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Matsui S, Noda S, Kuwata K, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y. Arabidopsis SBT5.2 and SBT1.7 subtilases mediate C-terminal cleavage of flg22 epitope from bacterial flagellin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3762. [PMID: 38704378 PMCID: PMC11069567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants initiate specific defense responses by recognizing conserved epitope peptides within the flagellin proteins derived from bacteria. Proteolytic cleavage of epitope peptides from flagellin by plant apoplastic proteases is thought to be crucial for the perception of the epitope by the plant receptor. However, the identity of the plant proteases involved in this process remains unknown. Here, we establish an efficient identification system for the target proteases in Arabidopsis apoplastic fluid; the method employs native two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by an in-gel proteolytic assay using a fluorescence-quenching peptide substrate. We designed a substrate to specifically detect proteolytic activity at the C-terminus of the flg22 epitope in flagellin and identified two plant subtilases, SBT5.2 and SBT1.7, as specific proteases responsible for the C-terminal cleavage of flg22. In the apoplastic fluid of Arabidopsis mutant plants deficient in these two proteases, we observe a decrease in the C-terminal cleavage of the flg22 domain from flagellin, leading to a decrease in the efficiency of flg22 epitope liberation. Consequently, defensive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is delayed in sbt5.2 sbt1.7 double-mutant leaf disks compared to wild type following flagellin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Matsui
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Saki Noda
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Shinohara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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2
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Ito M, Tajima Y, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Nishida H, Nosaki S, Noda M, Sotta N, Kawade K, Kamiya T, Fujiwara T, Matsubayashi Y, Suzaki T. IMA peptides regulate root nodulation and nitrogen homeostasis by providing iron according to internal nitrogen status. Nat Commun 2024; 15:733. [PMID: 38286991 PMCID: PMC10825120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Legumes control root nodule symbiosis (RNS) in response to environmental nitrogen availability. Despite the recent understanding of the molecular basis of external nitrate-mediated control of RNS, it remains mostly elusive how plants regulate physiological processes depending on internal nitrogen status. In addition, iron (Fe) acts as an essential element that enables symbiotic nitrogen fixation; however, the mechanism of Fe accumulation in nodules is poorly understood. Here, we focus on the transcriptome in response to internal nitrogen status during RNS in Lotus japonicus and identify that IRON MAN (IMA) peptide genes are expressed during symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We show that LjIMA1 and LjIMA2 expressed in the shoot and root play systemic and local roles in concentrating internal Fe to the nodule. Furthermore, IMA peptides have conserved roles in regulating nitrogen homeostasis by adjusting nitrogen-Fe balance in L. japonicus and Arabidopsis thaliana. These findings indicate that IMA-mediated Fe provision plays an essential role in regulating nitrogen-related physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoyo Ito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuri Tajima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Rhelixa Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hanna Nishida
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shohei Nosaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Momona Noda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Sotta
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawade
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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3
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Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y. Evaluation of Direct Ligand-Receptor Interactions by Photoaffinity Labeling. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:231-240. [PMID: 38019438 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Binding assays provide ultimate proof that a particular peptide and receptor kinase (RK) do indeed function as a ligand-receptor pair. Among available binding assays, proximity-induced photoaffinity labeling is superior for confirming direct contact between the peptide ligand and the receptor. Our binding assay employs covalent photoaffinity labeling followed by immunoprecipitation to specifically evaluate the ligand binding activity of the target RKs. Here, we describe a protocol for the synthesis of photoactivatable peptide ligands and the UV-induced formation of covalent bonds between photoaffinity ligands and RKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Shinohara
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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4
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Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Matsubayashi Y. Extraction of Apoplastic Peptides for the Structural Elucidation of Mature Peptide Hormones in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:81-87. [PMID: 38019427 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Various secreted peptides, including peptide hormones, are present in the apoplast, but their biochemical characterization remains a challenge due to their low abundance, difficulty in extraction, and interference from numerous secondary metabolites. Here, we describe a simple and straightforward protocol for the extraction of apoplastic peptides with a high purity. This protocol takes advantage of the fact that apoplastic peptides diffuse and accumulate in the culture medium when Arabidopsis seedlings are subjected to whole-plant submerged culture. The peptides in the culture medium are efficiently recovered by o-chlorophenol extraction followed by acetone precipitation. The recovered peptides can be subjected to nano-liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) without any additional clean-up. This procedure enables the structural elucidation of mature peptide hormones in the apoplast with the use of Arabidopsis plants that overexpress peptide hormone genes.
