51
|
Rohde RC, Basu A, Okello LB, Barbee MH, Zhang Y, Velev OD, Nelson A, Craig SL. Mechanochromic composite elastomers for additive manufacturing and low strain mechanophore activation. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01053j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Composite silicone inks provide access to 3D-printable elastomers that are mechanochemically active at lower strains that single component analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amrita Basu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - Lilian B. Okello
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | - Yudi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Duke University
- Durham
- USA
| | - Orlin D. Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
|
53
|
Hu X, McFadden ME, Barber RW, Robb MJ. Mechanochemical Regulation of a Photochemical Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14073-14077. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Molly E. McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ross W. Barber
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Zhou L, Qiu T, Lv F, Liu L, Ying J, Wang S. Self-Assembled Nanomedicines for Anticancer and Antibacterial Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800670. [PMID: 30080319 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly strategies have been widely applied in the nanomedicine field, which provide a convenient approach for building various structures for delivery carriers. When cooperating with biomolecules, self-assembly systems have significant influence on the cell activity and life process and could be used for regulating nanodrug activity. In this review, self-assembled nanomedicines are introduced, including materials, encapsulation, and releasing strategies, where self-assembly strategies are involved. Furthermore, as a promising and emerging area for nanomedicine, in situ self-assembly of anticancer drugs and supramolecular antibiotic switches is also discussed about how to regulate drug activity. Selective pericellular assembly can block mass transformation of cancer cells inducing cell apoptosis, and the intracellular assembly can either cause cell death or effectively avoid drug elimination from cytosol of cancer cells because of the assembly-induced retention (AIR) effect. Host-guest interactions of drug and competitive molecules offer reversible regulations of antibiotic activity, which can reduce drug-resistance and inhibit the generation of drug-resistant bacteria. Finally, the challenges and development trend in the field are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of Pathology; National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for; Cancer/Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100021 P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Jianming Ying
- Department of Pathology; National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for; Cancer/Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100021 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Kida J, Imato K, Goseki R, Aoki D, Morimoto M, Otsuka H. The photoregulation of a mechanochemical polymer scission. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3504. [PMID: 30158595 PMCID: PMC6115466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Control over mechanochemical polymer scission by another external stimulus may offer an avenue to further advance the fields of polymer chemistry, mechanochemistry, and materials science. Herein, we demonstrate that light can regulate the mechanochemical behavior of a diarylethene-conjugated Diels-Alder adduct (DAE/DA) that reversibly isomerizes from a weaker open form to a stronger closed form under photoirradiation. Pulsed ultrasonication experiments, spectroscopic analyses, and density functional theory calculations support the successful photoregulation of the reactivity of this DAE/DA mechanophore, which is incorporated at the mid-chain of a polymer, and indicate that higher force and energy are required to cleave the closed form of the DAE/DA mechanophore relative to the open form. The present photoregulation concept provides an attractive approach toward the generation of new mechanofunctional polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Kida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Keiichi Imato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Sakamoto S, Fujino K, Shimojima A, Kuroda K. Formation of Silica–Organic Hybrid Nanoparticles by Cross-linking of Ultra-small Silica Nanoparticles. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Koki Fujino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
|
58
|
Rifaie-Graham O, Apebende EA, Bast LK, Bruns N. Self-Reporting Fiber-Reinforced Composites That Mimic the Ability of Biological Materials to Sense and Report Damage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705483. [PMID: 29573286 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of damage, deformation, and mechanical forces is of vital importance in many applications of fiber-reinforced polymer composites, as it allows the structural health and integrity of composite components to be monitored and microdamage to be detected before it leads to catastrophic material failure. Bioinspired and biomimetic approaches to self-sensing and self-reporting materials are reviewed. Examples include bruising coatings and bleeding composites based on dye-filled microcapsules, hollow fibers, and vascular networks. Force-induced changes in color, fluorescence, or luminescence are achieved by mechanochromic epoxy resins, or by mechanophores and force-responsive proteins located at the interface of glass/carbon fibers and polymers. Composites can also feel strain, stress, and damage through embedded optical and electrical sensors, such as fiber Bragg grating sensors, or by resistance measurements of dispersed carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes. Bioinspired composites with the ability to show autonomously if and where they have been damaged lead to a multitude of opportunities for aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and wind-turbine applications. They range from safety features for the detection of barely visible impact damage, to the real-time monitoring of deformation of load-bearing components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Edward A Apebende
