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A mesoporous silica nanoparticle--PEI--fusogenic peptide system for siRNA delivery in cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2012; 34:1391-401. [PMID: 23164421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is widely regarded as a promising technology for disease treatment, yet one major obstacle for its clinical application is the lack of efficient siRNA delivery vehicles. In this study, we described a magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (M-MSNs)-based, polyelectrolyte (polyethylenimine, PEI) and fusogenic peptide (KALA)-functionalized siRNA delivery system (denoted as M-MSN_siRNA@PEI-KALA), which was highly effective for initiating target gene silencing both in vitro and in vivo. The construction of this delivery system began with the encapsulation of siRNA within the mesopores of M-MSNs, followed by the coating of PEI on the external surface of siRNA-loaded M-MSNs and the chemical conjugation of KALA peptides. The as-prepared delivery vehicles, with notable siRNA protective effect and negligible cytotoxicity, could be easily internalized into cells, readily escape from the endolysosomes and release the loaded siRNA into the cytoplasm. As a result, the knockdown of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in tumor cells were observed, both with excellent RNAi efficiencies. In the following in vivo experiments, the intratumoral injection of M-MSN_VEGF siRNA@PEI-KALA significantly inhibited the tumor growth, possibly by the suppression of neovascularization in tumors. To sum up, we have established a highly effective MSNs-based delivery system, which has great potential to serve as therapeutic siRNA formulation for cancer treatment.
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52
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Namgung R, Kim WJ. A highly entangled polymeric nanoconstruct assembled by siRNA and its reduction-triggered siRNA release for gene silencing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3209-3219. [PMID: 22961919 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A nanoconstruct (NC) is developed from a biocompatible natural polymer and siRNA conjugates to deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) target-specifically without cationic condensation reagents. This study reports a novel siRNA-mediated cross-linked NC produced by hybridizing two complementary single-stranded siRNAs that are conjugated to the polymer dextran via a disulfide linkage. The reducible disulfide bond between the siRNA and polymer allow siRNA release from the NC in the reducible cytoplasmic region after the NC enters the cell. In addition, when the NC contains the prostate-carcinoma-binding peptide aptamer DUP-1, it can selectively deliver siRNA into prostate cancer cells of the PC-3 lines; thus, the newly formulated NC has reduced the cytotoxicity and improved the efficacy of target-specific siRNA delivery. Moreover, this new concept of NCs using biocompatible siRNA and a neutral polymer may provide insightful knowledge for future directions for designing NCs for stimuli-responsive and advanced target-specific siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Namgung
- Department of Chemistry, BK School of Molecular Science, Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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53
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Ojea-Jiménez I, Tort O, Lorenzo J, Puntes VF. Engineered nonviral nanocarriers for intracellular gene delivery applications. Biomed Mater 2012; 7:054106. [PMID: 22972254 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/7/5/054106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The efficient delivery of nucleic acids into mammalian cells is a central aspect of cell biology and of medical applications, including cancer therapy and tissue engineering. Non-viral chemical methods have been received with great interest for transfecting cells. However, further development of nanocarriers that are biocompatible, efficient and suitable for clinical applications is still required. In this paper, the different material platforms for gene delivery are comparatively addressed, and the mechanisms of interaction with biological systems are discussed carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ojea-Jiménez
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, UAB Campus, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain.
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54
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Kim JH, Noh YW, Heo MB, Cho MY, Lim YT. Multifunctional hybrid nanoconjugates for efficient in vivo delivery of immunomodulating oligonucleotides and enhanced antitumor immunity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9670-3. [PMID: 22915476 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Graduate School and Department of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Kim JH, Noh YW, Heo MB, Cho MY, Lim YT. Multifunctional Hybrid Nanoconjugates for Efficient In Vivo Delivery of Immunomodulating Oligonucleotides and Enhanced Antitumor Immunity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Cystamine-terminated poly(beta-amino ester)s for siRNA delivery to human mesenchymal stem cells and enhancement of osteogenic differentiation. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8142-51. [PMID: 22871421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) differentiation via RNA interference (RNAi) could provide an effective way of controlling cell fate for tissue engineering, but a safe and effective delivery vehicle must first be developed. Here, we evaluated an array of synthetic end-modified poly(beta-amino ester) (PBAE)-based nanoparticles to optimize siRNA delivery into hMSCs. In general, cystamine-terminated polymers caused the most knockdown, with the best polymer achieving 91% knockdown 20 days post-transfection. Binding studies revealed that the cystamine-terminated polymer bound siRNA tightly at lower weight ratios of polymer to siRNA but then efficiently released siRNA upon exposure to a reducing environment, suggesting that this class of PBAEs can form tight initial interactions with its cargo and then cause efficient, environmentally-triggered release in the cytoplasm. Finally, we tested a functional application of this system by transfecting hMSCs with siRNA against an inhibitor of osteogenesis, B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-like protein 2 (BCL2L2). This resulted in enhanced osteogenesis over 4 weeks as evidenced by Alizarin Red S staining and calcium quantification. The bioreducible PBAE/siRNA nanoparticles developed here can provide a means of safe and effective control of hMSC differentiation for a wide variety of applications.
