51
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Burke R, Bren KL, Krauss TD. Semiconductor nanocrystal photocatalysis for the production of solar fuels. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:030901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0032172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeckah Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Kara L. Bren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Todd D. Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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52
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Wu HL, Li XB, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Bioinspired metal complexes for energy-related photocatalytic small molecule transformation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:15496-15512. [PMID: 33300513 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05870j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioinspired transformation of small-molecules to energy-related feedstocks is an attractive research area to overcome both the environmental issues and the depletion of fossil fuels. The highly effective metalloenzymes in nature provide blueprints for the utilization of bioinspired metal complexes for artificial photosynthesis. Through simpler structural and functional mimics, the representative herein is the pivotal development of several critical small molecule conversions catalyzed by metal complexes, e.g., water oxidation, proton and CO2 reduction and organic chemical transformation of small molecules. Of great achievement is the establishment of bioinspired metal complexes as catalysts with high stability, specific selectivity and satisfactory efficiency to drive the multiple-electron and multiple-proton processes related to small molecule transformation. Also, potential opportunities and challenges for future development in these appealing areas are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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53
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Honda Y, Shinohara Y, Watanabe M, Ishihara T, Fujii H. Photo-biohydrogen Production by Photosensitization with Biologically Precipitated Cadmium Sulfide in Hydrogen-Forming Recombinant Escherichia coli. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3389-3397. [PMID: 32697401 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An inorganic-biological hybrid system that integrates features of both stable and efficient semiconductors and selective and efficient enzymes is attractive for facilitating the conversion of solar energy to hydrogen. In this study, we aimed to develop a new photocatalytic hydrogen-production system based on Escherichia coli whole-cell genetically engineered as a biocatalysis for highly active hydrogen formation. The photocatalysis part was obtained by bacterial precipitation of cadmium sulfide (CdS), which is a visible-light-responsive semiconductor. The recombinant E. coli cells were sequentially subjected to CdS precipitation and heterologous [FeFe]-hydrogenase synthesis to yield a CdS@E. coli hybrid capable of light energy conversion and hydrogen formation in a single cell. The CdS@E. coli hybrid achieved photocatalytic hydrogen production with a sacrificial electron donor, thus demonstrating the feasibility of our system and expanding the current knowledge of photosensitization using a whole-cell biocatalyst with a bacterially precipitated semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yuka Shinohara
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Motonori Watanabe
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Ishihara
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
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54
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Pearce OM, Duncan JS, Lama B, Dukovic G, Damrauer NH. Binding Orientation of a Ruthenium-Based Water Oxidation Catalyst on a CdS QD Surface Revealed by NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9552-9556. [PMID: 33118823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the binding of a Ru-based water oxidation catalyst (WOC) to CdS quantum dots (QDs) revealed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Spin centers within the WOC exhibit correlated trends in chemical shift and T2 lifetime shortening upon QD binding. These effects are a highly directional function of proton position within the WOC, thus uncovering orientation information relative to the QD surface. The data suggest that the WOC interacts with the QD surface via the Ru terpyridine ligand, an unexpected orientation that has important implications for interfacial charge transfer and subsequent catalysis. This binding motif enables strong enough donor-acceptor electronic coupling for ultrafast photoinduced hole transfer while maintaining electronically distinct functional subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orion M Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jeremiah S Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Bimala Lama
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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55
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Utterback JK, Cline RP, Shulenberger KE, Eaves JD, Dukovic G. The Motion of Trapped Holes on Nanocrystal Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9876-9885. [PMID: 33170725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective discusses the phenomenon of trapped-hole diffusion in colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. Surface charge-carrier traps are ubiquitous in nanocrystals and often dictate the fate of photoexcited carriers. New measurements and calculations are unveiling the nature of the nanocrystal surface, but many challenges to understanding the dynamics of trapped carriers remain. In contrast to the view that trapped holes are stationary, we have put forward a series of reports demonstrating that trapped holes on the surfaces of CdS and CdSe nanocrystals are mobile and move between traps in a sequence of hops. We summarize how these findings advance the understanding of carrier dynamics in colloidal nanocrystals and how they may impact a broad set of excited-state behaviors in these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Utterback
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - R Peyton Cline
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Joel D Eaves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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56
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Shen H, Wang YZ, Liu G, Li L, Xia R, Luo B, Wang J, Suo D, Shi W, Yong YC. A Whole-Cell Inorganic-Biohybrid System Integrated by Reduced Graphene Oxide for Boosting Solar Hydrogen Production. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zhai Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Guiwu Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Longhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Rong Xia
- Zhenjiang Hengshun Bioengineering Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Bifu Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Jixiang Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Di Suo
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yang-Chun Yong
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
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57
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Dong G, Wang H, Yan Z, Zhang J, Ji X, Lin M, Dahlgren RA, Shang X, Zhang M, Chen Z. Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles-assisted intimate coupling of microbial and photoelectrochemical processes: Mechanisms and environmental applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140080. [PMID: 32562993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intimate coupling of microbial extracellular electron transfer (EET) and photoelectrochemical processes is an emerging research area with great potential to circumvent many disadvantages associated with traditional techniques that depend on independent microbial or photocatalysis treatment. Microbial EET processes involve microorganism oxidation of extracellular electron donors for respiration and synchronous reduction of extracellular electron acceptors to form an integrated respiratory chain. Coupled microbial EET-photoelectrochemical technologies greatly improve energy conversion efficiency providing both economic and environmental benefits. Among substitutes for semiconductor photocatalysts, cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) possess several attractive properties. Specifically, CdS NPs have suitable electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, visible light-driven photocatalysis capability and robust biocompatibility, enabling them to promote hybrid microbial-photoelectrochemical processes. This review highlights recent advances in intimately coupled CdS NPs-microbial extracellular electron transfer systems and examines the mechanistic pathways involved in photoelectrochemical transformations. Finally, the prospects for emerging applications utilizing hybrid CdS NPs-based microbial-photoelectrochemical technologies are assessed. As such, this review provides a rigorous fundamental analysis of electron transport dynamics for hybrid CdS NPs-microbial photoelectrochemical processes and explores the applicability of engineered CdS NPs-biohybrids for future applications, such as in environmental remediation and clean-energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowen Dong
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science & Health, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Resource and Environment Monitoring & Sustainable Management and Utilization, College of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming 365000, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghui Wang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tan Kah Kee College, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 363105, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Yan
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tan Kah Kee College, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 363105, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Ji
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science & Health, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Maozi Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Coastal Basin Environment, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuqing 350300, People's Republic of China
| | - Randy A Dahlgren
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science & Health, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China; Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xu Shang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science & Health, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science & Health, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China; Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science & Health, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China; School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tan Kah Kee College, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 363105, People's Republic of China.
