51
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Species-specific lipophilicity of thyroid hormones and their precursors in view of their membrane transport properties. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 76:112-8. [PMID: 23298914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A total of 30 species-specific partition coefficients of three thyroid hormones (thyroxine, liothyronine, reverse liothyronine) and their two biological precursors (monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine) are presented. The molecules were studied using combined methods of microspeciation and lipophilicity. Microspeciation was carried out by (1)H NMR-pH and UV-pH titration techniques on the title compounds and their auxiliary derivatives of reduced complexity. Partition of some of the individual microspecies was mimicked by model compounds of the closest possible similarity, then correction factors were determined and introduced. Our data show that the iodinated aromatic ring system is the definitive structural element that fundamentally determines the lipophilicity of thyroid hormones, whereas the protonation state of the aliphatic part plays a role of secondary importance. On the other hand, the lipophilicity of the precursors is highly influenced by the protonation state due to the relative lack of overwhelmingly lipophilic moieties. The different logp values of the positional isomers liothyronine and reverse liothyronine represent the importance of steric and electronic factors in lipophilicity. Our investigations provided clear indication that overall partition, the best membrane transport - predicting physico-chemical parameter depends collectively on the site-specific basicity and species-specific partition coefficient. At physiological pH these biomolecules are strongly amphipathic due to the lipophilic aromatic rings and hydrophilic amino acid side chains which can well be the reason why thyroid hormones cannot cross membranes by passive diffusion and they are constituents of biological membranes. The lipophilicity profile of thyroid hormones and their precursors are calculated and depicted in terms of species-specific lipophilicities over the entire pH range.
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52
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Polley M, Höfner G, Wanner KT. Development and validation of an LC-ESI-MS/MS quantification method for a potential γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 3 (GAT3) marker and its application in preliminary MS binding assays. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:641-54. [PMID: 23225341 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Binding assays for the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter GAT3 can be assumed to significantly facilitate screening for respective inhibitors. As appropriate labeled ligands for this promising drug target are not available so far, we started efforts to set up mass spectrometry-based binding assays (MS binding assays), for which labeled markers are not required. Therefore, we developed a sensitive and rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS quantification method for DDPM-1007 {(RS)-1-[4,4,4-Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)but-2-en-1-yl]piperidine-3-carboxylic acid}, one of the most potent GAT3 inhibitors yet known, as a potential GAT3 marker. Using a 50 × 2 mm C(8) column in combination with a mobile phase composed of 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer pH 8.0 and acetonitrile (60:40, v/v) at a flow rate of 450 μL/min DDPM-1007 could be analyzed in the positive multiple reaction monitoring mode [(m/z) 502.5 → 265.4] within a chromatographic cycle time of 3 min. Deuterated DDPM-1007 [((2)H(9))DDPM-1007] was synthesized and employed as internal standard. This way DDPM-1007 could be quantified in a range from 100 pM to 10 nM in the matrix resulting from respective binding experiments without any sample preparation. The established quantification method met the requirements of the FDA guidance for bioanalytical method validation concerning linearity and intra- and inter-batch accuracy. Based on this LC-ESI-MS/MS quantification preliminary MS binding assays employing membrane preparations obtained from a stably GAT3 expressing HEK293 cell line and DDPM-1007 as nonlabeled GAT3 marker could be performed. In these experiments specific binding of DDPM-1007 at GAT3 could be unambiguously detected. Additionally, the established LC-MS method provides a suitable analytical tool for further pharmacokinetic characterization of DDPM-1007, as exemplified for its logD determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Polley
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 7, 81377 München, Germany
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53
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Mazák K, Tóth G, Kökösi J, Noszál B. Thyroxine lipophilicity is dominated by its zwitterionic microspecies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:921-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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54
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Cramariuc O, Rog T, Javanainen M, Monticelli L, Polishchuk AV, Vattulainen I. Mechanism for translocation of fluoroquinolones across lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2563-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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55
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Mazák K, Noszál B. Zwitterions Can Be Predominant in Membrane Penetration of Drugs: Experimental Proof. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6942-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3007992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Károly Mazák
- Research Group of Drugs of Abuse
and Doping Agents,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Högyes E. u.
9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Noszál
- Research Group of Drugs of Abuse
and Doping Agents,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Högyes E. u.
