51
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Wang LX. The Amazing Transglycosylation Activity of Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2011; 23:33-52. [PMID: 25309039 DOI: 10.4052/tigg.23.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Major advances have been made in exploring the transglycosylation activity of endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases) for synthetic purpose. The exploration of synthetic sugar oxazolines as donor substrates for the ENGase-catalyzed transglycosylation has expanded the substrate availability and significantly enhanced the overall transglycosylation efficiency. On the other hand, site-directed mutagenesis in combination with activity screening has led to the discovery of the first generation ENGase-based glycosynthases that can use highly active sugar oxazolines as substrates for transglycosylation but lack hydrolytic activity on the ground-state products. ENGases have shown amazing flexibility in transglycosylation and possess much broader substrate specificity than previously thought. Now the ENGase-based chemoenzymatic method has been extended to the synthesis of a range of complex carbohydrates, including homogeneous glycopeptides, glycoproteins carrying well-defined glycans, novel oligosaccharide clusters, unusually glycosylated natural products, and even polysaccharides. This article highlights recent advances related to ENGase-catalyzed transglycosylation with a focus on their synthetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Xi Wang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA, Tel: 410-706-4982
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52
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OMAGARI Y, KADOKAWA JI. Synthesis of Heteropolysaccharides Having Amylose Chains Using Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Polymerization. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2011. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.68.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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53
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Tanaka T, Noguchi M, Ishihara M, Kobayashi A, Shoda SI. Synthesis of Non-natural Xyloglucans by Polycondensation of 4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl Oligosaccharide Monomers Catalyzed by Endo-β
-1,4-glucanase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200900083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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54
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Egusa S, Kitaoka T, Igarashi K, Samejima M, Goto M, Wariishi H. Preparation and enzymatic behavior of surfactant-enveloped enzymes for glycosynthesis in nonaqueous aprotic media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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55
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Tanaka T, Noguchi M, Watanabe K, Misawa T, Ishihara M, Kobayashi A, Shoda SI. Novel dialkoxytriazine-type glycosyl donors for cellulase-catalysed lactosylation. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:5126-32. [PMID: 20835455 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel glycosidic compounds, 4,6-dialkoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl β-lactosides (DAT-β-Lac), have been prepared directly in water from lactose. The reaction was carried out on a laboratory scale without protecting the hydroxy groups of lactose. The resulting triazine derivatives were found to be recognized by endo-β1,4-glucanase III from Trichoderma reesei (EGIII). The EGIII-catalysed transglycosylation of 4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine derivative (DMT-β-Lac) with various glycosyl acceptors has successfully been demonstrated, affording the corresponding lactosylated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Tanaka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-514 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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56
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Makino A, Kobayashi S. Chemistry of 2-oxazolines: A crossing of cationic ring-opening polymerization and enzymatic ring-opening polyaddition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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57
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Kobayashi S, Makino A. Enzymatic polymer synthesis: an opportunity for green polymer chemistry. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5288-353. [PMID: 19824647 DOI: 10.1021/cr900165z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kobayashi
- R & D Center for Bio-based Materials, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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58
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Esaki K, Yokota S, Egusa S, Okutani Y, Ogawa Y, Kitaoka T, Goto M, Wariishi H. Preparation of Lactose-Modified Cellulose Films by a Nonaqueous Enzymatic Reaction and their Biofunctional Characteristics as a Scaffold for Cell Culture. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1265-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900089j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Esaki
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shingo Yokota
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shizuka Egusa
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuri Okutani
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ogawa
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Wariishi
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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59
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Vocadlo DJ, Davies GJ. Mechanistic insights into glycosidase chemistry. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 12:539-55. [PMID: 18558099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond continues to gain importance, reflecting the critically important roles complex glycans play in health and disease as well as the rekindled interest in enzymatic biomass conversion. Recent advances include the broadening of our understanding of enzyme reaction coordinates, through both computational and structural studies, improved understanding of enzyme inhibition through transition state mimicry and fascinating insights into mechanism yielded by physical organic chemistry approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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60
