51
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Bornhof A, Vázquez‐Nakagawa M, Rodríguez‐Pérez L, Ángeles Herranz M, Sakai N, Martín N, Matile S, López‐Andarias J. Anion–π Catalysis on Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16097-16100. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Bea Bornhof
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva 1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Mikiko Vázquez‐Nakagawa
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez‐Pérez
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - María Ángeles Herranz
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva 1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Nazario Martín
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia c/ Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva 1211 Geneva Switzerland
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52
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Bornhof A, Vázquez‐Nakagawa M, Rodríguez‐Pérez L, Ángeles Herranz M, Sakai N, Martín N, Matile S, López‐Andarias J. Anion–π Catalysis on Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Bea Bornhof
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva 1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Mikiko Vázquez‐Nakagawa
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez‐Pérez
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - María Ángeles Herranz
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva 1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Nazario Martín
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia c/ Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva 1211 Geneva Switzerland
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53
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Stuyver T, Danovich D, Joy J, Shaik S. External electric field effects on chemical structure and reactivity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
- Algemene Chemie Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
| | - Jyothish Joy
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
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54
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Zhang MX, Xu HL. A greener catalyst for hydroboration of imines-external electric field modify the reaction mechanism. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:1772-1779. [PMID: 30942507 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Usually, an extra catalyst (for example, the transition metal complexes) need to be used in catalyzing hydroboration, which involved the cost, environment, and so forth. Here, a greener and controllable catalyst-external electric field (EEF) was used to study its effect on hydroboration of N-(4-methylbenzyl)aniline (PhN═CHPhMe) with pinacolboane (HBPin). The results demonstrated that EEF could affect the barrier heights of both two pathways of this reaction. More significantly, flipping the direction of EEF could modify the reaction mechanism to induce a dominant inverse hydroboration at some field strength. That is to say, oriented EEF is a controlling switch for the anti- or Markovnikov hydroboration reaction of imines. This investigation is meaningful for the exploration of greener catalyst for chemistry reaction and guide a new method for the Markovnikov hydroboration addition. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Liang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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55
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Stuyver T, Danovich D, De Proft F, Shaik S. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions: Mechanistic Landscape, Electrostatic and Electric-Field Control of Reaction Rates, and Mechanistic Crossovers. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9719-9730. [PMID: 31140274 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the rich mechanistic landscape of the iconic electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reaction class, in the gas phase, in solvents, and under stimulation by oriented external electric fields. The study uses DFT calculations, complemented by a qualitative valence bond (VB) perspective. We construct a comprehensive and unifying framework that elucidates the many surprising mechanistic features, uncovered in recent years, of this class of reactions. For example, one of the puzzling issues which have attracted significant interest recently is the finding of a variety of concerted mechanisms that do not involve the formation of σ-complex intermediates, in apparent contradiction to the generally accepted textbook mechanism. Our VB modeling elucidates the existence of both the concerted and stepwise mechanisms and uncovers the root causes and necessary conditions for the appearance of these intermediates. Furthermore, our VB analysis offers insight into the potential applications of external electric fields as smart, green, and selective catalysts, which can control at will reaction rates, as well as mechanistic crossovers, for this class of reactions. Finally, we highlight how understanding of the electric fields effect on the EAS reaction could lead to the formulation of guiding principles for the design of improved heterogeneous catalysts. Overall, our analysis underscores the powerful synergy offered by combining molecular orbital and VB theory to tackle interesting and challenging mechanistic questions in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel.,Algemene Chemie , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - David Danovich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Frank De Proft
- Algemene Chemie , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Sason Shaik
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
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56
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Huang X, Tang C, Li J, Chen LC, Zheng J, Zhang P, Le J, Li R, Li X, Liu J, Yang Y, Shi J, Chen Z, Bai M, Zhang HL, Xia H, Cheng J, Tian ZQ, Hong W. Electric field-induced selective catalysis of single-molecule reaction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw3072. [PMID: 31245539 PMCID: PMC6588380 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) offer a unique chance to tune catalytic selectivity by orienting the alignment of the electric field along the axis of the activated bond for a specific chemical reaction; however, they remain a key experimental challenge. Here, we experimentally and theoretically investigated the OEEF-induced selective catalysis in a two-step cascade reaction of the Diels-Alder addition followed by an aromatization process. Characterized by the mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) technique in the nanogap and confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in bottles, OEEFs are found to selectively catalyze the aromatization reaction by one order of magnitude owing to the alignment of the electric field on the reaction axis. Meanwhile, the Diels-Alder reaction remained unchanged since its reaction axis is orthogonal to the electric fields. This orientation-selective catalytic effect of OEEFs reveals that chemical reactions can be selectively manipulated through the elegant alignment between the electric fields and the reaction axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jieqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Li-Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiabo Le
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ruihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Corresponding author. (J. Liu); (J.C.); (W.H.)
