1
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Wink R, Majumdar S, van Benthem RATM, Heuts JPA, Sijbesma RP. RNA-inspired phosphate diester dynamic covalent networks. Polym Chem 2023; 14:4294-4302. [PMID: 38013800 PMCID: PMC10520920 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00867c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Neighboring group assisted rearrangement substantially increases relaxation rates in dynamic covalent networks, allowing easier (re)processing of these materials. In this work, we introduce a dynamic covalent network with anionic phosphate diesters as the sole dynamic group, incorporating β-hydroxy groups as a neighboring group, mimicking the self-cleaving backbone structure of RNA. The diester-based networks have slightly slower dynamics, but significantly better hydrolytic (and thermal) stability than analogous phosphate triester-based networks. Catalysis by the β-hydroxy group is vital for fast network rearrangement to occur, while the nature of the counterion has a negligible effect on the relaxation rate. Variable temperature 31P solid-state NMR demonstrated a dissociative bond rearrangement mechanism to be operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Wink
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Soumabrata Majumdar
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A T M van Benthem
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry. Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Shell Energy Transition Center Amsterdam Grasweg 31 1031 HW Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Johan P A Heuts
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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2
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Zhang H, van Hertrooij A, Schnitzer T, Chen Y, Majumdar S, van Benthem RATM, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JPA. Benzene Tetraamide: A Covalent Supramolecular Dual Motif in Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2023; 56:6452-6460. [PMID: 37637305 PMCID: PMC10448746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In dynamic polyamide networks, 1,2,4,5-benzene tetraamide (B4A) units act simultaneously as a dynamic covalent cross-linker and as supramolecular stacking motif. This results in materials with a rubbery plateau modulus that is about 20 times higher than that of a corresponding reference network in which the supramolecular interaction is suppressed. In branched polyamides with the same B4A dynamic motif, hydrogen bonding and stacking lead to strong and reversible supramolecular networks, whereas a branched polyamide with the nonstacking reference linker is a viscous liquid under the same conditions. Wide-angle X-ray scattering and variable-temperature infrared experiments confirm that covalent cross-linking and stacking cooperatively contribute to the dynamics of the network. Stress relaxation in the reference network is dominated by a single mode related to the dynamic covalent chemistry, whereas relaxation in the B4A network has additional modes assigned to the stacking dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Zhang
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek van Hertrooij
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Schnitzer
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yinjun Chen
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Soumabrata Majumdar
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A. T. M. van Benthem
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- PTX-C,
Shell Technology Center Amsterdam, Grasweg 31, 1031 HW Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Liu J, Zhang Y, van Dongen K, Kennedy C, Schotman MJG, Marín San Román PP, Storm C, Dankers PYW, Sijbesma RP. Hepatic Spheroid Formation on Carbohydrate-Functionalized Supramolecular Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37246400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two synthetic supramolecular hydrogels, formed from bis-urea amphiphiles containing lactobionic acid (LBA) and maltobionic acid (MBA) bioactive ligands, are applied as cell culture matrices in vitro. Their fibrillary and dynamic nature mimics essential features of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The carbohydrate amphiphiles self-assemble into long supramolecular fibers in water, and hydrogels are formed by physical entanglement of fibers through bundling. Gels of both amphiphiles exhibit good self-healing behavior, but remarkably different stiffnesses. They display excellent bioactive properties in hepatic cell cultures. Both carbohydrate ligands used are proposed to bind to asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) in hepatic cells, thus inducing spheroid formation when seeding hepatic HepG2 cells on both supramolecular hydrogels. Ligand nature, ligand density, and hydrogel stiffness influence cell migration and spheroid size and number. The results illustrate the potential of self-assembled, carbohydrate-functionalized hydrogels as matrices for liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Kim van Dongen
- CytoSMART Technologies B.V., Vrijstraat 9B, Eindhoven 5611 AT, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Kennedy
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike J G Schotman
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia P Marín San Román
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Y W Dankers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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4
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Sarkar R, Majumdar S, Kuil S, Mallens J, van der Tol JJB, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JPA, Palmans ARA. Dynamic covalent networks with tunable dynamicity by mixing acylsemicarbazides and thioacylsemicarbazides. Journal of Polymer Science 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20230068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramkrishna Sarkar
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Soumabrata Majumdar
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Sierd Kuil
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Jorg Mallens
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Joost J. B. van der Tol
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
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5
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Guo Y, Muuronen M, Lucas F, Sijbesma RP, Tomovic Z. Catalysts for isocyanate cyclotrimerization. ChemCatChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202201362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Guo
- Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven chemical engineering and chemistry Het Kranenveld 14 Eindhoven NETHERLANDS
| | | | | | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry De Zaale 5612 AJ Eindhoven NETHERLANDS
| | - Zeljko Tomovic
- Eindhoven University of Technology: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Groene Loper3 5612 AE Eindhoven NETHERLANDS
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6
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Guo Y, Kleemann J, Bokern S, Kamm A, Sijbesma RP, Tomovic Z. Synthesis of polyisocyanurate prepolymer and the resulting flexible elastomers with tunable mechanical properties. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3py00124e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) is used in a wide range of applications due to its diverse chemical and physical properties. To meet the increasing demands on thermal and mechanical properties of PU...
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7
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Guo Y, Spicher S, Cristadoro A, Deglmann P, Sijbesma RP, Tomović Ž. Towards high-performance polyurethanes: a mechanism of amine catalyzed aromatic imide formation from the reaction of isocyanates with anhydrides. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3py00109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of aromatic imide formation from reaction between isocyanate and anhydride using secondary amine as a pre-catalyst is driven by deprotonated urea, which is obtained from the reaction of isocyanate and amine with the help of bases.