9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
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56
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Bazzicalupi C, Bianchi A, Giorgi C, Clares MP, García-España E. Addressing selectivity criteria in binding equilibria. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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57
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Mazák K, Noszál B. Lipophilicity of morphine microspecies and their contribution to the lipophilicity profile. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:205-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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58
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Gholivand MB, Karimian N. Development of piroxicam sensor based on molecular imprinted polymer-modified carbon paste electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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59
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Chemodiversity and molecular plasticity: recognition processes as explored by property spaces. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:995-1010. [PMID: 21707401 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, a need to account for molecular flexibility in drug-design methodologies has emerged, even if the dynamic behavior of molecular properties is seldom made explicit. For a flexible molecule, it is indeed possible to compute different values for a given conformation-dependent property and the ensemble of such values defines a property space that can be used to describe its molecular variability; a most representative case is the lipophilicity space. In this review, a number of applications of lipophilicity space and other property spaces are presented, showing that this concept can be fruitfully exploited: to investigate the constraints exerted by media of different levels of structural organization, to examine processes of molecular recognition and binding at an atomic level, to derive informative descriptors to be included in quantitative structure--activity relationships and to analyze protein simulations extracting the relevant information. Much molecular information is neglected in the descriptors used by medicinal chemists, while the concept of property space can fill this gap by accounting for the often-disregarded dynamic behavior of both small ligands and biomacromolecules. Property space also introduces some innovative concepts such as molecular sensitivity and plasticity, which appear best suited to explore the ability of a molecule to adapt itself to the environment variously modulating its property and conformational profiles. Globally, such concepts can enhance our understanding of biological phenomena providing fruitful descriptors in drug-design and pharmaceutical sciences.
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60
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Stefek M, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Milackova I, Juskova M, Snirc V, Triantos N. (2-Benzyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-8-yl)-acetic acid: an aldose reductase inhibitor and antioxidant of zwitterionic nature. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7181-5. [PMID: 22037047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel carboxymethylated pyridoindoles, characterized by antioxidant activity combined with the ability to inhibit aldose reductase, represent an example of a multitarget approach to the treatment of diabetic complications - severe diabetes-related health disorders of multifunctional nature. One of the novel carboxymethylated pyridoindoles, (2-benzyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-8-yl)-acetic acid (compound 1), was found to inhibit aldose reductase with the IC(50) value 18.2 ± 1.2 μM. Owing to aldose reductase pharmacophore requirements for an acidic proton, most aldose reductase inhibitors contain an acetic acid moiety, ionized at physiological pH, resulting in poor bioavailability of the drugs. The presence of a basicity center at the tertiary nitrogen of the carboxymethylated pyridoindoles, in addition to the acidic carboxylic function, predisposes these compounds to form double-charged zwitterionic species. The zwitterionic nature of compound 1 may remarkably affect its pH-lipophilicity profile allowing for increased membrane penetration in the pH region around its isoelectric point, which lies close to the physiological pH 7.4. In the first part of this study, the presence of zwitterionic species was experimentally proved by the concentration-dependent effect of sodium 1-hexanesulphonate on the distribution profile of compound 1. Then a series of experiments was performed in the cellular system of isolated erythrocytes in vitro. Isolated rat erythrocytes exposed to peroxyl radicals, generated in the solution by decomposition of the hydrophilic azoinitiator AAPH or intracellularly by decay of lipophilic t-BuOOH, underwent progressive hemolysis. The onset of the hemolysis was shifted from the starting zero point by the time interval assigned as a lag period. In the presence of compound 1 the lag period was significantly prolonged. Finally, under conditions of a short-term experiment in STZ-diabetic rats in vivo, increase in sorbitol levels in erythrocytes was recorded. Compound 1 administered in the dose 50mg/kg/day (i.g.) significantly decreased the sorbitol level in the erythrocytes. To conclude, the physico-chemical proof of the zwitterionic nature of compound 1 was established and the results obtained in isolated red blood cells indicated good cellular availability of the compound. In addition, in diabetic rats, sorbitol accumulation in red blood cells was significantly inhibited by compound 1 administered intra-gastrically, suggesting its ready uptake into the central compartment. The zwitterionic principle thus may have significant consequences for increased bioavailability of drugs bearing an acidic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Stefek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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61
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Mazák K, Kökösi J, Noszál B. Lipophilicity of zwitterions and related species: A new insight. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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62
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Pistos CM, Tsantili‐Kakoulidou A, Koupparis M. The Effect of Ion Pairing Reagents in the Retention Profile of Zwitterionic Cephalosporins. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120018894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Pistos
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Zografou , 15771 , Greece
| | - A. Tsantili‐Kakoulidou
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Zografou , 15771 , Greece
| | - M. Koupparis
- b Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Zografou , Greece
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63
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Abstract
The discovery of novel small-molecule antibacterial drugs has been stalled for many years. The purpose of this review is to underscore and illustrate those scientific problems unique to the discovery and optimization of novel antibacterial agents that have adversely affected the output of the effort. The major challenges fall into two areas: (i) proper target selection, particularly the necessity of pursuing molecular targets that are not prone to rapid resistance development, and (ii) improvement of chemical libraries to overcome limitations of diversity, especially that which is necessary to overcome barriers to bacterial entry and proclivity to be effluxed, especially in Gram-negative organisms. Failure to address these problems has led to a great deal of misdirected effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn L Silver
- LL Silver Consulting, LLC, 955 S. Springfield Ave., Unit C403, Springfield, NJ 07081, USA.