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58
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Sanchez MLK, Konecny SE, Narehood SM, Reijerse EJ, Lubitz W, Birrell JA, Dyer RB. The Laser-Induced Potential Jump: A Method for Rapid Electron Injection into Oxidoreductase Enzymes. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8750-8760. [PMID: 32924491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidoreductase enzymes often perform technologically useful chemical transformations using abundant metal cofactors with high efficiency under ambient conditions. The understanding of the catalytic mechanism of these enzymes is, however, highly dependent on the availability of well-characterized and optimized time-resolved analytical techniques. We have developed an approach for rapidly injecting electrons into a catalytic system using a photoactivated nanomaterial in combination with a range of redox mediators to produce a potential jump in solution, which then initiates turnover via electron transfer (ET) to the catalyst. The ET events at the nanomaterial-mediator-catalyst interfaces are, however, highly sensitive to the experimental conditions such as photon flux, relative concentrations of system components, and pH. Here, we present a systematic optimization of these experimental parameters for a specific catalytic system, namely, [FeFe] hydrogenase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrHydA1). The developed strategies can, however, be applied in the study of a wide variety of oxidoreductase enzymes. Our potential jump system consists of CdSe/CdS core-shell nanorods as a photosensitizer and a series of substituted bipyridinium salts as mediators with redox potentials in the range from -550 to -670 mV (vs SHE). With these components, we screened the effect of pH, mediator concentration, protein concentration, photosensitizer concentration, and photon flux on steady-state photoreduction and hydrogen production as well as ET and potential jump efficiency. By manipulating these experimental conditions, we show the potential of simple modifications to improve the tunability of the potential jump for application to study oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L K Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30030, United States
| | - Sara E Konecny
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30030, United States
| | - Sarah M Narehood
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30030, United States
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - James A Birrell
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - R Brian Dyer
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30030, United States
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59
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Artificial, Photoinduced Activation of Nitrogenase Using Directed and Mediated Electron Transfer Processes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogenase, a bacteria-based enzyme, is the sole enzyme that is able to generate ammonia by atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Thus, improved understanding of its utilization and developing methods to artificially activate it may contribute to basic research, as well as to the design of future artificial systems. Here, we present methods to artificially activate nitrogenase using photoinduced reactions. Two nitrogenase variants originating from Azotobacter vinelandii were examined using photoactivated CdS nanoparticles (NPs) capped with thioglycolic acid (TGA) or 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) ligands. The effect of methyl viologen (MV) as a redox mediator of hydrogen and ammonia generation was tested and analyzed. We further determined the NPs conductive band edges and their effect on the nitrogenase photoactivation. The nano-biohybrid systems comprising CdS NPs and nitrogenase were further imaged by transmission electron microscopy, visualizing their formation for the first time. Our results show that the ME-capped CdS NPs–nitrogenase enzyme biohybrid system with added MV as a redox mediator leads to a five-fold increase in the production of ammonia compared with the non-mediated biohybrid system; nevertheless, it stills lag behind the natural process rate. On the contrary, a maximal hydrogen generation amount was achieved by the αL158C MoFe-P and the ME-capped CdS NPs.
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60
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Chica B, Ruzicka J, Kallas H, Mulder DW, Brown KA, Peters JW, Seefeldt LC, Dukovic G, King PW. Defining Intermediates of Nitrogenase MoFe Protein during N 2 Reduction under Photochemical Electron Delivery from CdS Quantum Dots. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14324-14330. [PMID: 32787260 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coupling the nitrogenase MoFe protein to light-harvesting semiconductor nanomaterials replaces the natural electron transfer complex of Fe protein and ATP and provides low-potential photoexcited electrons for photocatalytic N2 reduction. A central question is how direct photochemical electron delivery from nanocrystals to MoFe protein is able to support the multielectron ammonia production reaction. In this study, low photon flux conditions were used to identify the initial reaction intermediates of CdS quantum dot (QD):MoFe protein nitrogenase complexes under photochemical activation using EPR. Illumination of CdS QD:MoFe protein complexes led to redox changes in the MoFe protein active site FeMo-co observed as the gradual decline in the E0 resting state intensity that was accompanied by an increase in the intensity of a new "geff = 4.5" EPR signal. The magnetic properties of the geff = 4.5 signal support assignment as a reduced S = 3/2 state, and reaction modeling was used to define it as a two-electron-reduced "E2" intermediate. Use of a MoFe protein variant, β-188Cys, which poises the P cluster in the oxidized P+ state, demonstrated that the P cluster can function as a site of photoexcited electron delivery from CdS to MoFe protein. Overall, the results establish the initial steps for how photoexcited CdS delivers electrons into the MoFe protein during reduction of N2 to ammonia and the role of electron flux in the photochemical reaction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant Chica
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jesse Ruzicka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hayden Kallas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - David W Mulder
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Katherine A Brown
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - John W Peters
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Lance C Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Paul W King
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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61