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhaobin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mindong Bai
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Corresponding author. (J. Liu); (J.C.); (W.H.)
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Corresponding author. (J. Liu); (J.C.); (W.H.)
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57
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Robertson JC, Coote ML, Bissember AC. Synthetic applications of light, electricity, mechanical force and flow. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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58
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Wang C, Danovich D, Chen H, Shaik S. Oriented External Electric Fields: Tweezers and Catalysts for Reactivity in Halogen-Bond Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7122-7136. [PMID: 30945542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This theoretical study establishes ways of controlling and enabling an uncommon chemical reaction, the displacement reaction, B:---(X-Y) → (B-X)+ + :Y-, which is nascent from a B:---(X-Y) halogen bond (XB) by nucleophilic attack of the base, B:, on the halogen, X. In most of the 14 cases examined, these reactions possess high barriers either in the gas phase (where the X-Y bond dissociates to radicals) or in solvents such as CH2Cl2 and CH3CN (which lead to endothermic processes). Thus, generally, the XB species are trapped in deep minima, and their reactions are not allowed without catalysis. However, when an oriented-external electric field (OEEF) is directed along the B---X---Y reaction axis, the field acts as electric tweezers that orient the XB along the field's axis, and intensely catalyze the process, by tens of kcal/mol, thus rendering the reaction allowed. Flipping the OEEF along the reaction axis inhibits the reaction and weakens the interaction of the XB. Furthermore, at a critical OEEF, each XB undergoes spontaneous and barrier-free reaction. As such, OEEF achieves quite tight control of the structure and reactivity of XB species. Valence bond modeling is used to elucidate the means whereby OEEFs exert their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190407 , Israel.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190407 , Israel
| | - Hui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190407 , Israel
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59
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Shi MW, Thomas SP, Hathwar VR, Edwards AJ, Piltz RO, Jayatilaka D, Koutsantonis GA, Overgaard J, Nishibori E, Iversen BB, Spackman MA. Measurement of Electric Fields Experienced by Urea Guest Molecules in the 18-Crown-6/Urea (1:5) Host-Guest Complex: An Experimental Reference Point for Electric-Field-Assisted Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3965-3976. [PMID: 30761898 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution synchrotron and neutron single-crystal diffraction data of 18-crown-6/(pentakis)urea measured at 30 K are combined, with the aim of better appreciating the electrostatics associated with intermolecular interactions in condensed matter. With two 18-crown-6 molecules and five different urea molecules in the crystal, this represents the most ambitious combined X-ray/synchrotron and neutron experimental charge density analysis to date on a cocrystal or host-guest system incorporating such a large number of unique molecules. The dipole moments of the five urea guest molecules in the crystal are enhanced considerably compared to values determined for isolated molecules, and 2D maps of the electrostatic potential and electric field show clearly how the urea molecules are oriented with dipole moments aligned along the electric field exerted by their molecular neighbors. Experimental electric fields in the range of 10-19 GV m-1, obtained for the five different urea environments, corroborate independent measurements of electric fields in the active sites of enzymes and provide an important experimental reference point for recent discussions focused on electric-field-assisted catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming W Shi
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
| | - Sajesh P Thomas
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia.,Center for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Venkatesha R Hathwar
- Center for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark.,Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8571 , Japan
| | - Alison J Edwards
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering , New Illawarra Road , Lucas Heights , New South Wales 2234 , Australia
| | - Ross O Piltz
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering , New Illawarra Road , Lucas Heights , New South Wales 2234 , Australia
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
| | - George A Koutsantonis
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8571 , Japan
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Mark A Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
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60