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8
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Liu J, Lou X, Schotman MJG, Marín San Román PP, Sijbesma RP. Photo-Crosslinked Coumarin-Containing Bis-Urea Amphiphile Hydrogels. Gels 2022; 8:gels8100615. [PMID: 36286116 PMCID: PMC9601853 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of photo-responsive supramolecular hydrogels based on coumarin dimerization and de-dimerization is described. The photo-responsive coumarin unit is chemically incorporated into an oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) bis-urea amphiphile that is capable of co-assembling with non-functionalized OEG amphiphile, to form supramolecular fibers. UV light with two different wavelengths (365 nm and 254 nm) is employed to induce a photo-reversible dimerization and de-dimerization process of coumarin units, respectively. The co-assembled solutions could be photo-crosslinked to induce a sol-to-gel transition through dimerization of coumarin with 365 nm UV light, and de-dimerization occurs with 254 nm UV light, to provide a weaker gel. In this system, the mechanical strength of supramolecular hydrogels can be tuned using the irradiation time, providing precise control of gelation in a supramolecular hydrogelator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Xianwen Lou
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike J. G. Schotman
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia P. Marín San Román
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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9
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Abstract
Real-time monitoring of strain/stress in polymers is a big challenge to date. Herein, we for the first time report an ESIPT (excited-state intramolecular proton transfer)-based mechanochromic mechanophore (MM). The synthesis of target MM PhMz-4OH [(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole with four aliphatic hydroxyls] is quite facile. PhMz-4OH possesses characteristic dual emissions, and its ESIPT activity is greatly affected by steric hindrance. Then, PhMz-4OH was covalently linked into polyurethane chains (PhMz-4OH@PU). Upon stretching, the PhMz-4OH@PU films showed fluorescence color change and spectral variation with the increase in enol emission and blueshift of keto emission due to the force-induced torsion of the dihedral angle between the proton donor and the proton acceptor. The PhMz-4OH@PU films with high mechanophore concentrations (>0.36 mol %) might undergo a two-stage force-responsive process, including torsion of the dihedral angle via force-induced disaggregation and direct chain-transduced force-induced torsion of the dihedral angle. The intensity ratio of enol emission to keto emission (IE/IK) shows a quantitative correlation with elongation, and real-time strain sensing is achieved. PhMz-4OH is a successful type II MM (without covalent bond scission) and displays high sensitivity and excellent reversibility to stress. Two control structures PhMz-NH2 and PhMz-2OH were also embedded into PU but no spectral or color changes were detected, further confirming that mechanochromism of PhMz-4OH@PU films arises from the chain-transduced force. Density function theory (DFT) calculation was performed to study the force-tuned ESIPT process theoretically and rationalize the experimental results. This study might lay the foundation for real-time stress/strain sensing in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhimin Ma
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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10
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11
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Chen Y, Zhang H, Majumdar S, van Benthem RA, Heuts JPA, Sijbesma RP. Dynamic Polyamide Networks via Amide-Imide Exchange. Macromolecules 2021; 54:9703-9711. [PMID: 34720191 PMCID: PMC8552437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The diamide-imide equilibrium was successfully exploited for the synthesis of dynamic covalent polymer networks in which a dissociative bond exchange mechanism leads to high processibility at temperatures above ≈110 °C. Dynamic covalent networks bridge the gap between thermosets and thermoplastic polymers. At the operating temperature, when the network is fixed, dynamic covalent networks are elastic solids, while at high temperatures, chemical exchange reactions turn the network into a processible viscoelastic material. Upon heating a dissociative network, the viscosity may also decrease due to a shift of the chemical equilibrium; in such materials, the balance between processibility and excessive flow is important. In this study, a network is prepared that upon heating to above ≈110 °C dissociates to a significant extent due to a shift in the amide-imide equilibrium of a bisimide, pyromellitic diimide, in combination with poly(tetrahydrofuran) diamines. At room temperature, the resulting materials are elastic rubbers with a tensile modulus of 2-10 MPa, and they become predominantly viscous above a temperature of approximately 110 °C, which is dependent on the stoichiometry of the components. The diamide-imide equilibrium was studied in model reactions with NMR, and variable temperature infrared (IR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the temperature dependence of the equilibrium in the network. The temperature-dependent mechanical properties of the networks were found to be fully reversible, and the material could be reprocessed several times without loss of properties such as modulus or strain at break. The high processibility of these networks at elevated temperatures creates opportunities in additive manufacturing applications such as selective laser sintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Huiyi Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Soumabrata Majumdar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A.T.M. van Benthem
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- DSM
Materials Science Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Majumdar S, Mezari B, Zhang H, van Aart J, van Benthem RATM, Heuts JPA, Sijbesma RP. Efficient Exchange in a Bioinspired Dynamic Covalent Polymer Network via a Cyclic Phosphate Triester Intermediate. Macromolecules 2021; 54:7955-7962. [PMID: 34552277 PMCID: PMC8444552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bond exchange via neighboring group-assisted reactions in dynamic covalent networks results in efficient mechanical relaxation. In Nature, the high reactivity of RNA toward nucleophilic substitution is largely attributed to the formation of a cyclic phosphate ester intermediate via neighboring group participation. We took inspiration from RNA to develop a dynamic covalent network based on β-hydroxyl-mediated transesterifications of hydroxyethyl phosphate triesters. A simple one-step synthetic strategy provided a network containing phosphate triesters with a pendant hydroxyethyl group. 31P solid-state NMR demonstrated that a cyclic phosphate triester is an intermediate in transesterification, leading to dissociative network rearrangement. Significant viscous flow at 60-100 °C makes the material suitable for fast processing via extrusion and compression molding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumabrata Majumdar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Brahim Mezari
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Materials
and Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Huiyi Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Aart
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A. T. M. van Benthem
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- DSM
Materials Science Center, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Aerts A, Kroonen C, Kamps JH, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JPA. High Molar Mass Polycarbonate via Dynamic Solution Transcarbonation Using Bis(methyl salicyl) Carbonate, an Activated Carbonate. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annelore Aerts
- Dutch Polymer Institute P. O. Box 902 Eindhoven AX 5600 The Netherlands
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry Group and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P. O. Box 513 Eindhoven MB 5600 The Netherlands