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5
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Okawa R, Hayashi Y, Yamashita Y, Matsubayashi Y, Ogawa-Ohnishi M. Arabinogalactan protein polysaccharide chains are required for normal biogenesis of plasmodesmata. Plant J 2023; 113:493-503. [PMID: 36511822 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a plant-specific family of extracellular proteoglycans characterized by large and complex galactose-rich polysaccharide chains. Functional elucidation of AGPs, however, has been hindered by the high degree of redundancy of AGP genes. To uncover as yet unexplored roles of AGPs in Arabidopsis, a mutant of Hyp O-galactosyltransferase (HPGT), a critical enzyme that catalyzes the common initial step of Hyp-linked arabinogalactan chain biosynthesis, was used. Here we show, using the hpgt1,2,3 triple mutant, that a reduction in functional AGPs leads to a stomatal patterning defect in which two or more stomata are clustered together. This defect is attributed to increased and dysregulated symplastic transport following changes in plasmodesmata structure, such that highly permeable complex branched plasmodesmata with cavities in branching parts increased in the mutant. We also found that the hpgt1,2,3 mutation causes a reduction of cellulose in the cell wall and accumulation of pectin, which controls cell wall porosity. Our results highlight the importance of AGPs in the correct biogenesis of plasmodesmata, possibly acting through the regulation of cell wall properties surrounding the plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoya Okawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamashita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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6
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Kato S, Misumi O, Maruyama S, Nozaki H, Tsujimoto-Inui Y, Takusagawa M, Suzuki S, Kuwata K, Noda S, Ito N, Okabe Y, Sakamoto T, Yagisawa F, Matsunaga TM, Matsubayashi Y, Yamaguchi H, Kawachi M, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T, Matsunaga S. Genomic analysis of an ultrasmall freshwater green alga, Medakamo hakoo. Commun Biol 2023; 6:89. [PMID: 36690657 PMCID: PMC9871001 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasmall algae have attracted the attention of biologists investigating the basic mechanisms underlying living systems. Their potential as effective organisms for producing useful substances is also of interest in bioindustry. Although genomic information is indispensable for elucidating metabolism and promoting molecular breeding, many ultrasmall algae remain genetically uncharacterized. Here, we present the nuclear genome sequence of an ultrasmall green alga of freshwater habitats, Medakamo hakoo. Evolutionary analyses suggest that this species belongs to a new genus within the class Trebouxiophyceae. Sequencing analyses revealed that its genome, comprising 15.8 Mbp and 7629 genes, is among the smallest known genomes in the Viridiplantae. Its genome has relatively few genes associated with genetic information processing, basal transcription factors, and RNA transport. Comparative analyses revealed that 1263 orthogroups were shared among 15 ultrasmall algae from distinct phylogenetic lineages. The shared gene sets will enable identification of genes essential for algal metabolism and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Kato
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Osami Misumi
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Maruyama
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yayoi Tsujimoto-Inui
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Mari Takusagawa
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigekatsu Suzuki
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Saki Noda
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nanami Ito
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yoji Okabe
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takuya Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Fumi Yagisawa
- Center for Research Advancement and Collaboration, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Tomoko M Matsunaga
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruyo Yamaguchi
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawachi
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan.
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
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7
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Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Yamashita T, Kakita M, Nakayama T, Ohkubo Y, Hayashi Y, Yamashita Y, Nomura T, Noda S, Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y. Peptide ligand-mediated trade-off between plant growth and stress response. Science 2022; 378:175-180. [PMID: 36227996 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq5735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Deciding whether to grow or to divert energy to stress responses is a major physiological trade-off for plants surviving in fluctuating environments. We show that three leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) act as direct ligand-perceiving receptors for PLANT PEPTIDE CONTAINING SULFATED TYROSINE (PSY)-family peptides and mediate switching between two opposing pathways. By contrast to known LRR-RKs, which activate signaling upon ligand binding, PSY receptors (PSYRs) activate the expression of various genes encoding stress response transcription factors upon depletion of the ligands. Loss of PSYRs results in defects in plant tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. This ligand-deprivation-dependent activation system potentially enables plants to exert tuned regulation of stress responses in the tissues proximal to metabolically dysfunctional damaged sites where ligand production is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mitsuru Kakita
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takuya Nakayama
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuri Ohkubo
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamashita
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Taizo Nomura
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Saki Noda
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Ohkubo Y, Kuwata K, Matsubayashi Y. A type 2C protein phosphatase activates high-affinity nitrate uptake by dephosphorylating NRT2.1. Nat Plants 2021; 7:310-316. [PMID: 33686225 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The nitrate transporter NRT2.1, which plays a central role in high-affinity nitrate uptake in roots, is activated at the post-translational level in response to nitrogen (N) starvation1,2. However, the critical enzymes required for the post-translational activation of NRT2.1 remain to be identified. Here, we show that a type 2C protein phosphatase, designated CEPD-induced phosphatase (CEPH), activates high-affinity nitrate uptake by directly dephosphorylating Ser501 of NRT2.1, a residue that functions as a negative phospho-switch in Arabidopsis2. CEPH is predominantly expressed in epidermal and cortex cells in roots and is upregulated by N starvation via a CEPDL2/CEPD1/2-mediated long-distance signalling from shoots3,4. The loss of CEPH leads to marked decreases in high-affinity nitrate uptake, tissue nitrate content and plant biomass. Collectively, our results identify CEPH as a crucial enzyme in the N-starvation-dependent activation of NRT2.1 and provide molecular and mechanistic insights into how plants regulate high-affinity nitrate uptake at the post-translational level in response to the N environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ohkubo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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9
