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Cook JP, Blake NK, Heo HY, Martin JM, Weaver DK, Talbert LE. Phenotypic and Haplotype Diversity among Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheat Accessions with Potentially Novel Insect Resistance Genes for Wheat Stem Sawfly. THE PLANT GENOME 2017; 10. [PMID: 28464069 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2016.03.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic diversity in breeding programs can be impaired by fixation of alleles derived from a limited number of founder lines. This is demonstrated with the use of a solid-stem trait derived from the Portuguese landrace 'S-615' over 70 yrs ago that is widely used to resist the wheat stem sawfly ( Norton, WSS) in North America. The objective of this study was to evaluate haplotype diversity underlying the quantitative trait locus (QTL) that controls the majority of the S-615 derived solid-stem genetic variation using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays in a diverse set of 228 solid-stem tetraploid and hexaploid wheat accessions originating from areas of the world infested with various species of WSS. Haplotype analysis showed all WSS-resistant hexaploid wheat varieties in North America, except 'Conan', evaluated in this study contain a haplotype associated with the S-615 solid-stem allele. In total, 26 haplotypes were identified among the hexaploid and tetraploid accessions at . Prevalence of most haplotypes were skewed toward either the hexaploid or tetraploid wheat accessions. The haplotype found in the S-615- hexaploid wheat landrace was not found in the solid-stem tetraploid landrace accessions evaluated in this study. Haplotype analysis revealed several new haplotypes that have potential to contain novel alleles for solid-stems at , which may form the basis for introducing genetic diversity into breeding programs aimed at WSS resistance.
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Bessho-Uehara K, Wang DR, Furuta T, Minami A, Nagai K, Gamuyao R, Asano K, Angeles-Shim RB, Shimizu Y, Ayano M, Komeda N, Doi K, Miura K, Toda Y, Kinoshita T, Okuda S, Higashiyama T, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y, Greenberg A, Wu J, Yasui H, Yoshimura A, Mori H, McCouch SR, Ashikari M. Loss of function at RAE2, a previously unidentified EPFL, is required for awnlessness in cultivated Asian rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8969-74. [PMID: 27466405 PMCID: PMC4987784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604849113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication of crops based on artificial selection has contributed numerous beneficial traits for agriculture. Wild characteristics such as red pericarp and seed shattering were lost in both Asian (Oryza sativa) and African (Oryza glaberrima) cultivated rice species as a result of human selection on common genes. Awnedness, in contrast, is a trait that has been lost in both cultivated species due to selection on different sets of genes. In a previous report, we revealed that at least three loci regulate awn development in rice; however, the molecular mechanism underlying awnlessness remains unknown. Here we isolate and characterize a previously unidentified EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE (EPFL) family member named REGULATOR OF AWN ELONGATION 2 (RAE2) and identify one of its requisite processing enzymes, SUBTILISIN-LIKE PROTEASE 1 (SLP1). The RAE2 precursor is specifically cleaved by SLP1 in the rice spikelet, where the mature RAE2 peptide subsequently induces awn elongation. Analysis of RAE2 sequence diversity identified a highly variable GC-rich region harboring multiple independent mutations underlying protein-length variation that disrupt the function of the RAE2 protein and condition the awnless phenotype in Asian rice. Cultivated African rice, on the other hand, retained the functional RAE2 allele despite its awnless phenotype. Our findings illuminate the molecular function of RAE2 in awn development and shed light on the independent domestication histories of Asian and African cultivated rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Bessho-Uehara
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Diane R Wang
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1901
| | - Tomoyuki Furuta
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Anzu Minami
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagai
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rico Gamuyao
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kenji Asano
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rosalyn B Angeles-Shim
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimizu
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Madoka Ayano
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Norio Komeda
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Doi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kotaro Miura
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Eiheiji-Town, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yosuke Toda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satohiro Okuda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Shinohara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Anthony Greenberg
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1901
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yasui
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshimura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan;
| | - Susan R McCouch
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1901;
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan;