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Blyth MT, Coote ML. A pH-Switchable Electrostatic Catalyst for the Diels–Alder Reaction: Progress toward Synthetically Viable Electrostatic Catalysis. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1517-1522. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell T. Blyth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
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61
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Yu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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62
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Hill NS, Coote ML. Internal Oriented Electric Fields as a Strategy for Selectively Modifying Photochemical Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17800-17804. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Hill
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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63
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Yue L, Wang N, Zhou S, Sun X, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Elektrisches Feld als “smarter” Ligandenersatz zur kontrollierten thermischen Aktivierung von Methan und molekularem Wasserstoff. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yue
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Na Wang
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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64
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Abstract
We explored the influence of external electric fields (EEFs) on the stability of a glycine dipeptide model radical using high-level quantum chemical methods. Remotely located ions (Cl-/Na+) are used to implement EEF effects. The effects of these ions are reproduced using background point charges and oriented EEFs. Remote charges as far as 900 pm from the Cα radical center can be significantly stabilizing or destabilizing as a function of their relative orientation. The magnitude of these effects is also strongly dependent on the distance between the radical center and the charge location. After examining the strengths and weaknesses of some frequently used quantum mechanics methods in describing these effects properly, a comparison is made on the stability of dipeptide radicals bearing protonable or deprotonable side chains. In this group, the stability of the respective Cα radicals mainly depends on the preferred orientation of the charge-carrying side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Jangra
- Department of Chemistry , LMU München , Butenandtstrasse 5-13 , 81377 München , Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry , LMU München , Butenandtstrasse 5-13 , 81377 München , Germany
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65
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Wang Z, Danovich D, Ramanan R, Shaik S. Oriented-External Electric Fields Create Absolute Enantioselectivity in Diels–Alder Reactions: Importance of the Molecular Dipole Moment. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13350-13359. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfeng Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Rajeev Ramanan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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66
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Zhao Y, Cotelle Y, Liu L, López-Andarias J, Bornhof AB, Akamatsu M, Sakai N, Matile S. The Emergence of Anion-π Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2255-2263. [PMID: 30188692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this Account is to summarize the first five years of anion-π catalysis. The general idea of anion-π catalysis is to stabilize anionic transition states on aromatic surfaces. This is complementary to the stabilization of cationic transition states on aromatic surfaces, a mode of action that occurs in nature and is increasingly used in chemistry. Anion-π catalysis, however, rarely occurs in nature and has been unexplored in chemistry. Probably because the attraction of anions to π surfaces as such is counterintuitive, anion-π interactions in general are much younger than cation-π interactions and remain under-recognized until today. Anion-π catalysis has emerged from early findings that anion-π interactions can mediate the transport of anions across lipid bilayer membranes. With this evidence for stabilization in the ground state secured, there was no reason to believe that anion-π interactions could not also stabilize anionic transition states. As an attractive reaction to develop anion-π catalysis, the addition of malonic acid half thioesters to enolate acceptors was selected. This choice was also made because without enzymes decarboxylation is preferred and anion-π interactions promised to catalyze selectively the disfavored but relevant enolate addition. Concerning anion-π catalysts, we started with naphthalene diimides (NDIs) because their intrinsic quadrupole moment is highly positive. The NDI scaffold was used to address questions such as the positioning of substrates on the catalytic π surface or the dependence of activity on the π acidity of this π surface. With the basics in place, the next milestone was the creation of anion-π enzymes, that is, enzymes that operate with an interaction rarely used in biology, at least on intrinsically π-acidic or highly polarizable aromatic amino-acid