51
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Cheprakov AV, Filatov MA. The dihydroisoindole approach to linearly annelated π-extended porphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The dihydroisoindole strategy for the synthesis of linearly annelated π-extended porphyrins is a common approach to tetrabenzo-, tetranaphtho-, and tetraanthraporphyrins with variable functionality and substitution patterns. This method implies the use of a common type of precursors involving the 4,7-dihydroisoindole moiety, which are the closest possible stable relatives of the unstable isoindole, benzoisoindole and naphthoisoindole. A key feature of this strategy is the unprecedented mildness of the final oxidative aromatization step, which accounts for synthetic versatility, better functional group tolerance and high purity of the products. Many new linearly annelated π-extended porphyrins of the tetrabenzo-, tetranaphtho-, and tetraanthraporphyrin families were produced and characterized for the first time, including soluble planar and highly emissive 5,15-diaryl derivatives. The double bond of the dihydroisoindole fragment can also be useful for further modification of the porphyrin by means of addition of cycloaddition reactions, leading to new, previously inaccessible porphyins bearing multiple halide, hydroxy, or acetoxy groups at the periphery.
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52
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Chumakov D, Moiseeva A, Anisimov A, Uzhinov B, Khoroshutin A. Regioselective bromination of palladium tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin to benzo-rings: Synthesis of mono- and octabromotetrabenzoporphyrins and their properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424610002653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bromination of palladium meso-tetraphenyl tetrabenzoporphyrin ( Pd Ph4TBP, 1) by Me4NBr3 or Me4NBr/Br2 was shown to proceed regioselectively to the benzo-rings annelated to main porphyrin macrocycle. Conditions for preferential mono- and octa-bromination have been established. The respective mono- and octa-bromide ( Pd Ph4TBP( Br ), 2 and Pd Ph4TBP( Br )8, 3) have been isolated and characterized by UV-vis, NMR and LDI-TOF spectroscopy. Changes of electrochemical properties of tetrabenzoporphyrins induced by Br atoms were found to follow the same trends as the changes in analogous non-extended porphyrins. Room temperature phosphorescence is not substantially influenced by the substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Chumakov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna Moiseeva
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Anisimov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Boris Uzhinov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey Khoroshutin
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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53
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Gillissen MAJ, Voets IK, Meijer EW, Palmans ARA. Single chain polymeric nanoparticles as compartmentalised sensors for metal ions. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20350b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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54
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Abd-El-Aziz A, Dalgakiran S. Metal-Containing Macromolecules. POLYMER SCIENCE: A COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE 2012:637-688. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53349-4.00155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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55
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Uno H, Chenxin C, Uoyama H, Nakamura M. Facile Synthesis of 4,9-Dihydro-2H-benz[f]- and 4,11-Dihydro-2H-naphth[2,3-f]isoindoles and Their Utility for Porphyrin Synthesis. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-s(p)60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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56
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Ruppert M, Bauer W, Hirsch A. Microenvironment Engineering in ortho- and para-Dendronized Metalloporphyrin-Fullerene Conjugates Involving a trans-2-Bisaddition Pattern. Chemistry 2011; 17:8714-25. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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57
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Lash TD, Smith BE, Melquist MJ, Godfrey BA. Synthesis of Indenoporphyrins, Highly Modified Porphyrins with Reduced Diatropic Characteristics. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5335-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2006895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Breland E. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Michael J. Melquist
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Bradley A. Godfrey
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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58
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The synthesis of new tetrabenzo- and tetranaphthoporphyrins via the addition reactions of 4,7-dihydroisoindole. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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59