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Benazzi E, Coni VC, Boni M, Mazzaro R, Morandi V, Natali M. The role of the capping agent and nanocrystal size in photoinduced hydrogen evolution using CdTe/CdS quantum dot sensitizers. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10212-10223. [PMID: 32666964 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen production via light-driven water splitting is a key process in the context of solar energy conversion. In this respect, the choice of suitable light-harvesting units appears as a major challenge, particularly as far as stability issues are concerned. In this work, we report on the use of CdTe/CdS QDs as photosensitizers for light-assisted hydrogen evolution in combination with a nickel bis(diphosphine) catalyst (1) and ascorbate as the sacrificial electron donor. QDs of different sizes (1.7-3.4 nm) and with different capping agents (MPA, MAA, and MSA) have been prepared and their performance assessed in the above-mentioned photocatalytic reaction. Detailed photophysical studies have been also accomplished to highlight the charge transfer processes relevant to the photocatalytic reaction. Hydrogen evolution is observed with remarkable efficiencies when compared to common coordination compounds like Ru(bpy)32+ (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) as light-harvesting units. Furthermore, the hydrogen evolution performance under irradiation is strongly determined by the nature of the capping agent and the QD size and can be related to the concentration of the surface defects within the semiconducting nanocrystal. Overall, the present results outline how QDs featuring large quantum yields and long lifetimes are desirable to achieve sustained hydrogen evolution upon irradiation and that a precise control of the structural and photophysical properties thus appears as a major requirement towards profitable photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Benazzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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62
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Edwards EH, Bren KL. Light-driven catalysis with engineered enzymes and biomimetic systems. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:463-483. [PMID: 32588914 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to drive catalytic reactions with light, inspired by natural processes like photosynthesis, have a long history and have seen significant recent growth. Successfully engineering systems using biomolecular and bioinspired catalysts to carry out light-driven chemical reactions capitalizes on advantages offered from the fields of biocatalysis and photocatalysis. In particular, driving reactions under mild conditions and in water, in which enzymes are operative, using sunlight as a renewable energy source yield environmentally friendly systems. Furthermore, using enzymes and bioinspired systems can take advantage of the high efficiency and specificity of biocatalysts. There are many challenges to overcome to fully capitalize on the potential of light-driven biocatalysis. In this mini-review, we discuss examples of enzymes and engineered biomolecular catalysts that are activated via electron transfer from a photosensitizer in a photocatalytic system. We place an emphasis on selected forefront chemical reactions of high interest, including CH oxidation, proton reduction, water oxidation, CO2 reduction, and N2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kara L Bren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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63
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Abstract
Nitrogenase is the only enzyme capable of reducing N2 to NH3. This challenging reaction requires the coordinated transfer of multiple electrons from the reductase, Fe-protein, to the catalytic component, MoFe-protein, in an ATP-dependent fashion. In the last two decades, there have been significant advances in our understanding of how nitrogenase orchestrates electron transfer (ET) from the Fe-protein to the catalytic site of MoFe-protein and how energy from ATP hydrolysis transduces the ET processes. In this review, we summarize these advances, with focus on the structural and thermodynamic redox properties of nitrogenase component proteins and their complexes, as well as on new insights regarding the mechanism of ET reactions during catalysis and how they are coupled to ATP hydrolysis. We also discuss recently developed chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical methods for uncoupling substrate reduction from ATP hydrolysis, which may provide new avenues for studying the catalytic mechanism of nitrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Rutledge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0340, United States
| | - F Akif Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0340, United States
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64
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Holá K, Pavliuk MV, Németh B, Huang P, Zdražil L, Land H, Berggren G, Tian H. Carbon Dots and [FeFe] Hydrogenase Biohybrid Assemblies for Efficient Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Holá
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia V. Pavliuk
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brigitta Németh
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Molecular Biomimetic, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Molecular Biomimetic, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lukáš Zdražil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Henrik Land
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Molecular Biomimetic, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustav Berggren
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Molecular Biomimetic, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Haining Tian
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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65
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Tanifuji K, Ohki Y. Metal–Sulfur Compounds in N2 Reduction and Nitrogenase-Related Chemistry. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5194-5251. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tanifuji
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Ohki
- Department of Chemsitry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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66
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Liu W, Xie Z, Wang C, Zhan S, Wu S. Effects of metal centers of complexes supported by S,S′‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐1,2‐thioethane on catalytic activities for electrochemical‐ and photochemical‐driven hydrogen production. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Xia Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Zhen‐Lang Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Chun‐Li Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Shu‐Zhong Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Song‐Ping Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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67
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Roy S, Jain V, Kashyap RK, Rao A, Pillai PP. Electrostatically Driven Multielectron Transfer for the Photocatalytic Regeneration of Nicotinamide Cofactor. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumendu Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Vanshika Jain
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Radha Krishna Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Anish Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Pramod P. Pillai
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
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68
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Abstract
Owing to their unique physicochemical properties and comparable size to biomacromolecules, functional nanostructures have served as powerful supports to construct enzyme-nanostructure biocatalysts (nanobiocatalysts). Of particular importance, recent years have witnessed the development of novel nanobiocatalysts with remarkably increased enzyme activities. This review provides a comprehensive description of recent advances in the field of nanobiocatalysts, with systematic elaboration of the underlying mechanisms of activity enhancement, including metal ion activation, electron transfer, morphology effects, mass transfer limitations, and conformation changes. The nanobiocatalysts highlighted here are expected to provide an insight into enzyme–nanostructure interaction, and provide a guideline for future design of high-efficiency nanobiocatalysts in both fundamental research and practical applications.
