BT-CNCs demonstrated excellent storage stability, and the Tyndall effect occurred when exposed to a single beam of light. Although the thermal stability of BT-CNCs decreased, their primary thermal degradation temperature remained above 200 °C. The colloidal nature of BT-CNCs was identified as a non-Newtonian fluid with "shear thinning" behavior. This study introduces a novel method to convert tea waste into BT-CNCs, increasing the yield of BT-CNCs and enhancing waste utilization. BT-CNCs hold promise for application in reinforced composites, offering substantial industrial value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yukun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Jiangsu Longjun Environmental Protection Industrial Development Co., Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China
| | - Chaohui Zhi
- Jiangsu Longjun Environmental Protection Industrial Development Co., Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China..
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54
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Li R, Yang M, Ma H, Wang X, Yu H, Li M, Wang Z, Zheng L, Li H, Hao Y, Hu M, Yang J. A Natural Casein-Based Separator with Brick-and-Mortar Structure for Stable, High-Rate Proton Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403489. [PMID: 38556648 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable aqueous proton batteries with small organic molecule anodes are currently considered promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their low cost, stable safety, and environmental friendliness. However, the practical application is limited by the poor cycling stability caused by the shuttling of soluble organic molecules between electrodes. Herein, a cell separator is modified by a GO-casein-Cu2+ layer with a brick-and-mortar structure to inhibit the shuttling of small organic molecules. Experimental and calculation results indicate that, attributed to the synergistic effect of physical blocking of casein molecular chains and electrostatic and coordination interactions of Cu2+, bulk dissolution and shuttling of multiple small molecules can be inhibited simultaneously, while H+ transfer across the separators is not almost affected. With the protection of the GO-casein-Cu2+ separator, soluble small molecules, such as diquinoxalino[2,3-a:2',3'-c]phenazine,2,3,8,9,14,15-hexacyano (6CN-DQPZ) exhibit a high reversible capacity of 262.6 mA h g-1 and amazing stability (capacity retention of 92.9% after 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1). In addition, this strategy is also proved available to other active conjugated small molecules, such as indanthrone (IDT), providing a general green sustainable strategy for advancing the use of small organic molecule electrodes in proton cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingsheng Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Huige Ma
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haiping Yu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengxiao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuxin Hao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingjun Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- ShenSi Lab, Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518110, China
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55
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Gama Cavalcante AL, Dari DN, Izaias da Silva Aires F, Carlos de Castro E, Moreira Dos Santos K, Sousa Dos Santos JC. Advancements in enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanomaterials: toward sustainable industrial applications. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17946-17988. [PMID: 38841394 PMCID: PMC11151160 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are widely used in biofuels, food, and pharmaceuticals. The immobilization of enzymes on solid supports, particularly magnetic nanomaterials, enhances their stability and catalytic activity. Magnetic nanomaterials are chosen for their versatility, large surface area, and superparamagnetic properties, which allow for easy separation and reuse in industrial processes. Researchers focus on the synthesis of appropriate nanomaterials tailored for specific purposes. Immobilization protocols are predefined and adapted to both enzymes and support requirements for optimal efficiency. This review provides a detailed exploration of the application of magnetic nanomaterials in enzyme immobilization protocols. It covers methods, challenges, advantages, and future perspectives, starting with general aspects of magnetic nanomaterials, their synthesis, and applications as matrices for solid enzyme stabilization. The discussion then delves into existing enzymatic immobilization methods on magnetic nanomaterials, highlighting advantages, challenges, and potential applications. Further sections explore the industrial use of various enzymes immobilized on these materials, the development of enzyme-based bioreactors, and prospects for these biocatalysts. In summary, this review provides a concise comparison of the use of magnetic nanomaterials for enzyme stabilization, highlighting potential industrial applications and contributing to manufacturing optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Luthierre Gama Cavalcante
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus Pici Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
| | - Dayana Nascimento Dari
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
| | - Francisco Izaias da Silva Aires
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
| | - Erico Carlos de Castro
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus Pici Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
| | - Kaiany Moreira Dos Santos
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
| | - José Cleiton Sousa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus Pici Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus do Pici, Bloco 940 Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
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56
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Lee JE, Jeon WC, Kim YE, Lee GH, Kim J, Kim MJ, Lee SM, Kweon SH, Kwak SK, Chae HG. Abnormally High Graphitic Crystallization of Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26580-26589. [PMID: 38733565 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are currently of great interest for many applications, such as energy storage and nanocomposites, because of their natural abundance. A number of carbonization studies have reported abnormal graphitization behavior of CNCs, although cellulose is generally known as a precursor for hard carbon (nongraphitizable carbon). Herein, we report a spray-freeze-drying (SFD) method for CNCs and a subsequent carbonization study to ascertain the difference in the structural development between the amorphous and crystalline phases. The morphological observation by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy of the carbonized SFD-CNC clearly shows that the amorphous and crystalline phases of CNC are attributed to the formation of hard and soft carbon, respectively. The results of a reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) study also show that the amorphous cellulose phase leads to the formation of fewer carbon ring structures, indicative of hard carbon. In contrast, the pristine crystalline cellulose phase has a higher density and thermal stability, resulting in limited molecular relaxation and the formation of a highly crystalline graphitic structure (soft carbon).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Cheol Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yea Eun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Hyeun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hyeon Kweon
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gi Chae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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57
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Patterson SH, Arrighi V, Vilela F. A Sacrificial Linker in Biodegradable Polyesters for Accelerated Photoinduced Degradation, Monitored by Continuous Atline SEC Analysis. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:508-514. [PMID: 38625870 PMCID: PMC11112751 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric materials that undergo photoinduced degradation have wide application in fields such as controlled release. Most methods for photoinduced degradation rely on the UV or near-UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum; however, use of the deeply penetrating and benign wavelengths of visible light offers a multitude of advantages. Here we report a lactone monomer for ring-opening copolymerizations to introduce a sacrificial linker into a polymer backbone which can be cleaved by reactive oxygen species which are produced by a photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. We find that copolymers of this material readily degrade under visible light. We followed polymer degradation using a continuous flow size exclusion chromatography system, the components of which are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
B. H. Patterson
- Samuel B.
H. Patterson - School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Valeria Arrighi
- Valeria Arrighi
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Chemical
Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Filipe Vilela
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Chemical
Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
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58
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Rangel G, Moreau C, Villares A, Chassenieux C, Cathala B. Xyloglucan-Cellulose Nanocrystals Mixtures: A Case Study of Nanocolloidal Hydrogels and Levers for Tuning Functional Properties. Gels 2024; 10:334. [PMID: 38786251 PMCID: PMC11121706 DOI: 10.3390/gels10050334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of fully biobased hydrogels obtained by simple routes and in the absence of toxic or environmentally harmful reagents is a major challenge in meeting new societal demands. In this work, we discuss the development of hydrogels made from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and xyloglucan (XG), two non-toxic, renewable, and biobased components. We present three strategies to fine-tune the functional properties. The first one consists in varying the XG/CNC ratio that leads to the modulation of the mechanical properties of hydrogels as well as a better comprehension of the gel mechanism formation. The second relies on tuning the XG chains' interaction by enzymatic modification to achieve thermoresponsive systems. Finally, the third one is based on the increase in the hydrogel solid content by osmotic concentration. The high-solid-content gels were found to have very high mechanical properties and self-healing properties that can be used for molding materials. Overall, these approaches are a case study of potential modifications and properties offered by biobased nanocolloidal hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Moreau
- UR1268 BIA, INRAE, 44300 Nantes, France; (G.R.); (C.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Ana Villares
- UR1268 BIA, INRAE, 44300 Nantes, France; (G.R.); (C.M.); (A.V.)
| | | | - Bernard Cathala
- UR1268 BIA, INRAE, 44300 Nantes, France; (G.R.); (C.M.); (A.V.)
