51
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Zhou E, Hashimoto K, Tajima K. Low band gap polymers for photovoltaic device with photocurrent response wavelengths over 1000nm. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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52
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Zhang X, Lu Z, Ye L, Zhan C, Hou J, Zhang S, Jiang B, Zhao Y, Huang J, Zhang S, Liu Y, Shi Q, Liu Y, Yao J. A potential perylene diimide dimer-based acceptor material for highly efficient solution-processed non-fullerene organic solar cells with 4.03% efficiency. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5791-7. [PMID: 23925952 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient acceptor material for organic solar cells (OSCs)--based on perylene diimide (PDI) dimers--shows significantly reduced aggregation compared to monomeric PDI. The dimeric PDI shows a best power conversion efficiency (PCE) approximately 300 times that of the monomeric PDI when blended with a conjugate polymer (BDTTTT-C-T) and with 1,8-diiodooctane as co-solvent (5%). This shows that non-fullerene materials also hold promise for efficient OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
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53
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Earmme T, Hwang YJ, Murari NM, Subramaniyan S, Jenekhe SA. All-Polymer Solar Cells with 3.3% Efficiency Based on Naphthalene Diimide-Selenophene Copolymer Acceptor. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14960-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4085429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taeshik Earmme
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Ye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Nishit M. Murari
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Selvam Subramaniyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Samson A. Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
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54
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Yuan Y, Michinobu T, Oguma J, Kato T, Miyake K. Attempted Inversion of Semiconducting Features of Platinum Polyyne Polymers: A New Approach for All-Polymer Solar Cells. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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55
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Aoki A, Naruse M, Abe T. Series Circuit of Organic Thin-Film Solar Cells for Conversion of Water into Hydrogen. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2317-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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56
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Yevlampieva NP, Khurchak AP, Luponosov YN, Kleimyuk EA, Ponomarenko SA, Ryumtsev EI. Optical and electro-optical properties of silicon-contaning thiophene derivatives of star-shaped and dendritic structure. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427213050224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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57
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Chen SC, Zheng Q, Zhang Q, Cai D, Wang J, Yin Z, Tang C. Tuning the frontier molecular orbital energy levels ofn-type conjugated copolymers by using angular-shaped naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimides, and their use in all-polymer solar cells with high open-circuit voltages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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58
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Chochos CL, Tagmatarchis N, Gregoriou VG. Rational design on n-type organic materials for high performance organic photovoltaics. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra22926b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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59
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Han H, Lee H, Nam S, Jeong J, Lee I, Kim H, Ha CS, Kim Y. Poly(3-hexylthiophene-co-benzothiadiazole) (THBT) as an electron-accepting polymer for normal and inverted type all-polymer solar cells. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py21144k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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60
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Wang J, Higashihara T. Synthesis of all-conjugated donor–acceptor block copolymers and their application in all-polymer solar cells. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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61
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Grenier F, Berrouard P, Pouliot JR, Tseng HR, Heeger AJ, Leclerc M. Synthesis of new n-type isoindigo copolymers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20986a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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62
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Hwang YJ, Ren G, Murari NM, Jenekhe SA. n-Type Naphthalene Diimide–Biselenophene Copolymer for All-Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Guoqiang Ren
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Nishit M. Murari
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Samson A. Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98195-1750, United States
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63
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Takacs CJ, Sun Y, Welch GC, Perez LA, Liu X, Wen W, Bazan GC, Heeger AJ. Solar cell efficiency, self-assembly, and dipole-dipole interactions of isomorphic narrow-band-gap molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16597-606. [PMID: 22950622 DOI: 10.1021/ja3050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examine the correlations of the dipole moment and conformational stability to the self-assembly and solar cell performance within a series of isomorphic, solution-processable molecules. These charge-transfer chromophores are described by a D(1)-A-D-A-D(1) structure comprising electron-rich 2-hexylbithiophene and 3,3'-di-2-ethylhexylsilylene-2,2'-bithiophene moieties as the donor units D(1) and D, respectively. The building blocks 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT) and [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine (PT) were used as the electron-deficient acceptor units A. Using a combination of UV-visible spectroscopy, field-effect transistors, solar cell devices, grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy, three