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69
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Wang Y, Ma Y, Li XB, Gao L, Gao XY, Wei XZ, Zhang LP, Tung CH, Qiao L, Wu LZ. Unveiling Catalytic Sites in a Typical Hydrogen Photogeneration System Consisting of Semiconductor Quantum Dots and 3d-Metal Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4680-4689. [PMID: 32066243 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in conjunction with non-noble 3d-metal ions (e.g., Fe3+, Co2+, and Ni2+) have emerged as an extremely efficient, facile, and cost-effective means of solar-driven hydrogen (H2) evolution. However, the exact structural change of the active sites under realistic conditions remains elusive, and the mechanism of H2 evolution behind the remarkable activity is poorly understood. Here, we successfully track the structural variation of the catalytic sites in the typical H2 photogeneration system consisting of CdSe/CdS QDs and 3d-metal ions (i.e., Ni2+ used here). That is, the nickel precursor of Ni(OAc)2 changes to Ni(H2O)62+ in neutral H2O and eventually transforms to Ni(OH)2 nanosheets in alkaline media. Furthermore, the in operando spectroscopic techniques of electron paramagnetic resonance and X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveal the photoinduced transformation of Ni(OH)2 to a defective structure [Nix0/Ni1-x(OH)2], which acts as the real catalytic species of H2 photogeneration. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further indicate that the surface Ni-vacancies (VNi) on the Ni(OH)2 nanosheets enhance the adsorption and dissociation of H2O molecules to enhance the local proton concentration, while the Ni0 clusters behave as H2-evolution sites, thereby synergistically promoting the activity of H2 photogeneration in alkaline media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Zhu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Qiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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70
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Gai P, Yu W, Zhao H, Qi R, Li F, Liu L, Lv F, Wang S. Solar‐Powered Organic Semiconductor–Bacteria Biohybrids for CO
2
Reduction into Acetic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Gai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesQingdao Agricultural University Qingdao 266109 P. R. China
| | - Wen Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesQingdao Agricultural University Qingdao 266109 P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Ruilian Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesQingdao Agricultural University Qingdao 266109 P. R. China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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71
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Gai P, Yu W, Zhao H, Qi R, Li F, Liu L, Lv F, Wang S. Solar-Powered Organic Semiconductor-Bacteria Biohybrids for CO 2 Reduction into Acetic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7224-7229. [PMID: 32065712 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An organic semiconductor-bacteria biohybrid photosynthetic system is used to efficiently realize CO2 reduction to produce acetic acid with the non-photosynthetic bacteria Moorella thermoacetica. Perylene diimide derivative (PDI) and poly(fluorene-co-phenylene) (PFP) were coated on the bacteria surface as photosensitizers to form a p-n heterojunction (PFP/PDI) layer, affording higher hole/electron separation efficiency. The π-conjugated semiconductors possess excellent light-harvesting ability and biocompatibility, and the cationic side chains of organic semiconductors could intercalate into cell membranes, ensuring efficient electron transfer to bacteria. Moorella thermoacetica can thus harvest photoexcited electrons from the PFP/PDI heterojunction, driving the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway to synthesize acetic acid from CO2 under illumination. The efficiency of this organic biohybrid is about 1.6 %, which is comparable to those of reported inorganic biohybrid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Gai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Wen Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ruilian Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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72
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Utterback JK, Ruzicka JL, Keller HR, Pellows LM, Dukovic G. Electron Transfer from Semiconductor Nanocrystals to Redox Enzymes. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2020; 71:335-359. [PMID: 32074472 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-050317-014232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes progress in understanding electron transfer from photoexcited nanocrystals to redox enzymes. The combination of the light-harvesting properties of nanocrystals and the catalytic properties of redox enzymes has emerged as a versatile platform to drive a variety of enzyme-catalyzed reactions with light. Transfer of a photoexcited charge from a nanocrystal to an enzyme is a critical first step for these reactions. This process has been studied in depth in systems that combine Cd-chalcogenide nanocrystals with hydrogenases. The two components can be assembled in close proximity to enable direct interfacial electron transfer or integrated with redox mediators to transport charges. Time-resolved spectroscopy and kinetic modeling have been used to measure the rates and efficiencies of the electron transfer. Electron transfer has been described within the framework of Marcus theory, providing insights into the factors that can be used to control the photochemical activity of these biohybrid systems. The range of potential applications and reactions that can be achieved using nanocrystal-enzyme systems is expanding, and numerous fundamental and practical questions remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Utterback
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; , , .,Current affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Jesse L Ruzicka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; , ,
| | - Helena R Keller
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA;
| | - Lauren M Pellows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; , ,
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; , ,
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73
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Botcha NK, Gutha RR, Sadeghi SM, Mukherjee A. Synthesis of water-soluble Ni(II) complexes and their role in photo-induced electron transfer with MPA-CdTe quantum dots. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 143:143-153. [PMID: 31495904 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting using solar energy for hydrogen production offers a promising alternative form of storable and clean energy for the future. To design an artificial photosynthesis system that is cost-effective and scalable, earth abundant elements must be used to develop each of the components of the assembly. To develop artificial photosynthetic systems, we need to couple a catalyst for proton reduction to a photosensitizer and understand the mechanism of photo-induced electron transfer from the photosensitizer to the catalyst that serves as the fundamental step for photocatalysis. Therefore, our work is focused on the study of light driven electron transfer kinetics from the quantum dot systems made with inorganic chalcogenides in the presence of Ni-based reduction catalysts. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of four Ni(II) complexes of tetradentate ligands with amine and pyridine functionalities (N2/Py2) and their interactions with CdTe quantum dots stabilized by 3-mercaptopropionic acid. The lifetime of the quantum dots was investigated in the presence of the Ni complexes and absorbance, emission and electrochemical measurements were performed to gain a deeper understanding of the photo-induced electron transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Krishna Botcha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Rithvik R Gutha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Seyed M Sadeghi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Anusree Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
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74
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Brown KA, King PW. Coupling biology to synthetic nanomaterials for semi-artificial photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 143:193-203. [PMID: 31641988 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biohybrid artificial photosynthesis aims to combine the advantages of biological specificity with a range of synthetic nanomaterials to create innovative semi-synthetic systems for solar-to-chemical conversion. Biological systems utilize highly efficient molecular catalysts for reduction-oxidation reactions. They can operate with minimal overpotentials while selectively channeling reductant energy into specific transformation chemistries and product forming pathways. Nanomaterials can be synthesized to have efficient light-absorption capacity and tuneability of charge separation by manipulation of surface chemistries and bulk compositions. These complementary aspects have been combined in a variety of ways, for example, where biological light-harvesting complexes function as antenna for nanoparticle catalysts or where nanoparticles function as light capture, charge separation components for coupling to chemical conversion by redox enzymes and whole cells. The synthetic diversity that is possible with biohybrids is still being explored. The progress arising from creative approaches is generating new model systems to inspire scale-up technologies and generate understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that control energy conversion at the molecular scale. These efforts are leading to discoveries of essential design principles that can enable the development of scalable artificial photosynthesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul W King