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Thyagarajan S, Leiding T, Arsköld SP, Cheprakov AV, Vinogradov SA. Highly non-planar dendritic porphyrin for pH sensing: observation of porphyrin monocation. Inorg Chem 2011; 49:9909-20. [PMID: 20882973 DOI: 10.1021/ic100968p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free porphyrin-dendrimers provide a convenient platform for the construction of membrane-impermeable ratiometric probes for pH measurements in compartmentalized biological systems. In all previously reported molecules, electrostatic stabilization (shielding) of the core porphyrin by peripheral negative charges (carboxylates) was required to shift the intrinsically low porphyrin protonation pK(a)'s into the physiological pH range (pH 6-8). However, binding of metal cations (e.g., K(+), Na(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) by the carboxylate groups on the dendrimer could affect the protonation behavior of such probes in biological environments. Here we present a dendritic pH nanoprobe based on a highly non-planar tetraaryltetracyclohexenoporphyrin (Ar(4)TCHP), whose intrinsic protonation pK(a)'s are significantly higher than those of regular tetraarylporphyrins, thereby eliminating the need for electrostatic core shielding. The porphyrin was modified with eight Newkome-type dendrons and PEGylated at the periphery, rendering a neutral water-soluble probe (TCHpH), suitable for measurements in the physiological pH range. The protonation of TCHpH could be followed by absorption (e.g., ε(Soret)(dication)∼270,000 M(-1) cm(-1)) or by fluorescence. Unlike most tetraarylporphyrins, TCHpH is protonated in two distinct steps (pK(a)'s 7.8 and 6.0). In the region between the pK(a)'s, an intermediate species with a well-defined spectroscopic signature, presumably a TCHpH monocation, could be observed in the mixture. The performance of TCHpH was evaluated by pH gradient measurements in large unilamellar vesicles. The probe was retained inside the vesicles and did not pass through and/or interact with vesicle membranes, proving useful for quantification of proton transport across phospholipid bilayers. To interpret the protonation behavior of TCHpH we developed a model relating structural changes on the porphyrin macrocycle upon protonation to its basicity. The model was validated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed on a planar and non-planar porphyrin, making it possible to rationalize higher protonation pK(a)'s of non-planar porphyrins as well as the easier observation of their monocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Thyagarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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60
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Niedermair F, Borisov SM, Zenkl G, Hofmann OT, Weber H, Saf R, Klimant I. Tunable phosphorescent NIR oxygen indicators based on mixed benzo- and naphthoporphyrin complexes. Inorg Chem 2011; 49:9333-42. [PMID: 20839844 PMCID: PMC2953278 DOI: 10.1021/ic100955z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of π-extended phosphorescent palladium(II) and platinum(II) porphyrin complexes were synthesized, in which additional benzene rings are fused radially onto at least one of the four peripheral benzo groups. The photophysical properties of the metalloporphyrins palladium(II)-meso-tetra-(4-fluorophenyl)mononaphthotribenzoporphyrin (Pd1NF), cis-palladium(II)-meso-tetra-(4-fluorophenyl)dibenzodinaphthoporphyrin (Pd2NF), and palladium(II)-meso-tetra-(4-fluorophenyl)monobenzotrinaphthoporphyrin (Pd3NF) and the corresponding platinum(II) compounds (Pt1NF, cis-Pt2NF, Pt3NF) were investigated. The compounds under investigation absorb intensively in the near-infrared region (628-691 nm) and emit at room temperature at 815-882 nm. Phosphorescence quantum yields of the platinum(II) porphyrins range from 25 to 53% with luminescence decay times of 21 to 44 μs in deoxygenated toluene solutions at room temperature. The corresponding palladium(II) complexes exhibit quantum yields in the range of 7 to 18% with lifetimes of 106 to 206 μs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed nonplanar geometries for all complexes and corroborate the absorption characteristics. The subsequent π extension of the porphyrin system leads to near-infrared absorbing oxygen indicators with tailor-made luminescence properties as well as tunable oxygen sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Niedermair
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 18, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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61
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Mroczkiewicz M, Pietrzak M, Górski Ł, Malinowska E. Optical acetylcholine sensor based on free base porphyrin as a chromoionophore. Analyst 2011; 136:3770-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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62
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Fabrication of Dendrimers Toward Biological Application. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 104:101-40. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416020-0.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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63
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Albertazzi L, Storti B, Marchetti L, Beltram F. Delivery and subcellular targeting of dendrimer-based fluorescent pH sensors in living cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:18158-67. [PMID: 21141854 DOI: 10.1021/ja105689u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and targeted delivery of dendrimer-based fluorescent biosensors in living HeLa cells are reported. Following electroporation dendrimers are shown to display specific subcellular localization depending on their size and surface charge and this property is preserved when they are functionalized with sensing moieties. We analyze the case of double dendrimer conjugation with pH-sensitive and pH-insensitive molecules leading to the realization of ratiometric pH sensors that are calibrated in vitro and in living cells. By tuning the physicochemical properties of the dendrimer scaffold sensors can be targeted to specific cellular compartments allowing selective pH measurements in different organelles in living cells. In order to demonstrate the modularity of this approach we present three different pH sensors with tuned H(+) affinity by appropriately choosing the pH-sensitive dye. We argue that the present methodology represents a general approach toward the realization of targetable ratiometric sensors suitable to monitor biologically relevant ions or molecules in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Albertazzi