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57
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Law WC, Mahajan SD, Kopwitthaya A, Reynolds JL, Liu M, Liu X, Chen G, Erogbogbo F, Vathy L, Aalinkeel R, Schwartz SA, Yong KT, Prasad PN. Gene Silencing of Human Neuronal Cells for Drug Addiction Therapy using Anisotropic Nanocrystals. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:695-704. [PMID: 22896771 PMCID: PMC3418925 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Theranostic platform integrating diagnostic imaging and therapeutic function into a single system has become a new direction of nanoparticle research. In the process of treatment, therapeutic efficacy is monitored. The use of theranostic nanoparticle can add an additional "layer" to keep track on the therapeutic agent such as the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. In this report, we have developed quantum rod (QR) based formulations for the delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to human neuronal cells. PEGlyated QRs with different surface functional groups (amine and maleimide) were designed for selectively down-regulating the dopaminergic signaling pathway which is associated with the drug abuse behavior. We have demonstrated that the DARPP-32 siRNAs were successfully delivered to dopaminergic neuronal (DAN) cells which led to drastic knockdown of specific gene expression by both the electrostatic and covalent bond conjugation regimes. The PEGlyated surface offered high biocompatibilities and negligible cytotoxicities to the QR formulations that may facilitate the in vivo applications of these nanoparticles.
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58
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Son S, Namgung R, Kim J, Singha K, Kim WJ. Bioreducible polymers for gene silencing and delivery. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1100-12. [PMID: 22129162 DOI: 10.1021/ar200248u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric gene delivery vectors show great potential for the construction of the ideal gene delivery system. These systems harness their ability to incorporate versatile functional traits to overcome most impediments encountered in gene delivery: from the initial complexation to their target-specific release of the therapeutic nucleic acids at the cytosol. Among the numerous multifunctional polymers that have been designed and evaluated as gene delivery vectors, polymers with redox-sensitive (or bioreducible) functional domains have gained great attention in terms of their structural and functional traits. The redox environment plays a pivotal role in sustaining cellular homeostasis and natural redox potential gradients exist between extra- and intracellular space and between the exterior and interior of subcellular organelles. In some cases, researchers have designed the polymeric delivery vectors to exploit these gradients. For example, researchers have taken advantage of the high redox potential gradient between oxidizing extracellular space and the reducing environment of cytosolic compartments by integrating disulfide bonds into the polymer structure. Such polymers retain their cargo in the extracellular space but selectively release the therapeutic nucleic acids in the reducing space within the cytosol. Furthermore, bioreducible polymers form stable complex with nucleic acids, and researchers can fabricate these structures to impart several important features such as site-, timing-, and duration period-specific gene expression. Additionally, the introduction of disulfide bonds within these polymers promotes their biodegradability and limits their cytotoxicity. Many approaches have demonstrated the versatility of bioreducible gene delivery, but the underlying biological rationale of these systems remains poorly understood. The process of disulfide reduction depends on multiple variables in the cellular redox environment. Therefore, the quest to unravel various issues such as the site and time of disulfide bond reduction during the cellular uptake and trafficking have stimulated a number of interesting studies which have employed disulfide compounds with a variety of reducible linkers. Such studies help researchers understand not only how modifications made to disulfides can alter their thiol-disulfide exchange characteristics but also to decipher the effect of the induced changes on the dynamics of the redox environment. This Account discusses current research trends and recent progress in the disulfide chemistry enabling novel and versatile designs of reducible polymeric gene delivery systems. We present strategies for the introduction of disulfide bonds into polymers. These representative examples and their respective outcomes elaborate the benefit and efficiency of disulfides at the individual stages of gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejin Son
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Ran Namgung
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Kaushik Singha
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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59
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Loakes D. Nucleotides and nucleic acids; oligo- and polynucleotides. ORGANOPHOSPHORUS CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734875-00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Loakes
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 2QH UK
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60
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Ornelas-Megiatto C, Wich PR, Fréchet JMJ. Polyphosphonium polymers for siRNA delivery: an efficient and nontoxic alternative to polyammonium carriers. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1902-5. [PMID: 22239619 DOI: 10.1021/ja207366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble polyphosphonium polymer was synthesized and directly compared with its ammonium analog in terms of siRNA delivery. The triethylphosphonium polymer shows transfection efficiency up to 65% with 100% cell viability, whereas the best result obtained for the ammonium analog reaches only 25% transfection with 85% cell viability. Moreover, the nature of the alkyl substituents on the phosphonium cations is shown to have an important influence on the transfection efficiency and toxicity of the polyplexes. The present results show that the use of positively charged phosphonium groups is a worthy choice to achieve a good balance between toxicity and transfection efficiency in gene delivery systems.