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Beker MP, Boari P, Burachik M, Cuadrado V, Junco M, Lede S, Lema MA, Lewi D, Maggi A, Meoniz I, Noé G, Roca C, Robredo C, Rubinstein C, Vicien C, Whelan A. Development of a construct-based risk assessment framework for genetic engineered crops. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:597-607. [PMID: 27339146 PMCID: PMC5023744 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Experience gained in the risk assessment (RA) of genetically engineered (GE) crops since their first experimental introductions in the early nineties, has increased the level of familiarity with these breeding methodologies and has motivated several agencies and expert groups worldwide to revisit the scientific criteria underlying the RA process. Along these lines, the need to engage in a scientific discussion for the case of GE crops transformed with similar constructs was recently identified in Argentina. In response to this need, the Argentine branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI Argentina) convened a tripartite working group to discuss a science-based evaluation approach for transformation events developed with genetic constructs which are identical or similar to those used in previously evaluated or approved GE crops. This discussion considered new transformation events within the same or different species and covered both environmental and food safety aspects. A construct similarity concept was defined, considering the biological function of the introduced genes. Factors like environmental and dietary exposure, familiarity with both the crop and the trait as well as the crop biology, were identified as key to inform a construct-based RA process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Beker
- Bayer SA, Ricardo Gutierrez 3652, CP 1605, Munro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Boari
- Biotechnology Directorate, Secretariat of Value Adding, Av. Paseo Colón 922, 2nd, Of. 247, CP 1063, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Burachik
- Indear, Ocampo 210 bis Predio CCT Rosario (2000), Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - V Cuadrado
- Monsanto Argentina, Maipu 1210, CP 1006, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Junco
- National Agri Food Health and Quality Service, SENASA, Azopardo 1020, 1st, CP 1107, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Lede
- BASF Argentina, Tucuman 1, 18th, CP 1049, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Lema
- Biotechnology Directorate, Secretariat of Value Adding, Av. Paseo Colón 922, 2nd, Of. 247, CP 1063, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, CP 1876, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Lewi
- National Agricultural Research Institute, INTA, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, CP 1686, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Maggi
- National Agri Food Health and Quality Service, SENASA, Azopardo 1020, 1st, CP 1107, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I Meoniz
- National Agri Food Health and Quality Service, SENASA, Azopardo 1020, 1st, CP 1107, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Noé
- Syngenta Agro, Av. Libertador 1855, CP 1638, Vicente Lopez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Roca
- Dow Agroscience SA, Cecilia Grierson 355, CP 1107, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Robredo
- Chacra Experimental Agricola Santa Rosa, Camino Vecinal Nº 8, Km 6, CP 4531, Colonia Santa Rosa, Salta, Argentina
| | - C Rubinstein
- Monsanto Argentina, Maipu 1210, CP 1006, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,ILSI Argentina, Ave Santa Fe 1145, 4th, C1059ABF, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - C Vicien
- University of Buenos Aires and CERA, Sr Consultant, Av. San Martín 4453, CP 1417, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Whelan
- Biotechnology Directorate, Secretariat of Value Adding, Av. Paseo Colón 922, 2nd, Of. 247, CP 1063, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, CP 1876, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bartholomaeus A, Batista JC, Burachik M, Parrott W. Recommendations from the workshop on Comparative Approaches to Safety Assessment of GM Plant Materials: A road toward harmonized criteria? GM CROPS & FOOD 2016; 6:69-79. [PMID: 25706477 PMCID: PMC5033214 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2015.1011886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An international meeting of genetically modified (GM) food safety assessors from the main importing and exporting countries from Asia and the Americas was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between June 26th and 28th, 2013. Participants shared their evaluation approaches, identified similarities and challenges, and used their experience to propose areas for future work. Recommendations for improving risk assessment procedures and avenues for future collaboration were also discussed. The deliberations of the meeting were also supported by a survey of participants which canvassed risk assessment approaches across the regions from which participants came. This project was initiated by Argentine Agri-Food Health and Quality National Service (SENASA, Ministry of Agriculture, Argentina), with the support of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) and other partner institutions. The importance of making all possible efforts toward more integrated and harmonized regulatory oversight for GM organisms (GMOs) was strongly emphasized. This exercise showed that such harmonization is a feasible goal that would contribute to sustain a fluid trade of commodities and ultimately enhance food security. Before this can be achieved, key issues identified in this meeting will have to be addressed in the near future to enable regulatory collaboration or joint work. The authors propose that the recommendations coming out of the meeting should be used as a basis for continuing work, follow up discussions and concrete actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bartholomaeus
- a School of Pharmacy; University of Canberra; Canberra, Australia & Therapeutic Research Centre; School of Medicine; University of Queensland ; Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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Delgado-Baquerizo M, Reich PB, García-Palacios P, Milla R. Biogeographic bases for a shift in crop C : N : P stoichiometries during domestication. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:564-75. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith 2751 New South Wales Australia
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith 2751 New South Wales Australia
- Department of Forest Resources; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Pablo García-Palacios