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Harada M, Fujihara K, Osawa T, Yamamoto M, Kaneko M, Ishizawa M, Matsubayashi Y, Yamada T, Yamanaka N, Seida H, Kodama S, Ogawa W, Sone H. Association of treatment-achieved HbA1c with incidence of coronary artery disease and severe eye disease in diabetes patients. Diabetes & Metabolism 2020; 46:331-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Nojima T, Matsubayashi Y, Yoshida A, Suganami H, Abe T, Ishizawa M, Fujihara K, Tanaka S, Kaku K, Sone H. Influence of an SGLT2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin, on the resting heart rate in relation to adipose tissue insulin resistance. Diabet Med 2020; 37:1316-1325. [PMID: 32096571 PMCID: PMC7496771 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the effects of a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, tofogliflozin, on resting heart rate by exploring baseline factors that independently influenced changes in the resting heart rate. METHODS Data on 419 participants in tofogliflozin phase 2/3 trials were analysed. Changes in resting heart rate from baseline to week 24 were analysed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with groups (tofogliflozin/placebo) as a fixed effect and baseline values as covariates. The antilipolytic effect was evaluated as adipose tissue insulin resistance (Adipo-IR) and was calculated as the product of fasting insulin and free fatty acid. Multivariate analysis evaluated independent factors for changes in resting heart rate from baseline to week 24. RESULTS Of the participants, 58% were men, and mean age, HbA1c , BMI and resting heart rate were 57.6 years, 65 mmol/mol (8.1%), 25.5 kg/m2 and 66 bpm, respectively. At week 24, adjusted mean difference vs. placebo in the change from baseline was -2.3 bpm [95% confidence interval (CI) -4.6, -0.1] with tofogliflozin. Changes in resting heart rate were positively correlated with changes in Adipo-IR, whereas reductions in HbA1c , body weight and blood pressure were similar independent of changes in resting heart among quartiles of resting heart rate change. On multivariate analysis, higher baseline resting heart rates and Adipo-IR values were significantly associated with greater reductions in resting heart rate. CONCLUSIONS Tofogliflozin corrected resting heart rate levels in accordance with baseline levels. Correction of high resting heart rates may be attributed to improved adipose tissue insulin resistance, leading to correction of hyperinsulinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Nojima
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and MetabolismNiigata University Faculty of MedicineNiigataJapan
- Clinical Data Science DepartmentKowa Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Y. Matsubayashi
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and MetabolismNiigata University Faculty of MedicineNiigataJapan
| | - A. Yoshida
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and MetabolismNiigata University Faculty of MedicineNiigataJapan
- Kowa Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - H. Suganami
- Clinical Data Science DepartmentKowa Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - T. Abe
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and MetabolismNiigata University Faculty of MedicineNiigataJapan
| | - M. Ishizawa
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and MetabolismNiigata University Faculty of MedicineNiigataJapan
| | - K. Fujihara
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and MetabolismNiigata University Faculty of MedicineNiigataJapan
| | - S. Tanaka
- Department of Clinical BiostatisticsGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - K. Kaku
- Kawasaki Medical SchoolOkayamaJapan
| | - H. Sone
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and MetabolismNiigata University Faculty of MedicineNiigataJapan
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11
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Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y. Identification of Receptors of Plant Peptide Hormones by Photoaffinity Labeling. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Doi T, Hirai S, Kaneko M, Ohashi S, Nakajima K, Oguchi F, Kato S, Taniguchi Y, Matsubayashi Y, Hayashi N, Tanaka S, Oshima Y. Bone strength of the proximal femur in healthy subjects with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Osteoporos Int 2020; 31:757-763. [PMID: 31814062 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-05253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We compared the bone strength measured via quantitative computed tomography-based finite element method (QCT/FEM) between healthy adults with and without ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). No statistically significant difference was observed in the bone strength between healthy adults with and without OPLL. Hyperostosis of the posterior longitudinal ligament in OPLL may not be associated with the systemic bone strength. INTRODUCTION Although patients with OPLL have been reportedly associated with increased level of bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), little is known about the bone strength in OPLL subjects. The aim of this study is to investigate the bone strength measured via QCT/FEM in healthy subjects with OPLL using the medical check-up data, including whole-body CT scans. METHODS We examined 796 participants (529 men and 267 women) who underwent CT scans in a single health center between January 2008 and May 2009. We identified OPLL in whole spine and divided the subjects into two groups: non-OPLL and OPLL groups. We calculated the predicted bone strength (PBS) of the proximal femur using QCT/FEM and examined the bone mineral status of the calcaneus using quantitative ultrasound (QUS). We compared the PBS and the QUS parameters between the non-OPLL and OPLL groups. RESULTS Seventy-four subjects (9.3%; 57 men and 17 women) were diagnosed with OPLL in the whole spine. The OPLL group was significantly older than the non-OPLL group. No statistically significant difference was observed in the PBS and the QUS parameters between the non-OPLL and OPLL groups in both sexes. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was noted in the PBS and the QUS parameters between two groups in age- and gender-matched analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that hyperostosis of the posterior longitudinal ligament in OPLL may not be associated with bone strength and bone mineral status at the extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Doi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Hirai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kaneko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanto Rosai Hospital, 1-1 Kizukisumiyoshi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - S Ohashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Nakajima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Oguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Matsubayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Hayashi
- Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Oshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Ota R, Ohkubo Y, Yamashita Y, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Matsubayashi Y. Shoot-to-root mobile CEPD-like 2 integrates shoot nitrogen status to systemically regulate nitrate uptake in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:641. [PMID: 32005881 PMCID: PMC6994653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants modulate the efficiency of root nitrogen (N) acquisition in response to shoot N demand. However, molecular components directly involved in this shoot-to-root communication remain to be identified. Here, we show that phloem-mobile CEPD-like 2 (CEPDL2) polypeptide is upregulated in the leaf vasculature in response to decreased shoot N status and, after translocation to the roots, promotes high-affinity uptake and root-to-shoot transport of nitrate. Loss of CEPDL2 leads to a reduction in shoot nitrate content and plant biomass. CEPDL2 contributes to N acquisition cooperatively with CEPD1 and CEPD2 which mediate root N status, and the complete loss of all three proteins severely impairs N homeostasis in plants. Reciprocal grafting analysis provides conclusive evidence that the shoot CEPDL2/CEPD1/2 genotype defines the high-affinity nitrate uptake activity in root. Our results indicate that plants integrate shoot N status and root N status in leaves and systemically regulate the efficiency of root N acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ota
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuri Ohkubo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamashita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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14