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61
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Tzeng SY, Yang PH, Grayson WL, Green JJ. Synthetic poly(ester amine) and poly(amido amine) nanoparticles for efficient DNA and siRNA delivery to human endothelial cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:3309-22. [PMID: 22228998 PMCID: PMC3252678 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s27269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable poly(ester amine) (PEA)-based and poly(amido amine) (PAA)-based nanoparticles were developed for efficient in vitro siRNA delivery to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). They were screened, characterized, and compared with traditionally studied DNA-containing particles. Several of the polymeric nanoparticles tested were found to be effective for delivering functional siRNA to green fluorescent protein (GFP) + HUVECs, achieving 60%–75% GFP knockdown while maintaining high viability. While PEAs have been used previously to form polyplexes or nanoparticles for DNA delivery, highly effective siRNA delivery in hard-to-transfect human cell types has not been previously reported. PEAs and linear nondendrimeric PAAs were also found to be effective for DNA delivery to HUVECs using GFP-encoding plasmid DNA (up to 50%–60% transfection efficiency). PEAs and PAAs can be separated into groups that form polymeric nanoparticles effective for siRNA delivery, for DNA delivery, or for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany Y Tzeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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62
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Hao L, Patel PC, Alhasan AH, Giljohann DA, Mirkin CA. Nucleic acid-gold nanoparticle conjugates as mimics of microRNA. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:3158-62. [PMID: 21922667 PMCID: PMC3681955 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel conjugates of gold nanoparticles (13±1nm) functionalized with synthetic microRNAs can enter cells without the aid of cationic co-carriers and mimic the function of endogenous microRNAs. These conjugates can regulate multiple proteins through interactions with 3′ untranslated region of the target mRNA and control cell behavior. The conjugates are a promising new tool for studying miRNA function and new candidates for miRNA replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Hao
- Interdepartmental Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Pinal C. Patel
- Interdepartmental Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Ali H. Alhasan
- Interdepartmental Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - David A. Giljohann
- Interdepartmental Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
- Corresponding-Author: Prof. Chad A. Mirkin, Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA,
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64
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Shiohara A, Prabakar S, Faramus A, Hsu CY, Lai PS, Northcote PT, Tilley RD. Sized controlled synthesis, purification, and cell studies with silicon quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:3364-3370. [PMID: 21727983 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10458f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the size control synthesis of silicon quantum dots with simple microemulsion techniques. The silicon nanocrystals are small enough to be in the strong confinement regime and photoluminesce in the blue region of the visible spectrum and the emission can be tuned by changing the nanocrystal size. The silicon quantum dots were capped with allylamine either a platinum catalyst or UV-radiation. An extensive purification protocol is reported and assessed using (1)H NMR to produce ultra pure silicon quantum dots suitable for biological studies. The highly pure quantum dots were used in cellular uptake experiments and monitored using confocal microscopy. The results showed that the amine terminated silicon nanocrystals accumulated in lysosome but not in nuclei and could be used as bio-markers to monitor cancer cells over long timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amane Shiohara
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, MacDiarmid Institute of Advance Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, P. O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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Patel PC, Hao L, Yeung WSA, Mirkin CA. Duplex end breathing determines serum stability and intracellular potency of siRNA-Au NPs. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1285-91. [PMID: 21630673 PMCID: PMC3200553 DOI: 10.1021/mp200084y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural requirements of siRNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles (siRNA-Au NPs) for Dicer recognition and serum stability were studied. We show that the 3' overhang on the nucleic acids of these particles is preferentially recognized by Dicer but also makes the siRNA duplexes more susceptible to nonspecific serum degradation. Dicer and serum nucleases show lower preference for blunt duplexes as opposed to those with 3' overhangs. Importantly, gold nanoparticles functionalized with blunt duplexes with relatively less thermal breathing are up to 15 times more stable against serum degradation without compromising Dicer recognition. This increased stability leads to a 300% increase in cellular uptake of siRNA-Au NPs and improved gene knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinal C. Patel
- Interdepartmental Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Liangliang Hao
- Interdepartmental Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Weng Si Au Yeung
- Interdepartmental Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA
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Zhang L, Fischer W, Pippel E, Hause G, Brandsch M, Knez M. Receptor-mediated cellular uptake of nanoparticles: a switchable delivery system. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1538-1541. [PMID: 21538872 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianbing Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, Germany.
