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Rosen BM, Roche C, Percec V. Self-assembly of dendritic dipeptides as a model of chiral selection in primitive biological systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 333:213-53. [PMID: 23306867 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological macromolecules are homochiral, composed of sequences of stereocenters possessing the same repeated absolute configuration. This chapter addresses the mechanism of homochiral selection in polypeptides. In particular, the relationship between the stereochemistry (L or D) of structurally distinct α-amino acids is explored. Through functionalization of Tyr-Xaa dipeptides with self-assembling dendrons, the effect of stereochemical sequence of the dipeptide on the thermodynamics of self-assembly and the resulting structural features can be quantified. The dendritic dipeptide approach effectively isolates the stereochemical information of the shortest sequence of stereochemical information possible in polypeptide, while simultaneously allowing for dendron driven tertiary and quaternary structure formation and subsequent transfer of chiral information from the dipeptide to the dendritic sheath. This approach elucidates a mechanism of selecting a homochiral relationship between dissimilar but neighboring α-amino acids through thermodynamic preference for homochirality in solution-phase and bulk supramolecular helical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M Rosen
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
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52
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Peterca M, Imam MR, Ahn CH, Balagurusamy VSK, Wilson DA, Rosen BM, Percec V. Transfer, amplification, and inversion of helical chirality mediated by concerted interactions of C3-supramolecular dendrimers. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2311-28. [PMID: 21280656 DOI: 10.1021/ja110753s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, structural, and retrostructural analysis of two libraries containing 16 first and second generation C(3)-symmetric self-assembling dendrimers based on dendrons connected at their apex via trisesters and trisamides of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid is reported. A combination of X-ray diffraction and CD/UV analysis methods demonstrated that their C(3)-symmetry modulates different degrees of packing on the periphery of supramolecular structures that are responsible for the formation of chiral helical supramolecular columns and spheres self-organizable in a diversity of three-dimensional (3D) columnar, tetragonal, and cubic lattices. Two of these periodic arrays, a 3D columnar hexagonal superlattice and a 3D columnar simple orthorhombic chiral lattice with P222(1) symmetry, are unprecedented for supramolecular dendrimers. A thermal-reversible inversion of chirality was discovered in helical supramolecular columns. This inversion is induced, on heating, by the change in symmetry from a 3D columnar simple orthorhombic chiral lattice to a 3D columnar hexagonal array and, on cooling, by the change in symmetry from a 2D hexagonal to a 2D centered rectangular lattice, both exhibiting intracolumnar order. A first-order transition from coupled columns with long helical pitch, to weakly or uncorrelated columns with short helical pitch that generates a molecular rotator, was also discovered. The torsion angles of the molecular rotator are proportional to the change in temperature, and this effect is amplified in the case of the C(3)-symmetric trisamide supramolecular dendrimers forming H-bonds along their column. The structural changes reported here can be used to design complex functions based on helical supramolecular dendrimers with different degree of packing on their periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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53
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Jiménez J, Laguna A, Molter AM, Serrano JL, Barberá J, Oriol L. Supermolecular Liquid Crystals with a Six-Armed Cyclotriphosphazene Core: From Columnar to Cubic Phases. Chemistry 2010; 17:1029-39. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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54
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Gittins
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Lance J. Twyman
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
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55
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Xu XD, Yang HB, Zheng YR, Ghosh K, Lyndon MM, Muddiman DC, Stang PJ. Self-Assembly of Dendritic Tris(crown ether) Hexagons and Their Complexation with Dibenzylammonium Cations. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7373-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101648p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Dong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China, 200062
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China, 200062
| | - Yao-Rong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Koushik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew M. Lyndon
- W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - David C. Muddiman
- W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Peter J. Stang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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56
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Newkome
- Departments of Polymer Science and Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-4717, and Department of Chemistry, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio 44234
| | - Carol Shreiner
- Departments of Polymer Science and Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-4717, and Department of Chemistry, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio 44234
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57