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Shinohara H, Yasue N, Onuki T, Kondoh Y, Yoshida M, Matsubayashi Y. Screening and identification of a non-peptide antagonist for the peptide hormone receptor in Arabidopsis. Commun Biol 2019; 2:61. [PMID: 30793040 PMCID: PMC6377654 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular signaling mediated by peptide hormones and membrane-localized receptor kinases plays crucial roles in plant developmental processes. Because of their diverse functions, agonistic or antagonistic modulation of peptide signaling holds enormous promise for agricultural applications. Here we established a high-throughput screening system using a bead-immobilized receptor kinase and fluorescent-labeled peptide ligand to identify small molecules that bind peptide hormone receptors in competition with natural ligands. We used the Arabidopsis CLE9-BAM1 ligand-receptor pair to screen a library of ≈30,000 chemicals and identified NPD12704 as an antagonist for BAM1. NPD12704 also inhibited CLV3 binding to BAM1 but only minimally interfered with CLV3 binding to CLV1, the closest homolog of BAM1, demonstrating preferential receptor specificity. Treatment of clv1-101 mutant seedlings with NPD12704 enhanced the enlarged shoot apical meristem phenotype. Our results provide a technological framework enabling high-throughput identification of small non-peptide chemicals that specifically control receptor kinase–mediated peptide hormone signaling in plants. Hidefumi Shinohara and colleagues used the CLE9-BAM1 ligand-receptor pair as a model system for screening peptide hormone receptor-binding small molecules in plants. They identified the small molecule NPD12704 as an antagonist for BAM1 and demonstrated the specific regulatory activity of NPD12704 in shoot apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Shinohara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Naoko Yasue
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Onuki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kondoh
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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15
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Yoro E, Nishida H, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Yoshida C, Suzaki T, Matsubayashi Y, Kawaguchi M. PLENTY, a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase, negatively regulates root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:507-517. [PMID: 30351431 PMCID: PMC6322572 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Legumes can survive in nitrogen-deficient environments by forming root-nodule symbioses with rhizobial bacteria; however, forming nodules consumes energy, and nodule numbers must thus be strictly controlled. Previous studies identified major negative regulators of nodulation in Lotus japonicus, including the small peptides CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE)-RELATED-ROOT SIGNAL1 (CLE-RS1), CLE-RS2, and CLE-RS3, and their putative major receptor HYPERNODULATION AND ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION1 (HAR1). CLE-RS2 is known to be expressed in rhizobia-inoculated roots, and is predicted to be post-translationally arabinosylated, a modification essential for its activity. Moreover, all three CLE-RSs suppress nodulation in a HAR1-dependent manner. Here, we identified PLENTY as a gene responsible for the previously isolated hypernodulation mutant plenty. PLENTY encoded a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase orthologous to ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1 in Medicago truncatula. PLENTY was localized to the Golgi, and an in vitro analysis of the recombinant protein demonstrated its arabinosylation activity, indicating that CLE-RS1/2/3 may be substrates for PLENTY. The constitutive expression experiments showed that CLE-RS3 was the major candidate substrate for PLENTY, suggesting the substrate preference of PLENTY for individual CLE-RS peptides. Furthermore, a genetic analysis of the plenty har1 double mutant indicated the existence of another PLENTY-dependent and HAR1-independent pathway negatively regulating nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Yoro
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hanna Nishida
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chie Yoshida
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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16
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Kodama S, Fujihara K, Horikawa C, Harada M, Ishiguro H, Kaneko M, Furukawa K, Matsubayashi Y, Matsunaga S, Shimano H, Tanaka S, Kato K, Sone H. Network meta-analysis of the relative efficacy of bariatric surgeries for diabetes remission. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1621-1629. [PMID: 30270528 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery leads to a higher remission rate for type 2 diabetes mellitus than non-surgical treatment. However, it remains unsolved which surgical procedure is the most efficacious. This network meta-analysis aimed to rank surgical procedures in terms of diabetes remission. METHODS AND FINDINGS We electronically searched for randomized controlled trials in which at least one surgical treatment was included among multiple arms and the diabetes remission rate was included in study outcomes. A random-effects network meta-analysis was performed within a frequentist framework. The hierarchy of treatments was expressed as the surface under the cumulative ranking curve value. Results of the analysis of 25 eligible randomized controlled trials that covered non-surgical treatments and eight surgical procedures (biliopancreatic diversion [BPD], BPD with duodenal switch, Roux-en Y gastric bypass, mini gastric bypass [mini-GBP], laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, greater curvature plication and duodenal-jejunal bypass) showed that BPD and mini-GBP had the highest surface under the cumulative ranking curve values among the eight surgical treatments. CONCLUSION Current network meta-analysis indicated that BPD or mini-GBP achieved higher diabetes remission rates than the other procedures. However, the result needs to be interpreted with caution considering that these procedures were in the minority of bariatric surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kodama
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology for Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - K Fujihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - C Horikawa
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Studies, University of Niigata Prefecture, Niigata, Japan
| | - M Harada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - H Ishiguro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - M Kaneko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - K Furukawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Y Matsubayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - S Matsunaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - H Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - S Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Trial, Design and Management, Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Kato
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology for Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - H Sone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
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17
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Takenaka Y, Kato K, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Tsuruhama K, Kajiura H, Yagyu K, Takeda A, Takeda Y, Kunieda T, Hara-Nishimura I, Kuroha T, Nishitani K, Matsubayashi Y, Ishimizu T. Pectin RG-I rhamnosyltransferases represent a novel plant-specific glycosyltransferase family. Nat Plants 2018; 4:669-676. [PMID: 30082766 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is one of the three key cell wall polysaccharides in land plants and consists of three major structural domains: homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and RG-II. Although the glycosyltransferase required for the synthesis of the homogalacturonan and RG-II backbone was identified a decade ago, those for the synthesis of the RG-I backbone, which consists of the repeating disaccharide unit [→2)-α-L-Rha-(1 → 4)-α-D-GalUA-(1→], have remained unknown. Here, we report the identification and characterization of Arabidopsis RG-I:rhamnosyltransferases (RRTs), which transfer the rhamnose residue from UDP-β-L-rhamnose to RG-I oligosaccharides. RRT1, which is one of the four Arabidopsis RRTs, is a single-spanning transmembrane protein, localized to the Golgi apparatus. RRT1 was highly expressed during formation of the seed coat mucilage, which is a specialized cell wall with abundant RG-I. Loss-of-function mutation in RRT1 caused a reduction in the level of RG-I in the seed coat mucilage. The RRTs belong to a novel glycosyltransferase family, now designated GT106. This is a large plant-specific family, and glycosyltransferases in this family seem to have plant-specific roles, such as biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Takenaka
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kohei Kato
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kana Tsuruhama
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kenta Yagyu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.