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59
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Spiliopoulos P, Navarro SL, Orzan E, Ghanbari R, Pietschnig R, Stilianu C, Spirk S, Schaefer A, Kádár R, Nypelö T. Cellulose modified to host functionalities via facile cation exchange approach. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121857. [PMID: 38431387 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Properties of cellulose are typically functionalized by organic chemistry means. We progress an alternative facile way to functionalize cellulose by functional group counter-cation exchange. While ion-exchange is established for cellulose, it is far from exploited and understood beyond the most common cation, sodium. We build on our work that established the cation exchange for go-to alkali metal cations. We expand and further demonstrate the introduction of functional cations, namely, lanthanides. We show that cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) carrying sulfate-half ester groups can acquire properties through the counter-cation exchange. Trivalent lanthanide cations europium (Eu3+), dysprosium (Dy3+) and gadolinium (Gd3+) were employed. The respective ions showed distinct differences in their ability of being coordinated by the sulfate groups; with Eu3+ fully saturating the sulfate groups while for Gd3+ and Dy3+, values of 82 and 41 % were determined by compositional analysis. CNCs functionalized with Eu3+ displayed red emission, those containing Dy3+ exhibited no optical functionality, while those with Gd3+ revealed significantly altered magnetic relaxation times. Using cation exchange to alter cellulose properties in various ways is a tremendous opportunity for modification of the abundant cellulose raw materials for a renewable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Spiliopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Saül Llàcer Navarro
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eliott Orzan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reza Ghanbari
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Pietschnig
- Institute of Chemistry and CINSaT, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Clemens Stilianu
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roland Kádár
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
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60
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Bayat P, Meek KM, Movafagh M, Cranston ED, Cunningham MF, Champagne P, Morse T, Kiriakou MV, George SR, Dubé MA. The Effect of Cellulose Nanocrystal Reassembly on Latex-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Performance. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3018-3032. [PMID: 38648261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Different cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) forms (dried vs never-dried) can lead to different degrees of CNC reassembly, the formation of nanofibril-like structures, in nanocomposite latex-based pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) formulations. CNC reassembly is also affected by CNC sonication and loading as well as the protocol used for CNC addition to the polymerization. In this study, carboxylated CNCs (cCNCs) were incorporated into a seeded, semibatch, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/styrene emulsion polymerization and cast as pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) films. The addition of CNCs led to a simultaneous increase in tack strength, peel strength, and shear adhesion, avoiding the typical trade-off between the adhesive and cohesive strength. Increased CNC reassembly resulted from the use of dried, redispersed, and sonicated cCNCs, along with increased cCNC loading and addition of the cCNCs at the seed stage of the polymerization. The increased degree of CNC reassembly was shown to significantly increase the shear adhesion by enhancing the elastic modulus of the PSA films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Bayat
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kelly M Meek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Maryam Movafagh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael F Cunningham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Pascale Champagne
- Energy Mining & Environment Research Centre, National Research Council, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | | | | | - Sean R George
- BASF Corp., Charlotte, North Carolina 28273, United States
| | - Marc A Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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61
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Gao L, Hu Q, Gao X, Tang X, Peng L, Chen K, Zhang H. Micromorphology reformation of regenerated cellulose nanofibers from corn (Zea Mays) stalk pith in urea solution with high-speed shear induced. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131592. [PMID: 38621571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is a kind of renewable natural polymer material with high specific surface area, high crystallinity, and strong mechanical properties. RC nanofibers (RCNFs) have attracted an increasing attention in various applications due to their high aspect ratio and good flexibility. Herein, a novel and facile strategy for RCNFs preparation with high-speed shear induced in urea solution through "bottom-up" approach was proposed in this work. Results indicated that the average diameter and yield of RCNF was approach to 136.67 nm and 53.3 %, respectively. Meanwhile, due to the regular orientation RC chains and arrangement micro-morphology, RCNFs exhibited high crystallinity, strong mechanical properties, stable thermal degradation performance, and excellent UV resistance. In this study, a novel regeneration process with high-speed shear induced was developed to produce RCNFs with excellent properties. This study paved a strategy for future low-energy production of nanofibers and high value-added conversion applications of agricultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Gao
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiuyue Hu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoning Tang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Lincai Peng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Keli Chen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
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Kamada H, Hata Y, Sugiura K, Sawada T, Serizawa T. Interfacial jamming of surface-alkylated synthetic nanocelluloses for structuring liquids. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 331:121896. [PMID: 38388029 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses derived from natural cellulose sources are promising sustainable nanomaterials. Previous studies have reported that nanocelluloses are strongly adsorbed onto liquid-liquid interfaces with the concurrent use of ligands and allow for the structuring of liquids, that is, the kinetic trapping of nonequilibrium shapes of liquids. However, the structuring of liquids using nanocelluloses alone has yet to be demonstrated, despite its great potential in the development of sustainable liquid-based materials that are biocompatible and environmentally friendly. Herein, we demonstrated the structuring of liquids using rectangular sheet-shaped synthetic nanocelluloses with surface alkyl groups. Synthetic nanocelluloses with ethyl, butyl, and hexyl groups on their surfaces were readily prepared following our previous reports via the self-assembly of enzymatically synthesized cello-oligosaccharides having the corresponding alkyl groups. Among the alkylated synthetic nanocelluloses, the hexylated nanocellulose was adsorbed and jammed at water-n-undecane interfaces to form interfacial assemblies, which acted substantially as an integrated film for structuring liquids. These phenomena were attributed to the unique structural characteristics of the surface-hexylated synthetic nanocelluloses; their sheet shape offered a large area for adsorption onto interfaces, and their controlled surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity enhanced the affinity for both liquid phases. Our findings promote the development of all-liquid devices using nanocelluloses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kamada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kai Sugiura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sawada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Serizawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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63
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Ma YY, Lu ZL, Xing YZ, Zheng WS, Liu CG. A fresh perspective on dissociation mechanism of cellulose in DMAc/LiCl system based on Li bond theory. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131729. [PMID: 38653429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
In this case, various characterization technologies have been employed to probe dissociation mechanism of cellulose in N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) system. These results indicate that coordination of DMAc ligands to the Li+-Cl- ion pair results in the formation of a series of Lix(DMAc)yClz (x = 1, 2; y = 1, 2, 3, 4; z = 1, 2) complexes. Analysis of interaction between DMAc ligand and Li center indicate that Li bond plays a major role for the formation of these Lix(DMAc)yClz complexes. And the saturation and directionality of Li bond in these Lix(DMAc)yClz complexes are found to be a tetrahedral structure. The hydrogen bonds between two cellulose chains could be broken at the nonreduced end of cellulose molecule via combined effects of basicity of Cl- ion and steric hindrance of [Li (DMAc)4]+ unit. The unique feature of Li bond in Lix(DMAc)yClz complexes is a key factor in determination of the dissociation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ying Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beihua University, Jilin City 132013, PR China
| | - Ze-Long Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beihua University, Jilin City 132013, PR China
| | - Yun-Zhu Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beihua University, Jilin City 132013, PR China
| | - Wei-Shi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beihua University, Jilin City 132013, PR China
| | - Chun-Guang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beihua University, Jilin City 132013, PR China.