| | - Camiel Kroonen
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry Group and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P. O. Box 513 Eindhoven MB 5600 The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns‐Ring 19 Basel 4056 Switzerland
| | - Jan Henk Kamps
- SABIC Plasticslaan 1 Bergen op Zoom PX 4612 The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry Group and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P. O. Box 513 Eindhoven MB 5600 The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry Group and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P. O. Box 513 Eindhoven MB 5600 The Netherlands
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14
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Lou X, Schoenmakers SMC, van Dongen JLJ, Garcia‐Iglesias M, Casellas NM, Fernández‐Castaño Romera M, Sijbesma RP, Meijer EW, Palmans ARA. Elucidating dynamic behavior of synthetic supramolecular polymers in water by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. J Polym Sci (2020) 2021; 59:1151-1161. [PMID: 34223179 PMCID: PMC8247967 DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the structure, self-assembly mechanism, and dynamics of one-dimensional supramolecular polymers in water is essential for their application as biomaterials. Although a plethora of techniques are available to study the first two properties, there is a paucity in possibilities to study dynamic exchange of monomers between supramolecular polymers in solution. We recently introduced hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to characterize the dynamic nature of synthetic supramolecular polymers with only a minimal perturbation of the chemical structure. To further expand the application of this powerful technique some essential experimental aspects have been reaffirmed and the technique has been applied to a diverse library of assemblies. HDX-MS is widely applicable if there are exchangeable hydrogen atoms protected from direct contact with the solvent and if the monomer concentration is sufficiently high to ensure the presence of supramolecular polymers during dilution. In addition, we demonstrate that the kinetic behavior as probed by HDX-MS is influenced by the internal order within the supramolecular polymers and by the self-assembly mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Lou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra M. C. Schoenmakers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Joost L. J. van Dongen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Miguel Garcia‐Iglesias
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource EngineeringUniversity of CantabriaSantanderSpain
| | - Nicolás M. Casellas
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
| | - Marcos Fernández‐Castaño Romera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- SupraPolix BVEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
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15
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Maassen EEL, Anastasio R, Poto S, Cardinaels R, Sijbesma RP, Breemen LCA, Heuts JPA. Strain‐induced post‐curing of acrylate networks. Journal of Polymer Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline E. L. Maassen
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Brightlands Materials Center (BMC) Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Rosaria Anastasio
- Brightlands Materials Center (BMC) Geleen The Netherlands
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Materials Technology Institute Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Serena Poto
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Materials Technology Institute Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Cardinaels
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Materials Technology Institute Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Lambèrt C. A. Breemen
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Materials Technology Institute Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
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16
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Abstract
Correction for 'Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials' by Yinjun Chen et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2021, 50, 4100-4140, DOI: 10.1039/D0CS00940G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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17
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Guo Y, Muuronen M, Deglmann P, Lucas F, Sijbesma RP, Tomović Ž. Role of Acetate Anions in the Catalytic Formation of Isocyanurates from Aromatic Isocyanates. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5651-5659. [PMID: 33793239 PMCID: PMC8154571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The formation of isocyanurates via cyclotrimerization of aromatic isocyanates is widely used to enhance the physical properties of a variety of polyurethanes. The most commonly used catalysts in industries are carboxylates for which the exact catalytically active species have remained controversial. We investigated how acetate and other carboxylates react with aromatic isocyanates in a stepwise manner and identified that the carboxylates are only precatalysts in the reaction. The reaction of carboxylates with an excess of aromatic isocyanates leads to irreversible formation of corresponding deprotonated amide species that are strongly nucleophilic and basic. As a result, they are active catalysts during the nucleophilic anionic trimerization, but can also deprotonate urethane and urea species present, which in turn catalyze the isocyanurate formation. The current study also shows how quantum chemical calculations can be used to direct spectroscopic identification of reactive intermediates formed during the active catalytic cycle with predictive accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Guo
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mikko Muuronen
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Peter Deglmann
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Frederic Lucas
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Željko Tomović
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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18
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Liu J, Schotman MJG, Hendrix MMRM, Lou X, Marín San Román PP, Voets IK, Sijbesma RP. Effects of structural variation on the self‐assembly of bis‐urea based bolaamphiphiles. Journal of Polymer Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Maaike J. G. Schotman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Marco M. R. M. Hendrix
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Xianwen Lou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Patricia P. Marín San Román
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K. Voets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
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19
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Lugger JA, Marín San Román PP, Kroonen CCE, Sijbesma RP. Nanoporous Films with Photoswitchable Absorption Kinetics Based on Polymerizable Columnar Discotic Liquid Crystals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:4385-4392. [PMID: 33430592 PMCID: PMC7844832 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A photoresponsive nanoporous polymer film has been produced from the templated self-assembly of a columnar liquid crystal containing azo units. A liquid crystalline complex of polymerizable azobenzoic acid and a tris-benzimidazolyl benzene template molecule was cross-linked via thiol-ene radical copolymerization with dodecanedithiol. Subsequent removal of the template yielded nanoporous polymer films with pores of approximately 1 nm in diameter. Both trans-cis and cis-trans photoisomerizations of azobenzoic acid took place in the porous films. At room temperature, the cis isomer was sufficiently long-lived to establish a difference in dye absorption kinetics of the two isomers. The cationic dye rhodamine 6G was bound to both isomers, but the rate of binding to films enriched in the cis isomer was 8 times faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody A.