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80402, USA
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75
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Wang P, Li C, Wang M, Jin Y. Controlled Decoration of Divalent Nickel onto CdS/CdSe Core/Shell Quantum Dots to Boost Visible-Light-Induced Hydrogen Generation in Water. Chempluschem 2020; 83:1088-1096. [PMID: 31950710 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The search for a low-cost, noble-metal-free cocatalyst to replace expensive Pt for hydrogen (H2 ) photogeneration in water has become a hot research topic, and among these, Ni-based cocatalysts are promising and highly desired. Developing new strategies and protocols to obtain Ni-based cocatalysts with high activity is therefore vitally important. Herein, we develop a new method to efficiently decorate divalent Ni onto pre-synthesized CdS/CdSe core/shell quantum dots (QDs). The concentration of Ni on the QDs can be easily tuned by varying the amount of the Ni precursor introduced during the synthesis. Further analyses reveal that Ni2+ can be strongly decorated onto QDs. Impressively, the Ni-decorated QDs displayed a significantly enhanced H2 photogeneration performance as compared to the two components prepared separately. Through the optimization of the Ni concentration on the QDs, the turnover frequency (TOF) with respect to Ni and quantum yield ( Φ H 2 ) at 520 nm for H2 evolution from water could reach 322 h-1 and 12.3 %, respectively. A possible mechanism has also been proposed and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Chuanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yongdong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
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76
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Harris AW, Harguindey A, Patalano RE, Roy S, Yehezkeli O, Goodwin AP, Cha JN. Investigating Protein–Nanocrystal Interactions for Photodriven Activity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1026-1035. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Omer Yehezkeli
- Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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77
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Aguado S, Casarrubios L, Ramírez de Arellano C, Sierra MA. Revisiting the photochemical synthesis of [FeFe]-hydrogenase mimics: reaction optimization, mechanistic study and electrochemical behaviour. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29855-29867. [PMID: 35518225 PMCID: PMC9056276 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06002j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The photoreaction of [(μ-S)2Fe2(CO)6] and alkenes or alkynes has been optimized to readily obtain functionalized [FeFe]-hydrogenase mimics. Irradiation under low CO pressure in THF produces the corresponding photo-adducts in good/acceptable (alkenes/alkynes) yields, with retention of the starting olefin stereochemistry. DFT-calculations provide plausible reaction pathways in both, singlet and triplet states. The DFT-calculation based in the singlet state is energetically more favorable. The electrochemical behavior of the synthesized compounds is also presented, including studies in acidic media. The electrochemical properties of the products vary in the presence of a double bond (cycloaddition of [(μ-S)2Fe2(CO)6] to alkynes), respect to a single bond (cycloaddition to alkenes). The photochemistry of [(μ-S)2Fe2(CO)6] and alkenes or alkynes has been developed to a synthetically useful level. Computational data and electrochemistry of the photoadducts show interesting properties of these compounds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Aguado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad Complutense
- 28040-Madrid
| | - Luis Casarrubios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad Complutense
- 28040-Madrid
| | - Carmen Ramírez de Arellano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46100-Valencia
- Spain
| | - Miguel A. Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad Complutense
- 28040-Madrid
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78
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Kosem N, Honda Y, Watanabe M, Takagaki A, Tehrani ZP, Haydous F, Lippert T, Ishihara T. Photobiocatalytic H2 evolution of GaN:ZnO and [FeFe]-hydrogenase recombinant Escherichia coli. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00128g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The need for sustainable, renewable and low-cost approaches is a driving force behind the development of solar-to-H2 conversion technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttavut Kosem
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| | - Yuki Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Environmental Science
- Faculty of Science
- Nara Women's University
- Nara 630-8506
- Japan
| | - Motonori Watanabe
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Atsushi Takagaki
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| | - Zahra Pourmand Tehrani
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments
- Paul Scherrer Institut
- CH-5232 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
| | - Fatima Haydous
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments
- Paul Scherrer Institut
- CH-5232 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry
| | - Thomas Lippert
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments
| | - Tatsumi Ishihara
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
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79
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Fang X, Kalathil S, Reisner E. Semi-biological approaches to solar-to-chemical conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4926-4952. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00496c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the cross-disciplinary field of semi-artificial photosynthesis, which combines strengths of biocatalysis and artificial photosynthesis to develop new concepts and approaches for solar-to-chemical conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Shafeer Kalathil
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
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80
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Xie Z, Jiang W, Wang N, Zhan S. An efficient catalyst based on a water‐soluble cobalt(II) complex of
S
,
S
′‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐1,2‐thiobenzene for electrochemical‐ and photochemical‐driven hydrogen evolution. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen‐Lang Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Wen‐Xing Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Nan‐Shu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Shu‐Zhong Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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81
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Light-driven carbon-carbon bond formation via CO 2 reduction catalyzed by complexes of CdS nanorods and a 2-oxoacid oxidoreductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:135-140. [PMID: 31852819 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903948116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox enzymes are capable of catalyzing a vast array of useful reactions, but they require redox partners that donate or accept electrons. Semiconductor nanocrystals provide a mechanism to convert absorbed photon energy into redox equivalents for enzyme catalysis. Here, we describe a system for photochemical carbon-carbon bond formation to make 2-oxoglutarate by coupling CO2 with a succinyl group. Photoexcited electrons from cadmium sulfide nanorods (CdS NRs) transfer to 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Magnetococcus marinus MC-1 (MmOGOR), which catalyzes a carbon-carbon bond formation reaction. We thereby decouple MmOGOR from its native role in the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle and drive it directly with light. We examine the dependence of 2-oxoglutarate formation on a variety of factors and, using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, elucidate the critical role of electron transfer (ET) from CdS NRs to MmOGOR. We find that the efficiency of this ET depends strongly on whether the succinyl CoA (SCoA) cosubstrate is bound at the MmOGOR active site. We hypothesize that the conformational changes due to SCoA binding impact the CdS NR-MmOGOR interaction in a manner that decreases ET efficiency compared to the enzyme with no cosubstrate bound. Our work reveals structural considerations for the nano-bio interfaces involved in light-driven enzyme catalysis and points to the competing factors of enzyme catalysis and ET efficiency that may arise when complex enzyme reactions are driven by artificial light absorbers.