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64
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Liu X, Testa B, Fahr A. Lipophilicity and its relationship with passive drug permeation. Pharm Res 2010; 28:962-77. [PMID: 21052797 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we first summarize the structure and properties of biological membranes and the routes of passive drug transfer through physiological barriers. Lipophilicity is then introduced in terms of the intermolecular interactions it encodes. Finally, lipophilicity indices from isotropic solvent systems and from anisotropic membrane-like systems are discussed for their capacity to predict passive drug permeation across biological membranes such as the intestinal epithelium, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or the skin. The broad evidence presented here shows that beyond the predictive power of lipophilicity parameters, the various intermolecular forces they encode allow a mechanistic interpretation of passive drug permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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65
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Böcker A, Bonneau PR, Hucke O, Jakalian A, Edwards PJ. Development of Specific “Drug-Like Property” Rules for Carboxylate-Containing Oral Drug Candidates. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:2102-13. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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66
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Abstract
AbstractA new chemically modified electrode is constructed based on carbon ceramic electrode incorporated with zeolite ZSM-5. Voltammetric behavior of piroxicam at the carbon ceramic zeolite modified electrode (CCZME) was investigated. The modified electrode exhibited catalytic activity toward the electrooxidation of piroxicam. Experimental parameters such as solution pH, scan rate, concentration of piroxicam and zeolite amount were studied. It has been shown that using the CCZME, piroxicam can be determined by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and hydrodynamic amperometry (HA). Under the optimized conditions the calibration plots are linear in the concentration ranges of 0.20–25.00 and 0.20–50.10 μM with limit of detections of 0.65 and 0.29 μM for DPV and HA, respectively. The modified electrode with DPV and HA methods was successfully applied for analysis of piroxicam in pharmaceutical formulations. The results were favorably compared to those obtained by the spiked method. The results of the analysis suggest that the proposed method has promise for the routine determination of piroxicam in the products examined.
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67
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Tam KY, Avdeef A, Tsinman O, Sun N. The Permeation of Amphoteric Drugs through Artificial Membranes − An in Combo Absorption Model Based on Paracellular and Transmembrane Permeability. J Med Chem 2009; 53:392-401. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901421c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Y. Tam
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Alex Avdeef
- pION INC, 5 Constitution Way, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801
| | - Oksana Tsinman
- pION INC, 5 Constitution Way, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801
| | - Na Sun
- pION INC, 5 Constitution Way, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801
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68
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Manallack DT. The acid-base profile of a contemporary set of drugs: implications for drug discovery. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 20:611-55. [PMID: 20024802 DOI: 10.1080/10629360903438313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acid-base ionization constant (pK(a)) values have considerable influence on the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutic substances. A set of 907 drugs was examined to determine the proportion of drugs that contain an ionizable group and the distribution of their pK(a) values. Using this contemporary set of compounds it was found that 64% of these compounds contained an ionizable group. Within this group of ionizable compounds, 34% contained a single basic group while only 20% contained a single acidic functional group. The single acid and single base containing substances were investigated further to examine the distributions of their pK(a) values. These data are discussed and analyzed with a focus on the entire set as well as central nervous system, non-central nervous system and oral drugs. The findings from this research will prompt pharmaceutical companies to assess the constitution of their screening libraries, such that focus is placed on the proportion of ionizable substances, the ratio of acids to bases and the distribution of pK(a) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Manallack
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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69
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Fuguet E, Ràfols C, Bosch E, Rosés M. Chromatographic hydrophobicity index: pH profile for polyprotic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7798-805. [PMID: 19800072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Chromatographic Hydrophobicity Index (CHI) has been measured for several diprotic compounds. In order to model the variation of CHI with pH, a general equation for polyprotic compounds which allows the calculation of CHI for each one of the species has been proposed. Different types of diprotic solutes have been selected: neutral acids, neutral bases, and amphiprotic compounds (non-zwitterionic and zwitterionic). The applicability of the model to these complex polyprotic compounds, its advantages and limitations, as well as the information provided by the fits is discussed. In general, the model fits the experimental behaviour of all kind of solutes very well, obtaining the higher hydrophobicity values for the neutral form of the compounds, except for the zwitterionic phenylalanine. The equation and parameters obtained allow an easy calculation of CHI of the compound at any pH value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Fuguet
- Departament de Química Analítica and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB) de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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70
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Testa B, Vistoli G, Pedretti A, Bojarski A. Atomic Diversity, Molecular Diversity, and Chemical Diversity: The Concept of Chemodiversity. Chem Biodivers 2009; 6:1145-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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71
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Hollow fiber supported ionic liquid membrane microextraction for determination of sulfonamides in environmental water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6259-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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72