M. Lugger
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia P. Marín San Román
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel C. E. Kroonen
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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20
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Maassen EEL, Heuts JPA, Sijbesma RP. Reversible crosslinking and fast stress relaxation in dynamic polymer networks via transalkylation using 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00292a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A dynamic covalent network using transalkylation of benzyl-DABCO crosslinkers features fast relaxation with a very strong temperature dependence. The network is de-crosslinked by an excess of DABCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline E. L. Maassen
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry group
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry group
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry group
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
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21
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Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Dynamic covalent networks are a class of polymeric materials that combine the merits of classical thermosets and thermoplastics, in terms of mechanical properties and reprocessability, in one material. Various dynamic covalent chemistries have thus been implemented in polymeric materials with recent interests shifting toward chemistries that would allow rearrangements in network topology without the aid of external catalysts. Here we introduce transesterification in phosphate triesters as a new dynamic covalent chemistry in polymeric networks. A simple one-step synthetic strategy has been utilized to synthesize polytetrahydrofuran networks with phosphate triester cross-links. The materials showed finite viscous flow at elevated temperatures via transesterification at the cross-links without externally added catalyst. This approach provides an easy method for cross-linking OH-end-functionalized polyethers and has the potential for general use with other OH-functionalized polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumabrata Majumdar
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Huiyi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Soleimani
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A. T. M. van Benthem
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- DSM Materials Science Center, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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23
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Aerts A, Lugger SJD, Heuts JPA, Sijbesma RP. Pyranine Based Ion‐Paired Complex as a Mechanophore in Polyurethanes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000476. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annelore Aerts
- DPI P.O. Box 902AX Eindhoven 5600 The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 MB Eindhoven Eindhoven 5600 The Netherlands
| | - Sean J. D. Lugger
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 MB Eindhoven Eindhoven 5600 The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 MB Eindhoven Eindhoven 5600 The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 MB Eindhoven Eindhoven 5600 The Netherlands
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24
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Maassen EEL, Anastasio R, Breemen LCA, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JPA. Thermally Reversible Diels–Alder Bond‐Containing Acrylate Networks Showing Improved Lifetime. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline E. L. Maassen
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven MB 5600 The Netherlands
- Brightlands Materials Center (BMC) P.O. Box 18 Geleen MD 6160 The Netherlands
| | - Rosaria Anastasio
- Brightlands Materials Center (BMC) P.O. Box 18 Geleen MD 6160 The Netherlands
- Polymer Technology Materials Technology Institute Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven MB 5600 The Netherlands
| | - Lambèrt C. A. Breemen
- Polymer Technology Materials Technology Institute Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven MB 5600 The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven MB 5600 The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven MB 5600 The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven MB 5600 The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven MB 5600 The Netherlands
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25
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Kamps JH, Groote R, Baus M, Vermeulen H, Hoeks T, van der Heijden R, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JP. Activated carbonates: Enabling the synthesis of differentiated polymers via solution carbonation. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Zhang H, Majumdar S, van Benthem RATM, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JPA. Intramolecularly Catalyzed Dynamic Polyester Networks Using Neighboring Carboxylic and Sulfonic Acid Groups. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:272-277. [PMID: 35638690 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent bonds in a polymer network lead to plasticity, reshapability, and potential recyclability at elevated temperatures in combination with solvent-resistance and better dimensional stability at lower temperatures. Here we report a simple one-step procedure for the catalyst-free preparation and intramolecularly catalyzed stress-relaxation of dynamic polyester networks. The procedure is based on the coupling of branched OH-end functional polyesters (functionality ≥ 3) by pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) or 2,5-bis(methoxy-carbonyl) benzenesulfonic acid resulting in ester linkages with, respectively, a COOH or a SO3H group in a position ortho to the ester bond. This approach leads to an efficient external catalyst-free dynamic polyester network, in which the topology rearrangements occur via a dissociative mechanism involving anhydrides. The SO3H-containing network is particularly interesting, as it shows the fastest stress relaxation and does not suffer from unwanted additional transesterification reactions, as was observed in the COOH-containing network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Soumabrata Majumdar
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A. T. M. van Benthem
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- DSM Materials Science Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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27
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Yang F, Yuan Y, Sijbesma RP, Chen Y. Sensitized Mechanoluminescence Design toward Mechanically Induced Intense Red Emission from Transparent Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Yulan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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28
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Stratigaki M, Baumann C, van Breemen LCA, Heuts JPA, Sijbesma RP, Göstl R. Fractography of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel networks crosslinked with mechanofluorophores using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00819e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Employing mechanofluorophores in polymer fractography to obtain new information on force-induced events when analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stratigaki
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Lambert C. A. van Breemen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Polymer Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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29
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Kamps JH, Ramakrishnan V, Hoeks T, Jansen BJP, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JPA. Microphase Separation: Enabling Isosorbide-Based Polycarbonates with Improved Property Profile. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Henk Kamps