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64
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Parton TG, Parker RM, Osbild S, Vignolini S, Frka-Petesic B. Angle-resolved optical spectroscopy of photonic cellulose nanocrystal films reveals the influence of additives on the mechanism of kinetic arrest. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3695-3707. [PMID: 38629173 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are rod-like nanoparticles whose chiral self-assembly into photonic films has been promoted as a sustainable source of colouration. Upon drying, an aqueous CNC suspension passes through two regimes: first, a liquid phase, where the CNCs self-organise into a cholesteric liquid crystal, followed by a kinetically-arrested phase, where the helicoidal structure compresses upon loss of solvent, resulting in a solid film with vibrant structural colour. The transition between these two regimes plays an important role in the visual appearance of photonic CNC films, but details on when and how kinetic arrest occurs have remained elusive. In this work, we combine angle-resolved optical spectroscopy of photonic films (approx. 100 vol% CNC) with a model for compressed helicoidal structures to retrieve the suspension conditions during kinetic arrest (approx. 10 vol% CNC). This analysis indicates a shift in the mechanism of kinetic arrest from a glass transition at lower ionic strength to gelation at higher ionic strength, explaining the trends in domain size and film colour. In contrast, neutral additives (glucose, poly(ethylene glycol)) appear to primarily reduce the compression upon drying without affecting cholesteric behaviour, as supported by a general analytical model. These findings deepen our understanding of CNC co-assembly with various commonly-used additives, enabling better control over the production of multifunctional structurally coloured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Parton
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Richard M Parker
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Sonja Osbild
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM2), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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65
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Janićijević Ž, Huang T, Bojórquez DIS, Tonmoy TH, Pané S, Makarov D, Baraban L. Design and Development of Transient Sensing Devices for Healthcare Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307232. [PMID: 38484201 PMCID: PMC11132064 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
With the ever-growing requirements in the healthcare sector aimed at personalized diagnostics and treatment, continuous and real-time monitoring of relevant parameters is gaining significant traction. In many applications, health status monitoring may be carried out by dedicated wearable or implantable sensing devices only within a defined period and followed by sensor removal without additional risks for the patient. At the same time, disposal of the increasing number of conventional portable electronic devices with short life cycles raises serious environmental concerns due to the dangerous accumulation of electronic and chemical waste. An attractive solution to address these complex and contradictory demands is offered by biodegradable sensing devices. Such devices may be able to perform required tests within a programmed period and then disappear by safe resorption in the body or harmless degradation in the environment. This work critically assesses the design and development concepts related to biodegradable and bioresorbable sensors for healthcare applications. Different aspects are comprehensively addressed, from fundamental material properties and sensing principles to application-tailored designs, fabrication techniques, and device implementations. The emerging approaches spanning the last 5 years are emphasized and a broad insight into the most important challenges and future perspectives of biodegradable sensors in healthcare are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Janićijević
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e. V.01328DresdenGermany
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e. V.01328DresdenGermany
| | | | - Taufhik Hossain Tonmoy
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e. V.01328DresdenGermany
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi‐Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL)Institute of Robotics & Intelligent Systems (IRIS)ETH ZürichZürich8092Switzerland
| | - Denys Makarov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e. V.01328DresdenGermany
| | - Larysa Baraban
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e. V.01328DresdenGermany
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66
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Jiao K, Cao W, Yuan W, Yuan H, Zhu J, Gao X, Duan S, Yong R, Zhao Z, Song P, Jiang ZJ, Wang Y, Zhu J. Cellulose Nanostructures as Tunable Substrates for Nanocellulose-Metal Hybrid Flexible Composites. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300704. [PMID: 38363060 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Nanocomposite represents the backbone of many industrial fabrication applications and exerts a substantial social impact. Among these composites, metal nanostructures are often employed as the active constituents, thanks to their various chemical and physical properties, which offer the ability to tune the application scenarios in thermal management, energy storage, and biostable materials, respectively. Nanocellulose, as an emerging polymer substrate, possesses unique properties of abundance, mechanical flexibility, environmental friendliness, and biocompatibility. Based on the combination of flexible nanocellulose with specific metal fillers, the essential parameters involving mechanical strength, flexibility, anisotropic thermal resistance, and conductivity can be enhanced. Nowadays, the approach has found extensive applications in thermal management, energy storage, biostable electronic materials, and piezoelectric devices. Therefore, it is essential to thoroughly correlate cellulose nanocomposites' properties with different metallic fillers. This review summarizes the extraction of nanocellulose and preparation of metal modified cellulose nanocomposites, including their wide and particular applications in modern advanced devices. Moreover, we also discuss the challenges in the synthesis, the emerging designs, and unique structures, promising directions for future research. We wish this review can give a valuable overview of the unique combination and inspire the research directions of the multifunctional nanocomposites using proper cellulose and metallic fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keran Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Wenxin Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Zhenzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhenzhou, 450000, China
| | - Wenwen Yuan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Intelligent Transportation, Suzhou City University, Suzhou, 215104, China
| | - Xiaowu Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Sixuan Duan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ruiqi Yong
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Pengfei Song
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Jiang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute & Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Zhenzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhenzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Zhenzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhenzhou, 450000, China
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67
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Pei W, Yu Y, Wang P, Zheng L, Lan K, Jin Y, Yong Q, Huang C. Research trends of bio-application of major components in lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) in orthopedics fields based on the bibliometric analysis: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131505. [PMID: 38631574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are the major bio-components in lignocellulosic biomass (BC-LB), which possess excellent biomechanical properties and biocompatibility to satisfy the demands of orthopedic applications. To understand the basis and trends in the development of major bio-components in BC-LB in orthopedics, the bibliometric technology was applied to get unique insights based on the published papers (741) in the Web of Science (WOS) database from January 1st, 2001, to February 14th, 2023. The analysis includes the annual distributions of publications, keywords co-linearity, research hotspots exploration, author collaboration networks, published journals, and clustering of co-cited literature. The results reveal a steady growth in publications focusing on the application of BC-LB in orthopedics, with China and the United States leading in research output. The "International Journal of Biological Macromolecules" was identified as the most cited journal for BC-LB research in orthopedics. The research hotspots encompassed bone tissue engineering, cartilage tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems, indicating the fundamental research and potential development in these areas. This study also highlights the challenges associated with the clinical application of BC-LB in orthopedics and provides valuable insights for future advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Pei
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuxin Yu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Liming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310000, PR China
| | - Kai Lan
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qiang Yong
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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68
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Wu Q, Ding C, Wang B, Rong L, Mao Z, Feng X. Green, chemical-free, and high-yielding extraction of nanocellulose from waste cotton fabric enabled by electron beam irradiation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131461. [PMID: 38599424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Recycling and high-value reutilization of waste cotton fabrics (WCFs) has attracted a widespread concern. One potential solution is to extract nanocellulose. Sulfuric acid hydrolysis is a conventional method for the production of nanocellulose with high negative charge from WCFs. However, the recycling and disposal of chemicals in nanocellulose production, along with low yields, remain significant challenges. Consequently, there is a pressing need for a sustainable method to produce nanocellulose at higher yield without the use of chemicals. Herein, we propose a green, sustainable and chemical-free method to extract nanocellulose from WCFs. The nanocellulose displayed a rod-like shape with a length of 50-300 nm, a large aspect ratio of 18.4 ± 2 and the highest yield of up to 89.9 %. The combined short-time and efficient two-step process, involving electron beam irradiation (EBI) and high-pressure homogenization (HPH), offers a simple and efficient alternative approach with a low environmental impact, to extract nanocellulose. EBI induced a noticeable degradation in WCFs and HPH exfoliated cellulose to nano-size with high uniformity via mechanical forces. The as-prepared nanocellulose exhibits excellent emulsifying ability as the Pickering emulsion emulsifier. This work provides a facile and efficient approach for nanocellulose fabrication as well as a sustainable way for recycle and reutilization of the waste cotton fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixian Wu
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chenyang Ding
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; National Manufacturing Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Bijia Wang
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; National Manufacturing Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Liduo Rong
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; National Manufacturing Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Zhiping Mao
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; National Manufacturing Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China; Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xueling Feng
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; National Manufacturing Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China; Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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69
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Chinnappa K, Bai CDG, Srinivasan PP. Nanocellulose-stabilized nanocomposites for effective Hg(II) removal and detection: a comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:30288-30322. [PMID: 38619767 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Mercury pollution, with India ranked as the world's second-largest emitter, poses a critical environmental and public health challenge and underscores the need for rigorous research and effective mitigation strategies. Nanocellulose is derived from cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer on earth, and stands out as an excellent choice for mercury ion remediation due to its remarkable adsorption capacity, which is attributed to its high specific surface area and abundant functional groups, enabling efficient Hg(II) ion removal from contaminated water sources. This review paper investigates the compelling potential of nanocellulose as a scavenging tool for Hg(II) ion contamination. The comprehensive examination encompasses the fundamental attributes of nanocellulose, its diverse fabrication techniques, and the innovative development methods of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites. The paper further delves into the mechanisms that underlie Hg removal using nanocellulose, as well as the integration of nanocellulose in Hg detection methodologies, and also acknowledges the substantial challenges that lie ahead. This review aims to pave the way for sustainable solutions in mitigating Hg contamination using nanocellulose-based nanocomposites to address the global context of this environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Chinnappa
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, OMR, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Pandi Prabha Srinivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur Taluk, Chennai, 602117, Tamil Nadu, India
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70
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Tang Z, Lin X, Yu M, Yang J, Li S, Mondal AK, Wu H. A review of cellulose-based catechol-containing functional materials for advanced applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131243. [PMID: 38554917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
With the increment in global energy consumption and severe environmental pollution, it is urgently needed to explore green and sustainable materials. Inspired by nature, catechol groups in mussel adhesion proteins have been successively understood and utilized as novel biomimetic materials. In parallel, cellulose presents a wide class of functional materials rating from macro-scale to nano-scale components. The cross-over among both research fields alters the introduction of impressive materials with potential engineering properties, where catechol-containing materials supply a general stage for the functionalization of cellulose or cellulose derivatives. In this review, the role of catechol groups in the modification of cellulose and cellulose derivatives is discussed. A broad variety of advanced applications of cellulose-based catechol-containing materials, including adhesives, hydrogels, aerogels, membranes, textiles, pulp and papermaking, composites, are presented. Furthermore, some critical remaining challenges and opportunities are studied to mount the way toward the rational purpose and applications of cellulose-based catechol-containing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuwu Tang
- School of Materials and Packaging Engineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350300, PR China
| | - Xinxing Lin
- School of Materials and Packaging Engineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350300, PR China
| | - Meiqiong Yu
- School of Materials and Packaging Engineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350300, PR China; College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Jinbei Yang
- School of Materials and Packaging Engineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350300, PR China
| | - Shiqian Li
- School of Materials and Packaging Engineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350300, PR China
| | - Ajoy Kanti Mondal
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China.