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67
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Veiseh O, Kievit FM, Mok H, Ayesh J, Clark C, Fang C, Leung M, Arami H, Park JO, Zhang M. Cell transcytosing poly-arginine coated magnetic nanovector for safe and effective siRNA delivery. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5717-25. [PMID: 21570721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lack of safe and effective carriers for delivery of RNA therapeutics remains a barrier to its broad clinical application. We report the development of a cell tanscytosing magnetic nanovector engineered as an siRNA carrier. Iron oxide nanoparticles were modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and a cationic polymer layer. Three nanovector formulations with cationic polymer coatings of poly-arginine (pArg), polylysine (pLys), and polyethylenimine (PEI), respectively, were prepared. The three nanovector formulations where evaluated for safety and ability to promote gene silencing in three types of cancer cells C6/GFP(+), MCF7/GFP(+), and TC2/GFP(+), mimicking human cancers of the brain, breast, and prostate, respectively. Cell viability and fluorescence quantification assays revealed that pArg-coated nanovectors were most effective in promoting gene knockdown and least toxic of the three nanovector formulations tested. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of nanovector treated cells further demonstrated that pArg-coated nanovectors enter cells through cell transcytosis, while pLys and PEI coated nanovectors enter cells endocytosis. Our findings suggest that NPs engineered to exploit the cell transcytosis intracellular trafficking pathway may offer a more safe and efficient route for siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Veiseh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, 302L Roberts Hall, Box 352120, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Tan SJ, Kiatwuthinon P, Roh YH, Kahn JS, Luo D. Engineering Nanocarriers for siRNA Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:841-856. [PMID: 21374801 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of RNA interference has revitalized the long ongoing pursuit of gene therapy for the treatment of diseases. Nevertheless, despite promising results from experimental studies, there remains a pressing need for the development of nanocarriers that are clinically-relevant, biocompatible, efficient, and that can be tailored to specific disease targets. This review surveys the broad spectrum of nanomaterials and their functional add-ons, and aims to provide a guide towards engineering nanocarriers for effective siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J Tan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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69
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of RNA interference technology has been researched extensively in recent years. However, the development of clinically suitable, safe and effective drug delivery vehicles is still required. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the recent advances of non-viral delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) by nanoparticles, including biodegradable nanoparticles, liposomes, polyplex, lipoplex and dendrimers. The characteristics, composition, preparation, applications and advantages of different nanoparticle delivery strategies are also discussed in detail, along with the recent progress of non-viral nanoparticle carrier systems for siRNA delivery in preclinical and clinical studies. EXPERT OPINION Non-viral carrier systems, especially nanoparticles, have been investigated extensively for siRNA delivery, and may be utilized in clinical applications in the future. So far, a few preliminary clinical trials of nanoparticles have produced promising results. However, further research is still required to pave the way to successful clinical applications. The most important issues that need to be focused on include encapsulation efficiency, formulation stability of siRNA, degradation in circulation, endosomal escape and delivery efficiency, targeting, toxicity and off-target effects. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetic studies also present another great challenge for nanoparticle delivery systems, owing to the unique nature of siRNA oligonucleotides compared with small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yuan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11201-5497, USA.
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Jeong S, Choi SY, Park J, Seo JH, Park J, Cho K, Joo SW, Lee SY. Low-toxicity chitosan gold nanoparticles for small hairpin RNA delivery in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11913c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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