- SABIC, Plasticslaan 1, 4612PX Bergen op Zoom, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Theo Hoeks
- SABIC, Plasticslaan 1, 4612PX Bergen op Zoom, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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30
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Fernández-Castaño Romera M, Göstl R, Shaikh H, Ter Huurne G, Schill J, Voets IK, Storm C, Sijbesma RP. Mimicking Active Biopolymer Networks with a Synthetic Hydrogel. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1989-1997. [PMID: 30636412 PMCID: PMC6367683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stiffening due to internal stress generation is of paramount importance in living systems and is the foundation for many biomechanical processes. For example, cells stiffen their surrounding matrix by pulling on collagen and fibrin fibers. At the subcellular level, molecular motors prompt fluidization and actively stiffen the cytoskeleton by sliding polar actin filaments in opposite directions. Here, we demonstrate that chemical cross-linking of a fibrous matrix of synthetic semiflexible polymers with thermoresponsive poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) produces internal stress by induction of a coil-to-globule transition upon crossing the lower critical solution temperature of PNIPAM, resulting in a macroscopic stiffening response that spans more than 3 orders of magnitude in modulus. The forces generated through collapsing PNIPAM are sufficient to drive a fluid material into a stiff gel within a few seconds. Moreover, rigidified networks dramatically stiffen in response to applied shear stress featuring power law rheology with exponents that match those of reconstituted collagen and actomyosin networks prestressed by molecular motors. This concept holds potential for the rational design of synthetic materials that are fluid at room temperature and rapidly rigidify at body temperature to form hydrogels mechanically and structurally akin to cells and tissues.
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31
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Urbanaviciute I, Bhattacharjee S, Biler M, Lugger JAM, Cornelissen TD, Norman P, Linares M, Sijbesma RP, Kemerink M. Suppressing depolarization by tail substitution in an organic supramolecular ferroelectric. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:2069-2079. [PMID: 30638230 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06315j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite being very well established in the field of electro-optics, ferroelectric liquid crystals so far lacked interest from a ferroelectric device perspective due to a typically high operating temperature, a modest remnant polarization and/or poor polarization retention. Here, we experimentally demonstrate how simple structural modification of a prototypical ferroelectric liquid-crystal benzene-1,3,5-trisamide (BTA) - introduction of branched-tail substituents - results in materials with a wide operating temperature range and a data retention time of more than 10 years in thin-film solution-processed capacitor devices at room temperature. The observed differences between linear- and branched-tail compounds are analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We conclude that morphological factors like improved packing quality and reduced disorder, rather than electrostatic interactions or intra/inter-columnar steric hindrance, underlay the superior properties of the branched-tailed BTAs. Synergistic effects upon blending of compounds with branched and linear side-chains can be used to further improve the materials' characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indre Urbanaviciute
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
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32
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Abstract
Vitrimers, which form a bridge between thermosets and thermoplastics, are a class of materials with promising opportunities for modern material innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwu Zhou
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry group
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry group
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- the Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry group
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- the Netherlands
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33
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Filonenko GA, Lugger JAM, Liu C, van Heeswijk EPA, Hendrix MMRM, Weber M, Müller C, Hensen EJM, Sijbesma RP, Pidko EA. Tracking Local Mechanical Impact in Heterogeneous Polymers with Direct Optical Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16385-16390. [PMID: 30182453 PMCID: PMC6348422 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Structural heterogeneity defines the properties of many functional polymers and it is often crucial for their performance and ability to withstand mechanical impact. Such heterogeneity, however, poses a tremendous challenge for characterization of these materials and limits our ability to design them rationally. Herein we present a practical methodology capable of resolving the complex mechanical behavior and tracking mechanical impact in discrete phases of segmented polyurethane-a typical example of a structurally complex polymer. Using direct optical imaging of photoluminescence produced by a small-molecule organometallic mechano-responsive sensor we observe in real time how polymer phases dissipate energy, restructure, and breakdown upon mechanical impact. Owing to its simplicity and robustness, this method has potential in describing the evolution of complex soft-matter systems for which global characterization techniques fall short of providing molecular-level insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy A. Filonenko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of Technology2629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Jody A. M. Lugger
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Chong Liu
- Inorganic Systems Engineering groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of Technology2629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Ellen P. A. van Heeswijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Marco M. R. M. Hendrix
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Manuela Weber
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin14195BerlinGermany
| | - Christian Müller
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin14195BerlinGermany
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of Technology2629HZDelftThe Netherlands
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34
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Fernández-Castaño Romera M, Lou X, Schill J, Ter Huurne G, Fransen PPKH, Voets IK, Storm C, Sijbesma RP. Strain-Stiffening in Dynamic Supramolecular Fiber Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17547-17555. [PMID: 30465604 PMCID: PMC6302312 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a highly adaptive network of filamentous proteins capable of stiffening under stress even as it dynamically assembles and disassembles with time constants of minutes. Synthetic materials that combine reversibility and strain-stiffening properties remain elusive. Here, strain-stiffening hydrogels that have dynamic fibrous polymers as their main structural components are reported. The fibers form via self-assembly of bolaamphiphiles (BA) in water and have a well-defined cross-section of 9 to 10 molecules. Fiber length recovery after sonication, H/D exchange experiments, and rheology confirm the dynamic nature of the fibers. Cross-linking of the fibers yields strain-stiffening, self-healing hydrogels that closely mimic the mechanics of biological networks, with mechanical properties that can be modulated by chemical modification of the components. Comparison of the supramolecular networks with covalently fixated networks shows that the noncovalent nature of the fibers limits the maximum stress that fibers can bear and, hence, limits the range of stiffening.