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Studies on equilibrium of anthranilic acid in aqueous solutions and in two-phase systems: Aromatic solvent–water. Biophys Chem 2009; 140:91-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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73
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Giaginis C, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A. Alternative measures of lipophilicity: from octanol-water partitioning to IAM retention. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:2984-3004. [PMID: 18553641 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review describes lipophilicity parameters currently used in drug design and QSAR studies. After a short historical overview, the complex nature of lipophilicity as the outcome of polar/nonpolar inter- and intramolecular interactions is analysed and considered as the background for the discussion of the different lipophilicity descriptors. The first part focuses on octanol-water partitioning of neutral and ionisable compounds, evaluates the efficiency of predictions and provides a short description of the experimental methods for the determination of distribution coefficients. A next part is dedicated to reversed-phase chromatographic techniques, HPLC and TLC in lipophilicity assessment. The two methods are evaluated for their efficiency to simulate octanol-water and the progress achieved in the refinement of suitable chromatographic conditions, in particular in the field of HPLC, is outlined. Liposomes as direct models of biological membranes are examined and phospolipophilicity is compared to the traditional lipophilicity concept. Difficulties associated with liposome-water partitioning are discussed. The last part focuses on Immobilised Artificial Membrane (IAM) chromatography as an alternative which combines membrane simulation with rapid measurements. IAM chromatographic retention is compared to octanol-water and liposome-water partitioning as well as to reversed-phase retention and its potential to predict biopartitioning and biological activities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Giaginis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens 157 71, Greece
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74
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Gikas S, Tsopelas F, Giaginis C, Dimitrakopoulos J, Livadara T, Archontaki H, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A. Chromatographic behavior of zwitterionic enalapril—Exploring the conditions for lipophilicity assessment. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:739-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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75
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Shalaeva M, Kenseth J, Lombardo F, Bastin A. Measurement of Dissociation Constants (pKa Values) of Organic Compounds by Multiplexed Capillary Electrophoresis Using Aqueous and Cosolvent Buffers**Advanced Analytical Technologies, Inc. (Formerly CombiSep), 2711 South Loop Drive, Suite 4200, Ames, IA 50010. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:2581-606. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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76
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Chen C, Chen Y, Pontillo J, Guo Z, Huang CQ, Wu D, Madan A, Chen T, Wen J, Xie Q, Tucci FC, Rowbottom M, Zhu YF, Wade W, Saunders J, Bozigian H, Struthers RS. Potent and orally bioavailable zwitterion GnRH antagonists with low CYP3A4 inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3301-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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77
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Stefek M, Snirc V, Djoubissie PO, Majekova M, Demopoulos V, Rackova L, Bezakova Z, Karasu C, Carbone V, El-Kabbani O. Carboxymethylated pyridoindole antioxidants as aldose reductase inhibitors: Synthesis, activity, partitioning, and molecular modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4908-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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78
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Lombardo F, Faller B, Shalaeva M, Tetko I, Tilton S. The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Distribution Coefficients: Current Status, Views and Outlook. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527621286.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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79
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Tosco P, Rolando B, Fruttero R, Henchoz Y, Martel S, Carrupt PA, Gasco A. Physicochemical Profiling of Sartans: A Detailed Study of Ionization Constants and Distribution Coefficients. Helv Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200890051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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80
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Application of liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid-chromatography for the determination of sulfonamides in water. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 612:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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81
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Barbato F, Cirocco V, Grumetto L, Immacolata La Rotonda M. Comparison between immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) HPLC data and lipophilicity in n-octanol for quinolone antibacterial agents. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 31:288-97. [PMID: 17540545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The membrane phospholipid affinity of ten quinolone antibacterial agents, including both acidic and zwitterionic compounds, was measured by HPLC on two different immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) stationary phases, namely IAM.PC.MG and IAM.PC.DD2; it is expressed as the logarithm of the retention factor measured with (or extrapolated to) 100% aqueous eluent at pH 7.0, logk(w)(IAM). Quinolones are a class of highly potent, orally active, broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. For these compounds, lipophilicity values in n-octanol found in the literature, either calculated or measured, are not consistent with each other and are too low to be compatible with their pharmacokinetic properties. The logk(w)(IAM) values obtained in this study showed no relation with any of the lipophilicity values in the literature (clogP(a), clogP(b), MLP, logD(7.4)). In contrast, they were collinear with a new lipophilicity scale we had previously obtained by an original ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC method set up to estimate the lipophilicity of the neutral forms, logP(N). Moreover, when comparing