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18
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Matsubayashi Y, Yoshida A, Suganami H, Ishiguro H, Yamamoto M, Fujihara K, Kodama S, Tanaka S, Kaku K, Sone H. Role of fatty liver in the association between obesity and reduced hepatic insulin clearance. Diabetes Metab 2017; 44:135-142. [PMID: 29395810 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatic insulin clearance (HIC) is important in regulating plasma insulin levels. Diminished HIC causes inappropriate hyperinsulinaemia, and both obesity and fatty liver (FL), which are known to decrease HIC, can be found either together in the same patient or on their own. The mechanism by which obesity reduces HIC is presumed to be mediated by FL. However, few reports have examined the role of FL in the relationship between obesity and HIC in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Therefore, our study investigated the association of HIC with clinical factors, including insulin sensitivity indices, focusing on the presence or absence of FL and obesity in T2D patients. METHOD Baseline data from 419 patients with T2D (279 men, 140 women; mean age: 57.6 years; body mass index: 25.5kg/m2) controlled by diet and exercise were analyzed. HIC was calculated from the ratio of fasting c-peptide to fasting insulin levels (HICCIR). Correlation analyses between HICCIR and clinical variables were performed using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients and single regression analysis in all participants and in those with obesity and FL either alone or in combination. RESULTS HICCIR was significantly correlated with whole-body insulin sensitivity indices and influenced by FL, but only in the FL group was obesity independently influenced HIC level. HICCIR decreased in those with both FL and obesity compared with those with only one such complication. CONCLUSION HICCIR may be used to evaluate whole-body insulin sensitivity in T2D. Also, compared with obesity, the influence of FL strongly contributed to a reduced HIC. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER These trials were registered by the Japan Pharmaceutical Information Centre clinical trials information (JapicCTI) as 101349 and 101351.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsubayashi
- Department of hematology, endocrinology and metabolism, faculty of medicine, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
| | - A Yoshida
- Department of hematology, endocrinology and metabolism, faculty of medicine, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan; Medical information and product advancement department, Kowa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Suganami
- Clinical data science department, Kowa Co. Ltd, 3-4-10 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, 103-0023 TokyoJapan
| | - H Ishiguro
- Department of hematology, endocrinology and metabolism, faculty of medicine, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
| | - M Yamamoto
- Department of hematology, endocrinology and metabolism, faculty of medicine, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
| | - K Fujihara
- Department of hematology, endocrinology and metabolism, faculty of medicine, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
| | - S Kodama
- Department of hematology, endocrinology and metabolism, faculty of medicine, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan
| | - S Tanaka
- Department of clinical biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto university
| | - K Kaku
- Kawasaki Medical School, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 KyotoOkayama, Japan
| | - H Sone
- Department of hematology, endocrinology and metabolism, faculty of medicine, Niigata university, Niigata, Japan.
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19
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Abe T, Matsubayashi Y, Yoshida A, Suganami H, Nojima T, Osawa T, Ishizawa M, Yamamoto M, Fujihara K, Tanaka S, Kaku K, Sone H. Predictors of the response of HbA1c and body weight after SGLT2 inhibition. Diabetes Metab 2017; 44:172-174. [PMID: 29128289 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Abe
- Department of Haematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Y Matsubayashi
- Department of Haematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - A Yoshida
- Department of Haematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Medical Information and Product Advancement Department, Kowa Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Suganami
- Clinical Data Science Department, Kowa Company Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Nojima
- Department of Haematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Clinical Data Science Department, Kowa Company Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Osawa
- Department of Haematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - M Ishizawa
- Department of Haematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - M Yamamoto
- Department of Haematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - K Fujihara
- Department of Haematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - S Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Kaku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - H Sone
- Department of Haematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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Fujihara K, Matsubayashi Y, Yamamoto M, Osawa T, Ishizawa M, Kaneko M, Matsunaga S, Kato K, Seida H, Yamanaka N, Kodama S, Sone H. Impact of body mass index and metabolic phenotypes on coronary artery disease according to glucose tolerance status. Diabetes Metab 2017; 43:543-546. [PMID: 28918195 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the impact of obesity, as defined by body mass index (BMI), and a metabolically unhealthy phenotype on the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) according to glucose tolerance status. METHODS . Metabolically unhealthy individuals were defined as those with one or more of the following conditions: hypertension, hypertriglyceridaemia and/or low HDL cholesterol. A Cox proportional hazards regression model identified variables related to CAD incidence. RESULTS The prevalences of obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes and diabetes were 21%, 34% and 53%, whereas those for metabolically unhealthy people were 43%, 60% and 79%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that a metabolically unhealthy phenotype increases hazard ratios (HRs) for CAD compared with a metabolically healthy phenotype, regardless of glucose tolerance status (normal glucose tolerance: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.32-2.95; prediabetes: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.85-4.55; diabetes: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.18-3.06). HRs for CAD among metabolically unhealthy non-obese diabetes patients and obese diabetes patients with a metabolically unhealthy status were 6.14 (95% CI: 3.94-9.56) and 7.86 (95% CI: 5.21-11.9), respectively, compared with non-obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance and without a metabolically unhealthy status. CONCLUSION A metabolically unhealthy state can associate with CAD independently of obesity across all glucose tolerance stages. Clinicians may need to consider those with at least one or more conditions indicating a metabolically unhealthy state as being at high risk for CAD regardless of glucose tolerance status.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi, 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - Y Matsubayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi, 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - M Yamamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi, 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - T Osawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi, 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - M Ishizawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi, 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - M Kaneko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi, 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - S Matsunaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi, 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - K Kato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi, 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - H Seida
- Japan Medical Data Center Co., Ltd., 2-5-5, Shibadaimon, 105-0012 Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Yamanaka
- Japan Medical Data Center Co., Ltd., 2-5-5, Shibadaimon, 105-0012 Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Kodama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi, 951-8510 Niigata, Japan
| | - H Sone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi, 951-8510 Niigata, Japan.