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35
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Urbanavičiūtė I, Cornelissen TD, Meng X, Sijbesma RP, Kemerink M. Physical reality of the Preisach model for organic ferroelectrics. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4409. [PMID: 30352995 PMCID: PMC6199281 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06717-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Preisach model has been a cornerstone in the fields of ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity since its inception. It describes a real, non-ideal, ferroic material as the sum of a distribution of ideal 'hysterons'. However, the physical reality of the model in ferroelectrics has been hard to establish. Here, we experimentally determine the Preisach (hysteron) distribution for two ferroelectric systems and show how its broadening directly relates to the materials' morphology. We connect the Preisach distribution to measured microscopic switching kinetics that underlay the macroscopic dispersive switching kinetics as commonly observed for practical ferroelectrics. The presented results reveal that the in principle mathematical construct of the Preisach model has a strong physical basis and is a powerful tool to explain polarization switching at all time scales in different types of ferroelectrics. These insights lead to guidelines for further advancement of the ferroelectric materials both for conventional and multi-bit data storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrė Urbanavičiūtė
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58 183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tim D Cornelissen
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58 183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xiao Meng
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58 183, Linköping, Sweden.
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36
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Filonenko GA, Lugger JAM, Liu C, van Heeswijk EPA, Hendrix MMRM, Weber M, Müller C, Hensen EJM, Sijbesma RP, Pidko EA. Tracking Local Mechanical Impact in Heterogeneous Polymers with Direct Optical Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgy A. Filonenko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering group; Department of Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Jody A. M. Lugger
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Chong Liu
- Inorganic Systems Engineering group; Department of Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Ellen P. A. van Heeswijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Marco M. R. M. Hendrix
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Manuela Weber
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering group; Department of Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
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37
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Millereau P, Ducrot E, Clough JM, Wiseman ME, Brown HR, Sijbesma RP, Creton C. Mechanics of elastomeric molecular composites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9110-9115. [PMID: 30154166 PMCID: PMC6140500 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807750115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A classic paradigm of soft and extensible polymer materials is the difficulty of combining reversible elasticity with high fracture toughness, in particular for moduli above 1 MPa. Our recent discovery of multiple network acrylic elastomers opened a pathway to obtain precisely such a combination. We show here that they can be seen as true molecular composites with a well-cross-linked network acting as a percolating filler embedded in an extensible matrix, so that the stress-strain curves of a family of molecular composite materials made with different volume fractions of the same cross-linked network can be renormalized into a master curve. For low volume fractions (<3%) of cross-linked network, we demonstrate with mechanoluminescence experiments that the elastomer undergoes a strong localized softening due to scission of covalent bonds followed by a stable necking process, a phenomenon never observed before in elastomers. The quantification of the emitted luminescence shows that the damage in the material occurs in two steps, with a first step where random bond breakage occurs in the material accompanied by a moderate level of dissipated energy and a second step where a moderate level of more localized bond scission leads to a much larger level of dissipated energy. This combined use of mechanical macroscopic testing and molecular bond scission data provides unprecedented insight on how tough soft materials can damage and fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Millereau
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Ducrot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jess M Clough
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hugh R Brown
- Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France;
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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38
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Mihajlovic M, Mihajlovic M, Dankers PYW, Masereeuw R, Sijbesma RP. Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Supramolecular Hydrogels for Bioapplications. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800173. [PMID: 30085403 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite hydrogels based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known to possess remarkable stiffness, electrical, and thermal conductivity. However, they often make use of CNTs as fillers in covalently cross-linked hydrogel networks or involve direct cross-linking between CNTs and polymer chains, limiting processability properties. Herein, nanocomposite hydrogels are developed, in which CNTs are fillers in a physically cross-linked hydrogel. Supramolecular nanocomposites are prepared at various CNT concentrations, ranging from 0.5 to 6 wt%. Incorporation of 3 wt% of CNTs leads to an increase of the material's toughness by over 80%, and it enhances electrical conductivity by 358%, compared to CNT-free hydrogel. Meanwhile, the nanocomposite hydrogels maintain thixotropy and processability, typical of the parent hydrogel. The study also demonstrates that these materials display remarkable cytocompatibility and support cell growth and proliferation, while preserving their functional activities. These supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels are therefore promising candidates for biomedical applications, in which both toughness and electrical conductivity are important parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mihajlovic
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513,, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513,, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Milos Mihajlovic
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Y W Dankers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513,, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513,, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513,, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513,, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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39
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Zhou Y, Goossens JGP, van den Bergen S, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JPA. In Situ Network Formation in PBT Vitrimers via Processing-Induced Deprotection Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800356. [PMID: 30062837 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the network dynamics and mechanical properties of poly(butylene terephthalate) vitrimers can to some extent be controlled via chemical and physical approaches, it remains a challenge to be able to process PBT vitrimers with the same processing conditions via, for example, injection molding as neat PBT. Here, it is shown that the use of protected pentaerythritol as a latent cross-linker and the use of a Zn(II) transesterification catalyst allows for the in situ dynamic network formation in PBT during processing, with a delayed onset of gelation. This process can be controlled by adjusting the processing temperature, (protected) cross-linker content, and the type of protection group. This solvent-free deprotection strategy opens the way to high production rates of PBT vitrimer products via injection molding with the combination of low viscosity during processing and vitrimer characteristics in the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwu Zhou
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Sjarco van den Bergen
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Johan P A Heuts
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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40
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Lugger JA, Mulder DJ, Bhattacharjee S, Sijbesma RP. Homeotropic Self-Alignment of Discotic Liquid Crystals for Nanoporous Polymer Films. ACS Nano 2018; 12:6714-6724. [PMID: 29975513 PMCID: PMC6060402 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured polymer films with continuous, membrane-spanning pores from polymerizable hexagonal columnar discotic liquid crystals (LCs) were fabricated. A robust alignment method was developed to obtain homeotropic alignment of columns between glass surfaces by adding a small amount of a tri(ethylene glycol) modified analogue of the mesogen as a dopant that preferentially wets glass. The homeotropic LC alignment was fixated via a photoinitiated free radical copolymerization of a high-temperature tolerant trisallyl mesogen with a divinyl ester. Removal of the hydrogen-bonded template from the aligned columns afforded a nanoporous network with pores of nearly 1 nm in diameter perpendicular to the surface, and without noticeable collapse of the nanopores. The effect of pore orientation was demonstrated by an adsorption experiment in which homeotropic film showed a threefold increase in the initial uptake rate of methylene blue compared to planarly aligned films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody A.