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71
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Zoppe JO. Cellulose Nanocrystal Allomorphs: Morphology, Self-Assembly, and Polymer End-Tethering toward Chiral Metamaterials. ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2024; 5:385-391. [PMID: 38694188 PMCID: PMC11059101 DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.3c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin O. Zoppe
- Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya (UPC) − BarcelonaTech, POLY2 Group, Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, School of Industrial, Aerospace and Audiovisual Engineering of Terrassa
(ESEIAAT), Carrer de
Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
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72
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Li J, Wang Z, Wang P, Tian J, Liu T, Guo J, Zhu W, Khan MR, Xiao H, Song J. On rheological properties of disc-shaped cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121764. [PMID: 38368079 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The rheological properties of a substance depend greatly on its morphology, and rod-shaped cellulose nanocrystals (RCNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been extensively studied for their rheological properties. Nevertheless, the rheological properties of disc-shaped cellulose nanocrystals (DCNCs) with crystalline allomorph II derived from mercerized cellulose remain unknown yet. This work investigated the DCNCs' rheological properties in depth using steady-shear and oscillation measurements. At the same concentration, DCNC's suspension viscosity is lower than that of RCNC; RCNC has an instinct viscosity of 258.2, while DCNC has 187.9. Comparing RCNC suspensions with cellulose nanorods, DCNC has a lower aspect ratio and exhibits a distinct steady shear behavior. Under polarized film, DCNC suspension cannot self-assemble into chiral or liquid crystal phases, and with increasing concentrations, the system transitions from an isotropic phase to a gel phase. Oscillation sweeps demonstrate that the gel transition occurs at 7 %-8 %. Based on thixotropic recovery sweep outcomes, the high-stress oscillations enhance the network structure of DCNC suspensions, which is significantly different from that of RCNC suspensions. Results demonstrate the unique properties of DCNC, highlighting its application as a rheological modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mohammad Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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73
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Oliveira MCS, Nascimento DM, Ferreira ES, Bernardes JS. Combining and concentrating nanocelluloses for cryogels with remarkable strength and wet resilience. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121740. [PMID: 38368119 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose cryogels are promising eco-friendly materials that exhibit low density, high porosity, and renewability. However, the applications of these materials are limited by their lower mechanical and water resistance compared to petrochemical-based lightweight materials. In this work, nanocelluloses were functionalized with cationic and anionic groups, and these nanomaterials were combined to obtain strong and water-resilient cryogels. To prepare the cryogels, anionic and cationic micro- and nanofibrils (CNFs) were produced at three different sizes and combined in various weight ratios, forming electrostatic complexes. The complex phase was concentrated by centrifugation and freeze-dried. Porous and open cellular structures were assembled in all compositions tested (porosity >90 %). Compressive testing revealed that the most resistant cryogels (1.7 MPa) were obtained with equivalent amounts of negatively and positively charged CNFs with lengths between 100 and 1200 nm. The strength at this condition was achieved as CNF electrostatic complexes assembled in thick cells, as observed by synchrotron X-ray tomography. In addition to mechanical strength, electrostatic complexation provided remarkable structural stability in water for the CNF cryogels, without compromising their biodegradability. This route by electrostatic complexation is a practical strategy to combine and concentrate nanocelluloses to tailor biodegradable lightweight materials with high strength and wet stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C S Oliveira
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Diego M Nascimento
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elisa S Ferreira
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Bernardes
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil; Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil.
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74
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Wu Y, Tang C, Lee JT, Zhang R, Bhunia S, Kundu P, Stern CL, Chen AXY, Shen D, Yang S, Han H, Li X, Wu H, Feng Y, Armstrong DW, Stoddart JF. Metal-Assisted Carbohydrate Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9801-9810. [PMID: 38551407 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The sequence-controlled assembly of nucleic acids and amino acids into well-defined superstructures constitutes one of the most revolutionary technologies in modern science. The elaboration of such superstructures from carbohydrates, however, remains elusive and largely unexplored on account of their intrinsic constitutional and configurational complexity, not to mention their inherent conformational flexibility. Here, we report the bottom-up assembly of two classes of hierarchical superstructures that are formed from a highly flexible cyclo-oligosaccharide─namely, cyclofructan-6 (CF-6). The formation of coordinative bonds between the oxygen atoms of CF-6 and alkali metal cations (i) locks a myriad of flexible conformations of CF-6 into a few rigid conformations, (ii) bridges adjacent CF-6 ligands, and (iii) gives rise to the multiple-level assembly of three extended frameworks. The hierarchical superstructures present in these frameworks have been shown to modulate their nanomechanical properties. This research highlights the unique opportunities of constructing convoluted superstructures from carbohydrates and should encourage future endeavors in this underinvestigated field of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Surojit Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pramita Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aspen X-Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dengke Shen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Shuliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Han Han
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82072, United States
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- AZYP LLC, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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75
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Amit S, Gomez-Maldonado D, Bish T, Peresin MS, Davis VA. Properties of APTES-Modified CNC Films. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16572-16580. [PMID: 38617654 PMCID: PMC11007690 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Sulfated cellulose nanocrystals' (CNCs') facile aqueous dispersibility enables producing films, fibers, and other materials using only water as a solvent but prevents using sulfated CNCs in applications that require water immersion. We report that modifying CNCs with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) via a simple, single-pot reaction scheme dramatically improves the hydrolytic stability of CNC films. The effects of APTES modification on CNCs' properties were studied using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force and optical microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic light scattering, and ultimate analysis. Substituting a mere 12.6% of the CNCs' available hydroxyl groups with APTES dramatically increased the hydrolytic stability of shear cast films while only having minor impacts on their mechanical properties. In addition, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCMD) and multiparametric surface plasmon resonance (MP-SPR) studies showed that the CNC-APTES films also had a greater irreversible binding with carbofuran, a pesticide and emerging contaminant. These results highlight that APTES modification is a promising method for increasing the utility of sulfated CNCs in sensors, adsorbents, and other applications requiring water immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadat
Kamal Amit
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Diego Gomez-Maldonado
- Sustainable
Biomaterials Lab, College of Forestry, Wildlife, and the Environment, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Dr, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Tiana Bish
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Maria S. Peresin
- Sustainable
Biomaterials Lab, College of Forestry, Wildlife, and the Environment, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Dr, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Virginia A. Davis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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76
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Panio A, Ionescu AC, La Ferla B, Zoia L, Savadori P, Tartaglia GM, Brambilla E. Cellulose Nanocrystals Show Anti-Adherent and Anti-Biofilm Properties against Oral Microorganisms. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:355. [PMID: 38671777 PMCID: PMC11048519 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11040355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are cellulose-derived nanomaterials that can be easily obtained, e.g., from vegetable waste produced by circular economies. They show promising antimicrobial activity and an absence of side effects and toxicity. This study investigated the ability of CNCs to reduce microbial adherence and biofilm formation using in vitro microbiological models reproducing the oral environment. Microbial adherence by microbial strains of oral interest, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, was evaluated on the surfaces of salivary pellicle-coated enamel disks in the presence of different aqueous solutions of CNCs. The anti-biofilm activity of the same CNC solutions was tested against S. mutans and an oral microcosm model based on mixed plaque inoculum using a continuous-flow bioreactor. Results showed the excellent anti-adherent activity of the CNCs against the tested strains from the lowest concentration tested (0.032 wt. %, p < 0.001). Such activity was significantly higher against S. mutans than against C. albicans (p < 0.01), suggesting a selective anti-adherent activity against pathogenic strains. At the same time, there was a minimal, albeit significant, anti-biofilm activity (0.5 and 4 wt. % CNC solution for S. mutans and oral microcosm, respectively, p = 0.01). This makes CNCs particularly interesting as anticaries agents, encouraging their use in the oral field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Panio
- Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (E.B.)
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (G.M.T.)
| | - Andrei C. Ionescu
- Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (E.B.)
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (G.M.T.)
| | - Barbara La Ferla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy; (B.L.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Luca Zoia
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy; (B.L.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Paolo Savadori
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (G.M.T.)
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Della Commenda, 10/12, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca M. Tartaglia
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (G.M.T.)
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Della Commenda, 10/12, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Brambilla
- Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (E.B.)