side chains. Electric-field-assisted anion-π catalysis addresses topics such as heterogeneous catalysis on electrodes and remote control of activity by voltage. On π-stacked foldamers, anion-(π) n-π catalysis was discovered. Fullerenes emerged as the scaffold of choice to explore contributions from polarizability. On fullerenes, anionic transition states are stabilized by large macrodipoles that appear only in response to their presence. With this growing collection of anion-π catalysts, several reactions beyond enolate addition have been explored so far. Initial efforts focused on asymmetric anion-π catalysis. Increasing enantioselectivity with increasing π acidity of the active π surface has been exemplified for enamine and iminium chemistry and for anion-π transaminase mimics. However, the delocalized nature of anion-π interactions calls for the stabilization of charge displacements over longer distances. The first step in this direction was the formation of cyclohexane rings with five stereogenic centers from achiral acyclic substrates on π-acidic surfaces. Moreover, the intrinsically disfavored exo transition state of anionic Diels-Alder reactions is stabilized selectively on π-acidic surfaces; endo products and otherwise preferred Michael addition products are completely suppressed. Taken together, we hope that these results on catalyst design and reaction scope will establish anion-π catalysis as a general principle in catalysis in the broadest sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yoann Cotelle
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna-Bea Bornhof
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Masaaki Akamatsu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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68
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López‐Andarias J, Bauzá A, Sakai N, Frontera A, Matile S. Remote Control of Anion-π Catalysis on Fullerene-Centered Catalytic Triads. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10883-10887. [PMID: 29806724 PMCID: PMC6120490 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and evaluation of catalytic triads composed of a central C60 fullerene with an amine base on one side and polarizability enhancers on the other side are reported. According to an enolate addition benchmark reaction, fullerene-fullerene-amine triads display the highest selectivity in anion-π catalysis observed so far, whereas NDI-fullerene-amine triads are not much better than fullerene-amine controls (NDI=naphthalenediimide). These large differences in activity are in conflict with the small differences in intrinsic π acidity, that is, LUMO energy levels and π holes on the central fullerene. However, they are in agreement with the high polarizability of fullerene-fullerene-amine triads. Activation and deactivation of the fullerene-centered triads by intercalators and computational data on anion binding further indicate that for functional relevance, intrinsic π acidity is less important than induced π acidity, that is, the size of the oriented macrodipole of polarizable π systems that emerges only in response to the interaction with anions and anionic transition states. The resulting transformation is thus self-induced, the anionic intermediates and transition states create their own anion-π catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department de QuímicaUniversitat de les Illes BalearsPalma de MallorcaBalearesSpain
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department de QuímicaUniversitat de les Illes BalearsPalma de MallorcaBalearesSpain
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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69
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Shaik S, Ramanan R, Danovich D, Mandal D. Structure and reactivity/selectivity control by oriented-external electric fields. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5125-5145. [PMID: 29979456 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00354h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This is a tutorial on use of external-electric-fields (EEFs) as effectors of chemical change. The tutorial instructs readers how to conceptualize and design electric-field effects on bonds, structures, and reactions. Most effects can be comprehended as the field-induced stabilization of ionic structures. Thus, orienting the field along the "bond axis" will facilitate bond breaking. Similarly, orienting the field along the "reaction axis", the direction in which "electron pairs transform" from reactants- to products-like, will catalyse the reaction. Flipping the field's orientation along the reaction-axis will cause inhibition. Orienting the field off-reaction-axis will control stereo-selectivity and remove forbidden-orbital mixing. Two-directional fields may control both reactivity and selectivity. Increasing the field strength for concerted reactions (e.g., Diels-Alder's) will cause mechanistic-switchover to stepwise mechanisms with ionic intermediates. Examples of bond breaking and control of reactivity/selectivity and mechanisms are presented and analysed from the "ionic perspective". The tutorial projects the unity of EEF effects, "giving insight and numbers".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel.