M. Lugger
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, Netherlands 5600
MB
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, Netherlands 5600 MB
| | - Dirk J. Mulder
- Laboratory
of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Pox 513, Eindhoven, Netherlands 5600
MB
| | - Subham Bhattacharjee
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, Netherlands 5600
MB
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, Netherlands 5600
MB
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, Netherlands 5600 MB
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41
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Mihajlovic M, Wyss HM, Sijbesma RP. Effects of Surfactant and Urea on Dynamics and Viscoelastic Properties of Hydrophobically Assembled Supramolecular Hydrogel. Macromolecules 2018; 51:4813-4820. [PMID: 30018461 PMCID: PMC6041769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Physically associated
hydrogels based on strong hydrophobic interactions
often have attractive mechanical properties that combine processability
with elasticity. However, there is a need to study such interactions
and understand their relation to the macroscopic hydrogel properties.
Therefore, we use the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and
urea as reagents that disrupt hydrophobic interactions. The model
hydrogel is based on a segmented copolymer between poly(ethylene glycol)
(PEG) and hydrophobic dimer fatty acid (DFA). We show that both agents
influence viscoelastic properties, dynamics, and relaxation processes
of the model hydrogel. In particular, the relaxation time is significantly
reduced by urea, as compared to SDS, whereas the surfactant causes
a decrease of the modulus of the hydrogel more efficiently. The reversibility
of the effects of SDS and urea can be exploited, for instance, by
using an injectable sol that solidifies when the SDS or urea diffuses
out of the sample. Surfactant-induced processability may be advantageous
in future applications of hydrophobically assembled physical hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mihajlovic
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M Wyss
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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42
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Gorbunov AV, Putzeys T, Urbanavičiūtė I, Janssen RAJ, Wübbenhorst M, Sijbesma RP, Kemerink M. True ferroelectric switching in thin films of trialkylbenzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:23663-72. [PMID: 27510767 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03835b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the ferroelectric polarization switching properties of trialkylbenzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA), which is a model system for a large class of novel organic ferroelectric materials. In the solid state BTAs form a liquid crystalline columnar hexagonal phase that provides long range order that was previously shown to give rise to hysteretic dipolar switching. In this work the nature of the polar switching process is investigated by a combination of dielectric relaxation spectroscopy, depth-resolved pyroelectric response measurements, and classical frequency- and time-dependent electrical switching. We show that BTAs, when brought in a homeotropically aligned hexagonal liquid crystalline phase, are truly ferroelectric. Analysis of the transient switching behavior suggests that the ferroelectric switching is limited by a highly dispersive nucleation process, giving rise to a wide distribution of switching times.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Gorbunov
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - T Putzeys
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - I Urbanavičiūtė
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - R A J Janssen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M Wübbenhorst
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - R P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M Kemerink
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands and Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
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43
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Verstraeten F, Göstl R, Sijbesma RP. Stress-induced colouration and crosslinking of polymeric materials by mechanochemical formation of triphenylimidazolyl radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:8608-11. [PMID: 27326922 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04312g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Under mechanical stress, the hexaarylbiimidazole (HABI) motif can cleave to triphenylimidazolyl radicals when incorporated into a polymer matrix. The mechanically produced coloured radicals can initiate secondary radical reactions yielding polymer networks. Thus, the HABI mechanophore combines optical reporting of bond scission and reinforcement of polymers in a single molecular moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Verstraeten
- Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Molecular Science and Technology, Group Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - R Göstl
- Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Molecular Science and Technology, Group Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - R P Sijbesma
- Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Molecular Science and Technology, Group Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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44
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Bhattacharjee S, Lugger JAM, Sijbesma RP. Pore size dependent cation adsorption in a nanoporous polymer film derived from a plastic columnar phase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9521-9524. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03292k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous polymer films were fabricated from a plastic columnar phase that showed pore size and shape (whether open or collapsed) dependent cation adsorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
| | - Jody A. M. Lugger
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwu Zhou
- Supramolecular
Polymer Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Supramolecular
Polymer Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Supramolecular
Polymer Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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46