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77
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Li C, Li F, Wang K, Xie D. Green and facile fabrication of multifunctional cellulose nanocrystal and carvacrol together reinforced chitosan bio-nanocomposite coatings for fruit preservation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130651. [PMID: 38462113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The continuous development of sustainable food-active packaging materials and practices with high performance is a response to the increasing challenges posed by microbial food safety and environmental contamination. In this study, a multifunctional bio-nanocomposite composed primarily of chitosan, cellulose nanomaterials and carvacrol was proposed as a conformal coating for fruit preservation. The coating exhibits excellent antioxidant and antibacterial activities owing to the incorporation of the carvacrol. The inhibition rate of the coating on E. coli and S. aureus is enhanced by 57.13 % and 62.18 %, respectively. And its antioxidant activities is also improved by 77.45 %. In addition, the oxygen permeability (OP) and water vapor permeability (WVP) of this CS/CNC coating are significantly lowered by 67 % and 46 %, respectively, comparing with the CS coating. The coating exhibited excellent biosafety and cytocompatibility because of over 90 % of the HepG2 cells remained alive in each concentration of the coating after 24 h incubation. Additionally, the efficacy of the coating in prolonging the freshness and visual appeal of perishable fruits is substantiated by the experiment involving two fruit specimens. Furthermore, the coating's ease of production, ingestibility, washability, and utilization of cost-effective and easily accessible biomaterials, including renewable waste materials, indicate its potential as a viable economic substitute for commercially accessible fruit coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510316, China; Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - Fayong Li
- Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510316, China; Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510316, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510316, China; Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510316, China; Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510316, China.
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78
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Rader C, Grillo L, Weder C. Water and Oxygen Barrier Properties of All-Cellulose Nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1906-1915. [PMID: 38394342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is potentially interesting as a biobased, rigid food packaging material, but its stiffness and strength are somewhat low, and its water and oxygen transport rates are too high. To improve these characteristics, we investigated nanocomposites of HPC and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). These high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles display high stiffness and strength, and their high crystallinity renders them virtually impermeable. Exchanging the counterions of sulfate-ester decorated CNCs with cetyltrimethylammonium ions affords particles that are dispersible in ethanol (CTA.CNC) and allows solvent casting of HPC/CTA.CNC nanocomposite films, which, even at a CTA.CNC content of 90 wt %, are highly transparent. The introduction of CTA.CNC considerably increases the Young's modulus (Ey) and upper tensile strength (σUTS). For example, in the nanocomposite with 90% CTA.CNC, Ey = 7.6 GPa is increased 20-fold and σUTS = 42.7 MPa is more than doubled in comparison to HPC, whereas the extensibility (1.1%) remains appreciable. Composites with a CTA.CNC content of 70 wt % or less show a lower water vapor permeability (6.4-9.2 × 10-5 g μm m-2 s-1 Pa-1) than the neat HPC (1.5 × 10-4 g μm m-2 s-1 Pa-1), whereas the oxygen permeability (5.6 × 10-7-1.3 × 10-6 cm3 μm m-2 s-1 Pa-1) is reduced by 1 order of magnitude compared to HPC (3.2 × 10-6 cm3 μm m-2 s-1 Pa-1). The biobased nanocomposites retain their mechanical integrity at a relative humidity of 75% but readily disintegrate in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rader
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Luca Grillo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
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79
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Rader C, Fritz PW, Ashirov T, Coskun A, Weder C. One-Component Nanocomposites Made from Diblock Copolymer Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1637-1648. [PMID: 38381566 PMCID: PMC10934803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are bio-based, rod-like, high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles with high stiffness and strength and are widely used as a reinforcing nanofiller in polymer nanocomposites. However, due to hydrogen-bond formation between the large number of hydroxyl groups on their surface, CNCs are prone to aggregate, especially in nonpolar polymer matrices. One possibility to overcome this problem is to graft polymers from the CNCs' surfaces and to process the resulting "hairy nanoparticles" (HNPs) into one-component nanocomposites (OCNs) in which the polymer matrix and CNC filler are covalently connected. Here, we report OCNs based on HNPs that were synthesized by grafting gradient diblock copolymers onto CNCs via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The inner block (toward the CNCs) is composed of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA), and the outer block comprises a gradient copolymer rich in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The OCNs based on such HNPs microphase separate into a rubbery poly(methyl acrylate) phase that dissipates mechanical energy and imparts toughness, a glassy PMMA phase that provides strength and stiffness, and well-dispersed CNCs that further reinforce the materials. This design afforded OCNs that display a considerably higher stiffness and strength than reference diblock copolymers without the CNCs. At the same time, the extensibility remains high and the toughness is increased up to 5-fold relative to the reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rader
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patrick W. Fritz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin de Musee 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Timur Ashirov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin de Musee 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ali Coskun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin de Musee 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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80
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Rader C, Fritz PW, Ashirov T, Coskun A, Weder C. One-Component Nanocomposites Made from Diblock Copolymer Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1637-1648. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rader
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patrick W. Fritz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin de Musee 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Timur Ashirov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin de Musee 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ali Coskun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin de Musee 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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81
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Guo M, Ede JD, Sayes CM, Shatkin JA, Stark N, Hsieh YL. Regioselectively Carboxylated Cellulose Nanofibril Models from Dissolving Pulp: C6 via TEMPO Oxidation and C2,C3 via Periodate-Chlorite Oxidation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:479. [PMID: 38470807 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Regioselective C6 and C2,C3 carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been robustly generated from dissolving pulp, a readily available source of unmodified cellulose, via stoichiometrically optimized 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpyperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated and sequential sodium periodate-sodium chlorite (PC) oxidation coupled with high-speed blending. Both regioselectively optimized carboxylated CNF series possess the widest ranges of comparable charges (0.72-1.48 mmol/g for T-CNFs vs. 0.72-1.10 mmol/g for PC-CNFs), but similar ranges of thickness (1.3-2.4 nm for T-CNF, 1.8-2.7 nm PC-CNF), widths (4.6-6.6 nm T-CNF, 5.5-5.9 nm PC-CNF), and lengths (254-481 nm T-CNF, 247-442 nm PC-CNF). TEMPO-mediated oxidation is milder and one-pot, thus more time and process efficient, whereas the sequential periodate-chlorite oxidation produces C2,C3 dialdehyde intermediates that are amenable to further chemical functionalization or post-reactions. These two well-characterized regioselectively carboxylated CNF series represent coherent cellulose nanomaterial models from a single woody source and have served as references for their safety study toward the development of a safer-by-design substance evaluation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhe Guo
- Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James D Ede
- Vireo Advisors, LLC, P.O. Box 51368, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | | | | | - Nicole Stark
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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82
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Zhang Y, Cai C, Xu K, Yang X, Yu L, Gao L, Dong S. A supramolecular approach for converting renewable biomass into functional materials. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1315-1324. [PMID: 38170848 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01692g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The rational transformation and utilization of biomass have attracted increasing attention because of its high importance in sustainable development and green economy. In this study, we used a supramolecular approach to convert biomass into functional materials. Six biomass raw materials with distinct chemical structures and physical properties were copolymerized with thioctic acid (TA) to afford poly[TA-biomass]s. The solvent-free copolymerization leads to the convenient and quantitative fabrication of biomass-based versatile materials. The non-covalent bonding and reversible solid-liquid transitions in poly[TA-biomass]s endow them with diversified features, including thermal processability, 3D printing, wet and dry adhesion, recyclability, impact resistance, and antimicrobial activity. Benefiting from their good biocompatibility and nontoxicity, these biomass-based materials are promising candidates for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Changyong Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Leixiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Lingyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Shengyi Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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83
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Xia B, Zeng X, Lan W, Zhang M, Huang W, Wang H, Liu C. Cellulose nanocrystal/graphene oxide one-dimensional photonic crystal film with excellent UV-blocking and transparency. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121646. [PMID: 38171671 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Achieving excellent ultraviolet (UV) blocking properties and maintaining high light transmittance are highly challenging. In this study, a facile and green polymer-assisted vacuum filtration strategy was used to prepare cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPhC) films with excellent UV-blocking performance and good transparency. The polymer-assisted self-assembly behaviors of CNC and the hydrogen bonding interaction between CNC, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and graphene oxide (GO) drive the homogeneous distribution and parallel alignment of GO. The UV absorption of GO and high reflection of UV resulting from the chiral nematic structure of CNCs result in excellent UV-blocking and high visible light transmission. Besides, the strong hydrogen bonding interaction among CNC, PEG, and GO endows the films with obviously increased mechanical properties. The UV-blocking and the transparency of the CNC composite films could reach 98.3 % and 60.5 %, respectively. Besides, the strain at break of the composite film reached 1.72 ± 0.11 %, which was 535.94 % of neat CNC films. The CNC composite films present great potential in the field of UV-blocking glass, sensors, anti-counterfeiting measures, radiation protection, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Xia
- State Key Lab Pulp & Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Xu Zeng
- State Key Lab Pulp & Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Wu Lan
- State Key Lab Pulp & Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Huihui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China.
| | - Chuanfu Liu
- State Key Lab Pulp & Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China.