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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64
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Sharma AK, Kim N, Cameron CS, Lyndon M, Gorman CB. Dendritically encapsulated, water-soluble fe(4)s(4): synthesis and electrochemical properties. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:5072-8. [PMID: 20450203 DOI: 10.1021/ic1002447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic, Fe(4)S(4) cluster core dendrimers can be prepared via ligand exchange with dendrons containing carboxylic acid peripheral groups and a thiol focal group. These amphiphilic dendrons are more susceptible to oxidative disulfide formation than their non-amphiphilic analogues reported previously. Thus, an in situ deprotection of an aromatic thioacetate was necessary to prepare the dendrimers. These molecules showed the expected decrease in rate with increasing generation. A slower rate of heterogeneous electron transfer was found when these molecules were compared with non-amphiphilic analogues. This behavior correlated with their larger size and thus a larger effective distance of electron transfer. Voltammetry in DMSO with added water makes the dendrimers easier to reduce, but the change in redox potential is much smaller for all dendrimers when compared to a non-dendritic analogue. This behavior is consistent with the idea that the dendrimers encapsulate the cluster to some degree, creating a hydrophobic microenvironment around the cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Box 8204, Raleigh, North Carolina 28795-8204, USA
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65
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Newkome
- Departments of Polymer Science and Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-4717, and Department of Chemistry, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio 44234
| | - Carol Shreiner
- Departments of Polymer Science and Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-4717, and Department of Chemistry, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio 44234
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66
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Chen YC, Ostafin A, Mizukami H. Synthesis and characterization of pH sensitive carboxySNARF-1 nanoreactors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:215503. [PMID: 20431200 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/21/215503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A rapid response dual wavelength emission pH sensor consisting of carboxySNARF-1 nanoreactors has been synthesized and shown to provide accurate pH measurements even in complex biological media, where the unprotected pH responsive dyes have failed. The carboxySNARF-1 nanoreactor is made of a calcium phosphate shell covering phosphatidylcholine liposomes filled with the dye. Its mean diameter is 150 nm with dynamic light scattering, the shell thickness is 5-7 nm with TEM, and it contains about 10 dyes/particle. The nanoreactor's response time to pH change nearly equals that of the dye in solution. Its pH titration curves at two different wavelengths are equivalent to those of the dye in solution and fluorescence intensity ratio dependent pH analysis is possible using the modified Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. However, the pH dependent fluorescence ratios of the dye in solution in the presence of plasma and albumin are distorted, and application of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is not possible. We have found that the distortions may be restored using cSNARF-1 nanoreactors and the pK(a) of the dye in the nanoreactor then equals that in solution. These results suggest that the interference to the dye for the pH analyses with the environmental molecules may be reduced or prohibited by usage of cSNARF-1 nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chi Chen
- Department of Materials Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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67
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New-generation biomedical materials: Peptide dendrimers and their application in biomedicine. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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68
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Boedigheimer H, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Porphyrin on a Half-Shell! Synthesis and Characterization of Corannulenoporphyrins. J Org Chem 2010; 75:2518-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902592u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Boedigheimer
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
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69
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Caminade AM, Hameau A, Majoral JP. Multicharged and/or water-soluble fluorescent dendrimers: properties and uses. Chemistry 2010; 15:9270-85. [PMID: 19718727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence of water-soluble dendritic compounds can be due to the whole structure or to fluorophores used as core, as peripheral groups, or as branches. Highly sophisticated precisely defined structures with other functional groups usable for material or biological purposes have been synthesised, but many recent examples have shown that dendrimers can be used as versatile platforms for statistically linking various types of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France.