PT-containing compounds (1-3) with varying regiochemistry and symmetry, together with the BT-based compound 5,5'-bis{(4-(7-hexylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolobenzene}-3,3'-di-2-ethylhexylsilylene-2,2'-bithiophene (4), are compared and contrasted in solution, in thin films, and as blends with the electron acceptor [6,6]-phenyl-C(70)-butyric acid methyl ester. The molecules with symmetric orientations of the PT acceptor, 1 and 2, yield highly ordered blended thin films. The best films, processed with the solvent additive 1,8-diiodooctane, show donor "crystallite" length scales on the order of 15-35 nm and photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 7.0 and 5.6%, respectively. Compound 3, with an unsymmetrical orientation of PT heterocycles, shows subtle differences in the crystallization behavior and a best PCE of 3.2%. In contrast, blends of the BT-containing donor 4 are highly disordered and give PCEs below 0.2%. We speculate that the differences in self-assembly arise from the strong influence of the BT acceptor and its orientation on the net dipole moment and geometric description of the chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Takacs
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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64
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Lin YH, Darling SB, Nikiforov MP, Strzalka J, Verduzco. R. Supramolecular Conjugated Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300829u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hao Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, MS 362, Rice University, 6100
Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Seth B. Darling
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue,
Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Maxim P. Nikiforov
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced
Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Rafael Verduzco.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, MS 362, Rice University, 6100
Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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65
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Mori D, Benten H, Ohkita H, Ito S, Miyake K. Polymer/polymer blend solar cells improved by using high-molecular-weight fluorene-based copolymer as electron acceptor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:3325-3329. [PMID: 22724521 DOI: 10.1021/am300623f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.7% has been achieved for all-polymer solar cells made with a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT, electron donor) and poly[2,7-(9,9-didodecylfluorene)-alt-5,5-(4',7'-bis(2-thienyl)-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (PF12TBT, electron acceptor). The PCE of the P3HT/PF12TBT solar cells increases from 1.9% to 2.7% with an increase in the molecular weight (Mw) of PF12TBT from 8500 to 78 000 g mol(-1). In a device with high-molecular-weight PF12TBT, efficient charge generation is maintained even at high annealing temperatures because of the small phase separation on the length scale of exciton diffusion due to an increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg) and a reduced diffusional mobility of the PF12TBT chains above Tg. On the other hand, efficient charge transport is also achieved through the formation of interconnected networks of PF12TBT-rich domains, which is facilitated by the high molecular weight of PF12TBT, and the ordering of P3HT chains in P3HT-rich domains, which is a result of high-temperature annealing. Thus, when high-molecular-weight PF12TBT is used, an optimal blend morphology that supports efficient charge generation as well as charge transport can be obtained by thermal annealing, and consequently, the highest PCE reported so far for an all-polymer solar cell is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mori
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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66
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Richter TV, Braun CH, Link S, Scheuble M, Crossland EJW, Stelzl F, Würfel U, Ludwigs S. Regioregular Polythiophenes with Alkylthiophene Side Chains. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2026644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V. Richter
- Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569
Stuttgart, Germany
- Freiburg
Institute for Advanced
Studies (FRIAS), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph H. Braun
- Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569
Stuttgart, Germany
- Freiburg
Institute for Advanced
Studies (FRIAS), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Link
- Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569
Stuttgart, Germany
- Freiburg
Institute for Advanced
Studies (FRIAS), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Scheuble
- Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569
Stuttgart, Germany
- Freiburg
Institute for Advanced
Studies (FRIAS), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edward J. W. Crossland
- Freiburg
Institute for Advanced
Studies (FRIAS), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Stelzl
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
(FMF), Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstrasse 2,
79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uli Würfel
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
(FMF), Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstrasse 2,
79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569
Stuttgart, Germany
- Freiburg
Institute for Advanced
Studies (FRIAS), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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67
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Liu F, Gu Y, Jung JW, Jo WH, Russell TP. On the morphology of polymer-based photovoltaics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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68
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Ouhib F, Dupuis G, de Bettignies R, Bailly S, Khoukh A, Martinez H, Desbrières J, Hiorns RC, Dagron-Lartigau C. Effect of molar mass and regioregularity on the photovoltaic properties of a reduced bandgap phenyl-substituted polythiophene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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69