the retention of quinolones on IAM to the retention of structurally unrelated neutral compounds, we observed that they interact with phospholipids with the same affinity as neutral isolipophilic compounds. The use of an eluent at pH 5.5, instead of pH 7.0, increased the retention on IAM not only for acidic, but also for zwitterionic congeners, indicating that phospholipid affinity is enhanced in the experimental conditions that depress the ionization of the acidic function, even when the ionization of the amino function increases simultaneously. To gain an insight into the mechanism of quinolones/serum-protein interactions, we investigated about possible relationships between quinolones affinity data for serum proteins and IAM data. Quinolone affinity for both HSA and AGP was already demonstrated poorly related to n-octanol lipophilicity values, probably due to the occurrence of electrostatic interactions. Only poor relationships were found between IAM and HSA affinity data, whereas quite good relationships were found with AGP affinity data. However, IAM.PC.DD2 data correlated better than those on IAM.PC.MG with quinolone affinity for both serum-proteins, mainly due to the fact that IAM.PC.MG phase is scarcely discriminative for the compounds with the highest retention values. The results suggest that IAM retention can produce a lipophilicity scale that, unlike solvent/water partition coefficients, is consistent with the pharmacokinetic behaviour of zwitterionic quinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Barbato
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
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82
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Giaginis C, Theocharis S, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A. A consideration of PPAR-gamma ligands with respect to lipophilicity: current trends and perspectives. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:413-7. [PMID: 17371190 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.4.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The fact that PPAR-gamma is expressed dramatically higher in fat, regulating gene transcription in response to small lipophilic ligands, supports an essential role of increased lipophilicity for those ligands. On the other hand, the skepticism concerning high lipophilicity as a characteristic associated with undesirable effects and formulation problems raises the question of how much lipophilicity should be incorporated in the ligand molecules so that they comply with generally accepted guidelines. A survey on the lipophilic behavior of thiazolidinediones and tyrosine-based derivatives with well-established PPAR-gamma affinity and functional activity suggests that excessive lipophilicity may not be favorable for their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Giaginis
- University of Athens, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens 157 71, Greece
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83
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Barbato F, di Martino G, Grumetto L, La Rotonda MI. Retention of quinolones on human serum albumin and alpha1-acid glycoprotein HPLC columns: relationships with different scales of lipophilicity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 30:211-9. [PMID: 17169537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The retention of 10 quinolone antibacterial agents on HPLC stationary phases supporting human serum albumin (HSA) or alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) was investigated. Among ofloxacine and flumequine, the two chiral compounds in the selected set, only the latter showed a split chromatographic peak and only on HSA but not on AGP, indicating that enantioselective specific sites play only a minor role in the retention. The retention of quinolones, which included four acidic and six zwitterionic congeners, was correlated with various lipophilicity scales: (i) theoretically calculated values, clogP, (ii) values measured at pH 7.4 by the shake-flask method, logD(7.4), and (iii) values extrapolated by retention data measured by ion-pair reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). We assumed that the latter values, logP(i.p.), were close to the lipophilicity of the neutral forms, logP(N), for both acidic and zwitterionic congeners. No relationship was found between retention on serum proteins and clogP values, whereas a reasonable relationship was found with logD(7.4) values, but only when the two subclasses, acidic and zwitterionic congeners, were considered separately. The relationship between retention data on serum proteins and logP(i.p.) values indicated that the affinity for serum proteins depends on the lipophilicity of the neutral forms only for logP values up to 1.5. Above this value, protein retention does not further increase, becoming almost constant. Based on both the observations above reported and the small values of the slopes of regression equations, we conclude that the interaction of the more lipophilic quinolones, mainly the zwitterions, with serum proteins is not governed uniquely by lipophilicity but also by other mechanisms, probably of electrostatic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Barbato
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49 I-80131 Naples, Italy.
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84
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Torriero AA, Tonn CE, Sereno L, Raba J. Electrooxidation mechanism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam at glassy carbon electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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85
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Pattacini R, Barbieri L, Stercoli A, Cauzzi D, Graiff C, Lanfranchi M, Tiripicchio A, Elviri L. Zwitterionic Metalates of Group 11 Elements and Their Use as Metalloligands for the Assembly of Multizwitterionic Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 128:866-76. [PMID: 16417377 DOI: 10.1021/ja0554110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of RNHC(S)PPh2NPPh2C(S)NR (HRSNS; R = Me, Et) with M(I) (M = Cu, Ag, Au) salts afforded zwitterionic complexes of the general formula [M(RSNS)] (M = Cu, Ag, Au). The ligand was found in the solid state in S,S-kappa2 and S,N,S-kappa3 coordination fashions. [Cu(RSNS)] and [Ag(RSNS)] can be used as metalloligand building blocks for the assembly of pentanuclear multizwitterionic Cu5, Cu3Ag2 and Ag5 core clusters of the general formula [M'2{M(RSNS)}3]2+ (M = Cu, M' = Cu, Ag; M = M' = Ag) upon reaction with suitable M' salts. The crystal structures of the most significant compounds are reported herein. Compound [Ag2{Ag(RSNS)}2(OTf)2] was also isolated and structurally characterized, representing a model for the intermediate species of the aforementioned assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pattacini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43100 Parma, Italy
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86