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Kobayashi S. Recent Developments in Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Polyesters. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:237-66. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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61
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Noguchi M, Tanaka T, Gyakushi H, Kobayashi A, Shoda SI. Efficient Synthesis of Sugar Oxazolines from Unprotected N-Acetyl-2-amino Sugars by Using Chloroformamidinium Reagent in Water. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2210-2. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8024708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Noguchi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-514 Aoba, Aramaki Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonari Tanaka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-514 Aoba, Aramaki Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Gyakushi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-514 Aoba, Aramaki Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-514 Aoba, Aramaki Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-514 Aoba, Aramaki Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
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62
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Ochiai H, Huang W, Wang LX. Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase-catalyzed polymerization of beta-Glcp-(1-->4)-GlcpNAc oxazoline: a revisit to enzymatic transglycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:592-8. [PMID: 19193364 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An alternative synthesis of beta-Glcp-(1-->4)-GlcpNAc oxazoline is described, and its enzymatic reaction with the endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae (Endo-A) was re-investigated. Under normal transglycosylation conditions with a catalytic amount of enzyme, Endo-A showed only marginal activity for transglycosylation with the disaccharide oxazoline, consistent with our previous observations. However, when used in a relatively large quantity, Endo-A could promote the transglycosylation of the disaccharide oxazoline to a GlcpNAc-Asn acceptor. In addition to the initial transglycosylation product, a series of large oligosaccharides were also formed due to the tandem transglycosylation to the terminal glucose residues in the intermediate products. In the absence of an external acceptor, Endo-A could polymerize the disaccharide oxazoline to form oligo- and polysaccharides having the -4-beta-(Glcp-(1-->4)-beta -GlcpNAc)-1-repeating units. This is the first example of an endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase-promoted polymerization of activated oligosaccharide substrates. This enzymatic polymerization may find useful applications for the synthesis of novel artificial polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ochiai
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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63
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Tanaka T, Kobayashi A, Noguchi M, Kimura KI, Watanabe K, Shoda SI. Dimethoxy Triazine Glycosides as New Glycosyl Donors for Chemo-enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2009. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.56.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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64
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Egusa S, Yokota S, Tanaka K, Esaki K, Okutani Y, Ogawa Y, Kitaoka T, Goto M, Wariishi H. Surface modification of a solid-state cellulose matrix with lactose by a surfactant-enveloped enzyme in a nonaqueous medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b819025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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65
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Li C, Huang W, Wang LX. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of N-linked neoglycoproteins through a chitinase-catalyzed transglycosylation. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8366-72. [PMID: 18783954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel application of the Bacillus sp. chitinase for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of N-linked neoglycoproteins is described. Three chitinases with different molecular size were purified from the crude chitinase preparation. The purified chitinases were evaluated for their hydrolytic and transglycosylation activity. One chitinase with a molecular size of 100 kDa (Chi100) was identified to be the one with highest transglycosylation/hydrolysis ratio. Chi100 could effectively recognize LacNAc-oxazoline and Manalpha1,3Glcbeta1,4GlcNAc-oxazoline as the donor substrate to glycosylate Asn-linked GlcNAc, while it was unable to recognize Manbeta1,4GlcNAc and Man(3)GlcNAc-oxazolines as the donor substrates. The chitinase-catalyzed transglycosylation was successfully extended to the remodeling of ribonuclease B to afford neoglycoproteins. Although the yield needs to be optimized, the chitinase-catalyzed transglycosylation provides a potentially useful tool for the synthesis of neoglycoproteins carrying novel N-linked oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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66
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Wang LX. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycopeptides and glycoproteins through endoglycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1509-22. [PMID: 18405887 PMCID: PMC2519876 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous glycopeptides and glycoproteins are indispensable for detailed structural and functional studies of glycoproteins. It is also fundamentally important to correct glycosylation patterns for developing effective glycoprotein-based therapeutics. This review discusses a useful chemoenzymatic method that takes advantage of the endoglycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation to attach an intact oligosaccharide to a polypeptide in a single step, without the need for any protecting groups. The exploration of sugar oxazolines (enzymatic reaction intermediates) as donor substrates has not only expanded substrate availability, but also has significantly enhanced the enzymatic transglycosylation efficiency. Moreover, the discovery of a novel mutant with glycosynthase-like activity has made it possible to synthesize homogeneous glycoproteins with full-size natural N-glycans. Recent advances in this highly convergent chemoenzymatic approach and its application for glycopeptide and glycoprotein synthesis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Xi Wang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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67