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Yan H, Collins BA, Gann E, Wang C, Ade H, McNeill CR. Correlating the efficiency and nanomorphology of polymer blend solar cells utilizing resonant soft X-ray scattering. ACS NANO 2012; 6:677-688. [PMID: 22168639 DOI: 10.1021/nn204150f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced scattering contrast afforded by resonant soft X-ray scattering (R-SoXS) is used to probe the nanomorphology of all-polymer solar cells based on blends of the donor polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with either the acceptor polymer poly((9,9-dioctylfluorene)-2,7-diyl-alt-[4,7-bis(3-hexylthien-5-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole]-2',2"-diyl) (F8TBT) or poly([N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-11-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-12-bithiophene)) (P(NDI2OD-T2)). Both P3HT:F8TBT and P3HT:P(NDI2OD-T2) blends processed from chloroform with subsequent annealing exhibit complicated morphologies with a hierarchy of phase separation. A bimodal distribution of domain sizes is observed for P3HT:P(NDI2OD-T2) blends with small domains of size ~5-10 nm that evolve with annealing and larger domains of size ~100 nm that are insensitive to annealing. P3HT:F8TBT blends in contrast show a broader distribution of domain size but with the majority of this blend structured on the 10 nm length scale. For both P3HT:P(NDI2OD-T2) and P3HT:F8TBT blends, an evolution in device performance is observed that is correlated with a coarsening and purification of domains on the 5-10 nm length scale. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GI-WAXS) is also employed to probe material crystallinity, revealing P(NDI2OD-T2) crystallites 25-40 nm in thickness that are embedded in the larger domains observed by R-SoXS. A higher degree of P3HT crystallinity is also observed in blends with P(NDI2OD-T2) compared to F8TBT with the propensity of the polymers to crystallize in P3HT:P(NDI2OD-T2) blends hindering the structuring of morphology on the sub-10 nm length scale. This work also underscores the complementarity of R-SoXS and GI-WAXS, with R-SoXS measuring the size of compositionally distinguishable domains and GI-WAXS providing information regarding crystallinity and crystallite thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Yan
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202, USA
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70
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Cho CH, Kim HJ, Kang H, Shin TJ, Kim BJ. The effect of side-chain length on regioregular poly[3-(4-n-alkyl)phenylthiophene]/PCBM and ICBA polymer solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31371e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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71
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Nagarjuna G, Kokil A, Kumar J, Venkataraman D. A straightforward route to electron transporting conjugated polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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72
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Nam S, Shin M, Park S, Lee S, Kim H, Kim Y. All-polymer solar cells with bulk heterojunction nanolayers of chemically doped electron-donating and electron-accepting polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15046-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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73
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Popere BC, Pelle AMD, Poe A, Thayumanavan S. Macromolecular architectures for organic photovoltaics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:4043-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23422j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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74
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Ren G, Ahmed E, Jenekhe SA. Nanowires of oligothiophene-functionalized naphthalene diimides: self assembly, morphology, and all-nanowire bulk heterojunction solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33787h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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75
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Cha H, Park JW, Chung DS, An TK, Kim YH, Kwon SK, Park CE. A side chain-modified quaterthiophene derivative for enhancing the performance of organic solar cell devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32354k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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76
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Beaujuge PM, Fréchet JMJ. Molecular Design and Ordering Effects in π-Functional Materials for Transistor and Solar Cell Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20009-29. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2073643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1268] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M. Beaujuge
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia, and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia, and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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77
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Mulherin RC, Jung S, Huettner S, Johnson K, Kohn P, Sommer M, Allard S, Scherf U, Greenham NC. Ternary photovoltaic blends incorporating an all-conjugated donor-acceptor diblock copolymer. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:4846-4851. [PMID: 21985612 DOI: 10.1021/nl202691n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a new fully conjugated diblock copolymer, P3HT-b-PFTBTT, containing donor and acceptor blocks with suitably positioned energy levels for use in a solar cell. This is the first block copolymer to be based on an existing high-performance polymer:polymer blend. We observe phase separation of the blocks and self-assembly behavior. In ternary blends with the respective homopolymers the diblock copolymer introduces lateral nanostructure without restricting P3HT crystallization in the charge transport direction, resulting in standing lamellae. By adding the diblock to the homopolymer blend as a compatibilizer, we prevent phase separation at elevated temperatures and benefit from a dramatic increase in P3HT ordering, allowing us to demonstrate polymer blend photovoltaics where the nanostructure is thermodynamically, rather than kinetically, controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon C Mulherin
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
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78