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84
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Shi J, Sun X, Zhang Y, Niu S, Wang Z, Wu Z, An M, Chen L, Li J. Molecular self-assembled cellulose enabling durable, scalable, high-power osmotic energy harvesting. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121656. [PMID: 38171677 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, renewable cellulose-based ion exchange membranes have emerged as promising candidates for capturing green, abundant osmotic energy. However, the low power density and structural/performance instability are challenging for such cellulose membranes. Herein, cellulose-molecule self-assembly engineering (CMA) is developed to construct environmentally friendly, durable, scalable cellulose membranes (CMA membranes). Such a strategy enables CMA membranes with ideal nanochannels (∼7 nm) and tailored channel lengths, which support excellent ion selectivity and ion fluxes toward high-performance osmotic energy harvesting. Finite element simulations also verified the function of tailored nanochannel length on osmotic energy conversion. Correspondingly, our CMA membrane shows a high-power density of 2.27 W/m2 at a 50-fold KCl gradient and super high voltage of 1.32 V with 30-pair CMA membranes (testing area of 22.2 cm2). In addition, the CMA membrane demonstrates long-term structural and dimensional integrity in saline solution, due to their high wet strength (4.2 MPa for N-CMA membrane and 0.5 MPa for P-CMA membrane), and correspondingly generates ultrastable yet high power density more than 100 days. The self-assembly engineering of cellulose molecules constructs high-performance ion-selective membranes with environmentally friendly, scalable, high wet strength and stability advantages, which guide sustainable nanofluidic applications beyond the blue energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Shi
- College of Material Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xuhui Sun
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Material Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shengyue Niu
- College of Material Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zequn Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Zhuotong Wu
- College of Material Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Meng An
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Material Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of Material Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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85
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Sekine Y, Nankawa T, Hiroi K, Oba Y, Nagakawa Y, Sugita T, Shibayama Y, Ikeda-Fukazawa T. Nanocellulose hydrogels formed via crystalline transformation from cellulose I to II and subsequent freeze cross-linking reaction. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121538. [PMID: 38171650 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We describe nanocellulose (NC) hydrogels formed from chemically unmodified NC by cellulose crystalline transformation and subsequent freeze cross-linking reaction. The freeze cross-linked NC hydrogel with macropores (~100 μm) was prepared by freezing a mixture of NC and NaOH (0.2 mol L-1), adding citric acid to the frozen mixture, and thawing it. Using NaOH and freezing together induced the crystalline transformation of NC from cellulose I to II via freeze concentration. After the crystalline transformation, cross-linking between the NC and CA in the freeze concentration layer provided a strong NC network structure, forming NC hydrogels with high mechanical strength. The structural changes in NC caused by NaOH, freezing, and freeze cross-linking on the angstrom to micrometer scale were investigated with FT-IR, SAXS, PXRD, and SEM. The freeze cross-linked NC hydrogel easily retained powder adsorbents in its inner space by mixing the NC-NaOH sol and the powder, and the hydrogel showed high removal efficiency for heavy metals. The results highlight the versatility of chemically unmodified celluloses in developing functional materials and suggest possible practical applications. This study also provides new insights into the efficient use of chemical reactions of cellulose under freezing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurina Sekine
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
| | - Takuya Nankawa
- Planning and Coordination Office, JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hiroi
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan; Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) Center, JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yojiro Oba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-Cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Nagakawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sugita
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yuki Shibayama
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ikeda-Fukazawa
- School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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86
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Wang S, Han H, Lei X, Ma J, Tao Z, Ren Y. Cellulose nanofibers produced from spaghetti squash peel by deep eutectic solvents and ultrasonication. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129777. [PMID: 38286364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) derived from spaghetti squash peel (SSP) were prepared using a novel approach involving deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment coupled with ultrasonication. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that the number of hydrogen bonds influences the viscosity and density of DES systems, and experimental viscosity (ηexp) confirmed consistency with the computed viscosity (ηMD) trends. After DES pretreatment and ultrasonication, the cellulose content of ChCl/oxalic acid (ChCl/OA) CNF (35.63%) and ChCl/formic acid (ChCl/FA) (32.46%) is higher than ChCl/Urea CNF (28.27%). The widths of ChCl/OA CNF, ChCl/FA CNF, and ChCl/Urea CNF were 19.83, 11.34, and 18.27 nm, respectively, showing a network-like fiber distribution. Compared with SSP (29.76%) and non-ultrasonic samples, the crystallinity index of ChCl/OA CNF, ChCl/FA CNF, and ChCl/Urea CNF was improved by ultrasonication. The thermal decomposition residue of ChCl/OA CNF (25.54%), ChCl/FA CNF (18.54%), and ChCl/Urea CNF (23.62%) was lower than that of SSP (29.57%). These results demonstrate that CNFs can be prepared from SSP via DES pretreatment combined with ultrasonication. The lowest viscosity observed in the formic acid DES group (ηexp of 18 mPa·s), the ChCl/FA CNF exhibits excellent stability (Zeta potential of -37.6 mV), which can provide a promising prospect for utilization in biomass by-products and applications in the materials field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianxiang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ze Tao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yamei Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
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87
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Chamathka WWDR, Chai TT, Phuah ET, Wong JX, Chen SN, Yassoralipour A. Extraction and characterization of cellulose nanoparticles from palm kernel meal for potential application in active food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129637. [PMID: 38262554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The research aimed to explore the potential of palm kernel meal (PKM) as a sustainable source of cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) for active food packaging. The CNPs were isolated using a combination of chemical techniques, such as alkaline treatment, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis. The characterization of the CNPs was analysed using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The findings revealed that chemical processing effectively removed lignin and hemicellulose from PKM. The SEM morphology confirmed the separation of the CNPs, resulting in the production of 40-100 nm spherical cellulose nanoparticles, while XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed their purity and composition. Moreover, the UV-visible spectroscopy exhibited high transmittance rates, indicating the potential of CNPs as reinforcing agents for polymer matrices. The significance of utilising PKM as a valuable fibre source for extracting CNPs can be recommended for developing active food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Eng Tong Phuah
- Food Science and Technology, School of Applied Sciences and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link, Mukim Gadong A BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Jun Xian Wong
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sook Ngoh Chen
- Department of Allied Health Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Ali Yassoralipour
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
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88
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Kumi M, Wang T, Ejeromedoghene O, Wang J, Li P, Huang W. Exploring the Potentials of Chitin and Chitosan-Based Bioinks for 3D-Printing of Flexible Electronics: The Future of Sustainable Bioelectronics. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301341. [PMID: 38403854 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan-based bioink for 3D-printed flexible electronics have tremendous potential for innovation in healthcare, agriculture, the environment, and industry. This biomaterial is suitable for 3D printing because it is highly stretchable, super-flexible, affordable, ultrathin, and lightweight. Owing to its ease of use, on-demand manufacturing, accurate and regulated deposition, and versatility with flexible and soft functional materials, 3D printing has revolutionized free-form construction and end-user customization. This study examined the potential of employing chitin and chitosan-based bioinks to build 3D-printed flexible electronic devices and optimize bioink formulation, printing parameters, and postprocessing processes to improve mechanical and electrical properties. The exploration of 3D-printed chitin and chitosan-based flexible bioelectronics will open new avenues for new flexible materials for numerous industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Kumi
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Tengjiao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Onome Ejeromedoghene
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
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89
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Hossen MT, Kundu CK, Pranto BMRR, Rahi MS, Chanda R, Mollick S, Siddique AB, Begum HA. Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity studies of nanocellulose extracted from okra ( Abelmoschus Esculentus) fiber. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25270. [PMID: 38333876 PMCID: PMC10850511 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose, especially originating from a natural source, has already shown immense potential to be considered in various fields, namely packaging, papermaking, composites, biomedical engineering, flame retardant, and thermal insulating materials, etc. due to its environmental friendliness and novel functionalities. Thus, a thorough characterization of nanocellulose is a hot research topic of research communities in a view to judge its suitability to be used in a specific area. In this work, a kind of green and environment-friendly nanocellulose was successfully prepared from okra fiber through a series of multi-step chemical treatments, specifically, scouring, alkali treatment, sodium chlorite bleaching, and sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Several characterization techniques were adopted to understand the morphology, structure, thermal behavior, crystallinity, and toxicological effects of prepared nanocellulose. Obtained data revealed the formation of rod-shaped nanocellulose and compared to raw okra fiber, their size distributions were significantly smaller. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns displayed that compared to the crystalline region, the amorphous region in raw fiber is notably larger, and in obtained nanocellulose, the crystallinity index increased significantly. Moreover, variations in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) peaks depicted the successful removal of amorphous regions, namely, lignin and hemicelluloses from the surface of fiber. Thermostability of synthesized nanocellulose was confirmed by both Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Cytotoxicity assessment showed that the okra fiber-derived nanocellulose exhibited lower to moderate cellular toxicity in a dose-dependent manner where the LD50 value was 60.60 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tanvir Hossen
- Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Chanchal Kumar Kundu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - BM Riaz Rahman Pranto
- Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sifat Rahi
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Rajesh Chanda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Swaraz Mollick
- Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Bakr Siddique
- Department of Textile Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Hosne Ara Begum