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Livia K Bast
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
|
60
|
Sung J, Robb MJ, White SR, Moore JS, Sottos NR. Interfacial Mechanophore Activation Using Laser-Induced Stress Waves. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5000-5003. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
61
|
Reorganizable and stimuli-responsive polymers based on dynamic carbon–carbon linkages in diarylbibenzofuranones. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
62
|
Imato K, Kanehara T, Nojima S, Ohishi T, Higaki Y, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Repeatable mechanochemical activation of dynamic covalent bonds in thermoplastic elastomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:10482-5. [PMID: 27424868 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04767j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Repeated mechanical scission and recombination of dynamic covalent bonds incorporated in segmented polyurethane elastomers are demonstrated by utilizing a diarylbibenzofuranone-based mechanophore and by the design of the segmented polymer structures. The repeated mechanochemical reactions can accompany clear colouration and simultaneous fading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan. and Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanehara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shiki Nojima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohishi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Higaki
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Yuan Y, Chen YL. Visualized bond scission in mechanically activated polymers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-2002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
64
|
Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Macromolecular metamorphosis via stimulus-induced transformations of polymer architecture. Nat Chem 2017; 9:817-823. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
66
|
Duan HY, Wang YX, Wang LJ, Min YQ, Zhang XH, Du BY. An Investigation of the Selective Chain Scission at Centered Diels–Alder Mechanophore under Ultrasonication. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yi Duan
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yu-Qin Min
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin-Yang Du
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Li H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JPA, Zhang Q. Preparation of mechanoresponsive hairy particles using polymeric surfactants in emulsion polymerization. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00468k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that particles synthesized by emulsion polymerization using mechanophore-containing PS46-b-PAA142 as stabilizers can be mechanically activated, which further opens up ways for the application of polymer mechanochemistry in aqueous systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 710072 Xi'an
- China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 710072 Xi'an
- China
| | - Yibin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 710072 Xi'an
- China
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 710072 Xi'an
- China
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Imato K, Natterodt JC, Sapkota J, Goseki R, Weder C, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Dynamic covalent diarylbibenzofuranone-modified nanocellulose: mechanochromic behaviour and application in self-healing polymer composites. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface mechanochemistry of nanocelluloses modified with a dynamic covalent mechanophore is investigated, and self-healing composites with the celluloses are developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Imato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
| | - J. C. Natterodt
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - J. Sapkota
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - R. Goseki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
| | - C. Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - A. Takahara
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - H. Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Araujo JV, Rifaie-Graham O, Apebende EA, Bruns N. Self-reporting Polymeric Materials with Mechanochromic Properties. BIO-INSPIRED POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782626664-00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical transduction of force onto molecules is an essential feature of many biological processes that results in the senses of touch and hearing, gives important cues for cellular interactions and can lead to optically detectable signals, such as a change in colour, fluorescence or chemoluminescence. Polymeric materials that are able to visually indicate deformation, stress, strain or the occurrence of microdamage draw inspiration from these biological events. The field of self-reporting (or self-assessing) materials is reviewed. First, mechanochromic events in nature are discussed, such as the formation of bruises on skin, the bleeding of a wound, or marine glow caused by dinoflagellates. Then, materials based on force-responsive mechanophores, such as spiropyrans, cyclobutanes, cyclooctanes, Diels–Alder adducts, diarylbibenzofuranone and bis(adamantyl)-1,2-dioxetane are reviewed, followed by mechanochromic blends, chromophores stabilised by hydrogen bonds, and pressure sensors based on ionic interactions between fluorescent dyes and polyelectrolyte brushes. Mechanobiochemistry is introduced as an important tool to create self-reporting hybrid materials that combine polymers with the force-responsive properties of fluorescent proteins, protein FRET pairs, and other biomacromolecules. Finally, dye-filled microcapsules, microvascular networks, and hollow fibres are demonstrated to be important technologies to create damage-indicating coatings, self-reporting fibre-reinforced composites and self-healing materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose V. Araujo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Edward A. Apebende
