51
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Klukovich HM, Kean ZS, Ramirez ALB, Lenhardt JM, Lin J, Hu X, Craig SL. Tension Trapping of Carbonyl Ylides Facilitated by a Change in Polymer Backbone. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9577-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302996n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hope M. Klukovich
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zachary S. Kean
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Jeremy M. Lenhardt
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jiaxing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Xiangqian Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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52
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Wiggins KM, Brantley JN, Bielawski CW. Polymer Mechanochemistry: Force Enabled Transformations. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:623-626. [PMID: 35607074 DOI: 10.1021/mz300167y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this viewpoint, we highlight the ability of mechanical force to overcome the limitations associated with using thermal or photochemical stimuli to facilitate chemical transformations. Emphasis will be directed toward examples of new chemical reactions that are accessed through externally applied mechanical forces, as these are illustrative of the emerging concept of using polymer chemistry to drive the synthesis of small molecules. In parallel, we offer perspectives on the potential applications of polymer mechanochemistry in the development of novel synthetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Wiggins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University
Station A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Johnathan N. Brantley
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University
Station A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University
Station A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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53
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Jakobs RTM, Sijbesma RP. Mechanical Activation of a Latent Olefin Metathesis Catalyst and Persistence of its Active Species in ROMP. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300161z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. M. Jakobs
- Laboratory for Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory for Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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54
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55
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Beiermann BA, Kramer SL, Moore JS, White SR, Sottos NR. Role of Mechanophore Orientation in Mechanochemical Reactions. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:163-166. [PMID: 35578495 DOI: 10.1021/mz2000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The orientation of force-sensitive chemical species (mechanophores) in bulk polymers was measured via the anisotropy of fluorescence polarization. Orientation measurements were utilized to investigate the role of mechanophore alignment on mechanically driven chemical reactions. The mechanophore, spiropyran (SP), was covalently bonded into the backbone of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymers. Under UV light or tensile force, SP reacts to a merocyanine (MC) form, which exhibits a strong fluorescence, polarized roughly across the long axis of the MC subspecies. An order parameter was calculated, based on the anisotropy of fluorescence polarization, to characterize the orientation of the MC subspecies relative to tensile force. For UV-activated SP-linked PMA samples, the order parameter increased with applied strain, up to an order parameter of approximately 0.5. Significantly higher order parameters were obtained for mechanically activated SP-linked PMA samples, indicating preferential mechanochemical activation of species oriented in the tensile direction. The anisotropy of fluorescence polarization in SP-linked PMMA also provided insight on polymer drawing and polymer relaxation at failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. Beiermann
- Department
of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana,
Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Matthews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sharlotte L.B. Kramer
- Department
of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana,
Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Matthews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Matthews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 505 S. Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott R. White
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Matthews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace
Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 104 S. Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Department
of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana,
Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Matthews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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56
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Black Ramirez AL, Ogle JW, Schmitt AL, Lenhardt JM, Cashion MP, Mahanthappa MK, Craig SL. Microstructure of Copolymers Formed by the Reagentless, Mechanochemical Remodeling of Homopolymers via Pulsed Ultrasound. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:23-27. [PMID: 35578474 DOI: 10.1021/mz200005u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The high shear forces generated during the pulsed ultrasound of dilute polymer solutions lead to large tensile forces that are focused near the center of the polymer chain, but quantitative experimental evidence regarding the force distribution is rare. Here, pulsed ultrasound of quantitatively geminal-dihalocyclopropanated (gDHC) polybutadiene provides insights into the distribution. Pulsed ultrasound leads to the mechanochemical ring-opening of the gDHC mechanophore to a 2,3-dihaloalkene. The alkene product is then degraded through ozonolysis to leave behind only those stretches of the polymer that have not experienced large enough forces to be activated. Microstructural and molecular weight analysis reveals that the activated and unactivated regions of the polymer are continuous, indicating a smooth and monotonic force distribution from the midchain peak toward the polymer ends. When coupled to chain scission, the net process constitutes the rapid, specific, and reagentless conversion of a single homopolymer into block copolymers. Despite their compositional polydispersity, the sonicated polymers assemble into ordered lamellar phases that are characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Black Ramirez
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - James W. Ogle
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Andrew L. Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue,
Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Lenhardt
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Matthew P. Cashion
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Mahesh K. Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue,
Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
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57
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Ariga K, Mori T, Hill JP. Mechanical control of nanomaterials and nanosystems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:158-76. [PMID: 21953700 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In situations of power outage or shortage, such as periods just following a seismic disaster, the only reliable power source available is the most fundamental of forces i.e., manual mechanical stimuli. Although there are many macroscopic mechanical tools, mechanical control of nanomaterials and nanosystems has not been an easy subject to develop even by using advanced nanotechnological concepts. However, this challenge has now become a hot topic and many new ideas and strategies have been proposed recently. This report summarizes recent research examples of mechanical control of nanomaterials and nanosystems. Creation of macroscopic mechanical outputs by efficient accumulation of molecular-level phenomena is first briefly introduced. We will then introduce the main subject: control of molecular systems by macroscopic mechanical stimuli. The research described is categorized according to the respective areas of mechanical control of molecular structure, molecular orientation, molecular interaction including cleavage and healing, and biological and micron-level phenomena. Finally, we will introduce two more advanced approaches, namely, mechanical strategies for microdevice fabrication and mechanical control of molecular machines. As mechanical forces are much more reliable and widely applicable than other stimuli, we believe that development of mechanically responsive nanomaterials and nanosystems will make a significant contribution to fundamental improvements in our lifestyles and help to maintain and stabilize our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI) Research, Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Tsukuba, Japan.