- Department of Yarn Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka, 1208, Bangladesh
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90
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Jeon SH, Ozlu B, Shim BS. Multifunctional Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Crystalline Nanofibrous Cellulose Composites for Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Electronics. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:644-654. [PMID: 38170167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Nanocellulose constitutes promising resources for next-generation electronics, particularly when incorporated with conductive polymers due to their abundance, renewability, processability, biodegradability, flexibility, and mechanical performance. In this study, electrically conducting cellulose nanofibers were fabricated through in situ chemical polymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on the surface of sulfuric acid-treated cellulose nanofibers (SACN). The utilization of highly crystalline SACN extracted from tunicate yielded synergistic effects in PEDOT polymerization for achieving a highly conductive and molecularly uniform coating. Polymerization parameters, such as monomer concentration, molar ratio with oxidants, and temperature, were systematically investigated. High electrical conductivity of up to 57.8 S cm-1 was obtained without utilizing the classical polystyrenesulfonate dopant. The resulting nanocomposite demonstrates the unique advantages of both electrically conductive PEDOT and mechanically robust high-crystalline cellulose nanofibers. As a proof-of-applicational concept, an electrical circuit was drawn with SACN-PEDOT as the conductive ink on flexible paper using a simple commercial extrusion-based printer. Furthermore, the flame-retardant property of SACN-PEDOT was demonstrated owing to the high crystallinity of SACN, effective char formation, and high conductivity of PEDOT. The multifunctional SACN-PEDOT developed in this study shows great promise to be employed in versatile applications as a low-cost, ecofriendly, flexible, and sustainable electrically conductive material.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hui Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Busra Ozlu
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Sup Shim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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91
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Wang X, Gao K, Caldona EB, Ali MRR, Zhang X, Zhang Z. Cellulose nanocrystals-reinforced waterborne epoxy coatings with enhanced corrosion resistance for steel. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128755. [PMID: 38092115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The practical applications of waterborne epoxy coatings are limited due to their poor barrier properties caused by the formation of numerous micropores and defects during the curing process. Herein, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)-reinforced waterborne epoxy coatings were fabricated by the direct addition of 0.2-1.0 wt% CNCs to waterborne epoxy emulsion followed by amine curing agent addition and spray coating. The incorporation of 0.2-0.5 wt% CNCs had no discernible impact on the stability of the waterborne epoxy emulsion. This led to the uniform dispersion of CNCs in the cured coating matrix, as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Because of the good compatibility, 0.2-0.5 wt% CNCs-reinforced epoxy coatings exhibited superior corrosion protection performance for steels. The impedance modulus of these coatings remained at 108 Ω cm2 after being immersed in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 21 d. The hydroxyl groups present on the CNC surface undergo a reaction with the epoxy group, enhancing intermolecular interaction and leading to the formation of a defect-free dense structure that improves coating barrier properties. However, the incorporation of an excessive amount of CNCs (i.e., 0.8 and 1.0 wt%) significantly compromised the corrosion resistance of epoxy coatings due to aggregation-induced coating defects. Overall, this study provides a facile and green strategy for corrosion resistance improvement of waterborne epoxy coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kun Gao
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Eugene B Caldona
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States
| | - Mark Rigel R Ali
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States
| | | | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States.
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92
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Etale A, Onyianta AJ, Eloi JC, Rowlandson J, Eichhorn SJ. Phosphorylated cellulose nanocrystals: Optimizing production by decoupling hydrolysis and surface modification. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 325:121560. [PMID: 38008482 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Urea and phosphoric acid are essential for the isolation of phosphorylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Besides limiting dissolution of nanocrystals, urea facilitates the swelling of fibres thus increasing access for the phosphorylating agent. The aim of this study was to determine optimal conditions for isolation of highly charged phosphorylated CNCs. Using a design of experiments approach, seventeen experiments in which reaction time, urea, and acid concentrations were varied, were conducted. A two-step process was used, in which CNCs were first isolated by treatment in phosphoric acid, and then treated with metaphosphoric acid, and urea. It is shown that a design of experiments approach to the phosphorylation of CNCs allows a much lower ratio of urea to acid than has previously been reported. CNCs with high surface charge (~1800 mmol kg-1) are possible using this method. This information is instructive to phosphorylation of cellulose nanomaterials which have a variety of applications e.g., water purification and medical biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Etale
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace and Design Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Amaka J Onyianta
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace and Design Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | | | - Jemma Rowlandson
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace and Design Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK; School of Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Stephen J Eichhorn
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace and Design Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK.
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93
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Zou X, Xue R, An Z, Li H, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Huang L, Wu W, Wang S, Hu GH, Li RKY, Zhao H. Recent Advances in Flexible CNC-Based Chiral Nematic Film Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2303778. [PMID: 37752783 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is a renewable resource derived from lignocellulosic materials, known for its optical permeability, biocompatibility, and unique self-assembly properties. Recent years have seen great progresses in cellulose nanocrystal-based chiral photonic materials. However, due to its inherent brittleness, cellulose nanocrystal shows limitations in the fields of flexible materials, optical sensors and food freshness testing. In order to solve the above limitations, attempts have been made to improve the flexibility of cellulose nanocrystal materials without destroying their structural color. Despite these progresses, a systematic review on them is lacking. This review aims to fill this gap by providing an overview of the main strategies and the latest research findings on the flexibilization of cellulose nanocrystal-based chiral nematic film materials (FCNM). Specifically, typical substances and methods used for their preparation are summarized. Moreover, different kinds of cellulose nanocrystal-based composites are compared in terms of flexibility. Finally, potential applications and future challenges of flexible cellulose nanocrystal-based chiral nematic materials are discussed, inspiring further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Zou
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Rui Xue
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zewei An
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Lijie Huang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Guo-Hua Hu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, Nancy, F-54001, France
| | - Robert K Y Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products State Ethnic Affairs Commission Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530006, China
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94
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Li J, Wang Z, Wang P, Tian J, Liu T, Guo J, Zhu W, Khan MR, Xiao H, Song J. Effects of hydrolysis conditions on the morphology of cellulose II nanocrystals (CNC-II) derived from mercerized microcrystalline cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128936. [PMID: 38143058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The properties of cellulose nanocrystals with allomorph II (CNC-II) vary with the sources and the treatments received. In this work, the influences of hydrolysis time, temperature, and the applied acid concentration on the crystal size of CNC-II were investigated by the surface response experimental design. The results showed that temperature was the most significant factor affecting the crystal size of CNC-II during hydrolysis from mercerized cellulose. Then the morphology and colloidal properties of CNC-II were revealed by dynamic laser scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), etc. XRD results indicated that CNC-II had slightly lower crystallinity (80.89 % vs 82.7 %) and larger crystallite size (5.21 vs. 5.13 nm) than CNC-I. TEM and AFM results showed that the morphology of CNC-II were disc-like and rod-like particles, with an average diameter of 14.6 ± 4.7 nm (TEM) and a thickness of 4- 8 nm (AFM). TG and XPS revealed the reduced thermal stability was due to the introduced sulfate groups in CNC-II during hydrolysis. This investigation has addressed the features of CNC-II derived from mercerized cellulose, and it would be promising in fabricating advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mohammad Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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95
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Babaei-Ghazvini A, Vafakish B, Patel R, Falua KJ, Dunlop MJ, Acharya B. Cellulose nanocrystals in the development of biodegradable materials: A review on CNC resources, modification, and their hybridization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128834. [PMID: 38128804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The escalating demand for sustainable materials has propelled cellulose into the spotlight as a promising alternative to petroleum-based products. As the most abundant organic polymer on Earth, cellulose is ubiquitous, found in plants, bacteria, and even a unique marine animal-the tunicate. Cellulose polymers naturally give rise to microscale semi-crystalline fibers and nanoscale crystalline regions known as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Exhibiting rod-like structures with widths spanning 3 to 50 nm and lengths ranging from 50 nm to several microns, CNC characteristics vary based on the cellulose source. The degree of crystallinity, crucial for CNC properties, fluctuates between 49 and 95 % depending on the source and synthesis method. CNCs, with their exceptional properties such as high aspect ratio, relatively low density (≈1.6 g cm-3), high axial elastic modulus (≈150 GPa), significant tensile strength, and birefringence, emerge as ideal candidates for biodegradable fillers in nanocomposites and functional materials. The percolation threshold, a mathematical concept defining long-range connectivity between filler and polymer, governs the effectiveness of reinforcement in nanocomposites. This threshold is intricately influenced by the aspect ratio and molecular interaction strength, impacting CNC performance in polymeric and pure nanocomposite materials. This comprehensive review explores diverse aspects of CNCs, encompassing their derivation from various sources, methods of modification (both physical and chemical), and hybridization with heterogeneous fillers. Special attention is devoted to the hybridization of CNCs derived from tunicates (TCNC) with those from wood (WCNC), leveraging the distinct advantages of each. The overarching objective is to demonstrate how this hybridization strategy mitigates the limitations of WCNC in composite materials, offering improved interaction and enhanced percolation. This, in turn, is anticipated to elevate the reinforcing effects and pave the way for the development of nanocomposites with tunable viscoelastic, physicochemical, and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Bahareh Vafakish
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Dunlop
- Tunistrong Technologies Incorporated, 7207 Route 11, Wellington, Charlottetown, PE C0B 20E, Canada.