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79
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Stalder R, Mei J, Subbiah J, Grand C, Estrada LA, So F, Reynolds JR. n-Type Conjugated Polyisoindigos. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2012706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Stalder
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, and
| | - Jianguo Mei
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, and
| | - Jegadesan Subbiah
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Caroline Grand
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, and
| | - Leandro A. Estrada
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, and
| | - Franky So
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, and
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80
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Takagi K, Joo H, Yamashita Y, Kawagita E, Torii C. Regioselective grignard metathesis reaction of 2,5-dibromo-3-(6′-hexylpyridine-2′-yl)thiophene and kumada coupling polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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81
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Holcombe TW, Norton JE, Rivnay J, Woo CH, Goris L, Piliego C, Griffini G, Sellinger A, Brédas JL, Salleo A, Fréchet JMJ. Steric Control of the Donor/Acceptor Interface: Implications in Organic Photovoltaic Charge Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12106-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ja203235z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph E. Norton
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Claire H. Woo
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ludwig Goris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Claudia Piliego
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gianmarco Griffini
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemisty, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alan Sellinger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia 23955-6900
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82
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Synthesis and properties of copolymers based on 5,6-dinitrobenzothiadiazole with low band gap and broad absorption spectra. Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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83
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Zhou E, Cong J, Wei Q, Tajima K, Yang C, Hashimoto K. All‐Polymer Solar Cells from Perylene Diimide Based Copolymers: Material Design and Phase Separation Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2799-803. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erjun Zhou
- HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO, Japan), Science Technology Agency (JST, Japan)
| | - Junzi Cong
- HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO, Japan), Science Technology Agency (JST, Japan)
| | - Qingshuo Wei
- HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO, Japan), Science Technology Agency (JST, Japan)
| | - Keisuke Tajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
- HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO, Japan), Science Technology Agency (JST, Japan)
| | - Chunhe Yang
- HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO, Japan), Science Technology Agency (JST, Japan)
| | - Kazuhito Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
- HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO, Japan), Science Technology Agency (JST, Japan)
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84
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Zhou E, Cong J, Wei Q, Tajima K, Yang C, Hashimoto K. All‐Polymer Solar Cells from Perylene Diimide Based Copolymers: Material Design and Phase Separation Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erjun Zhou
- HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO, Japan), Science Technology Agency (JST, Japan)
| | - Junzi Cong
- HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO, Japan), Science Technology Agency (JST, Japan)
| | - Qingshuo Wei
- HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO, Japan), Science Technology Agency (JST, Japan)
| | - Keisuke Tajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
- HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO, Japan), Science Technology Agency (JST, Japan)
| | - Chunhe Yang
- HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO, Japan), Science Technology Agency (JST, Japan)
| | - Kazuhito Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
- HASHIMOTO Light Energy Conversion Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO, Japan), Science Technology Agency (JST, Japan)
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85
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Kaseyama T, Wakabayashi R, Shinkai S, Kaneko K, Takeuchi M. Alternating Arrays of Different Conjugated Polymers Utilizing a Synthetic Cross-Linker. Chemistry 2011; 17:1793-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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86
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Thompson BC, Khlyabich PP, Burkhart B, Aviles AE, Rudenko A, Shultz GV, Ng CF, Mangubat LB. Polymer-Based Solar Cells: State-of-the-Art Principles for the Design of Active Layer Components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/green.2011.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe vision of organic photovoltaics is that of a low cost solar energy conversion platform that provides lightweight, flexible solar cells that are easily incorporated into existing infrastructure with minimal impact on land usage. Polymer solar cells have been a subject of growing research interest over the past quarter century, and are now developed to the point where they are on the verge of introduction into the market. Towards the goal of continuing to improve the performance of polymer solar cells, a number of avenues are being explored. Here, the focus is on optimization of device performance via the development of a more fundamental understanding of device parameters. The fundamental operating principle of an organic solar cell is based on the cooperative interaction of molecular or polymeric electron donors and acceptors. Here the state-of-the-art in understanding of the physical and electronic interactions between donor and acceptor components is examined, as is important for understanding future avenues of research and the ultimate potential of this technology.