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Abstract
Defining the ligand-binding activity of receptors is important because the binding of ligands is the initial reaction in secreted ligand-dependent cell-to-cell communication. Photoaffinity labeling is one of the most efficient biochemical techniques for detecting direct ligand-receptor interactions. Here, we describe photoaffinity labeling to visualize the direct interaction between peptide ligands and their receptors by using photoactivatable and radioactive peptide ligand derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Shinohara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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22
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Ohkubo Y, Tanaka M, Tabata R, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Matsubayashi Y. Shoot-to-root mobile polypeptides involved in systemic regulation of nitrogen acquisition. Nat Plants 2017; 3:17029. [PMID: 28319056 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants uptake nitrogen (N) from the soil mainly in the form of nitrate. However, nitrate is often distributed heterogeneously in natural soil. Plants, therefore, have a systemic long-distance signalling mechanism by which N starvation on one side of the root leads to a compensatory N uptake on the other N-rich side1,2. This systemic N acquisition response is triggered by a root-to-shoot mobile peptide hormone, C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP), originating from the N-starved roots3,4, but the molecular nature of the descending shoot-to-root signal remains elusive. Here, we show that phloem-specific polypeptides that are induced in leaves upon perception of root-derived CEP act as descending long-distance mobile signals translocated to each root. These shoot-derived polypeptides, which we named CEP DOWNSTREAM 1 (CEPD1) and CEPD2, upregulate the expression of the nitrate transporter gene NRT2.1 in roots specifically when nitrate is present in the rhizosphere. Arabidopsis plants deficient in this pathway show impaired systemic N acquisition response accompanied with N-deficiency symptoms. These fundamental mechanistic insights should provide a conceptual framework for understanding systemic nutrient acquisition responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ohkubo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Mina Tanaka
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ryo Tabata
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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23
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Nakayama T, Shinohara H, Tanaka M, Baba K, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Matsubayashi Y. A peptide hormone required for Casparian strip diffusion barrier formation in
Arabidopsis
roots. Science 2017; 355:284-286. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aai9057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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24
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Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y. Expression of Plant Receptor Kinases in Tobacco BY-2 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1621:29-35. [PMID: 28567640 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7063-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Although more than 600 single-transmembrane receptor kinase genes have been found in the Arabidopsis genome, only a few of them have known physiological functions, and even fewer plant receptor kinases have known specific ligands. Ligand-binding analysis must be operated using the functionally expressed receptor form. However, the relative abundance of native receptor kinase molecules in the plasma membrane is often quite low. Here, we present a method for stable and functional expression of plant receptor kinases in tobacco BY-2 cells that allows preparation of microsomal fractions containing the receptor. This procedure provides a sufficient amount of receptor proteins while maintaining its ligand-binding activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Shinohara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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25
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Okamoto S, Tabata R, Matsubayashi Y. Long-distance peptide signaling essential for nutrient homeostasis in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2016; 34:35-40. [PMID: 27552346 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organ-to-organ communication is indispensable for higher organisms to maintain homeostasis over their entire life. Recent findings have uncovered that plants, like animals, mediate organ-to-organ communication by long-distance signaling through the vascular system. In particular, xylem-mobile secreted peptides have attracted much attention as root-to-shoot long-distance signaling molecules in response to fluctuating environmental nutrient status. Several leguminous CLE peptides induced by rhizobial inoculation act as 'satiety' signals in long-distance negative feedback of nodule formation. By contrast, Arabidopsis CEP family peptides induced by local nitrogen (N)-starvation behave as systemic 'hunger' signals to promote compensatory N acquisition in other parts of the roots. Xylem sap peptidomics also implies the presence of still uncharacterized long-distance signaling peptides. This review highlights the current understanding of and new insights into the mechanisms and functions of root-to-shoot long-distance peptide signaling during environmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okamoto
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryo Tabata
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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26
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Bessho-Uehara K, Wang DR, Furuta T, Minami A, Nagai K, Gamuyao R, Asano K, Angeles-Shim RB, Shimizu Y, Ayano M, Komeda N, Doi K, Miura K, Toda Y, Kinoshita T, Okuda S, Higashiyama T, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y, Greenberg A, Wu J, Yasui H, Yoshimura A, Mori H, McCouch SR, Ashikari M. Loss of function at RAE2, a previously unidentified EPFL, is required for awnlessness in cultivated Asian rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8969-74. [PMID: 27466405 PMCID: PMC4987784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604849113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication of crops based on artificial selection has contributed numerous beneficial traits for agriculture. Wild characteristics such as red pericarp and seed shattering were lost in both Asian (Oryza sativa) and African (Oryza glaberrima) cultivated rice species as a result of human selection on common genes. Awnedness, in contrast, is a trait that has been lost in both cultivated species due to selection on different sets of genes. In a previous report, we revealed that at least three loci regulate awn development in rice; however, the molecular mechanism underlying awnlessness remains unknown. Here we isolate and characterize a previously unidentified EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE (EPFL) family member named REGULATOR OF AWN ELONGATION 2 (RAE2) and identify one of its requisite processing enzymes, SUBTILISIN-LIKE PROTEASE 1 (SLP1). The RAE2 precursor is specifically cleaved by SLP1 in the rice spikelet, where the mature RAE2 peptide subsequently induces awn elongation. Analysis of RAE2 sequence diversity identified a highly variable GC-rich region harboring multiple independent mutations underlying protein-length variation that disrupt the function of the RAE2 protein and condition the awnless phenotype in Asian rice. Cultivated African rice, on the other hand, retained the functional RAE2 allele despite its awnless phenotype. Our findings illuminate the molecular function of RAE2 in awn development and shed light on the independent domestication histories of Asian and African cultivated rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Bessho-Uehara