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación; Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; c/Tulipán s/n 28933 Móstoles Spain
| | - Rubén Milla
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación; Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; c/Tulipán s/n 28933 Móstoles Spain
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56
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Venkatesh TV, Chassy AW, Fiehn O, Flint-Garcia S, Zeng Q, Skogerson K, Harrigan GG. Metabolomic Assessment of Key Maize Resources: GC-MS and NMR Profiling of Grain from B73 Hybrids of the Nested Association Mapping (NAM) Founders and of Geographically Diverse Landraces. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2162-72. [PMID: 26923484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study expands metabolomic assessments of maize beyond commercial lines to include two sets of hybrids used extensively in the scientific community. One set included hybrids derived from the nested association mapping (NAM) founder lines, a collection of 25 inbreds selected on the basis of genetic diversity and used to investigate the genetic basis of complex plant traits. A second set included 24 hybrids derived from a collection of landraces representative of native diversity from North and South America that may serve as a source of new alleles for improving modern maize hybrids. Metabolomic analysis of grain harvested from these hybrids utilized gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H NMR) techniques. Results highlighted extensive metabolomic variation in grain from both hybrid sets, but also demonstrated that, within each hybrid set, subpopulations could be differentiated in a pattern consistent with the known genetic and compositional variation of these lines. Correlation analysis did not indicate a strong association of the metabolomic data with grain nutrient composition, although some metabolites did show moderately strong correlations with agronomic features such as plant and ear height. Overall, this study provides insights into the extensive metabolomic diversity associated with conventional maize germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander W Chassy
- Genome Center - Metabolomics, University of California at Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- Genome Center - Metabolomics, University of California at Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
- Biochemistry Department, King Abudalaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi-Arabia
| | - Sherry Flint-Garcia
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Qin Zeng
- Monsanto Company , 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Kirsten Skogerson
- Monsanto Company , 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - George G Harrigan
- Monsanto Company , 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
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Abstract
Diseases caused by viruses are found throughout the maize-growing regions of the world and can cause significant losses for producers. In this review, virus diseases of maize and the pathogens that cause them are discussed. Factors leading to the spread of disease and measures for disease control are reviewed, as is our current knowledge of the genetics of virus resistance in this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G Redinbaugh
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corn, Soybean and Wheat Quality Research Unit and Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University-OARDC, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
| | - José L Zambrano
- Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Programa Nacional del Maíz, Quito, Ecuador
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58
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Venkatesh TV, Harrigan GG, Perez T, Flint-Garcia S. Compositional assessments of key maize populations: B73 hybrids of the Nested Association Mapping founder lines and diverse landrace inbred lines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5282-5295. [PMID: 25966324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides an assessment of the compositional diversity in maize B73 hybrids derived both from the Nested Association Mapping (NAM) founder lines and from a diverse collection of landrace accessions from North and South America. The NAM founders represent a key population of publicly available lines that are used extensively in the maize community to investigate the genetic basis of complex traits. Landraces are also of interest to the maize community as they offer the potential to discover new alleles that could be incorporated into modern maize lines. The compositional analysis of B73 hybrids from the 25 NAM founders and 24 inbred lines derived from landraces included measurements of proximates (protein, fat, ash, and starch), fibers, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, tocopherols (α-, γ-, and δ-), β-carotene, phytic acid, and raffinose. Grain was harvested from a replicated trial in New York, USA. For each data set (NAM and landrace) canonical discriminant analysis allowed separation of distinct breeding groups (tropical, temperate, flint, mixed/intermediate) within each data set. Overall, results highlighted extensive variation in all composition components assessed for both sets of hybrids. The variation observed for some components within the landraces may therefore be of value for increasing their levels in modern maize lines. The study described here provided significant information on contributions of conventional breeding to crop compositional variation, as well as valuable information on key genetic resources for the maize community in the development of new improved lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George G Harrigan
- †Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Tim Perez
- †Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Sherry Flint-Garcia