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Gandour RD. Rationalizing the Solution Properties of Zwitterions by Means of Computational Chemistry. Chem Biodivers 2005; 2:1580-94. [PMID: 17191957 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200590129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This short review describes our computational studies of carnitine, acetylcarnitines, and betaines over the past two decades. Interspersed among the three computational studies--a molecular mechanics study of the conformer population of carnitine and acetylcarnitine, an AM1 study of the energetics of hydrolysis of acetylcarnitine, and an HF 6-31G* study of the solvation energies and structures of a homologous series of betaines--are brief overviews of our research in designing and testing new therapeutic agents for non-insulin dependent diabetes and for protection against sexually transmitted diseases. The three studies also show how computational chemistry has evolved during this time to enable an evaluation of the structure and energetics of zwitterions in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Gandour
- Department of Chemistry (MC 0212), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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87
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Austin RP, Barton P, Davis AM, Fessey RE, Wenlock MC. The Thermodynamics of the Partitioning of Ionizing Molecules Between Aqueous Buffers and Phospholipid Membranes. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1649-57. [PMID: 16180122 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-6336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the thermodynamics of partitioning of eight ionising dual D2-recepto beta2-adrenoceptor agonists between vesicles of L-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and aqueous buffers. METHODS The thermodynamics of partitioning have been studied by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). RESULTS Compounds which are predominantly cationic at pH 7.4 (designated as class 1 compounds) have a more exothermic partitioning than those which are predominantly in the electronically neutral form (designated as class 2 compounds) at pH 7.4, and less positive standard entropies of partitioning. Under acidic conditions (pH 4.0), class compounds 2 (predominantly electronically neutral at pH 7.4) are almost completely cationic and accordingly have a more exothermic partitioning than at pH 7.4. The standard entropies of partitioning also depend on the pH. When the compounds are predominantly cationic, the standard entropy change is less positive (less favourable) than under conditions where the compounds are predominantly electronically neutral. CONCLUSIONS The observations are consistent with the notion of there being a favourable electrostatic interaction (enthalpically) between the positively charged amino-group of predominantly cationic compounds and the negatively charged phosphate group of the vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert P Austin
- Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
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88
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Pistos C, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Koupparis M. Investigation of the retention/pH profile of zwitterionic fluoroquinolones in reversed-phase and ion-interaction high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:438-43. [PMID: 15894451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The retention/pH profiles of three fluoroquinolones, ofloxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, was investigated by means of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and reversed-phase ion-interaction chromatography (RP-IIC), using an octadecylsilane stationary phase and acetonitrile as organic modifier. Sodium hexanesulphonate and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide were used as sources of counter ions in ion-interaction chromatography. The retention/pH profiles under in RP-HPLC were compared to the corresponding lipophilicity/pH profiles. Despite the rather hydrophilic nature of the three fluoroquinolones positive retention factors were obtained while there was a shift of the retention maximum towards more acidic pH values. This behavior was attributed mainly to non-hydrophobic silanophilic interactions with the silanized silica gel material of the stationary phase. In ion-interaction chromatography the effect of counter ions over a broad pH range was found to be ruled rather by the ion pair formation in the mobile phase which led to a drastic decrease in retention as a consequence of the disruption of the zwitterionic structure and thereupon the deliberation of a net charge in the molecules. At pH values at which zwitterionic structure was not favored both the ion-exchange and ion pair formation mechanisms were assumed to contribute to the retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pistos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771, Greece
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89
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Barbato F, di Martino G, Grumetto L, La Rotonda MI. Can protonated β-blockers interact with biomembranes stronger than neutral isolipophilic compounds? Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 25:379-86. [PMID: 15979535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic capacity factors (k') of 10 beta-adrenoceptor antagonists ("beta-blockers") were measured on three different immobilized artificial membrane-phosphatidylcholine (IAM-PC) HPLC stationary phases, namely IAM-PC-MG, IAM-PC-DD2, and IAM-PC-DD. The two former phases are made of phosphatidylcholine as found in biomembranes and differ each other in end-capping of free propylamino residues whereas the latter is made of single-chain phosphatidylcholine analogues. On IAM-PC-DD2 we found that structurally unrelated neutral compounds give a single correlation between logk' values and the respective octanol/water partition coefficients (logP), as previously observed on IAM-PC-MG phase. This was not observed on the IAM-PC-DD phase. IAM chromatography was performed at a pH of the aqueous eluent (7.0) close to the physiological pH 7.4. Retention on all IAM phases showed a biphasic pattern, being proportional to logP(N) (lipophilicity of neutral forms) for more lipophilic congeners (logP(N)>1.90), and quite constant for the others. The comparison of beta-blocker retention with that of neutral compounds on IAM-PC-MG and IAM-PC-DD2 suggests that they can interact with phospholipids as strongly or more strongly than neutral isolipophilic compounds, despite their being more than 98% in their ionized form. Therefore, we hypothesize that electrostatic interactions play a pivotal role in the interactions between beta-blockers and membrane phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Barbato
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49 I-80131 Naples, Italy.