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Diane R Wang
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1901
| | - Tomoyuki Furuta
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Anzu Minami
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagai
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rico Gamuyao
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kenji Asano
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rosalyn B Angeles-Shim
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimizu
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Madoka Ayano
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Norio Komeda
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Doi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kotaro Miura
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Eiheiji-Town, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yosuke Toda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satohiro Okuda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Shinohara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Anthony Greenberg
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1901
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yasui
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshimura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan;
| | - Susan R McCouch
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1901;
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan;
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27
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Shinohara H, Mori A, Yasue N, Sumida K, Matsubayashi Y. Identification of three LRR-RKs involved in perception of root meristem growth factor in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3897-902. [PMID: 27001831 PMCID: PMC4833249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522639113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A peptide hormone, root meristem growth factor (RGF), regulates root meristem development through the PLETHORA (PLT) stem cell transcription factor pathway, but it remains to be uncovered how extracellular RGF signals are transduced to the nucleus. Here we identified, using a combination of a custom-made receptor kinase (RK) expression library and exhaustive photoaffinity labeling, three leucine-rich repeat RKs (LRR-RKs) that directly interact with RGF peptides in Arabidopsis These three LRR-RKs, which we named RGFR1, RGFR2, and RGFR3, are expressed in root tissues including the proximal meristem, the elongation zone, and the differentiation zone. The triple rgfr mutant was insensitive to externally applied RGF peptide and displayed a short root phenotype accompanied by a considerable decrease in meristematic cell number. In addition, PLT1 and PLT2 protein gradients, observed as a gradual gradient decreasing toward the elongation zone from the stem cell area in wild type, steeply declined at the root tip in the triple mutant. Because RGF peptides have been shown to create a diffusion-based concentration gradient extending from the stem cell area, our results strongly suggest that RGFRs mediate the transformation of an RGF peptide gradient into a PLT protein gradient in the proximal meristem, thereby acting as key regulators of root meristem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Shinohara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ayaka Mori
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Yasue
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sumida
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan;
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28
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Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Matsubayashi Y. Detection of Hydroxyproline O-galactoside by LC/MS. Bio Protoc 2016. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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29
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Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Matsubayashi Y. LC/MS-based Detection of Hydroxyproline O-galactosyltransferase Activity. Bio Protoc 2016. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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30
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Okamoto S, Suzuki T, Kawaguchi M, Higashiyama T, Matsubayashi Y. A comprehensive strategy for identifying long-distance mobile peptides in xylem sap. Plant J 2015; 84:611-20. [PMID: 26333921 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that secreted pemediate organ-to-organ communication in higher plants. Xylem sap peptidomics is an effective but challenging approach for identifying long-distance mobile peptides. In this study we developed a simple, gel-free purification system that combines o-chlorophenol extraction with HPLC separation. Using this system, we successfully identified seven oligopeptides from soybean xylem sap exudate that had one or more post-transcriptional modifications: glycosylation, sulfation and/or hydroxylation. RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR analyses showed that the peptide-encoding genes are expressed in multiple tissues. We further analyzed the long-distance translocation of four of the seven peptides using gene-encoding peptides with single amino acid substitutions, and identified these four peptides as potential root-to-shoot mobile oligopeptides. Promoter-GUS analysis showed that all four peptide-encoding genes were expressed in the inner tissues of the root endodermis. Moreover, we found that some of these peptide-encoding genes responded to biotic and/or abiotic factors. These results indicate that our purification system provides a comprehensive approach for effectively identifying endogenous small peptides and reinforce the concept that higher plants employ various peptides in root-to-shoot signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okamoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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31
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Wu T, Kamiya T, Yumoto H, Sotta N, Katsushi Y, Shigenobu S, Matsubayashi Y, Fujiwara T. An Arabidopsis thaliana copper-sensitive mutant suggests a role of phytosulfokine in ethylene production. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:3657-67. [PMID: 25908239 PMCID: PMC4473973 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To increase our understanding of the adaptation for copper (Cu) deficiency, Arabidopsis mutants with apparent alterations under Cu deficiency were identified. In this report, a novel mutant, tpst-2, was found to be more sensitive than wild-type (Col-0) plants to Cu deficiency during root elongation. The positional cloning of tpst-2 revealed that this gene encodes a tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST). Moreover, the ethylene production of tpst-2 mutant was higher than that of Col-0 under Cu deficiency, and adding the ethylene response inhibitor AgNO3 partially rescued defects in root elongation. Interestingly, peptide hormone phytosulfokine (PSK) treatment also repressed the ethylene production of tpst-2 mutant plants. Our results revealed that TPST suppressed ethylene production through the action of PSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture), Horticultural College, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yumoto
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Institute of Floricultural Science, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Sotta
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | - Shuji Shigenobu