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Liu B, Yang M, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Han Y, Xia N, Hu M, Zheng P, Wang W. Ribbonlike assembly of molecules composed of fulleropyrrolidine and PUA dendron. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:9403-9407. [PMID: 20443642 DOI: 10.1021/la101147x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The hybrid molecules composed of fulleropyrrolidine and poly(urethane amide) dendron of the third generation have been synthesized, and their self-assembling in THF/water mixtures has been studied. By TEM, AFM, and SAXS methods it was established that molecules form ribbonlike aggregates with the ordered layers of fullerene derivatives situated inside of the ribbons. Microscale length and high ratio width/thickness were detected for the ribbons. The ability of amides and urethanes to initiate a coupling of dendron-fragments by means of hydrogen bonding has been considered as mainly responsible for anisotropic interaction of hybrid molecules and for the ribbonlike aggregates formation in THF/water mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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58
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Ainalem ML, Campbell RA, Nylander T. Interactions between DNA and poly(amido amine) dendrimers on silica surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:8625-35. [PMID: 20429604 DOI: 10.1021/la9047177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study increases the understanding at a molecular level of the interactions between DNA and poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers on solid surfaces, which is a subject of potential interest in applications such as gene therapy. We have used in situ null ellipsometry and neutron reflectometry to study the structure of multilayer arrangements formed by PAMAM dendrimers of generation 2 (G2), 4 (G4), and 6 (G6) and DNA on silica surfaces. Specifically, we adsorbed cationic dendrimer layers, then we condensed DNA to form dendrimer-DNA bilayers, and last we exposed further dendrimer molecules to the interface to encapsulate DNA in dendrimer-DNA-dendrimer trilayers. The dendrimer monolayers formed initially result in the deformation of the cationic adsorbates as a result of their strong electrostatic attraction to the hydrophilic silica surface. The highest surface excess and most pronounced deformation occurs for the G6 molecules due to their relatively large size and high surface charge density. G6-functionalized surfaces give rise to the highest surface excess of DNA during the bilayer formation process. This result is explained in terms of the high number of charged binding sites in the G6 monolayer and the low electrostatic repulsion between DNA and exposed patches of silica surface due to the relatively thick G6 monolayer. The binding strengths of the silica-dendrimer and dendrimer-DNA interactions are demonstrated by the high stability of the interfacial bilayers during rinsing. For the formation of trilayers of dendrimers, DNA, and dendrimers, G2 adsorbs as a smooth layer while G4 and G6 induce the formation of less well-defined structures due to more complex DNA layer morphologies.
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Cheng X, Bai X, Jing S, Ebert H, Prehm M, Tschierske C. Self-Assembly of Imidazolium-Based Rodlike Ionic Liquid Crystals: Transition from Lamellar to Micellar Organization. Chemistry 2010; 16:4588-601. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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60
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Ryu MH, Choi JW, Cho BK. Design, synthesis, and self-assembly behavior of C3-symmetry discotic molecules via click chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b921685e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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61
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Rosen BM, Wilson CJ, Wilson DA, Peterca M, Imam MR, Percec V. Dendron-Mediated Self-Assembly, Disassembly, and Self-Organization of Complex Systems. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6275-540. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900157q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1066] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad M. Rosen
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Christopher J. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
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62
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63
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Isoda K, Yasuda T, Kato T. Truxene-Based Columnar Liquid Crystals: Self-Assembled Structures and Electro-Active Properties. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:1619-25. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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64
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Uemura S, Sengupta S, Würthner F. Cyclic Self-Assembled Structures of Chlorophyll Dyes on HOPG by the Dendron Wedge Effect. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7825-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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65
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Uemura S, Sengupta S, Würthner F. Cyclic Self-Assembled Structures of Chlorophyll Dyes on HOPG by the Dendron Wedge Effect. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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66
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Percec V, Peterca M, Tsuda Y, Rosen B, Uchida S, Imam M, Ungar G, Heiney P. Elucidating the Structure of thePm$\bar 3$nCubic Phase of Supramolecular Dendrimers through the Modification of their Aliphatic to Aromatic Volume Ratio. Chemistry 2009; 15:8994-9004. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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67
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Nanjwade BK, Bechra HM, Derkar GK, Manvi FV, Nanjwade VK. Dendrimers: emerging polymers for drug-delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:185-96. [PMID: 19646528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are new class of polymeric materials. It is generally described as a macromolecule, which is characterized by its extensively branched 3D structure that provides a high degree of surface functionality and versatility. The unique properties associated with these dendrimers such as uniform size, high degree of branching, water solubility, multivalency, well-defined molecular weight and available internal cavities make them attractive for biological and drug-delivery applications. Commercialization of dendrimers is now forthcoming. The present review briefly describes about dendrimer synthesis strategies, types of dendrimers with different functionalities, properties which having crucial importance and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj K Nanjwade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JN Medical College, KLE University, Belgaum-590010, India.