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Nakamura I, Makino A, Sugiyama J, Ohmae M, Kimura S. Enzymatic activities of novel mutant endoglucanases carrying sequential active sites. Int J Biol Macromol 2008; 43:226-31. [PMID: 18599118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel mutant enzymes of endoglucanase II (EGII) from fungus Trichoderma viride were prepared and their hydrolysis and enzymatic polymerization activities were studied. EGII(core)2 and EGII(core)2-His, which possess sequential two active sites of EGII with a His-tag probe at the N-terminal and with His-tag probes at the N and C terminals, respectively, showed higher hydrolysis activities than EGIIcore with a single active site even in comparison on the active-site concentration basis. These mutant enzymes were applied to the enzymatic polymerization to afford artificial cellulose. The polymerization rates with using EGII(core)2 and EGII(core)2-His were also higher than that with using EGIIcore. The polymerization products were identified as highly crystalline cellulose of type II. The mutant enzymes were also effective to prepare spherulites. EGII(core)2 and EGII(core)2-His are considered to possess higher hydrolysis and polymerization activities than EGIIcore mainly due to the suitably stabilized conformation with the sequential arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuko Nakamura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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68
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Murugadoss A, Chattopadhyay A. A 'green' chitosan-silver nanoparticle composite as a heterogeneous as well as micro-heterogeneous catalyst. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:015603. [PMID: 21730538 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/01/015603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the catalytic activity of a new metal nanoparticle-polymer composite consisting of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and environmentally friendly ('green') chitosan. The polymer (chitosan) not only acted as the reducing agent for the metal ions, but also stabilized the product NPs by anchoring them. The majority of the particles produced in this way had sizes less than 5 nm. The catalytic activity of the composite was investigated photometrically by monitoring the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4NP) in the presence of excess NaBH(4) in water, under both heterogeneous and micro-heterogeneous conditions. The reaction was first order with respect to the concentration of 4NP. We also observed that the apparent rate constant, k(app), for the reaction was linearly dependent on the amount of Ag NPs present in the composite. Moreover, the turn-over frequency (TOF) of the catalyst was found to be (1.5 ± 0.3) × 10(-3) s(-1), when the reaction was carried out under heterogeneous conditions. The Ag NPs in the composite retained their catalytic activities even after using them for ten cycles. Our observations also suggest that the catalytic efficiency under micro-heterogeneous conditions is much higher than under heterogeneous conditions. Thus the composite we have represents an ideal case of an environmentally friendly and stable catalyst, which works under heterogeneous as well as micro-heterogeneous conditions with the advantage of nanoscopic particles as the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Murugadoss
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
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69
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Ohmae M, Sakaguchi K, Kaneto T, Fujikawa SI, Kobayashi S. Keratanase II-Catalyzed Synthesis of Keratan Sulfate Oligomers by Using Sugar Oxazolines as Transition-State Analogue Substrate Monomers: A Novel Insight into the Enzymatic Catalysis Mechanism. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1710-20. [PMID: 17705309 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) oligomers with well-defined structures were synthesized by keratanase II (KSase II)-catalyzed transglycosylation. N-Acetyllactosamine [Galbeta(1-->4)GlcNAc; LacNAc] oxazoline derivatives with sulfate groups at the C-6 (1 a) and both the C-6 and the C-6' (1 b) were prepared as transition-state analogue substrate monomers for KSase II. Monomer 1 a was effectively oligomerized by the enzyme under weak alkaline conditions, to give alternating 6-sulfated KS oligomers (2 a) in good yields, and with total control of regioselectivity and stereochemistry. KSase II also recognized 1 b, which provided fully 6-sulfated KS oligomers (2 b) in good yields under similar conditions. Nonsulfated LacNAc oxazoline was difficult to oligomerize enzymatically. These results imply that the catalysis mechanism of KSase II involves a sugar oxazolinium ion that requires the 6-sulfate group in the GlcNAc residue not only in hydrolysis of KS chains, but also in oligomerization of oxazoline monomers. This is the first report of KSase II-catalyzed transglycosylation to form beta(1-->3)-glycosidic bond through a substrate-assisted mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ohmae
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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70