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
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96
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Ebrahimi R, Fathi M, Ghoddusi HB. Pickering emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals extracted from hazelnut shells: Production and stability under different harsh conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128982. [PMID: 38154718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are biodegradable particles that have emerged as promising stabilizers for Pickering emulsions. This study investigated the effectiveness of CNCs in forming the Pickering emulsion from hazelnut shells (HS), an agricultural waste. Following the alkaline and bleaching treatments applied to HS, CNCs were obtained from treated hazelnut shell with acid hydrolysis. The physicochemical characteristics of CNCs were investigated using dynamic light scattering, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. A high crystalline (69.6 %) CNCs with a spherical shape were obtained. Contact angle and interfacial tension tests were conducted and showed that CNCs had amphiphilic nature. Pickering emulsions were investigated for their size, zeta potential, and stability under varying CNC concentrations. The results showed that when CNCs concentration increased from 0.5 to 2.0 wt%, droplet diameter decreased approximately 1.8 times and zeta potential increased. Creaming was not observed during 28 days of storage in a concentration of 2.0 wt% CNCs. The CNC stabilized emulsions exhibited high stability within a range of pH, temperatures, and salt concentrations. This study demonstrated that CNCs extracted from HS as environmentally friendly and cost-effective materials, could serve as a new stabilizer for Pickering emulsions especially for high temperature and low pH sensitive products such as mayonnaise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Ebrahimi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Milad Fathi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Hamid B Ghoddusi
- Microbiology Research Unit (MRU), School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
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97
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Bi R, Li X, Ou X, Huang J, Huang D, Chen G, Sheng Y, Hong W, Wang Y, Hu W, Guo SZ. 3D-Printed Biomimetic Structural Colors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306646. [PMID: 37759391 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Resolution control and expansibility have always been challenges to the fabrication of structural color materials. Here, a facile strategy to print cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers (CLCEs) into complex structural color patterns with variable resolution and enhanced expansibility is reported. A volatile solvent is introduced into the synthesized CLC oligomers, modifying its rheological properties and allowing direct-ink-writing (DIW) under mild conditions. The combination of printing shear flow and anisotropic deswelling of ink drives the CLC molecules into an ordered cholesteric arrangement. The authors meticulously investigate the influence of printing parameters to achieve resolution control over a wide range, allowing for the printing of multi-sized 1D or 2D patterns with constant quality. Furthermore, such solvent-cast direct-ink-writing (DIW) strategy is highly expandable and can be integrated easily into the DIW of bionic robots. Multi-responsive bionic butterfly and flower are printed with biomimetic in both locomotion and coloration. Such designs dramatically reduced the processing difficulty of precise full-color printing and expanded the capability of structural color materials to collaborate with other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Bi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xingcheng Ou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Dantong Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yu Sheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hong
- Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510050, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Hu
- School of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Guangdong, 525000, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Zhuang Guo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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98
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Pan L, Du J, Yin Q, Tao Y, Li P. Tannic acid adsorption properties of cellulose nanocrystalline/fish swim bladder gelatin composite sponge. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128552. [PMID: 38061524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Foods and beverages with excessive tannins acid (TA) content taste astringent and bitter. The overconsumption of TA could result in nutritional and digestive problems. In this study, the cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)/fish swim bladder gelatin (FG) composite sponge was prepared with glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. The TA adsorption performance of the sponge was discussed. The freeze-dried CNC/FG composite sponge had a porous network structure. CNC was combined into the FG matrix as a reinforcing phase. The mechanical strength, thermal stability, and swelling properties of the composite sponge were improved with the addition of an appropriate amount of CNC. Although CNC decreased the porosity of composite sponge, the increase in active adsorption sites resulted in an overall positive effect on its TA adsorption properties. Under the optimal adsorption conditions, the TA removal rate of 1.0 % CNC composites reached 80.4 %. Furthermore, the sponge retained a TA removal rate of 54 % after five cycles of adsorption and desorption using 50 % ethanol. The results demonstrated that CNC/FG composite sponge has application potential in the field of adsorption materials for TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; School of Art and Design, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 43004, China; College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Jinbao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Qing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yubo Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China.
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99
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Jonidi Shariatzadeh F, Solouk A, Mirzadeh H, Bonakdar S, Sadeghi D, Khoulenjani SB. Cellulose nanocrystals-reinforced dual crosslinked double network GelMA/hyaluronic acid injectable nanocomposite cryogels with improved mechanical properties for cartilage tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35346. [PMID: 38359175 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Improvement of mechanical properties of injectable tissue engineering scaffolds is a current challenge. The objective of the current study is to produce a highly porous injectable scaffold with improved mechanical properties. For this aim, cellulose nanocrystals-reinforced dual crosslinked porous nanocomposite cryogels were prepared using chemically crosslinked methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) and ionically crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) through the cryogelation process. The resulting nanocomposites showed highly porous structures with interconnected porosity (>90%) and mean pore size in the range of 130-296 μm. The prepared nanocomposite containing 3%w/v of GelMA, 20 w/w% of HA, and 1%w/v of CNC showed the highest Young's modulus (10 kPa) and excellent reversibility after 90% compression and could regain its initial shape after injection by a 16-gauge needle in the aqueous media. The in vitro results demonstrated acceptable viability (>90%) and migration of the human chondrocyte cell line (C28/I2), and chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells. A two-month in vivo assay on a rabbit's ear model confirmed that the regeneration potential of the prepared cryogel is comparable to the natural autologous cartilage graft, suggesting it is a promising alternative for autografts in the treatment of cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atefeh Solouk
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Mirzadeh
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
- Polymer and Color Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davoud Sadeghi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadab Bagheri Khoulenjani
- Polymer and Color Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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100
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Paul H, Bera MK, Macke N, Rowan SJ, Tirrell MV. Quantitative Determination of Metal Ion Adsorption on Cellulose Nanocrystals Surfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1921-1930. [PMID: 38195086 PMCID: PMC10811751 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is a bio-based material that holds significant potential in the field of water purification. Of particular interest is their potential use as a key sorbent material for the removal of metal ions from solution. However, the structure of metal ions adsorbed onto cellulose surfaces is not well understood. The focus of this work is to determine quantitatively the three-dimensional distribution of metal ions of different valencies surrounding negatively charged carboxylate functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) using anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS). These distributions can affect the water and ionic permeability in these materials. The data show that increasing the carboxylate density on the surface of the CNCs from 740 to 1100 mmol/kg changed the nature of the structure of the adsorbed ions from a monolayer into a multilayer structure. The monolayer was modeled as a Stern layer around the CNC nanoparticles, whereas the multilayer structure was modeled as a diffuse layer on top of the Stern layer around the nanoparticles. Within the Stern layer, the maximum ion density increases from 1680 to 4350 mmol of Rb+/(kg of CNC) with the increase in the carboxylate density on the surface of the nanoparticles. Additionally, the data show that CNCs can leverage multiple mechanisms, such as electrostatic attraction and the chaotropic effect, to adsorb ions of different valencies. By understanding the spatial organization of the adsorbed metal ions, the design of cellulose-based sorbents can be further optimized to improve the uptake capacity and selectivity in separation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison
R. Paul
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Mrinal K. Bera
- NSF’s
ChemMatCARS, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nicholas Macke
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical
Science and Engineering Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60434, United States
| | - Matthew V. Tirrell
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60434, United States
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