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68
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Imam MR, Peterca M, Edlund U, Balagurusamy VSK, Percec V. Dendronized supramolecular polymers self-assembled from dendritic ionic liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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69
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Maraval V, Laurent R, Donnadieu B, Caminade AM, Majoral JP. Synthesis and Characterization of Controlled Dendritic Architectures by Association of Two Phosphorus Dendrons Through a Metallic Center. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500902947971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Maraval
- a Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS , Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Régis Laurent
- a Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS , Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Donnadieu
- a Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS , Toulouse Cedex, France
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70
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Rao VS, Samui AB. Phase behavior and photo-responsive studies of photoactive liquid crystalline hyperbranched polyethers containing benzylidene moiety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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71
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Percec V, Imam MR, Peterca M, Cho WD, Heiney PA. Self-Assembling Dendronized Dendrimers. Isr J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1560/ijc.49.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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72
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Yang M, Wang W, Lieberwirth I, Wegner G. Multiple H-Bonds Directed Self-Assembly of an Amphiphilic and Plate-Like Codendrimer with Janus Faces at Water−Air Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6283-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ja900739e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Postfach 3148, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Postfach 3148, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Postfach 3148, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wegner
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Postfach 3148, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
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73
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Zhang Z, Yang M, Zhang X, Zhang L, Liu B, Zheng P, Wang W. Enhancing Gelation Ability of a Dendritic Gelator through Complexation with a Polyelectrolyte. Chemistry 2009; 15:2352-61. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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74
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Percec V, Imam MR, Peterca M, Wilson DA, Heiney PA. Self-Assembly of Dendritic Crowns into Chiral Supramolecular Spheres. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 131:1294-304. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8087778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
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75
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Percec V, Peterca M, Dulcey AE, Imam MR, Hudson SD, Nummelin S, Adelman P, Heiney PA. Hollow Spherical Supramolecular Dendrimers. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13079-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8034703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Andrés E. Dulcey
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Steven D. Hudson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Sami Nummelin
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Peter Adelman
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
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76
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Nanostructured columnar and cubic liquid-crystalline assemblies consisting of unconventional rigid mesogens based on triphenylmethanes. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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77
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Glass Transition Behavior of Dendritic Polymers Containing Mobile Aliphatic Polyether Cores and Glassy Peripheral Polystyrenes. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.6.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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78
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Yi Z, Liu X, Jiao Q, Chen E, Chen Y, Xi F. Synthesis, characterization, and self-assembly of comb-dendronized amphiphilic block copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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79
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Chung YW, Lee JK, Zin WC, Cho BK. Self-Assembling Behavior of Amphiphilic Dendron Coils in the Bulk Crystalline and Liquid Crystalline States. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:7139-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ja801163m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Wook Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-Do, 448-701, Korea, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jeong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-Do, 448-701, Korea, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Wang-Cheol Zin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-Do, 448-701, Korea, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Byoung-Ki Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-Do, 448-701, Korea, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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80