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Faijes M, Planas A. In vitro synthesis of artificial polysaccharides by glycosidases and glycosynthases. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1581-94. [PMID: 17606254 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Artificial polysaccharides produced by in vitro enzymatic synthesis are new biomaterials with defined structures that either mimic natural polysaccharides or have unnatural structures and functionalities. This review summarizes recent developments in the in vitro polysaccharide synthesis by endo-glycosidases, grouped in two major strategies: (a) native retaining endo-glycosidases under kinetically controlled conditions (transglycosylation with activated glycosyl donors), and (b) glycosynthases, engineered glycosidases devoid of hydrolase activity but with high transglycosylation activity. Polysaccharides are obtained by enzymatic polymerization of simple glycosyl donors by repetitive condensation. This approach not only provides a powerful methodology to produce polysaccharides with defined structures and morphologies as novel biomaterials, but is also a valuable tool to analyze the mechanisms of polymerization and packing to acquire high-order molecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Faijes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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71
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Ohmae M, Makino A, Kobayashi S. Enzymatic Polymerization to Unnatural Hybrid Polysaccharides. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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72
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Zeng Y, Wang J, Li B, Hauser S, Li H, Wang LX. Glycopeptide synthesis through endo-glycosidase-catalyzed oligosaccharide transfer of sugar oxazolines: probing substrate structural requirement. Chemistry 2007; 12:3355-64. [PMID: 16470771 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An array of sugar oxazolines was synthesized and tested as donor substrates for the Arthrobacter endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo-A)-catalyzed glycopeptide synthesis. The experiments revealed that the minimum structure of the donor substrate required for Endo-A catalyzed transglycosylation is a Man beta1-->4-GlcNAc oxazoline moiety. Replacement of the beta-D-Man moiety with beta-D-Glc, beta-D-Gal, and beta-D-GlcNAc monosaccharides resulted in the loss of substrate activity for the disaccharide oxazoline. Despite this, the enzyme could tolerate modifications such as attachment of additional sugar residues or a functional group at the 3- and/or 6-positions of the beta-D-Man moiety, thus allowing a successful transfer of selectively modified oligosaccharides to the peptide acceptor. On the other hand, the enzyme has a great flexibility for the acceptor portion and could take both small and large GlcNAc-peptides as the acceptor. The studies implicate a great potential of the endoglycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation for constructing both natural and selectively modified glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zeng
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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73
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Egusa S, Kitaoka T, Goto M, Wariishi H. Synthesis of cellulose in vitro by using a cellulase/surfactant complex in a nonaqueous medium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:2063-5. [PMID: 17290475 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Egusa
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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74
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Egusa S, Kitaoka T, Goto M, Wariishi H. Synthesis of Cellulose In Vitro by Using a Cellulase/Surfactant Complex in a Nonaqueous Medium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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75
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Kobayashi A, Kuwata H, Kohri M, Izumi R, Watanabe T, Shoda S. A Bacterial Chitinase Acts as Catalyst for Synthesis of theN‐Linked Oligosaccharide Core Trisaccharide by Employing a Sugar Oxazoline Substrate. J Carbohydr Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300600966448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- a Department of Biomolecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kuwata
- a Department of Biomolecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Michinari Kohri
- a Department of Biomolecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuko Izumi
- a Department of Biomolecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- b Department of Applied Biological Chemistry , Niigata University , Niigata, Japan
| | - Shin‐ichiro Shoda
- a Department of Biomolecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
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76
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Kohri M, Kobayashi A, Shoda SI. Design and Utilization of Chitinases with Low Hydrolytic Activities. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2007. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.19.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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77
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Makino A, Ohmae M, Kobayashi S. Synthesis of Fluorinated Chitin Derivatives via Enzymatic Polymerization. Macromol Biosci 2006; 6:862-72. [PMID: 17039578 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of fluorinated chitin derivatives has been achieved using chitinase from Bacillus sp. as a catalyst. 6'-Fluoro- (1a), 6-fluoro- (1b) and 6,6'-difluoro- (1c) chitobiose oxazoline derivatives were newly prepared as TSAS monomers for chitinase. Ring-opening polyaddition of these monomers proceeded effectively at pH 8.0-9.0 and 30-40 degrees C, giving rise to alternatingly 6-fluorinated chitin derivatives (2a and 2b) from 1a and 1b, and fully 6-fluorinated chitin derivative (2c) from 1c under total control of regioselectivity and stereochemistry. XRD measurements revealed that polysaccharides 2a and 2b had crystalline structures similar to that of alpha-chitin. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Makino
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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78
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Makino A, Ohmae M, Kobayashi S. Chitinase-Catalyzed Copolymerization to a Chitin Derivative Having Glucosamine Unit in Controlled Proportion. Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2006075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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79