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70
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Franc G, Badetti E, Duhayon C, Coppel Y, Turrin CO, Majoral JP, Sebastián RM, Caminade AM. An efficient synthesis combining phosphorus dendrimers and 15-membered triolefinic azamacrocycles: towards the stabilization of platinum nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9nj00568d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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71
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Mitsuno C, Momotake A, Shinohara Y, Takahashi K, Nagahata R, Nishimura Y, Arai T. Stilbene-cored poly(glutamate) dendrimers. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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72
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Rosen BM, Wilson CJ, Wilson DA, Peterca M, Imam MR, Percec V. Dendron-Mediated Self-Assembly, Disassembly, and Self-Organization of Complex Systems. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6275-540. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900157q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1066] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad M. Rosen
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Christopher J. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
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73
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Ma HL, Jin WJ, Xi L, Dong ZJ. Investigation on solvation and protonation of meso-tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin in imidazolium-based ionic liquids by spectroscopic methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 74:502-508. [PMID: 19648056 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The solvation and protonation of the meso-tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS) were investigated by spectroscopic methods in pure or mixed imidazolium-based ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium terafluoroborate ([MBIM]BF(4)), 1-butylimidazolium terafluoroborate ([HBIM]BF(4)), 1-butyl-imidazolium dodecylalkylbenzenesulfonate ([HBIM]DS), 1-butyl-imidazolium p-toluenesulfonate ([HBIM]TS) and 1-butyl-imidazolium methylsulfonate ([HBIM]MS). Compared with absorption properties of TPPS in aqueous solution, Soret band of TPPS monomer was obviously red-shifted in the ionic liquids, while special absorption of TPPS J-aggregates was located at higher energy level, 483 nm and 702 nm, in protonic ionic liquids (PILs) [HBIM]BF(4). Next, the protonation of TPPS in aprotonic ionic liquids (AILs, i.e., [MBIM]BF(4)) is dependent not only on the concentration of protonic ionic liquids as proton sources, but also on the characteristic of anion and viscosity of PILs. The proton transfer constants between TPPS and four protonic ionic liquids are (2.32 +/- 0.23) x 10(2) for [HBIM]BF(4), (1.52 +/- 0.08) x 10(2) for [HBIM]MS, (1.12 +/- 0.21) x 10(2) for [HBIM]DS and (0.84 +/- 0.45) x 10(2) for [HBIM]TS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li Ma
- Shanxi Vocational Poly-tech College, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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74
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shi Li
- ERATO-SORST “Nanospace Project”, Japan Science and Technology Agency, National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, 2-41 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, and Centre for NanoBio Integration, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- ERATO-SORST “Nanospace Project”, Japan Science and Technology Agency, National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, 2-41 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, and Centre for NanoBio Integration, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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75
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Maes
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium, Fax: +32‐16‐327990
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium, Fax: +32‐16‐327990
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76
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Kimura M, Nakano Y, Adachi N, Tatewaki Y, Shirai H, Kobayashi N. Intramolecular Axial Ligation of Zinc Porphyrin Cores with Triazole Links within Dendrimers. Chemistry 2009; 15:2617-24. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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77
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Leiding T, Górecki K, Kjellman T, Vinogradov SA, Hägerhäll C, Arsköld SP. Precise detection of pH inside large unilamellar vesicles using membrane-impermeable dendritic porphyrin-based nanoprobes. Anal Biochem 2009; 388:296-305. [PMID: 19248752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate real-time measurements of proton concentration gradients are pivotal to mechanistic studies of proton translocation by membrane-bound enzymes. Here we report a detailed characterization of the pH-sensitive fluorescent nanoprobe Glu(3), which is well suited for pH measurements in microcompartmentalized biological systems. The probe is a polyglutamic porphyrin dendrimer in which multiple carboxylate termini ensure its high water solubility and prevent its diffusion across phospholipid membranes. The probe's pK is in the physiological pH range, and its protonation can be followed ratiometrically by absorbance or fluorescence in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. The usefulness of the probe was enhanced by using a semiautomatic titration system coupled to a charge-coupled device (CCD) spectrometer, enabling fast and accurate titrations and full spectral coverage of the system at millisecond time resolution. The probe's pK was measured in bulk solutions as well as inside large unilamellar vesicles in the presence of physiologically relevant ions. Glu(3) was found to be completely membrane impermeable, and its distinct spectroscopic features permit pH measurements inside closed membrane vesicles, enabling quantitative mechanistic studies of membrane-spanning proteins. Performance of the probe was demonstrated by monitoring the rate of proton leakage through the phospholipid bilayer in large vesicles with and without the uncoupler gramicidin present. Overall, as a probe for biological proton translocation measurements, Glu(3) was found to be superior to the commercially available pH indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom Leiding