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Yang M, Zhang Z, Yuan F, Wang W, Hess S, Lienkamp K, Lieberwirth I, Wegner G. Self-Assembled Structures in Organogels of Amphiphilic Diblock Codendrimers. Chemistry 2008; 14:3330-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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81
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Percec V, Peterca M, Yurchenko M, Rudick J, Heiney P. Thixotropic Twin-Dendritic Organogelators. Chemistry 2008; 14:909-18. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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82
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Jeon HJ, Kang MK, Park C, Kim KT, Chang JY, Kim C, Song HH. Supramolecular ordering of amide dendrons in lyotropic and thermotropic conditions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:13109-13116. [PMID: 18004895 DOI: 10.1021/la7023555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled superstructures of amide dendrons, from first to third generation including monodendrons and covalently linked dimers, were extensively examined, and the supramolecular ordering processes in thermotropic and lyotropic conditions were compared. The superstructures as determined by X-ray diffraction and DSC revealed that the first and second generation dendrons showed nearly identical superstructures regardless of the assembly conditions. But, the third generation dendrons showed a more sensitive self-organizing behavior. The structure obtained from the gel state was lamellar with a more extended conformation, while the structure from the melt state revealed the columnar superstructures of contracted branches. The superstructure formed from the gel state also showed a structural change upon raising the temperature and assumed a structure similar to the thermotropically driven one, implying that the structure formed from the gel is thermodynamically unstable. The formation of lamellar- or cylinder-type superstructures from amide dendrons was primarily dependent on the shape of dendrons, which is associated with the branch size (generation) and the surrounding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Jeon
- Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea
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83
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Srinivasa Rao V, Samui AB. Effect of molecular architecture and size of mesogen on phase behavior and photoactive properties of photoactive liquid crystalline hyperbranched polyester epoxies containing benzylidene moiety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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84
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Percec V, Peterca M, Rudick JG, Aqad E, Imam MR, Heiney PA. Self-Assembling Phenylpropyl Ether Dendronized Helical Polyphenylacetylenes. Chemistry 2007; 13:9572-81. [PMID: 17893891 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a self-assembling phenylpropyl ether based dendronized polymer has been reported and its preferred helical handedness has been determined. Dendronized polymer poly(10) and its nondendritic analogue poly(8) are high-cis-content polyphenylacetylenes (PPAs) prepared by using [Rh(nbd)Cl]2/NEt3 (nbd: 2,5-norbornadiene). Both polymers possess a stereocenter in their side chain, which selects a preferred helical handedness. Based on negative exciton chirality observed in the CD spectra of poly(10), we have designated this molecule as a right-handed helical polymer, which persists over a wide temperature range. Poly(10) self-organizes into both Phiioh and Phih lattices in bulk. The Phiioh-to-Phih transition is associated with thermoreversible cis-cisoidal to cis-transoidal isomerization of the helical PPA, accompanied by a dramatic decrease in the column diameter and a decrease in the pi-stacking correlation length along the column. A model for the right-handed helical dendronized PPA has been proposed wherein dendrons from adjacent column strata interdigitate to effectively fill space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA.
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85
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Percec V, Smidrkal J, Peterca M, Mitchell CM, Nummelin S, Dulcey AE, Sienkowska MJ, Heiney PA. Self-assembly of hybrid dendrons with complex primary structure into functional helical pores. Chemistry 2007; 13:3989-4007. [PMID: 17304597 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of three libraries of self-assembling hybrid dendrons containing a primary structure based on the sequence (4-3,4-3,5)12G2-CO(2)CH(3) generated from benzyl ether, biphenyl-4-methyl ether, and AB(2) repeat units constructed from (AB)(y)--AB(2) combinations of benzyl ethers, is reported. The structural and retrostructural analysis of their supramolecular dendrimers facilitated the discovery of new architectural principles that lead to the assembly of functional helical pores. The self-assembly of an example of hybrid dendron containing -H, -CO(2)CH(3), -CH(2)OH, -COOH, -COOK, -CONH(2), -CONHCH(3), -CO(2)(CH(2))(2)OCH(3), -(R) and -(S)-CONHCH(CH(3))C(2)H(5) as X-groups at the apex demonstrated that these self-assembling dendrons provide the simplest strategy for the design and synthesis of porous columns containing a diversity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional groups in the inner part of the pore. The results reported here expand the scope and limitations of dendrons available for the self-assembly of functional pores that previously were generated mostly from dendritic dipeptides, to simpler architectures based on hybrid dendrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA.