- §Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- #Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Ladics GS, Bartholomaeus A, Bregitzer P, Doerrer NG, Gray A, Holzhauser T, Jordan M, Keese P, Kok E, Macdonald P, Parrott W, Privalle L, Raybould A, Rhee SY, Rice E, Romeis J, Vaughn J, Wal JM, Glenn K. Genetic basis and detection of unintended effects in genetically modified crop plants. Transgenic Res 2015; 24:587-603. [PMID: 25716164 PMCID: PMC4504983 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9867-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In January 2014, an international meeting sponsored by the International Life Sciences Institute/Health and Environmental Sciences Institute and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency titled “Genetic Basis of Unintended Effects in Modified Plants” was held in Ottawa, Canada, bringing together over 75 scientists from academia, government, and the agro-biotech industry. The objectives of the meeting were to explore current knowledge and identify areas requiring further study on unintended effects in plants and to discuss how this information can inform and improve genetically modified (GM) crop risk assessments. The meeting featured presentations on the molecular basis of plant genome variability in general, unintended changes at the molecular and phenotypic levels, and the development and use of hypothesis-driven evaluations of unintended effects in assessing conventional and GM crops. The development and role of emerging “omics” technologies in the assessment of unintended effects was also discussed. Several themes recurred in a number of talks; for example, a common observation was that no system for genetic modification, including conventional methods of plant breeding, is without unintended effects. Another common observation was that “unintended” does not necessarily mean “harmful”. This paper summarizes key points from the information presented at the meeting to provide readers with current viewpoints on these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S. Ladics
- DuPont Pioneer Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Andrew Bartholomaeus
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, Queensland University, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Canberra, Locked Bag 1, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Phil Bregitzer
- National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, US Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, 1691 S. 2700 W., Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA
| | - Nancy G. Doerrer
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 15th St., NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005 USA
| | - Alan Gray
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, CEH Wallingford, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Thomas Holzhauser
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Mark Jordan
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Paul Keese
- Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, Australian Government, MDP54, GPO Box 9848, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Esther Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Phil Macdonald
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Rd, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y9 Canada
| | - Wayne Parrott
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Laura Privalle
- Bayer CropScience, 407 Davis Drive, Morrisville, NC 27560 USA
| | - Alan Raybould
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY UK
- Present Address: Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schwarzwaldallee 215, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Seung Yon Rhee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St., Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Elena Rice
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Pkwy W., CC5A, Chesterfield, MO 63017 USA
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Justin Vaughn
- University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Jean-Michel Wal
- Dept. SVS, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Kevin Glenn
- Monsanto Company, 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd, U4NA, St. Louis, MO 63167 USA
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Venkatesh TV, Cook K, Liu B, Perez T, Willse A, Tichich R, Feng P, Harrigan GG. Compositional differences between near-isogenic GM and conventional maize hybrids are associated with backcrossing practices in conventional breeding. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:200-10. [PMID: 25196222 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we show that differences between genetically modified (GM) and non-GM comparators cannot be attributed unequivocally to the GM trait, but arise because of minor genomic differences in near-isogenic lines. Specifically, this study contrasted the effect of three GM traits (drought tolerance, MON 87460; herbicide resistance, NK603; insect protection, MON 89034) on maize grain composition relative to the effects of residual genetic variation from backcrossing. Important features of the study included (i) marker-assisted backcrossing to generate genetically similar inbred variants for each GM line, (ii) high-resolution genotyping to evaluate the genetic similarity of GM lines to the corresponding recurrent parents and (iii) introgression of the different GM traits separately into a wide range of genetically distinct conventional inbred lines. The F1 hybrids of all lines were grown concurrently at three replicated field sites in the United States during the 2012 growing season, and harvested grain was subjected to compositional analysis. Proximates (protein, starch and oil), amino acids, fatty acids, tocopherols and minerals were measured. The number of statistically significant differences (α = 0.05), as well as magnitudes of difference, in mean levels of these components between corresponding GM variants was essentially identical to that between GM and non-GM controls. The largest sources of compositional variation were the genetic background of the different conventional inbred lines (males and females) used to generate the maize hybrids and location. The lack of any compositional effect attributable to GM suggests the development of modern agricultural biotechnology has been accompanied by a lack of any safety or nutritional concerns.