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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78
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Abstract
An imidazole moiety is often found as an integral part of fluorophores in a variety of fluorescent proteins and many such proteins display pH-dependent light emission. In contrast, synthetic fluorescent compounds with incorporated imidazoles are rare and have not been studied as pH probes. In this report, the richness of imidazole optical properties, including pH sensitivity, was demonstrated by means of a novel imidazole-based fluorophore 1H-imidazol-5-yl-vinylbenz[e]indolium. Three species corresponding to protonated, neutral, and deprotonated imidazoles were identified in the broad range of pH 1-12. The absorption and emission bands of each species were assigned by comparative spectral analysis with synthesized mono- and di-N-methylated fluorescent imidazole analogues. pK(a) analysis in the ground and the excited states showed photoacidic properties of the fluorescent imidazoles due to the excited state proton transfer (ESPT). This effect was negligible for substituted imidazoles. The assessment of a pH-sensitive center in the imidazole ring revealed the switching of the pH-sensitive centers from 1-N in the ground state to 3-N in the excited state. The effect was attributed to the unique kind of the excited state charge transfer (ESCT) resulting in a positive charge swapping between two nitrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y Berezin
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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79
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80
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81
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Uno H, Hashimoto M, Fujimoto A. Synthesis and Properties of Benzene-Fused Diporphyrins with Various Metals. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(f)55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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82
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Shi D, Sha Y, Wang F, Tian Q. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Poly(ester−amine) Dendrimers with Focal 4-Amino-N-benzylphthalimide, as Sensitive Media Probes and Switchable Proton Sensors. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8008228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yaowu Sha
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qingyong Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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83
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Lebedev AY, Filatov MA, Cheprakov AV, Vinogradov SA. Effects of structural deformations on optical properties of tetrabenzoporphyrins: free-bases and Pd complexes. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:7723-33. [PMID: 18665576 PMCID: PMC2678055 DOI: 10.1021/jp8043626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A recently developed method of synthesis of pi-extended porphyrins made it possible to prepare a series of tetrabenzoporphyrins (TBP) with different numbers of meso-aryl substituents. The photophysical parameters of free-bases and Pd complexes of meso-unsubstituted TBP's, 5,15-diaryl-TBP's (Ar2TBP's) and 5,10,15,20-tetraaryl-TBP's (Ar4TBP's) were measured. For comparison, similarly meso-arylsubstituted porphyrins fused with nonaromatic cyclohexeno-rings, i.e. Ar(n)-tetracyclohexenoporphyrins (Ar(n)TCHP's, n = 0, 2, 4), were also synthesized and studied. Structural information was obtained by ab initio (DFT) calculations and X-ray crystallography. It was found that: 1) Free-base Ar4TBP's are strongly distorted out-of-plane (saddled), possess broadened, red-shifted spectra, short excited-state lifetimes and low fluorescence quantum yields (tau(fl) = 2-3 ns, phi(fl) = 0.02-0.03). These features are characteristic of other nonplanar free-base porphyrins, including Ar4TCHP's. 2) Ar2TBP free-bases possess completely planar geometries, although with significant in-plane deformations. These deformations have practically no effect on the singlet excited-state properties of Ar2TBP's as compared to planar meso-unsubstituted TBP's. Both types of porphyrins retain strong fluorescence (tau(fl) = 10-12 ns, phi(fl) = 0.3-0.4), and their radiative rate constants (k(r)) are 3-4 times higher than those of planar H2TCHP's. 3) Nonplanar deformations dramatically enhance nonradiative decay of triplet states of regular Pd porphyrins. For example, planar PdTCHP phosphoresces with high quantum yield (phi(phos) = 0.45, tau(phos) = 1118 micros), while saddled PdPh4TCHP is practically nonemissive. In contrast, both ruffled and saddled PdAr(n)TBP's retain strong phosphorescence at ambient temperatures (PdPh2TBP: tau(phos) = 496 micros, phi(phos) = 0.15; PdPh4TBP: tau(phos) = 258 micros, phi(phos) = 0.08). It appears that pi-extension is capable of counterbalancing deleterious effects of nonplanar deformations on triplet emissivity of Pd porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Y. Lebedev