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86
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87
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the field of liquid crystalline dendrimers. Such a fast development is, among other things, driven by the multiple possibilities offered by combining the mesomorphic properties of single mesogenic subunits with the supermolecular and versatile architectures of dendrimers to yield a new class of highly functional materials. The induction and the control of the mesomorphic properties (phase type and stability) in dendrimers can be achieved by a dedicated molecular design which depends on the chemical nature and structure of both the functional groups and the dendritic matrix. In particular, the intrinsic connectivity of the dendrimer such as the multivalency of the focal core and the multiplicity of the branches, both controlling the geometrical rate of growth, or the dendritic generation, plays a crucial role and influences at various stages the subtle relationships between the supermolecular structure and the mesophase structure and stability. In this critical review article, an account of the various types of dendritic systems that form liquid-crystalline mesophases along with a description of the self-organization of representative case-study supermolecules into liquid crystalline mesophases will be discussed. Some basics of thermotropic liquid crystals and dendrimers will be given in the introduction. Then, in the following sections, selected examples including side-chain, main-chain, fullerodendrimers, shape-persistent dendrimers, supramolecular dendromesogens and metallodendrimers, as representative families of LC dendrimers, will be described. In the conclusion some further developments will be highlighted. This review will not cover liquid crystalline hyperbranched and dendronized polymers that might be considered as being somehow less structurally "perfect".
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Donnio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Groupe des Matériaux Organiques, UMR 7504--CNRS/Université Louis Pasteur, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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88
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89
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Murali M, Srinivasa Rao V, Samui AB. Liquid crystalline photoactive hyperbranched and linear benzylidene polyester with terminal epoxy and pendant hydroxyl groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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90
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Grinstaff MW. Dendritic macromers for hydrogel formation: Tailored materials for ophthalmic, orthopedic, and biotech applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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91
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Bury I, Heinrich B, Bourgogne C, Guillon D, Donnio B. Supramolecular Self-Organization of “Janus-like” Diblock Codendrimers: Synthesis, Thermal Behavior, and Phase Structure Modeling. Chemistry 2006; 12:8396-413. [PMID: 16892472 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on the design and synthesis of three series of segmented amphiphilic block codendrimers, and on their self-organizing behavior in liquid-crystalline mesophases. Connecting two prefunctionalized monodendrons, each differing in their chemical constitution and generation number, yielded these diblock supermolecules. One wedge of the codendrimer was made hydrophobic, and is based on a branched poly(benzyl ether) monodendron functionalized at the periphery by lipophilic aliphatic fragments (also known as Percec dendrons). The other segment was made hydrophilic by the grafting of hydroxyl-containing moieties onto the focal functions of the former dendrons. Both types of dendrons were prepared independently by convergent methods and then joined in the ultimate stage of the synthetic procedure by cross-coupling reactions. In this way, the proportion of the dendritic blocks was varied independently to allow control of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance (HHB), the hydrogen-bonding ability, and consequently the capacity to tune the mesomorphic properties of the resulting "superamphiphiles" was anticipated. Essentially all the dendritic compounds display a thermotropic mesomorphism directly at or near room temperature as determined by using X-ray diffraction, polarized optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The nature and the supramolecular organization of the mesophases, namely columnar and cubic phases, are correlated to the size of the respective block monodendrons and the chemical structures of the dendromesogens. The molecular organization within the cubic phases can be geometrically described and well understood by the space-filling polyhedron model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Bury
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Groupe des Matériaux Organiques, UMR 7504-CNRS/Université Louis Pasteur, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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92
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93