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90
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Tsopelas FN, Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou MT, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Ochsenkühn KM. Study of the lipophilicity of selenium species. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004; 381:420-6. [PMID: 15605237 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work the lipophilicity of different selenium species occurring in environmental matrices and food, Se(IV), Se(VI), selenomethionine (Se-Met), selenocystamine (Se-CM), selenocystine (Se-Cyst), and dimethyl diselenide (CH3)2Se2, was investigated in the octanol-water system, using the shaking flask method and detection with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), in order to assess their environmental fate and tendency to bioaccumulate. Polarography was also used for the electrochemically active Se species, Se(IV), Se-Cyst, Se-CM and (CH3)2Se2, and the results were compared with those measured by ICP-AES. Furthermore, the influence of pH was studied by determining the logarithm of the distribution coefficient, log D, at three pH values, 5, 7, and 9, as was the impact of the marine environment on the lipophilicity profile of the six investigated Se species. The results were compared with those estimated approximately by use of PrologD software, based on the Ghose-Crippen log P (P: partition coefficient) calculation system, the only system which incorporates values-even though approximate-for the atom type of Se. Finally, from our experimental data an indicative value of the Se-Se fragment for log P prediction, for use in drug design, was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios N Tsopelas
- School of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou 9, 157 73 Athens, Greece
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91
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Mälkiä A, Murtomäki L, Urtti A, Kontturi K. Drug permeation in biomembranes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004; 23:13-47. [PMID: 15324921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, it has become increasingly apparent that in addition to therapeutic effect, drugs need to exhibit favourable absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) characteristics to produce a desirable response in vivo. As the recent progress in drug discovery technology enables rapid synthesis of vast numbers of potential drug candidates, robust methods are required for the effective screening of compounds synthesized within such programs, so that compounds with poor pharmacokinetic properties can be rejected at an early stage of drug development. Furthermore, a viable in silico method would save resources by enabling virtual screening of drug candidates already prior to synthesis. This review gives a general overview of the approaches aimed at predicting biological permeation, one of the cornerstones behind the ADME behaviour of drugs. The most important experimental and computational models are reviewed. Physicochemical factors underlying the permeation process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Mälkiä
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 6100, FIN-02015 HUT, Finland
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92
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Ermondi G, Lorenti M, Caron G. Contribution of ionization and lipophilicity to drug binding to albumin: a preliminary step toward biodistribution prediction. J Med Chem 2004; 47:3949-61. [PMID: 15267234 DOI: 10.1021/jm040760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing albumin binding is a major challenge in absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion prediction. To gain insight into this complex field, an ultracentrifugation method to measure the drug fraction bound to bovine serum albumin [%B(DAB)] is presented. The second part of the study shows the dependence of the experimental binding parameter on ionization and lipophilicity descriptors (pK(a) and log D(oct)(7.4) for a series of 14 structurally diverse drugs. Finally, a docking strategy is used to rationalize the findings; the results confirm the mostly nonspecific nature of the interaction of albumin with neutral ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ermondi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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93
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Károly M, Vámos J, Nemes A, Rácz A, Noszál B. Lipophilicity of vinpocetine and related compounds characterized by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2003; 996:195-203. [PMID: 12830921 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase thin-layer chromatographic method was developed and applied to quantitate the lipophilicity of sparingly water-soluble eburnane alkaloids of therapeutic interest. Our method development included calibration, optimization and validation procedures, using also sets of auxiliary compounds. The log P(TLC) values of five relatively hydrophilic eburnanes were verified by stir-flask studies. The alkaloids were found to have lipophilicity values in the 2.9-4.8 log P(TLC) range. Conclusions on structure-lipophilicity relationships were drawn in terms of ring anellation, character and length of side chain, conformational preferences and moiety-solvent interactions, also supported by molecular mechanics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazák Károly
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Hogyes E.u.9., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
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94
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Bouchard G, Pagliara A, Carrupt PA, Testa B, Gobry V, Girault HH. Theoretical and experimental exploration of the lipophilicity of zwitterionic drugs in the 1,2-dichloroethane/water system. Pharm Res 2003; 19:1150-9. [PMID: 12240941 DOI: 10.1023/a:1019846125723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This work examines the lipophilic behavior of various zwitterions and shows how distribution profiles in biphasic systems and ionic partition diagrams may improve our understanding of pH-absorption profiles of drugs. METHODS The lipophilicity of various zwitterionic drugs was examined by potentiometry and cyclic voltammetry in the 1,2-dichloroethane/water system to study the intramolecular interactions and conformational effects affecting absorption and activity of zwitterions, as well as to draw their theoretical and experimental ionic partition diagrams. RESULTS Different theoretical partition diagrams are reported according to the tautomeric constant of the zwitterion. Shifts of apparent PKa are obtained in the ionic partition diagrams of raclopride and eticlopride and compared to the deviations from pH-absorption profile described in the literature for lipophilic drugs. The physicochemical origin of these shifts is discussed. CONCLUSIONS The comparison between pH-absorption profiles and ionic partition diagrams of zwitterions is shown here to be of value for a better mechanistic understanding of absorption processes, thus opening new perspectives in studying pH-absorption profiles of ionizable drugs.