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UniVersity of PennsylVania, Philadelphia, PennsylVania 19104
| | | | | | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UniVersity of PennsylVania, Philadelphia, PennsylVania 19104
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84
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Filatov MA, Lebedev AY, Vinogradov SA, Cheprakov AV. Synthesis of 5,15-diaryltetrabenzoporphyrins. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4175-85. [PMID: 18452337 PMCID: PMC2491715 DOI: 10.1021/jo800509k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A general method of synthesis of 5,15-diaryltetrabenzoporphyrins (Ar 2TBPs) has been developed, based on 2 + 2 condensation of dipyrromethanes followed by oxidative aromatization. Two pathways to Ar 2TBPs were investigated: the tetrahydroisoindole pathway and the dihydroisoindole pathway. In the tetrahydroisoindole pathway, precursor 5,15-diaryltetracyclohexenoporphyrins (5,15-Ar 2TCHPs) were assembled from cyclohexeno-fused meso-unsubstituted dipyrromethanes and aromatic aldehydes or, alternatively, by way of the classical MacDonald synthesis. In the first case, scrambling was observed. Aromatization by tetracyclone was more effective than aromatization by DDQ but failed in the cases of porphyrins with electron-withdrawing substituents in the meso-aryl rings. The dihydroisoindole pathway was found to be much superior to the tetrahydroisoindole pathway, and it was developed into a general preparative method, consisting of (1) the synthesis of 4,7-dihydroisoindole and its transformation into meso-unsubstituted dipyrromethanes, (2) the synthesis of 5,15-diaryloctahydrotetrabenzoporphyrins (5,15-Ar 2OHTBPs), and (3) their subsequent aromatization by DDQ. Ar 2TBP free bases exhibit optical absorption spectra similar to those of meso-unsubstituted tetrabenzoporphyrins and fluoresce with high quantum yields. Pd complex of Ph 2TBP was found to be highly phosphorescent at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
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85
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86
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Ono N. Barton-Zard Pyrrole Synthesis and Its Application to Synthesis of Porphyrins, Polypyrroles, and Dipyrromethene Dyes. HETEROCYCLES 2008. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-07-622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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87
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Almutairi A, Guillaudeu SJ, Berezin MY, Achilefu S, Fréchet JMJ. Biodegradable pH-Sensing Dendritic Nanoprobes for Near-Infrared Fluorescence Lifetime and Intensity Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 130:444-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja078147e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adah Almutairi
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Steven J. Guillaudeu
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Mikhail Y. Berezin
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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88
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Kaucher MS, Peterca M, Dulcey AE, Kim AJ, Vinogradov SA, Hammer DA, Heiney PA, Percec V. Selective Transport of Water Mediated by Porous Dendritic Dipeptides. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:11698-9. [PMID: 17784763 DOI: 10.1021/ja076066c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Kaucher
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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89
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Vemparala S, Ivanov I, Pophristic V, Spiegel K, Klein ML. Ab initio calculations of intramolecular parameters for a class of arylamide polymers. J Comput Chem 2007; 27:693-700. [PMID: 16634095 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Using DFT methods, we have determined intramolecular parameters for an important class of arylamide polymers displaying antimicrobial and anticoagulant inhibitory properties. A strong link has been established between these functions and the conformation that the polymers adopt in solution and at lipid bilayer interfaces. Thus, it is imperative for molecular dynamics simulations designed to probe the conformational behavior of these systems to accurately describe the torsional degrees of freedom. Standard force fields were shown to be deficient in this respect. Therefore, we have computed the relevant torsional energy profiles using a series of constrained geometry optimizations. We have also determined electrostatic parameters using our results in combination with standard RESP charge optimization. Force constants for bond and angle potentials were calculated by iteratively matching quantum and classical normal modes via a Monte Carlo scheme. The resulting new set of parameters accurately described the conformation and dynamical behavior of the arylamide polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyavani Vemparala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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90
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Filatov MA, Cheprakov AV, Beletskaya IP. A Facile and Reliable Method for the Synthesis of Tetrabenzoporphyrin from 4,7-Dihydroisoindole. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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91