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Role of main chain rigidity and side-chain substitution on the supramolecular organization of rigid–flexible polymers. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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94
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Percec V, Holerca MN, Nummelin S, Morrison JJ, Glodde M, Smidrkal J, Peterca M, Rosen BM, Uchida S, Balagurusamy VSK, Sienkowska MJ, Heiney PA. Exploring and Expanding the Structural Diversity of Self-Assembling Dendrons through Combinations of AB, Constitutional Isomeric AB2, and AB3 Biphenyl-4-Methyl Ether Building Blocks. Chemistry 2006; 12:6216-41. [PMID: 16841348 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
General, efficient and inexpensive methods for the synthesis of dendritic building blocks methyl 3',4'-dihydroxybiphenyl-4-carboxylate, 3',5'-dihydroxybiphenyl-4-carboxylate, and methyl 3',4',5'-trihydroxybiphenyl-4-carboxylate were elaborated. In all syntheses the major step involved an inexpensive Ni(II)-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. These three building blocks were employed together with methyl 4'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-carboxylate in a convergent iterative strategy to synthesize seven libraries containing up to three generations of 3',4'-, 3',5'-, and 3',4',5'-substituted biphenyl-4-methyl ether based amphiphilic dendrons. These dendrons self-assemble into supramolecular dendrimers that self-organize into periodic assemblies. Structural and retrostructural analysis of their assemblies demonstrated that these dendrons self-assemble into hollow and non-hollow supramolecular dendrimers exhibiting dimensions of up to twice those reported for architecturally related dendrons based on benzyl ether repeat units. These new dendrons expand the structural diversity and demonstrate the generality of the concept of self-assembling dendrons based on amphiphilic arylmethyl ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA.
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95
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Yamazaki N, Washio I, Shibasaki Y, Ueda M. Facile Synthesis of Aryl Ether Dendrimer from Unprotected AB2 Building Blocks Using Thionyl Chloride as an Activating Agent. Org Lett 2006; 8:2321-4. [PMID: 16706516 DOI: 10.1021/ol0605880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] A novel, rapid, inexpensive, and highly efficient convergent approach for the synthesis of a Fréchet- type aryl ether dendrimer using thionyl chloride has been developed. In this method, the purification of each dendron and a dendrimer occurs by recrystallization, extraction, and precipitation. The MALDI-TOF MS spectrum supported the formation of the G2, G3, and G4 dendrons and the star-shaped G4 dendrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Yamazaki
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Japan
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96
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Donnio B, Guillon D. Liquid Crystalline Dendrimers and Polypedes. SUPRAMOLECULAR POLYMERS POLYMERIC BETAINS OLIGOMERS 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/12_079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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97
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Kato T, Mizoshita N, Kishimoto K. Funktionelle flüssigkristalline Aggregate: selbstorganisierte weiche Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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98
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Boas U, Christensen JB, Heegaard PMH. Dendrimers: design, synthesis and chemical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b611813p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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99
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Murali M, Samui AB. Synthesis, photochemical and phase behavior of linear and hyperbranched photoactive benzylidene liquid-crystalline polyesters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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100
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Kato T, Mizoshita N, Kishimoto K. Functional Liquid-Crystalline Assemblies: Self-Organized Soft Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:38-68. [PMID: 16353263 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the 21st century, soft materials will become more important as functional materials because of their dynamic nature. Although soft materials are not as highly durable as hard materials, such as metals, ceramics, and engineering plastics, they can respond well to stimuli and the environment. The introduction of order into soft materials induces new dynamic functions. Liquid crystals are ordered soft materials consisting of self-organized molecules and can potentially be used as new functional materials for electron, ion, or molecular transporting, sensory, catalytic, optical, and bio-active materials. For this functionalization, unconventional materials design is required. Herein, we describe new approaches to the functionalization of liquid crystals and show how the design of liquid crystals formed by supramolecular assembly and nano-segregation leads to the formation of a variety of new self-organized functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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