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58
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Cravotto G, Cintas P. Harnessing mechanochemical effects with ultrasound-induced reactions. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00740h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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59
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Groote R, Szyja BM, Pidko EA, Hensen EJM, Sijbesma RP. Unfolding and Mechanochemical Scission of Supramolecular Polymers Containing a Metal–Ligand Coordination Bond. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Groote
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, ‡Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and §Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bartłomiej M. Szyja
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, ‡Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and §Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, ‡Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and §Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, ‡Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and §Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, ‡Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and §Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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60
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Kryger MJ, Munaretto AM, Moore JS. Structure-mechanochemical activity relationships for cyclobutane mechanophores. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18992-8. [PMID: 22032443 DOI: 10.1021/ja2086728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound activation of mechanophores embedded in polymer backbones has been extensively studied of late as a method for realizing chemical reactions using force. To date, however, there have been few attempts at systematically investigating the effects of mechanophore structure upon rates of activation by an acoustic field. Herein, we develop a method for comparing the relative reactivities of various cyclobutane mechanophores. Through the synthesis and ultrasonic irradiation of a molecular weight series of poly(methyl acrylate) polymers in which each macromolecule has a single chain-centered mechanophore, we find measurable and statistically significant shifts in molecular weight thresholds for mechanochemical activation that depend on the structure of the mechanophore. We also show that calculations based on the constrained geometries simulate external force method reliably predict the trends in mechanophore reactivity. These straightforward calculations and the experimental methods described herein may be useful in guiding the design and the development of new mechanophores for targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kryger
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinios 61801, USA
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61
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Klukovich HM, Kean ZS, Iacono ST, Craig SL. Mechanically induced scission and subsequent thermal remending of perfluorocyclobutane polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17882-8. [PMID: 21967190 DOI: 10.1021/ja2074517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) polymer solutions were subjected to pulsed ultrasound, leading to mechanically induced chain scission and molecular weight degradation. (19)F NMR revealed that the new, mechanically generated end groups are trifluorovinyl ethers formed by cycloreversion of the PFCB groups, a process that differs from thermal degradation pathways. One consequence of the mechanochemical process is that the trifluorovinyl ether end groups can be remended simply by subjecting the polymer solution to the original polymerization conditions, that is, heating to >150 °C. Stereochemical changes in the PFCBs, in combination with radical trapping experiments, indicate that PFCB scission proceeds via a stepwise mechanism with a 1,4-diradical intermediate, offering a potential mechanism for localized functionalization and cross-linking in regions of high stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope M Klukovich
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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62
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Li Y, Nese A, Lebedeva NV, Davis T, Matyjaszewski K, Sheiko SS. Molecular Tensile Machines: Intrinsic Acceleration of Disulfide Reduction by Dithiothreitol. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17479-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207491r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Alper Nese
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Natalia V. Lebedeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Tyler Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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63
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Rooze J, Groote R, Jakobs RTM, Sijbesma RP, van Iersel MM, Rebrov EV, Schouten JC, Keurentjes JTF. Mechanism of Ultrasound Scission of a Silver–Carbene Coordination Polymer. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:11038-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203780a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maikel M. van Iersel
- AkzoNobel Industrial Chemicals, P.O. Box 247, 3800 AE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny V. Rebrov
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, BT9 5AG, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jos T. F. Keurentjes
- AkzoNobel Industrial Chemicals, P.O. Box 247, 3800 AE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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64
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Wiggins KM, Syrett JA, Haddleton DM, Bielawski CW. Mechanically Facilitated Retro [4 + 2] Cycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7180-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja201135y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jay A. Syrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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65
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Albéniz
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid. Spain, Fax: +34‐983423013
| | - Nora Carrera
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid. Spain, Fax: +34‐983423013
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66
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Xu D, Liu CY, Craig SL. Divergent Shear Thinning and Shear Thickening Behavior of Supramolecular Polymer Networks in Semidilute Entangled Polymer Solutions. Macromolecules 2011; 44:2343-2353. [PMID: 21547008 DOI: 10.1021/ma2000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The steady shear behavior of metallo-supramolecular polymer networks formed by bis-Pd(II) cross-linkers and semidilute entangled solutions of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) is reported. The steady shear behavior of the networks depends on the dissociation rate and association rate of the cross-linkers, the concentration of cross-linkers, and the concentration of the polymer solution. The divergent steady shear behavior-shear thinning versus shear thickening-of samples with identical structure but different cross-linker dynamics (J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 1683-1686) is further explored in this paper. The divergent steady shear behavior for networks with different cross-linkers is connected to a competition between different time scales: the average time that a cross-linker remains open (τ(1)) and the local relaxation time of a segment of polymer chain (τ(segment)). When τ(1) is larger than τ(segment), shear thickening is observed. When τ(1) is smaller than τ(segment), only shear thinning is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biologically Inspired Materials and Material Systems, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0346
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67
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Wiggins KM, Hudnall TW, Tennyson AG, Bielawski CW. Retracted article: Selective scission of pyridine–boronium complexes: mechanical generation of Brønsted bases and polymerizationcatalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03619f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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68
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Beiermann BA, Davis DA, Kramer SLB, Moore JS, Sottos NR, White SR. Environmental effects on mechanochemical activation of spiropyran in linear PMMA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03967e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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