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95
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Taillardat-Bertschinger A, Carrupt PA, Barbato F, Testa B. Immobilized artificial membrane HPLC in drug research. J Med Chem 2003; 46:655-65. [PMID: 12593643 DOI: 10.1021/jm020265j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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96
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Gulyaeva N, Zaslavsky A, Lechner P, Chait A, Zaslavsky B. pH dependence of the relative hydrophobicity and lipophilicity of amino acids and peptides measured by aqueous two-phase and octanol-buffer partitioning. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2003; 61:71-9. [PMID: 12492901 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2003.00037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Partitioning of a series of free amino acids, their derivatives, and homo-oligopeptides in aqueous dextran-PEG two-phase systems and octanol buffer systems was examined at pH values from 2.0 up to 12.5. The pH-dependent partition behavior of free amino acids and peptides in the two-phase systems was compared with that of monofunctional drug-like compounds and found to be clearly different. The differences observed indicate that the information provided by the techniques of partitioning in octanol buffer (log(D)(pH)) and in aqueous two-phase systems, N(CH2), is different. It is suggested that the combination of the two descriptors, log(D) (lipophilicity) and N(CH2) (relative hydrophobicity), may be useful for QSAR analysis of the biological activities involving distribution and/or transport of chemical compounds in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gulyaeva
- Analiza, Inc, Cleveland, Ohio 44128, USA
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97
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Vistoli G, Pedretti A, Villa L, Testa B. The solute-solvent system: solvent constraints on the conformational dynamics of acetylcholine. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:7472-80. [PMID: 12071756 DOI: 10.1021/ja0119999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if and how a solvent influences internal motions in a solute molecule. Acetylcholine was chosen as the object of study given its interesting molecular structure and major biological significance. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out in the vacuum (10 ns), water (5 ns), methanol (5 ns), and octanol (1.5 ns). Seven clusters of conformers were identified, namely, +g+g, -g-g, +gt, -gt, t+g, t-g, and tt, where the gauche and trans labels refer to the dihedral angles tau(2) and tau(3), respectively. As expected, the relative proportion of these conformational clusters was highly solvent-dependent and corresponded to a progressive loss of conformational freedom with increasing molecular weight of the solvent. More importantly, the conformational clusters were used to calculate instantaneous and median angular velocity (omega and omega(M), respectively) and instantaneous and median angular acceleration (alpha and alpha(M), respectively). Angular velocity and angular acceleration were both found to decrease markedly with increasing molecular weight of the solvent, i.e., vacuum (epsilon = 1) > water > methanol > octanol. The decrease from the vacuum to octanol was approximately 40% for tau(2) and approximately 60% for tau(3). Such solvent-dependent constraints on a solute's internal motions may be biologically and pharmacologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Vistoli
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Milano, Viale Abruzzi 42, I-20131 Milano, Italy
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98
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Cogswell LP, Raines DE, Parekh S, Jonas O, Maggio JE, Strichartz GR. Development of a novel probe for measuring drug binding to the F1*S variant of human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. J Pharm Sci 2001; 90:1407-23. [PMID: 11745793 DOI: 10.1002/jps.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel probe was developed to measure drug association with the F1*S variant of the human serum protein alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). The molecule 2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodo-N-[2(diethylamino)ethyl]benzamide (DEDIC) binds to AGP, quenching its native fluorescence. This quenching was fitted to a two-site model giving apparent dissociation constants of 0.049 +/- 0.005 and 12 +/- 2 microM (mean +/- SEM). Quenching of each of the separate variants of AGP by DEDIC was itself described by a two-site model, giving for the F1*S variant K(D)(1)((F1*S)) = 0.041 +/- 0.010 microM and K(D)(2)((F1*S)) = 29 +/- 7 microM; and for the A variant K(D)(1)((A)) = 0.31 +/- 0.18 microM and K(D)(2)((A)) = 8.8 +/- 0.7 microM. The utility of DEDIC in probing drug interactions with isolated variants was demonstrated in competition experiments with the model drugs amitriptyline and bupivacaine. In addition, the selectivity of DEDIC for variant F1*S rendered it capable of probing the binding of drugs (including the variant A-selective drug amitriptyline) to F1*S in a mixture of variants, such as occurs naturally in whole AGP. DEDIC is unique as an F1*S variant-selective probe of drug binding to whole AGP that is also sufficiently soluble to serve as a probe of drug binding to the lower affinity sites on isolated A and F1*S variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Cogswell
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Plember van Balen G, Caron G, Ermondi G, Pagliara A, Grandi T, Bouchard G, Fruttero R, Carrupt PA, Testa B. Lipophilicity behaviour of the Zwitterionic antihistamine cetirizine in phosphatidylcholine liposomes/water systems. Pharm Res 2001; 18:694-701. [PMID: 11465428 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011049830615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The partitioning of cetirizine in a phosphatidylcholine liposomes/water system was compared with that of hydroxyzine and acrivastine to gain insight into the mechanisms of interaction of its various electrical species with membranes. METHODS The lipophilicity profiles of the compounds were obtained from equilibrium dialysis and potentiometry, and compared with changes in NMR relaxation rates. RESULTS The neutral form of hydroxyzine interacted mainly via hydrophobic interactions with the bilayer lipid core of the membrane, whereas for the cationic form both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions were involved. Zwitterionic and anionic cetirizine were less lipophilic than its cation, which behaved like the corresponding species of hydroxyzine. Zwitterionic cetirizine interacted more by weak electrostatic interactions with the polar headgroups of phospholipids than by hydrophobic interactions with the membrane interior. The lipophilicity of its anion reflected the balance of repulsive electrostatic interactions between the carboxylate and phosphate groups and the hydrophobic interactions with the lipid core. CONCLUSION The study confirms that various mechanisms influence the interaction of solutes with liposomes. Combining experimental techniques and using suitable reference compounds proves useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Plember van Balen
- Institut de Chimie Thérapeutique, Section de Pharmacie, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
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Tam KY, Takács-Novák K. Multi-wavelength spectrophotometric determination of acid dissociation constants: a validation study. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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