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Li H, Göstl R, Delgove M, Sweeck J, Zhang Q, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JPA. Promoting Mechanochemistry of Covalent Bonds by Noncovalent Micellar Aggregation. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:995-998. [PMID: 35614648 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical reporting of covalent bond scission in self-assembled structures in water is an important step toward the detection of forces in biological systems. Here we show that micelles of a diblock copolymer comprising hydrophobic poly(butyl acrylate) and hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) blocks connected by an off-center mechanoresponsive moiety are mechanochemically active when sonicated in aqueous solution. Facile optical read-out of the force-activation is warranted by formation of a blue-fluorescent anthracene cleavage from the mechanophore, an anthracene-maleimide Diels-Alder adduct. In contrast to the efficient bond scission when the block copolymers are noncovalently anchored in liquid-like micellar cores, isolated unimers in solution are not activated by ultrasonication because the dimensions and viscous drag are drastically lower. These results demonstrate that covalent mechanochemistry can be enabled by noncovalent interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of
Education, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Robert Göstl
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Delgove
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joren Sweeck
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of
Education, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Wang J, Kouznetsova TB, Craig SL. Single-Molecule Observation of a Mechanically Activated Cis-to-Trans Cyclopropane Isomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10410-2. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Kosuge T, Imato K, Goseki R, Otsuka H. Polymer–Inorganic Composites with Dynamic Covalent Mechanochromophore. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kosuge
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Keiichi Imato
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Li Z, Toivola R, Ding F, Yang J, Lai PN, Howie T, Georgeson G, Jang SH, Li X, Flinn BD, Jen AKY. Highly Sensitive Built-In Strain Sensors for Polymer Composites: Fluorescence Turn-On Response through Mechanochemical Activation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6592-6597. [PMID: 27184010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new class of rationally designed mechanophores is developed for highly sensitive built-in strain sensors in polymer composites. These mechanophores are designed to regenerate the π-conjugation pathway between the electron donor and electron acceptor by force-induced cleavage of the covalent bond to form a fluorescent dipolar dye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong'an Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ryan Toivola
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Feizhi Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Po-Ni Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tucker Howie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Sei-Hum Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Brian D Flinn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Li J, Hu B, Yang K, Zhao B, Moore JS. Effect of Polymer Grafting Density on Mechanophore Activation at Heterointerfaces. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:819-822. [PMID: 35614770 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles grafted with poly(methyl acrylate) chains whose anchor points are maleimide-anthracene cycloadducts were prepared at various grafting densities to demonstrate fundamental characteristics of mechanophore activation at heterointerfaces. The monotonically decreasing correlation between polymer grafting density and surface-bound maleimide-anthracene mechanophore activation was quantitatively elucidated and discussed. Presumably as a result of polymer-polymer interactions, polymer grafting density plays a significant role in heterogeneous mechanophore activation. The findings are a valuable guide in the design of efficient force-sensitive, damage-reporting polymer composites, where damage is often localized to the interface between the matrix and the reinforcing phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Beckman
Institute Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bin Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ke Yang
- Beckman