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Fernandez‐Castano Romera M, Lafleur RPM, Guibert C, Voets IK, Storm C, Sijbesma RP. Strain Stiffening Hydrogels through Self-Assembly and Covalent Fixation of Semi-Flexible Fibers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8771-8775. [PMID: 28544434 PMCID: PMC5519929 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic, strain-stiffening materials are reported, made through self-assembly and covalent fixation of small building blocks to form fibrous hydrogels that are able to stiffen by an order of magnitude in response to applied stress. The gels consist of semi-flexible rodlike micelles of bisurea bolaamphiphiles with oligo(ethylene oxide) (EO) outer blocks and a polydiacetylene (PDA) backbone. The micelles are fibers, composed of 9-10 ribbons. A gelation method based on Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), was developed and shown to lead to strain-stiffening hydrogels with unusual, yet universal, linear and nonlinear stress-strain response. Upon gelation, the X-ray scattering profile is unchanged, suggesting that crosslinks are formed at random positions along the fiber contour without fiber bundling. The work expands current knowledge about the design principles and chemistries needed to achieve fully synthetic, biomimetic soft matter with on-demand, targeted mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Fernandez‐Castano Romera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- SuprapolixHorsten 15612 AXEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - René P. M. Lafleur
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Clément Guibert
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Ilja K. Voets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Department of Physics and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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47
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Fernandez-Castano Romera M, Lafleur RPM, Guibert C, Voets IK, Storm C, Sijbesma RP. Strain Stiffening Hydrogels through Self-Assembly and Covalent Fixation of Semi-Flexible Fibers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Fernandez-Castano Romera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Suprapolix; Horsten 1 5612 AX Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - René P. M. Lafleur
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Clément Guibert
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K. Voets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Department of Physics and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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48
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Mihajlovic M, Staropoli M, Appavou MS, Wyss HM, Pyckhout-Hintzen W, Sijbesma RP. Tough Supramolecular Hydrogel Based on Strong Hydrophobic Interactions in a Multiblock Segmented Copolymer. Macromolecules 2017; 50:3333-3346. [PMID: 28469284 PMCID: PMC5406785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation and structural and mechanical characterization of a tough supramolecular hydrogel, based exclusively on hydrophobic association. The system consists of a multiblock, segmented copolymer of hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and hydrophobic dimer fatty acid (DFA) building blocks. A series of copolymers containing 2K, 4K, and 8K PEG were prepared. Upon swelling in water, a network is formed by self-assembly of hydrophobic DFA units in micellar domains, which act as stable physical cross-link points. The resulting hydrogels are noneroding and contain 75-92 wt % of water at swelling equilibrium. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements showed that the aggregation number of micelles ranges from 2 × 102 to 6 × 102 DFA units, increasing with PEG molecular weight. Mechanical characterization indicated that the hydrogel containing PEG 2000 is mechanically very stable and tough, possessing a tensile toughness of 4.12 MJ/m3. The high toughness, processability, and ease of preparation make these hydrogels very attractive for applications where mechanical stability and load bearing features of soft materials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mihajlovic
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mariapaola Staropoli
- JCNS-1 and ICS-1,
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Hans M. Wyss
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Pyckhout-Hintzen
- JCNS-1 and ICS-1,
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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49
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Bhattacharjee S, Lugger JAM, Sijbesma RP. Tailoring Pore Size and Chemical Interior of near 1 nm Sized Pores in a Nanoporous Polymer Based on a Discotic Liquid Crystal. Macromolecules 2017; 50:2777-2783. [PMID: 28416888 PMCID: PMC5391558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A triazine based disc shaped molecule with two hydrolyzable units, imine and ester groups, was polymerized via acyclic diene metathesis in the columnar hexagonal (Colhex) LC phase. Fabrication of a cationic nanoporous polymer (pore diameter ∼1.3 nm) lined with ammonium groups at the pore surface was achieved by hydrolysis of the imine linkage. Size selective aldehyde uptake by the cationic porous polymer was demonstrated. The anilinium groups in the pores were converted to azide as well as phenyl groups by further chemical treatment, leading to porous polymers with neutral functional groups in the pores. The pores were enlarged by further hydrolysis of the ester groups to create ∼2.6 nm pores lined with -COONa surface groups. The same pores could be obtained in a single step without first hydrolyzing the imine linkage. XRD studies demonstrated that the Colhex order of the monomer was preserved after polymerization as well as in both the nanoporous polymers. The porous anionic polymer lined with -COOH groups was further converted to the -COOLi, -COONa, -COOK, -COOCs, and -COONH4 salts. The porous polymer lined with -COONa groups selectively adsorbs a cationic dye, methylene blue, over an anionic dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory
of Molecular Science and Technology and Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jody A. M. Lugger
- Laboratory
of Molecular Science and Technology and Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory
of Molecular Science and Technology and Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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50
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Clough JM, van der Gucht J, Sijbesma RP. Mechanoluminescent Imaging of Osmotic Stress-Induced Damage in a Glassy Polymer Network. Macromolecules 2017; 50:2043-2053. [PMID: 28316344 PMCID: PMC5352978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A chemiluminescent mechanophore, bis(adamantyl-1,2-dioxetane), is used to investigate the covalent bond scission resulting from the sorption of chloroform by glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) networks. Bis(adamantyl)-1,2-dioxetane units incorporated as cross-linkers underwent mechanoluminescent scission, demonstrating that solvent ingress caused covalent bond scission. At higher cross-linking densities, the light emission took the form of hundreds of discrete bursts, widely varying in intensity, with each burst composed of 107-109 photons. Camera imaging indicated a relatively slow propagation of bursts through the material and permitted analysis of the spatial correlation between the discrete bond-breaking events. The implications of these observations for the mechanism of sorption and fracture are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess M. Clough
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper van der Gucht
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Agrotechnology and Food Sciences
Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 8038, 6700 EK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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