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Liu C, Shen DM, Zeng Z, Guo CC, Chen QY. C−F Bond Activation by Modified Sulfinatodehalogenation: Facile Synthesis and Properties of Novel Tetrafluorobenzoporphyrins by Direct Intramolecular Cyclization and Reductive Defluorinative Aromatization of Readily Available β-Perfluoroalkylated Porphyrins. J Org Chem 2006; 71:9772-83. [PMID: 17168596 DOI: 10.1021/jo061743r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A facile and efficient synthesis of various novel fluorinated extended porphyrins has been developed. The method is based on the direct intramolecular cyclization and reductive defluorinative aromatization of readily available beta-perfluoroalkylated porphyrins by highly selective C-F bond activation under modified sulfinatodehalogenation reaction conditions. Various beta-(omega-chloroperfluoroalkyl)-meso-tetraphenylporphyrins prepared readily by sulfinatodehalogenation reaction or palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction were treated with Na2S2O4/K2CO3 (10:10 equiv per RF tail) in DMSO at 100 degrees C for 10-30 min, resulting in good yields of novel beta-tetrafluorobenzo-meso-tetraphenylporphyrins. That further reduction of C-F bonds of the products was not observed under the optimal conditions indicates the high selectivity of the reaction. It was found that the amount of sodium dithionite, base, and central metal ion of substrate porphyrins play important roles in the reaction. Detailed mechanism investigations and systematic studies on X-ray crystallographic structure and photophysical and electrochemical properties of a series of new tetrafluorobenzoporphyrins are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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92
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Tolosa J, Díez-Barra E, Sánchez-Verdú P, Rodríguez-López J. Unsymmetrically substituted four-armed tolanes: new multichromophoric molecules. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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93
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Fujii Y, Tsukahara Y, Wada Y. pH-Dependent Reversible Switching of Fluorescence of Water-Soluble Porphyrin Adsorbed on Mesoporous TiO2Film. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2006. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.79.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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94
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Kepczyński M, Nawalany K, Jachimska B, Romek M, Nowakowska M. Pegylated tetraarylporphyrin entrapped in liposomal membranes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006; 49:22-30. [PMID: 16580183 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A system of poly(ethylene glycol) bound tetraarylporphyrin entrapped in liposomal membranes was investigated. The interactions between the 5-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl)-10,15,20-tritolylporphyrin (Po) covalently attached to the poly(ethylene glycol) chain (PEG-Po), and phosphatidylcholine liposomes in the aqueous solution were studied. The adsorption of the investigated polymer to lipid vesicles was confirmed by measurements of dynamic light scattering and zeta potential. Experimental results demonstrate that the diameter of liposomes increased and the absolute value of the zeta potential decreased after addition of PEG-Po. The binding constants (K(b)) of Po chromophores to liposome in pH range from 5.2 to 9.0 were determined using fluorescence spectroscopy. The degree of binding was found to be pH-independent and the average value was 24.6 +/- 0.9 mg ml(-1). The acid-base properties of the porphyrin chromophores and their aggregation in an aqueous solution were also studied. pK values associated with imine-N protonation of the porphyrin core were found to be 2.59 and 0.68 at the ionic strength of 0.1 M. The equilibrium constant for dimerization, K(D), was found to be 5 x 10(3) M(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kepczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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95
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] Soluble arylamide dendrons with flexible linkers, peripheral ester or carboxyl groups (R), and focal amino or halogen functionalities (F) were synthesized from aryl glycineamide (AG) building blocks. The AG blocks were prepared in high yields from trivial starting materials by Fischer's haloacyl halide method, which also could be extended to the dendrimer synthesis itself. The G2 AG dendrons were coupled to a Pd porphyrin core, demonstrating outstanding encapsulation efficiency in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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96
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Dichtel WR, Baek KY, Fréchet JMJ, Rietveld IB, Vinogradov SA. Amphiphilic diblock star polymer catalysts via atom transfer radical polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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97
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Finikova OS, Cheprakov AV, Vinogradov SA. Synthesis and luminescence of soluble meso-unsubstituted tetrabenzo- and tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrins. J Org Chem 2005; 70:9562-72. [PMID: 16268634 PMCID: PMC2440654 DOI: 10.1021/jo051580r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