Institute Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Göstl R, Sijbesma RP. π-extended anthracenes as sensitive probes for mechanical stress. Chem Sci 2016; 7:370-375. [PMID: 28791098 PMCID: PMC5518546 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03297k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart molecular systems having the ability to report on mechanical strain or failure in polymers via alteration of their optical properties are of great interest in materials science. However, only limited attention has been devoted to targeted chromophore engineering to fine-tune their physicochemical properties. Here, we describe the synthesis of π-extended anthracenes that can be released from their respective maleimide Diels-Alder adducts through the application of mechanical stress in solution and in the solid state. We demonstrate the improvement of fluorescence quantum yield as well as the tuning of excitation and emission wavelengths while retaining their excellent mechanochemical properties laying the foundation for a new series of mechanophores whose spectral characteristics can be modularly adjusted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Göstl
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ;
| | - R P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ;
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xian-Jing Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin-Yang Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Lenhardt JM, Black Ramirez AL, Lee B, Kouznetsova TB, Craig SL. Mechanistic Insights into the Sonochemical Activation of Multimechanophore Cyclopropanated Polybutadiene Polymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Lenhardt
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | | | - Bobin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Tatiana B. Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Robb MJ, Moore JS. A Retro-Staudinger Cycloaddition: Mechanochemical Cycloelimination of a β-Lactam Mechanophore. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10946-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Robb
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Abstract
When one brings "polymeric materials" and "mechanical action" into the same conversation, the topic of this discussion might naturally focus on everyday circumstances such as failure of fibers, fatigue of composites, abrasion of coatings, etc. This intuitive viewpoint reflects the historic consensus in both academia and industry that mechanically induced chemical changes are destructive, leading to polymer degradation that limits materials lifetime on both macroscopic and molecular levels. In the 1930s, Staudinger observed mechanical degradation of polymers, and Melville later discovered that polymer chain scission caused the degradation. Inspired by these historical observations, we sought to redirect the destructive mechanical energy to a productive form that enables mechanoresponsive functions. In this Account, we provide a personal perspective on the origin, barriers, developments, and key advancements of polymer mechanochemistry. We revisit the seminal events that offered molecular-level insights into the mechanochemical behavior of polymers and influenced our thinking. We also highlight the milestones achieved by our group along with the contributions from key comrades at the frontier of this field. We present a workflow for the design, evaluation, and development of new "mechanophores", a term that has come to mean a molecular unit that chemically responds in a selective manner to a mechanical perturbation. We discuss the significance of computation in identifying pairs of points on the mechanophore that promote stretch-induced activation. Attaching polymer chains to the mechanophore at the most sensitive pair and locating the mechanophore near the center of a linear polymer are thought to maximize the efficiency of mechanical-to-chemical energy transduction. We also emphasize the importance of control experiments to validate mechanochemical transformations, both in solution and in the solid state, to differentiate "mechanical" from "thermal" activation. This Account offers our first-hand perspective of the change-in-thinking in polymer mechanochemistry from "destructive" to "productive" and looks at future advances that will stimulate this growing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chikkannagari Nagamani
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Cintas P, Cravotto G, Barge A, Martina K. Interplay Between Mechanochemistry and Sonochemistry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 369:239-84. [PMID: 25860254 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic irradiation-based mechanochemical strategies have recently been the subject of intensive investigation because of the advantages they offer. These include simplicity, energy savings and wide applicability. Traditional areas of sonoprocessing such as cleaning, efficient mixing and solid activation have been extended to both macromolecular and micro/nanostructures, some of which are biologically significant, ultrasound-responsive actuators and crystal design, among others. Unlike conventional mechanochemical protocols, which require little solvent usage if any at all, mechanical (and chemical) effects promoted by ultrasound are observed in a liquid medium. Tensile forces, which share similarities with solid mechanochemistry, are generated by virtue of nonlinear effects, notably cavitation, when high-amplitude waves propagate in a fluid. This work aims to provide insight into some recent developments in the multifaceted field of sono-mechanochemistry using various examples that illustrate the role of ultrasonic activation, which is capable of boosting hitherto sterile transformations and inventing new crafts in applied chemistry. After a preliminary discussion of acoustics, which is intended to provide a mechanistic background, we mainly focus on experimental developments, while we often mention emerging science and occasionally delve into theoretical models and force simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cintas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS, Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Barge
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS, Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Katia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS, Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|