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87
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Fabiano S, Chen Z, Vahedi S, Facchetti A, Pignataro B, Loi MA. Role of photoactive layer morphology in high fill factor all-polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03405c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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88
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Shu Y, Lim YF, Li Z, Purushothaman B, Hallani R, Kim JE, Parkin SR, Malliaras GG, Anthony JE. A survey of electron-deficient pentacenes as acceptors in polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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89
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Cho CH, Kang H, Kang TE, Cho HH, Yoon SC, Jeon MK, Kim BJ. Controlling side-chain density of electron donating polymers for improving their packing structure and photovoltaic performance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:3577-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10184f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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90
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Zhao X, Zhan X. Electron transporting semiconducting polymers in organic electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3728-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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91
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Woo CH, Beaujuge PM, Holcombe TW, Lee OP, Fréchet JMJ. Incorporation of Furan into Low Band-Gap Polymers for Efficient Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15547-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja108115y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire H. Woo
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Thomas W. Holcombe
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Olivia P. Lee
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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92
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Hollinger J, Jahnke AA, Coombs N, Seferos DS. Controlling phase separation and optical properties in conjugated polymers through selenophene-thiophene copolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8546-7. [PMID: 20524611 DOI: 10.1021/ja103191u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selenophene-thiophene block copolymers were synthesized and studied. The properties of these novel block copolymers are distinct from those of statistical copolymers prepared from the same monomers with a similar composition. Specifically, the block copolymers exhibit broad and red-shifted absorbance features and phase-separated domains in the solid state. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and topographic elemental mapping confirmed that the domains are either rich in selenophene or thiophene, indicating that the blocks of distinct heterocycles preferentially associate with one another in the solid state. This preference is surprising in view of the chemical similarities between repeat units. The overall results demonstrate a phase separation that is controlled by elemental differences. As a result of this phase separation, these novel conjugated block copolymers should find utility in a variety of studies and optoelectronics uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hollinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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93
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Stalder
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Jianguo Mei
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
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94
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Chen JJA, Chen TL, Kim B, Poulsen DA, Mynar JL, Fréchet JMJ, Ma B. Quinacridone-based molecular donors for solution processed bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:2679-86. [PMID: 20804141 DOI: 10.1021/am100523g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
New soluble quinacridone-based molecules have been developed as electron donor materials for solution-processed organic solar cells. By functionalizing the pristine pigment core of quinacridone with solubilizing alkyl chains and light absorbing/charge transporting thiophene units, i.e., bithiophene (BT) and thienylbenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazolethienyl (BTD), we prepared a series of multifunctional quinacridone-based molecules. These molecular donors show intense absorption in the visible spectral region, and the absorption range and intensity are well-tuned by the interaction between the quinacridone core and the incorporated thiophene units. The thin film absorption edge extends with the expansion of molecular conjugation, i.e., 552 nm for N,N'-di(2-ethylhexyl)quinacridone (QA), 592 nm for 2,9-Bis(5'-hexyl-2,2'-bithiophene)-N,N'-di(2-ethylhexyl)quinacridone (QA-BT), and 637 nm for 4-(5-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-7-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (QA-BTD). The change of molecular structure also influences the electrochemical properties. Observed from cyclic voltammetry measurements, the oxidation and reduction potentials (vs ferrocene) are 0.7 and -1.83 V for QA, 0.54 and -1.76 V for QA-BT, and 0.45 and -1.68 V for QA-BTD. Uniform thin films can be generated from both single component molecular solutions and blend solutions of these molecules with [6,6]-phenyl C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM). The blend films exhibit space-charge limited current (SCLC) hole mobilities on the order of 1×10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) S(-1). Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells using these soluble molecules as donors and PC70BM as the acceptor were fabricated. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 2.22% under AM 1.5 G simulated 1 sun solar illumination have been achieved and external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) reach as high as ∼45%.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jun-An Chen
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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95
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Jiang H. Organic Ambipolar Conjugated Molecules for Electronics: Synthesis and Structure-Property Relationships. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:2007-34. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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96
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He X, Gao F, Tu G, Hasko D, Hüttner S, Steiner U, Greenham NC, Friend RH, Huck WTS. Formation of nanopatterned polymer blends in photovoltaic devices. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:1302-7. [PMID: 20199061 DOI: 10.1021/nl904098m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a double nanoimprinting process that allows the formation of nanostructured polymer heterojunctions of composition and morphology that can be selected independently. We fabricated photovoltaic (PV) devices with extremely high densities (10(14)/mm(2)) of interpenetrating nanoscale columnar features in the active polymer blend layer. The smallest feature sizes are as small as 25 nm on a 50 nm pitch, which results in a spacing of heterojunctions at or below the exciton diffusion length. Photovoltaic devices based on double-imprinted poly((9,9-dioctylfluorene)-2,7-diyl-alt-[4,7-bis(3-hexylthien-5-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole]-2',2''-diyl) (F8TBT)/ poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films are among the best polymer-polymer blend devices reported to date with a power conversion efficiency (PCE, eta(e)) of 1.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximin He
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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97
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Zhou E, Tajima K, Yang C, Hashimoto K. Band gap and molecular energy level control of perylene diimide-based donor–acceptor copolymers for all-polymer solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b923452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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98
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Abstract
In this review we summarize the most recent developments in conjugated polymers for high-efficiency organic photovoltaic devices. We focus on correlations of polymer chemical structures with properties, which may guide rational structural design and evaluation of photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
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