[Structure: see text]. Syntheses of soluble tetrabenzoporphyrins (TBP) and tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrins (TNP), with multiple substituents in the conjugated aromatic rings but bearing no substituents in the meso-positions, is reported. Both types of porphyrins were obtained by direct aromatization of precursor porphyrins, annealed with either cyclohexene or dihydronaphthalene fragments. TBPs and TNPs possess powerful absorption bands in the near-infrared (lambda = 610-710 nm, epsilon = 100,000-300,000 M(-1) cm(-1)) and exhibit strong luminescence. Free bases and Zn complexes fluoresce with quantum yields of up to 50%, whereas Pd and Pt complexes phosphoresce in solutions at ambient temperatures. Remarkably, the phosphorescence quantum yields of Pd and Pt TBPs reach as high as 20-50%, which places them among the brightest near-infrared phosphors known to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Finikova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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98
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Leclaire J, Dagiral R, Fery-Forgues S, Coppel Y, Donnadieu B, Caminade AM, Majoral JP. Octasubstituted Metal-Free Phthalocyanine as Core of Phosphorus Dendrimers: A Probe for the Properties of the Internal Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:15762-70. [PMID: 16277519 DOI: 10.1021/ja054797b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new family of phosphorus dendrimers built from an octasubstituted metal-free phthalocyanine core is described up to generation 5. This core is used as a sensor and a probe for analyzing the properties of the internal structure and the influence of each structural part (core, branches, surface) upon the whole structure. UV-visible spectra show both a hyperchromic and bathochromic effect on the Q-bands with increasing generation, indicating that the chromophore is more isolated, and that the dendritic shell mimics a highly polar solvent. There is no evidence for aggregation, except for generation 0, showing again the isolation of the core. However, the dendritic shell is permeable to aqueous acids and bases, as demonstrated by the reversible splitting of the Q-band in an acidic medium (neutral form of the phthalocyanine) and the single Q-band in a basic medium (dianionic form), even for generation 4. The fluorescence quantum yield for the neutral form increases with increasing generation. The dianionic form of generation 0 is poorly fluorescent, whereas generations 3 and 4 (G3 and G4) exhibit better fluorescence. The cores of G3 and G4 are highly sensitive optical sensors for H3O+ and OH-. These experiments are carried out in THF/water mixtures, and the influence of water on the structure has been checked. The hydrodynamic radius of generation 4 is measured by NMR diffusion (pulse gradient spin-echo) experiments. R(H) varies from 35.4 A at 4 mol % of water to 32.5 A at 64 mol % of water in THF, indicating the hydrophobic nature of these dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Leclaire
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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99
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Senge MO. Exercises in molecular gymnastics--bending, stretching and twisting porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:243-56. [PMID: 16391725 DOI: 10.1039/b511389j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The functional versatility of tetrapyrroles as natural cofactors is related to their conformational flexibility where manipulation of the macrocycle conformation allows a fine-tuning of their physicochemical properties. This feature article gives a personal account of the synthesis and solid state structural characterization of highly substituted, non-planar porphyrins. Their conformational analysis identifies sterically strained tetrapyrroles as a versatile class of biomimetic compounds with tailor-made properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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100
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Briñas RP, Troxler T, Hochstrasser RM, Vinogradov SA. Phosphorescent oxygen sensor with dendritic protection and two-photon absorbing antenna. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:11851-62. [PMID: 16104764 PMCID: PMC2441878 DOI: 10.1021/ja052947c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Imaging oxygen in 3D with submicron spatial resolution can be made possible by combining phosphorescence quenching technique with multiphoton laser scanning microscopy. Because Pt and Pd porphyrin-based phosphorescent dyes, traditionally used as phosphors in biological oxygen measurements, exhibit extremely low two-photon absorption (2PA) cross-sections, we designed a nanosensor for oxygen, in which a 2P absorbing antenna is coupled to a metalloporphyrin core via intramolecular energy transfer (ET) with the purpose of amplifying the 2PA induced phosphorescence of the metalloporphyrin. The central component of the device is a polyfunctionalized Pt porphyrin, whose triplet state emission at ambient temperatures is strong, occurs in the near infrared and is sensitive to O2. The 2PA chromophores are chosen in such a way that their absorption is maximal in the near infrared (NIR) window of tissue (e.g., 700-900 nm), while their fluorescence is overlapped with the absorption band(s) of the core metalloporphyrin, ensuring an efficient antenna-core resonance ET. The metalloporphyrin-antenna construct is embedded inside the protecting dendritic jacket, which isolates the core from interactions with biological macromolecules, controls diffusion of oxygen and makes the entire sensor water-soluble. Several Pt porphyrin-coumarin based sensors were synthesized and their photophyics studied to evaluate the proposed design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Briñas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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