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Behrmann K, Rehbein H, von Appen A, Fischer M. Applying population genetics for authentication of marine fish: the case of saithe (Pollachius virens). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:802-809. [PMID: 25557424 DOI: 10.1021/jf506201m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The number of fishery products with a quite detailed description of the origin is increasing. This trend is driven by the interest of consumers and the fight against illegal unregulated and unreported fisheries. Unfortunately, there is a lack of methods to prove this information experimentally besides the document-based traceability assessments. For marine fish population genetics is a promising strategy, but research is concentrated only on a few species. Saithe is a commercially important fish species, despite the fact that genetic knowledge is scarce regarding the specification of populations. For a comparative study cost- and time-effective strategies were tested: We found RAPD-PCR to be a useful method for low-budget research or prestudies. Adoption of microsatellites from closely related species turned out to be possible with limited success quota. Our results suggest a clustered structure of populations within the Northeast Atlantic, probably overlapping in the northern North Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Behrmann
- Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Rhodes DH, Hoffmann L, Rooney WL, Ramu P, Morris GP, Kresovich S. Genome-wide association study of grain polyphenol concentrations in global sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] germplasm. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10916-27. [PMID: 25272193 DOI: 10.1021/jf503651t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying natural variation of health-promoting compounds in staple crops and characterizing its genetic basis can help improve human nutrition through crop biofortification. Some varieties of sorghum, a staple cereal crop grown worldwide, have high concentrations of proanthocyanidins and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We quantified total phenols, proanthocyanidins, and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins in a global sorghum diversity panel (n = 381) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and characterized the patterns of variation with respect to geographic origin and botanical race. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) with 404,628 SNP markers identified novel quantitative trait loci for sorghum polyphenols, some of which colocalized with homologues of flavonoid pathway genes from other plants, including an orthologue of maize (Zea mays) Pr1 and a homologue of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) TT16. This survey of grain polyphenol variation in sorghum germplasm and catalog of flavonoid pathway loci may be useful to guide future enhancement of cereal polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina H Rhodes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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DeHaan LR, Van Tassel DL. Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:1801-1819. [PMID: 25326622 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Annual grain crops dominate agricultural landscapes and provide the majority of calories consumed by humanity. Perennial grain crops could potentially ameliorate the land degradation and off-site impacts associated with annual grain cropping. However, herbaceous perennial plants with constitutively high allocation to harvestable seeds are rare to absent in nature. Recent trade-off theory models suggest that rugged fitness landscapes may explain the absence of this form better than sink competition models. Artificial selection for both grain production and multiyear lifespan can lead to more rapid progress in the face of fitness and genetic trade-offs than natural selection but is likely to result in plant types that differ substantially from all current domestic crops. Perennial grain domestication is also likely to require the development of selection strategies that differ from published crop breeding methods, despite their success in improving long-domesticated crops; for this purpose, we have reviewed literature in the areas of population and evolutionary genetics, domestication, and molecular biology. Rapid domestication will likely require genes with large effect that are expected to exhibit strong pleiotropy and epistasis. Cryptic genetic variation will need to be deliberately exposed both to purge mildly deleterious alleles and to generate novel agronomic phenotypes. We predict that perennial grain domestication programs will benefit from population subdivision followed by selection for simple traits in each subpopulation, the evaluation of very large populations, high selection intensity, rapid cycling through generations, and heterosis. The latter may be particularly beneficial in the development of varieties with stable yield and tolerance to crowding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R DeHaan
- The Land Institute, 2440 E. Water Well Rd., Salina, Kansas 67401 USA
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Brune PD, Culler AH, Ridley WP, Walker K. Safety of GM crops: compositional analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8243-7. [PMID: 24266762 DOI: 10.1021/jf401097q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The compositional analysis of genetically modified (GM) crops has continued to be an important part of the overall evaluation in the safety assessment program for these materials. The variety and complexity of genetically engineered traits and modes of action that will be used in GM crops in the near future, as well as our expanded knowledge of compositional variability and factors that can affect composition, raise questions about compositional analysis and how it should be applied to evaluate the safety of traits. The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), a nonprofit foundation whose mission is to provide science that improves public health and well-being by fostering collaboration among experts from academia, government, and industry, convened a workshop in September 2012 to examine these and related questions, and a series of papers has been assembled to describe the outcomes of that meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Brune
- Product Safety, Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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