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82
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Ishibashi T, Higashi M, Ikeda S, Amao Y. Photoelectrochemical CO
2
Reduction to Formate with the Sacrificial Reagent Free System of Semiconductor Photocatalysts and Formate Dehydrogenase. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishibashi
- Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka-shi 558-8585 Japan
| | - Masanobu Higashi
- The Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology DepartmentOsaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka-shi 558-8585 Japan
| | - Shigeru Ikeda
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyKonan University 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku Kobe-shi 658-8501 Japan
| | - Yutaka Amao
- Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka-shi 558-8585 Japan
- The Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology DepartmentOsaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka-shi 558-8585 Japan
- Research Centre for Artificial Photosynthesis (ReCAP)Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka-shi 558-8585 Japan
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83
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Merinero AD, Collado A, Casarrubios L, Gómez-Gallego M, Ramírez de Arellano C, Caballero A, Zapata F, Sierra MA. Triazole-Containing [FeFe] Hydrogenase Mimics: Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Behavior. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:16267-16278. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alba D. Merinero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, and Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, and Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Casarrubios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, and Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Gómez-Gallego
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, and Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ramírez de Arellano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Caballero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fabiola Zapata
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, and Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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84
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Perry D, Waiskopf N, Verbitsky L, Remennik S, Banin U. Shell Stabilization of Photocatalytic ZnSe Nanorods. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Perry
- The Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and NanotechnologyThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Nir Waiskopf
- The Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and NanotechnologyThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Lior Verbitsky
- The Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and NanotechnologyThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Sergei Remennik
- The Center for Nanoscience and NanotechnologyThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Uri Banin
- The Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and NanotechnologyThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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85
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Sokol K, Robinson WE, Oliveira AR, Zacarias S, Lee CY, Madden C, Bassegoda A, Hirst J, Pereira IA, Reisner E. Reversible and Selective Interconversion of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide into Formate by a Semiartificial Formate Hydrogenlyase Mimic. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17498-17502. [PMID: 31638793 PMCID: PMC6838786 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The biological formate hydrogenlyase (FHL) complex links a formate dehydrogenase (FDH) to a hydrogenase (H2ase) and produces H2 and CO2 from formate via mixed-acid fermentation in Escherichia coli. Here, we describe an electrochemical and a colloidal semiartificial FHL system that consists of an FDH and a H2ase immobilized on conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) as an electron relay. These in vitro systems benefit from the efficient wiring of a highly active enzyme pair and allow for the reversible conversion of formate to H2 and CO2 under ambient temperature and pressure. The hybrid systems provide a template for the design of synthetic catalysts and surpass the FHL complex in vivo by storing and releasing H2 on demand by interconverting CO2/H2 and formate with minimal bias in either direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna
P. Sokol
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - William E. Robinson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Ana R. Oliveira
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
(ITQB), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sonia Zacarias
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
(ITQB), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Chong-Yong Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Christopher Madden
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Arnau Bassegoda
- Medical
Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, U.K.
| | - Judy Hirst
- Medical
Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, U.K.
| | - Inês A.
C. Pereira
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
(ITQB), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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86
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Arcudi F, Westmoreland DE, Weiss EA. Colloidally Stable CdS Quantum Dots in Water with Electrostatically Stabilized Weak-Binding, Sulfur-Free Ligands. Chemistry 2019; 25:14469-14474. [PMID: 31486120 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dot (QD) photocatalysts have the electrochemical and optical properties to be highly effective for a range of redox reactions. QDs are proven photo-redox catalysts for a variety of reactions in organic solvents but are less prominent for aqueous reactions. Aqueous QD photocatalysts require hydrophilic ligand shells that provide long-term colloidal stability but are not so tight-binding as to prevent catalytic substrates from accessing the QD surface. Common thiolate ligands, which also poison many co-catalysts and undergo photo-oxidative desorption, are therefore often not an option. This paper describes a framework for the design of water-solubilizing ligands that are in dynamic exchange on and off the QD surface, but still provide long-term colloidal stability to CdS QDs. The binding affinity and inter-ligand electrostatic interactions of a bifunctional ligand, aminoethyl phosphonic acid (AEP), are tuned with the pH of the dispersion. The key to colloidal stability is electrostatic stabilization of the monolayer. This work demonstrates a means of mimicking the stabilizing power of a thiolate-bound ligand with a zwitterionic tail group, but without the thiolate binding group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arcudi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL-60208-3113, USA
| | - Dana Emily Westmoreland
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL-60208-3113, USA
| | - Emily Allyn Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL-60208-3113, USA
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87
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Xie ZL, Jiang WX, Zhan SZ, Wu SP. Design, synthesis and characterization of a co-photocatalyst based on a copper (II) complex of S,S′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-thioethane for hydrogen production under visible light. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.107464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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88
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Li X, Tung C, Wu L. Quantum Dot Assembly for Light‐Driven Multielectron Redox Reactions, such as Hydrogen Evolution and CO
2
Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10804-10811. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu‐Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, TheTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Chen‐Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, TheTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Li‐Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, TheTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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89