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70
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Yue L, Wang N, Zhou S, Sun X, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. The Electric Field as a “Smart” Ligand in Controlling the Thermal Activation of Methane and Molecular Hydrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14635-14639. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yue
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Na Wang
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
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71
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Liao JZ, Meng L, Jia JH, Liang D, Chen XL, Yu RM, Kuang XF, Lu CZ. Anion-π Interaction-Induced Room-Temperature Phosphorescence of a Polyoxometalate-Based Charge-Transfer Hybrid Material. Chemistry 2018; 24:10498-10502. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhen Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of, Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P.R. China
| | - Lingyi Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of, Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P.R. China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials; Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Ji-Hui Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of, Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P.R. China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Dong Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of, Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P.R. China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials; Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Xu-Lin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of, Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P.R. China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials; Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Rong-Min Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of, Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fei Kuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of, Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P.R. China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials; Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Can-Zhong Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of, Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P.R. China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials; Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen 361021 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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72
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López-Andarias J, Bauzá A, Sakai N, Frontera A, Matile S. Remote Control of Anion-π Catalysis on Fullerene-Centered Catalytic Triads. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department de Química; Universitat de les Illes Balears; Palma de Mallorca Baleares Spain
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department de Química; Universitat de les Illes Balears; Palma de Mallorca Baleares Spain
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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73
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Hong CM, Morimoto M, Kapustin EA, Alzakhem N, Bergman RG, Raymond KN, Toste FD. Deconvoluting the Role of Charge in a Supramolecular Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6591-6595. [PMID: 29767972 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that the microenvironment of a highly anionic supramolecular catalyst can mimic the active sites of enzymes and impart rate accelerations of a million-fold or more. However, these microenvironments can be challenging to study, especially in the context of understanding which specific features of the catalyst are responsible for its high performance. We report here the development of an experimental mechanistic probe consisting of two isostructural catalysts. When examined in parallel transformations, the behavior of these catalysts provides insight relevant to the importance of anionic host charge on reactivity. These two catalysts exhibit similar host-substrate interactions, but feature a significant difference in overall anionic charge (12- and 8-). Within these systems, we compare the effect of constrictive binding in a net neutral aza-Cope rearrangement. We then demonstrate how the magnitude of anionic host charge has an exceptional influence on the reaction rates for a Nazarov cyclization, evidenced by an impressive 680-fold change in reaction rate as a consequence of a 33% reduction in catalyst charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Hong
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Mariko Morimoto
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Eugene A Kapustin
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Nicola Alzakhem
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Robert G Bergman
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Kenneth N Raymond
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - F Dean Toste
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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74
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Che F, Gray JT, Ha S, Kruse N, Scott SL, McEwen JS. Elucidating the Roles of Electric Fields in Catalysis: A Perspective. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Che
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Jake T. Gray
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Su Ha
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Norbert Kruse
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jean-Sabin McEwen
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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75
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Bornhof AB, Bauzá A, Aster A, Pupier M, Frontera A, Vauthey E, Sakai N, Matile S. Synergistic Anion–(π)n–π Catalysis on π-Stacked Foldamers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4884-4892. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | | | | | - Antonio Frontera
- Department de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
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76
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Ramanan R, Danovich D, Mandal D, Shaik S. Catalysis of Methyl Transfer Reactions by Oriented External Electric Fields: Are Gold–Thiolate Linkers Innocent? J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4354-4362. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Ramanan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Debasish Mandal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147 004 Punjab, India
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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77
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Zhang X, Liu L, López-Andarias J, Wang C, Sakai N, Matile S. Anion-π
Catalysis: Focus on Nonadjacent Stereocenters. Helv Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Javier López-Andarias
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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78