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Kobayashi S, Ohmae M, Ochiai H, Fujikawa SI. A Hyaluronidase Supercatalyst for the Enzymatic Polymerization to Synthesize Glycosaminoglycans. Chemistry 2006; 12:5962-71. [PMID: 16807948 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronidase (HAase) catalyzes multiple enzymatic polymerizations with controlling regio- and stereoselectivity perfectly. This behavior, that is, the single enzyme being effective for multireactions and retaining the enzyme catalytic specificity, is not usual, and hence, HAase is a supercatalyst. Various sugar oxazoline monomers prepared based on the concept "transition-state analogue substrate" were successfully polymerized and copolymerized with HAase catalysis, yielding natural and unnatural glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kobayashi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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80
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Kobayashi S, Makino A, Tachibana N, Ohmae M. Chitinase-Catalyzed Synthesis of a Chitin-Xylan Hybrid Polymer: A Novel Water-Solubleβ(1 → 4) Polysaccharide Having anN-Acetylglucosamine-Xylose Repeating Unit. Macromol Rapid Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200600082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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81
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Makino A, Sakamoto J, Ohmae M, Kobayashi S. Effect of Fluorine Substituent on the Chitinase-catalyzed Polymerization of Sugar Oxazoline Derivatives. CHEM LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2006.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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82
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Ohmae M, Fujikawa SI, Ochiai H, Kobayashi S. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of natural and unnatural polysaccharides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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83
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He F, Li S, Garreau H, Vert M, Zhuo R. Enzyme-catalyzed polymerization and degradation of copolyesters of ε-caprolactone and γ-butyrolactone. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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84
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85
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Nakamura I, Yoneda H, Maeda T, Makino A, Ohmae M, Sugiyama J, Ueda M, Kobayashi S, Kimura S. Enzymatic Polymerization Behavior Using Cellulose-Binding Domain Deficient Endoglucanase II. Macromol Biosci 2005; 5:623-8. [PMID: 15988789 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200500044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A mutant enzyme, EGII(core), in which the cellulose-binding domain was deleted from endoglucanase II from Trichoderma viride, was expressed in yeast, and the secreted enzyme was examined for the enzymatic polymerization to obtain artificial cellulose. EGII(core) polymerized beta-cellobiosyl fluoride to afford crystalline cellulose of type II. Comparison of the polymerization behavior of EGII(core) with that of EGII revealed the following: i) the crystalline product obtained with EGII(core) was stable in the polymerization solution, although the product was readily hydrolyzed in the presence of EGII; ii) the turnover number of EGII(core) was as high as that of EGII; iii) EGII(core) produced highly crystalline cellulose. EGII(core) is therefore advantageous for enzymatic polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuko Nakamura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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86
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Ochiai H, Ohmae M, Kobayashi S. Enzymatic glycosidation of sugar oxazolines having a carboxylate group catalyzed by chitinase. Carbohydr Res 2005; 339:2769-88. [PMID: 15542086 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic glycosidation using sugar oxazolines 1-3 having a carboxylate group as glycosyl donors and compounds 4-6 as glycosyl acceptors was performed by employing a chitinase from Bacillus sp. as catalyst. All the glycosidations proceeded with full control in stereochemistry at the anomeric carbon of the donor and regio-selectivity of the acceptor. The N,N'-diacetyl-6'-O-carboxymethylchitobiose oxazoline derivative 1 was effectively glycosidated, under catalysis by the enzyme, with methyl N,N'-diacetyl-beta-chitobioside (4), pent-4-enyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (5), and methyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (6), affording in good yields the corresponding oligosaccharide derivatives having 6-O-carboxymethyl group at the nonreducing GlcNAc residue. The N,N'-diacetyl-6-O-carboxymethylchitobiose oxazoline derivative 2 was subjected to catalysis by the enzyme catalysis; however, no glycosidated products were produced through the reactions with 4, 5, and 6. Glycosidation reactions of the beta-d-glucosyluronic-(1-->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine oxazoline derivative 3 proceeded with each of the glycosyl acceptors, giving rise to the corresponding oligosaccharide derivative having a GlcA residue at their nonreducing termini in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ochiai
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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87
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88
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89
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Sakamoto J, Kobayashi S. Enzymatic Synthesis of 3-O-Methylated Chitin Oligomers from New Derivatives of a Chitobiose Oxazoline. CHEM LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2004.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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90
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Ochiai H, Ohmae M, Kobayashi S. Enzymatic Synthesis of Alternatingly 6-O-Carboxymethylated Chitotetraose by Selective Glycosidation with Chitinase Catalysis. CHEM LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2004.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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91