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Wang X, Pu J, Liu Y, Ba F, Cui M, Li K, Xie Y, Nie Y, Mi Q, Li T, Liu L, Zhu M, Zhong C. Immobilization of functional nano-objects in living engineered bacterial biofilms for catalytic applications. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:929-943. [PMID: 34691954 PMCID: PMC8291418 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale objects feature very large surface-area-to-volume ratios and are now understood as powerful tools for catalysis, but their nature as nanomaterials brings challenges including toxicity and nanomaterial pollution. Immobilization is considered a feasible strategy for addressing these limitations. Here, as a proof-of-concept for the immobilization of nanoscale catalysts in the extracellular matrix of bacterial biofilms, we genetically engineered amyloid monomers of the Escherichia coli curli nanofiber system that are secreted and can self-assemble and anchor nano-objects in a spatially precise manner. We demonstrated three scalable, tunable and reusable catalysis systems: biofilm-anchored gold nanoparticles to reduce nitro aromatic compounds such as the pollutant p-nitrophenol, biofilm-anchored hybrid Cd0.9Zn0.1S quantum dots and gold nanoparticles to degrade organic dyes and biofilm-anchored CdSeS@ZnS quantum dots in a semi-artificial photosynthesis system for hydrogen production. Our work demonstrates how the ability of biofilms to grow in scalable and complex spatial arrangements can be exploited for catalytic applications and clearly illustrates the design utility of segregating high-energy nano-objects from injury-prone cellular components by engineering anchoring points in an extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Division of Materials and Physical Biology, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahua Pu
- Division of Materials and Physical Biology, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Division of Materials and Physical Biology, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fang Ba
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mengkui Cui
- Division of Materials and Physical Biology, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ke Li
- Division of Materials and Physical Biology, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Division of Materials and Physical Biology, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yan Nie
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qixi Mi
- Division of Materials and Physical Biology, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tao Li
- Division of Materials and Physical Biology, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lingli Liu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Division of Materials and Physical Biology, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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90
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Emerging approach in semiconductor photocatalysis: Towards 3D architectures for efficient solar fuels generation in semi-artificial photosynthetic systems. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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91
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang‐Bing Fan
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge 9 JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FA United Kingdom
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest Petroleum University No. 8, Xindu Road, Xindu District Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
| | - Bo Hou
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge 9 JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FA United Kingdom
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge 9 JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FA United Kingdom
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92
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Wang B, Jiang Z, Yu JC, Wang J, Wong PK. Enhanced CO 2 reduction and valuable C 2+ chemical production by a CdS-photosynthetic hybrid system. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9296-9301. [PMID: 31049528 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02896j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Semi-artificial photosynthesis is an emerging technique in recent years. Here, we presented an inorganic-biological hybrid system composed of photosynthetic Rhodopseudomonas palustris and CdS nanoparticles coated on the bacterial surface. Under visible light irradiation, the CO2 reduction and valuable C2+ chemical production of R. palustris could be promoted by the photo-induced electrons from the CdS NPs. The increased energy-rich NADPH cofactor promoted the generation of the Calvin cycle intermediate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. As a result, the production of solid biomass, carotenoids and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) was increased to 148%, 122% and 147%, respectively. The photosynthetic efficiency (PE) of CdS-R. palustris was elevated from the original 4.31% to 5.98%. The surface loaded NP amount and the material-cell interface both played important roles in the efficient electron generation and transduction. The CdS-R. palustris hybrid system also exhibited a survival advantage over its natural counterparts under the autotrophic conditions. Under a practical solar/dark cycle, the produced biomass, carotenoid and PHB from the hybrid system also reach 139%, 117% and 135%, respectively. The CdS-photosynthetic hybrid system represents a powerful and expandable platform for advanced CO2 reduction and solar-to-chemical (S2C) conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
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93
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Li X, Tung C, Wu L. Quantum Dot Assembly for Light‐Driven Multielectron Redox Reactions, such as Hydrogen Evolution and CO
2
Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu‐Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, TheTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Chen‐Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, TheTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Li‐Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, TheTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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94
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Westmoreland DE, Nap RJ, Arcudi F, Szleifer I, Weiss EA. pH-Dependent structure of water-exposed surfaces of CdSe quantum dots. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5435-5438. [PMID: 30997460 PMCID: PMC6556383 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01339c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing negative charge density at the surfaces of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) effects a bathochromic shift of their ground state optical spectra with increasing pH due to electrostatic and chemical modifications at the QD surface. These modifications are enabled by weakly-bound ligands that expose the surface to the aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Westmoreland
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
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95
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Guo J, Suástegui M, Sakimoto KK, Moody VM, Xiao G, Nocera DG, Joshi NS. Light-driven fine chemical production in yeast biohybrids. Science 2019; 362:813-816. [PMID: 30442806 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat9777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic-biological hybrid systems have potential to be sustainable, efficient, and versatile chemical synthesis platforms by integrating the light-harvesting properties of semiconductors with the synthetic potential of biological cells. We have developed a modular bioinorganic hybrid platform that consists of highly efficient light-harvesting indium phosphide nanoparticles and genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a workhorse microorganism in biomanufacturing. The yeast harvests photogenerated electrons from the illuminated nanoparticles and uses them for the cytosolic regeneration of redox cofactors. This process enables the decoupling of biosynthesis and cofactor regeneration, facilitating a carbon- and energy-efficient production of the metabolite shikimic acid, a common precursor for several drugs and fine chemicals. Our work provides a platform for the rational design of biohybrids for efficient biomanufacturing processes with higher complexity and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Guo
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Miguel Suástegui
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Kelsey K Sakimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vanessa M Moody
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gao Xiao
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Neel S Joshi
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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96