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Zhang L, Laborda E, Darwish N, Noble BB, Tyrell JH, Pluczyk S, Le Brun AP, Wallace GG, Gonzalez J, Coote ML, Ciampi S. Electrochemical and Electrostatic Cleavage of Alkoxyamines. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:766-774. [PMID: 29258306 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alkoxyamines are heat-labile molecules, widely used as an in situ source of nitroxides in polymer and materials sciences. Here we show that the one-electron oxidation of an alkoxyamine leads to a cation radical intermediate that even at room temperature rapidly fragments, releasing a nitroxide and carbocation. Digital simulations of experimental voltammetry and current-time transients suggest that the unimolecular decomposition which yields the "unmasked" nitroxide (TEMPO) is exceedingly rapid and irreversible. High-level quantum computations indicate that the collapse of the alkoxyamine cation radical is likely to yield a neutral nitroxide radical and a secondary phenylethyl cation. However, this fragmentation is predicted to be slow and energetically very unfavorable. To attain qualitative agreement between the experimental kinetics and computational modeling for this fragmentation step, the explicit electrostatic environment within the double layer must be accounted for. Single-molecule break-junction experiments in a scanning tunneling microscope using solvent of low dielectric (STM-BJ technique) corroborate the role played by electrostatic forces on the lysis of the alkoxyamine C-ON bond. This work highlights the electrostatic aspects played by charged species in a chemical step that follows an electrochemical reaction, defines the magnitude of this catalytic effect by looking at an independent electrical technique in non-electrolyte systems (STM-BJ), and suggests a redox on/off switch to guide the cleavage of alkoxyamines at an electrified interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Eduardo Laborda
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Universidad De Murcia , Murcia 30003, Spain
| | - Nadim Darwish
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Benjamin B Noble
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Jason H Tyrell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Sandra Pluczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology , Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Anton P Le Brun
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Joaquin Gonzalez
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Universidad De Murcia , Murcia 30003, Spain
| | - Michelle L Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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79
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Schwarz H, Shaik S, Li J. Electronic Effects on Room-Temperature, Gas-Phase C-H Bond Activations by Cluster Oxides and Metal Carbides: The Methane Challenge. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17201-17212. [PMID: 29112810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective discusses a story of one molecule (methane), a few metal-oxide cationic clusters (MOCCs), dopants, metal-carbide cations, oriented-electric fields (OEFs), and a dizzying mechanistic landscape of methane activation! One mechanism is hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), which occurs whenever the MOCC possesses a localized oxyl radical (M-O•). Whenever the radical is delocalized, e.g., in [MgO]n•+ the HAT barrier increases due to the penalty of radical localization. Adding a dopant (Ga2O3) to [MgO]2•+ localizes the radical and HAT transpires. Whenever the radical is located on the metal centers as in [Al2O2]•+ the mechanism crosses over to proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), wherein the positive Al center acts as a Lewis acid that coordinates the methane molecule, while one of the bridging oxygen atoms abstracts a proton, and the negatively charged CH3 moiety relocates to the metal fragment. We provide a diagnostic plot of barriers vs reactants' distortion energies, which allows the chemist to distinguish HAT from PCET. Thus, doping of [MgO]2•+ by Al2O3 enables HAT and PCET to compete. Similarly, [ZnO]•+ activates methane by PCET generating many products. Adding a CH3CN ligand to form [(CH3CN)ZnO]•+ leads to a single HAT product. The CH3CN dipole acts as an OEF that switches off PCET. [MC]+ cations (M = Au, Cu) act by different mechanisms, dictated by the M+-C bond covalence. For example, Cu+, which bonds the carbon atom mostly electrostatically, performs coupling of C to methane to yield ethylene, in a single almost barrier-free step, with an unprecedented atomic choreography catalyzed by the OEF of Cu+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jilai Li
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130023, P.R. China
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80
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Novák M, Marek R, Foroutan-Nejad C. Anti-Electrostatic CH-Ion Bonding in Decorated Graphanes. Chemistry 2017; 23:14931-14936. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Novák
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 62500 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Radek Marek
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 62500 Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 62500 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 62500 Brno Czech Republic
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81
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López-Andarias J, Frontera A, Matile S. Anion−π Catalysis on Fullerenes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13296-13299. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier López-Andarias
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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82
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Liu L, Cotelle Y, Bornhof AB, Besnard C, Sakai N, Matile S. Anion-π Catalysis of Diels-Alder Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Yoann Cotelle
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Anna-Bea Bornhof
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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Liu L, Cotelle Y, Bornhof AB, Besnard C, Sakai N, Matile S. Anion-π Catalysis of Diels-Alder Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13066-13069. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Yoann Cotelle
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Anna-Bea Bornhof
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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Alegre-Requena JV, Marqués-López E, Herrera RP. “Push–Pull π+/π–” (PPππ) Systems in Catalysis. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan V. Alegre-Requena
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis
Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea
(ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eugenia Marqués-López
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis
Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea
(ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis
Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea
(ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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85
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Wang C, Matile S. Anion-π Catalysts with Axial Chirality. Chemistry 2017; 23:11955-11960. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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