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Kalra B, Kumar A, Gross RA, Baiardo M, Scandola M. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of New Brush Copolymers Comprising Poly(ω-pentadecalactone) with Unusual Thermal and Crystalline Properties. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035083t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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92
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Cyclopolymerization of dianhydro sugar leading to novel carbohydrate polymers as macromolecular ionophores. Prog Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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93
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Shoda SI, Kadokawa JI, Mito M, Takahashi S, Noguchi M. Direct Conversion of 2-Acetamido-2-deoxysugars to 1,2-Oxazoline Derivatives by Dehydrative Cyclization in Water. HETEROCYCLES 2004. [DOI: 10.3987/com-04-10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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94
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Kobayashi S, Itoh R, Morii H, Fujikawa SI, Kimura S, Ohmae M. Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans via enzymatic polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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95
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Shoda SI, Izumi R, Fujita M. Green Process in Glycotechnology. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.76.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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96
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Houston DR, Shiomi K, Arai N, Omura S, Peter MG, Turberg A, Synstad B, Eijsink VGH, van Aalten DMF. High-resolution structures of a chitinase complexed with natural product cyclopentapeptide inhibitors: mimicry of carbohydrate substrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:9127-32. [PMID: 12093900 PMCID: PMC123105 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.132060599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, family 18 chitinases have been validated as potential targets for the design of drugs against human pathogens that contain or interact with chitin during their normal life cycles. Thus far, only one potent chitinase inhibitor has been described in detail, the pseudotrisaccharide allosamidin. Recently, however, two potent natural-product cyclopentapeptide chitinase inhibitors, argifin and argadin, were reported. Here, we describe high-resolution crystal structures that reveal the details of the interactions of these cyclopeptides with a family 18 chitinase. The structures are examples of complexes of a carbohydrate-processing enzyme with high-affinity peptide-based inhibitors and show in detail how the peptide backbone and side chains mimic the interactions of the enzyme with chitooligosaccharides. Together with enzymological characterization, the structures explain why argadin shows an order of magnitude stronger inhibition than allosamidin, whereas argifin shows weaker inhibition. The peptides bind to the chitinase in remarkably different ways, which may explain the differences in inhibition constants. The two complexes provide a basis for structure-based design of potent chitinase inhibitors, accessible by standard peptide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Houston
- Wellcome Trust Biocentre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
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97
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Bortone K, Monzingo AF, Ernst S, Robertus JD. The structure of an allosamidin complex with the Coccidioides immitis chitinase defines a role for a second acid residue in substrate-assisted mechanism. J Mol Biol 2002; 320:293-302. [PMID: 12079386 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Allosamidin is a known inhibitor of class 18 chitinases. We show that allosamidin is a competitive inhibitor of the fungal chitinase CiX1 from Coccidioides immitis, with a K(i) of 60 nM. We report the X-ray structure of the complex and show that upon inhibitor binding the side-chain of Asp169 rotates to form an ion pair with the oxazolinium cation. The mechanism of action is thought to involve protonation of the leaving group by Glu171 and substrate assistance by the sugar acetamido moiety to form an oxazoline-like intermediate. We converted both amino acid residues to the corresponding amide and found that each mutation effectively abolishes enzyme activity. X-ray structures show the mutant enzymes retain the basic wild-type structure and that the loss of mutant activity is due to their altered chemical properties. The high affinity of allosamidin, and its similarity to the putative reaction intermediate, suggests it is a transition state analog. This helps validate our contention that the role of Asp169 is to electrostatically stabilize the reaction transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Bortone
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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98
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Kwon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kumoh National University of Technology, 188 Shinpyung-dong, Kumi, Kyungbuk 730-701, Korea
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99
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Shoda SI, Izumi R, Suenaga M, Saito K, Fujita M. A Facile Method for Synthesis of 1,2-Oxazoline Derivative ofN-Acetylglucosamine Promoted by Potassium Fluoride. CHEM LETT 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2002.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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100
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Abstract
A startling array of added anions have been observed to function as replacement catalytic nucleophiles in mutant glycosidases, including formate, azide, fluoride and other halides. Likewise, the mechanism of acid-base catalysis is somewhat plastic. The carboxylic acids can be substituted by a sulfenic acid or by ascorbate, and the effective acid strength enhanced by the introduction of strong hydrogen bonds. These studies provide an interesting bridge between enzymes and models thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Zechel
- Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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