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Lee YV, Tian B. Learning from Solar Energy Conversion: Biointerfaces for Artificial Photosynthesis and Biological Modulation. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2189-2197. [PMID: 30888185 PMCID: PMC6800084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Three seemingly distinct directions of nanomaterials research, photovoltaics, biofuel production, and biological modulation, have been sequentially developed over the past several decades. In this Mini Review, we discuss how the insights gleaned from nanomaterials-based solar energy conversion can be adapted to biointerface designs. Because of their size- and shape-dependent optical properties and excellent synthetic control, nanomaterials have shown unique technological advantages as the light absorbers or energy transducers. Biocompatible nanomaterials have also been incorporated into biological systems including biomolecules, bacteria, and eukaryotic cells for a large collection of fundamental studies and applications. For the photocatalytic biofuel production, either isolated bacterial enzymes or the entire bacteria have been hybridized with the nanomaterials, where functions from both parts are synergistically integrated. Likewise, interfacing nanomaterials with eukaryotic systems, whether in individual cells or tissues, has enabled optical modulation of cellular behavior and the construction of active cellular materials. Here we survey different approaches in which nanomaterials are used to elicit electrical or mechanical changes in single cells or cellular assemblies via photoelectrochemical or photothermal processes. We end this Mini Review with the discussion of future nongenetic modulation at the intracellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin V. Lee
- Chemistry Department, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Chemistry Department, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Corresponding Author
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97
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Dalle K, Warnan J, Leung JJ, Reuillard B, Karmel IS, Reisner E. Electro- and Solar-Driven Fuel Synthesis with First Row Transition Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:2752-2875. [PMID: 30767519 PMCID: PMC6396143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of renewable fuels from abundant water or the greenhouse gas CO2 is a major step toward creating sustainable and scalable energy storage technologies. In the last few decades, much attention has focused on the development of nonprecious metal-based catalysts and, in more recent years, their integration in solid-state support materials and devices that operate in water. This review surveys the literature on 3d metal-based molecular catalysts and focuses on their immobilization on heterogeneous solid-state supports for electro-, photo-, and photoelectrocatalytic synthesis of fuels in aqueous media. The first sections highlight benchmark homogeneous systems using proton and CO2 reducing 3d transition metal catalysts as well as commonly employed methods for catalyst immobilization, including a discussion of supporting materials and anchoring groups. The subsequent sections elaborate on productive associations between molecular catalysts and a wide range of substrates based on carbon, quantum dots, metal oxide surfaces, and semiconductors. The molecule-material hybrid systems are organized as "dark" cathodes, colloidal photocatalysts, and photocathodes, and their figures of merit are discussed alongside system stability and catalyst integrity. The final section extends the scope of this review to prospects and challenges in targeting catalysis beyond "classical" H2 evolution and CO2 reduction to C1 products, by summarizing cases for higher-value products from N2 reduction, C x>1 products from CO2 utilization, and other reductive organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jane J. Leung
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Reuillard
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Isabell S. Karmel
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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98
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Su D, Qi J, Liu X, Wang L, Zhang H, Xie H, Huang X. Enzyme‐Modulated Anaerobic Encapsulation of
Chlorella
Cells Allows Switching from O
2
to H
2
Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Su
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and StorageSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Jiarui Qi
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and StorageSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and StorageSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Lei Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and StorageSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and SystemsHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and SystemsHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and StorageSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
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Su D, Qi J, Liu X, Wang L, Zhang H, Xie H, Huang X. Enzyme-Modulated Anaerobic Encapsulation of Chlorella Cells Allows Switching from O 2 to H 2 Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3992-3995. [PMID: 30653806 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell encapsulation has become an effective strategy in cell surface engineering; however, the construction of cell wall-like layers that allow the switching of the inherent functionality of the engineered cell is still rare. In this study, we show a universal way to create an enzyme-modulated oxygen-consuming sandwich-like layer by using polydopamine, laccase, and tannic acid as building blocks, which then could generate an anaerobic microenvironment around the cell. This layer protected the encapsulated C. pyrenoidosa cell against external stresses and enabled it to switch from normal photosynthetic O2 production to photobiological H2 production. The layer showed an smaller effect on the PSII activity, which contributed a significant enhancement on the rate (0.32 μmol H2 h-1 (mg chlorophyll)-1 ) and the duration (7 d) of H2 production. This strategy is expected to provide a pathway for modulating the functionality of cells and for breakthroughs in the development of green energy alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Su
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiarui Qi
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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Cagan DA, Garcia AC, Li K, Ashen-Garry D, Tadle AC, Zhang D, Nelms KJ, Liu Y, Shallenberger JR, Stapleton JJ, Selke M. Chemistry of Singlet Oxygen with a Cadmium-Sulfur Cluster: Physical Quenching versus Photooxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:67-71. [PMID: 30575375 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the chemistry of singlet oxygen with a cadmium-sulfur cluster, (Me4N)2[Cd4(SPh)10]. This cluster was used as a model for cadmium-sulfur nanoparticles. Such nanoparticles are often used in conjunction with photosensitizers (for singlet oxygen generation or dye-sensitized solar cells), and hence, it is important to determine if cadmium-sulfur moieties physically quench and/or chemically react with singlet oxygen. We found that (Me4N)2[Cd4(SPh)10] is indeed a very strong quencher of singlet oxygen with total rate constants for 1O2 removal of (5.8 ± 1.3) × 108 M-1 s-1 in acetonitrile and (1.2 ± 0.5) × 108 M-1 s-1 in CD3OD. Physical quenching predominates, but chemical reaction leading to decomposition of the cluster and formation of sulfinate is also significant, with a rate constant of (4.1 ± 0.6) × 106 M-1 s-1 in methanol. Commercially available cadmium-sulfur quantum dots ("lumidots") show similar singlet oxygen quenching rate constants, based on the molar concentration of the quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Cagan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University , Los Angeles , California 90032 , United States
| | - Arman C Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University , Los Angeles , California 90032 , United States
| | - Kin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University , Los Angeles , California 90032 , United States
| | - David Ashen-Garry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University , Los Angeles , California 90032 , United States
| | - Abegail C Tadle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University , Los Angeles , California 90032 , United States
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University , Los Angeles , California 90032 , United States
| | - Katherine J Nelms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University , Los Angeles , California 90032 , United States
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University , Los Angeles , California 90032 , United States
| | - Jeffrey R Shallenberger
- Materials Characterization Laboratory , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Joshua J Stapleton
- Materials Characterization Laboratory , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Matthias Selke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University , Los Angeles , California 90032 , United States
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