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya Universisy, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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32
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Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y. Reevaluation of the CLV3-receptor interaction in the shoot apical meristem: dissection of the CLV3 signaling pathway from a direct ligand-binding point of view. Plant J 2015; 82:328-36. [PMID: 25754504 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The CLAVATA signaling pathway is a key component of the network that controls stem cell renewal and differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. CLAVATA3 (CLV3) is a post-translationally arabinosylated secreted peptide signal that regulates WUSHEL (WUS) transcription to affect the balance of stem cell differentiation and proliferation in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Known membrane-localized receptors involved in the perception of CLV3 signaling include CLV1, the CLV2/CORYNE (CRN) complex and RPK2. The CLV3 peptide can directly bind to CLV1; however, it is unclear whether the CLV3 peptide directly binds to CLV2 or RPK2. In this study, we re-evaluated the direct interaction between CLV3 and its receptors by photoaffinity labeling with photoactivatable arabinosylated CLV3. We showed that CLV2 and RPK2 exhibited no direct binding to the CLV3 peptide. Further analysis showed that the receptor kinase BAM1 directly binds the CLV3 peptide. A loss-of-function clv1 bam1 double mutant exhibited a large number of stem cells that accumulated in the SAM and was insensitive to exogenous treatment with the arabinosylated CLV3 peptide. WUS gene transcripts were up-regulated, and the region of WUS expression was enlarged at the SAM in the clv1 bam1 double mutant. These results indicate that CLV1 and BAM1 are direct receptors that are sufficient to affect the regulatory network controlling stem cell number in the SAM. In contrast, the CLV2/CRN complex and RPK2 are not involved in direct ligand interactions but may act as co-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Shinohara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464 8602, Japan
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33
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Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Matsubayashi Y. Identification of three potent hydroxyproline O-galactosyltransferases in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2015; 81:736-46. [PMID: 25600942 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are plant-specific extracellular glycoproteins implicated in a variety of processes during growth and development. AGP biosynthesis involves O-galactosylation of hydroxyproline (Hyp) residues followed by a stepwise elongation of the complex sugar chains. However, functionally dominant Hyp O-galactosyltransferases, such that their disruption produces phenocopies of AGP-deficient mutants, remain to be identified. Here, we purified and identified three potent Hyp O-galactosyltransferases, HPGT1, HPGT2 and HPGT3, from Arabidopsis microsomal fractions. Loss-of-function analysis indicated that approximately 90% of the endogenous Hyp O-galactosylation activity is attributable to these three enzymes. AGP14 expressed in the triple mutant migrated much faster on SDS-PAGE than when expressed in wild-type, confirming a considerable decrease in levels of glycosylation of AGPs in the mutant. Loss-of-function mutant plants exhibited a pleiotropic phenotype of longer lateral roots, longer root hairs, radial expansion of the cells in the root tip, small leaves, shorter inflorescence stems, reduced fertility and shorter siliques. Our findings provide genetic evidence that Hyp-linked arabinogalactan polysaccharide chains are critical for AGP function and clues to how arabinogalactan moieties of AGPs contribute to cell-to-cell communication during plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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34
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Tabata R, Sumida K, Yoshii T, Ohyama K, Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y. Perception of root-derived peptides by shoot LRR-RKs mediates systemic N-demand signaling. Science 2014; 346:343-6. [PMID: 25324386 DOI: 10.1126/science.1257800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a critical nutrient for plants but is often distributed unevenly in the soil. Plants therefore have evolved a systemic mechanism by which N starvation on one side of the root system leads to a compensatory and increased nitrate uptake on the other side. Here, we study the molecular systems that support perception of N and the long-distance signaling needed to alter root development. Rootlets starved of N secrete small peptides that are translocated to the shoot and received by two leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs). Arabidopsis plants deficient in this pathway show growth retardation accompanied with N-deficiency symptoms. Thus, signaling from the root to the shoot helps the plant adapt to fluctuations in local N availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tabata
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sumida
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Yoshii
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ohyama
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Shinohara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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35
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Bidadi H, Matsuoka K, Sage-Ono K, Fukushima J, Pitaksaringkarn W, Asahina M, Yamaguchi S, Sawa S, Fukuda H, Matsubayashi Y, Ono M, Satoh S. CLE6 expression recovers gibberellin deficiency to promote shoot growth in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2014; 78:241-52. [PMID: 24528333 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides act as local signals during plant development, but few studies have examined their interaction with phytohormone signaling. Here, we show that application of gibberellin (GA) to Arabidopsis shoots induces substantial accumulation of transcripts encoded by CLE6, a member of the CLAVATA/ESR-RELATED (CLE) gene family, in the root stele, followed by promotion of organ growth by CLE6 in GA-deficient plants. The long-distance effect of GA4 was demonstrated by the observation that its application to the shoot apex of the GA-deficient mutant ga3ox1/ga3ox2 rescued the short-root phenotype. Microarray analysis was used to identify root-expressed genes that respond to systemic application of GA, and CLE6 was selected for further analysis. CLE6 was highly expressed in roots at the young seedling stage, and CLE6 promoter activity was strong in hypocotyls and roots, especially in root stele cells at branch points. Application of CLE6 peptide had no obvious effect on the growth and development of GA-deficient mutant plants. Nonetheless, the fact that ectopic over-expression of CLE6 in the GA-deficient mutant promoted root growth and branching, petiole elongation, bolting rate and stem length showed that CLE6 expression partially compensates for the GA deficiency. Reciprocal grafting of GA-deficient mutant plants to 35S::CLE6 transformants complemented the shoot phenotype associated with GA deficiency, demonstrating the systemic effect of CLE6 from root to shoot. These data suggest that root-expressed CLE6 is systemically involved in shoot growth under GA action in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniyeh Bidadi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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36
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Abstract
Cell-to-cell signaling is essential for many processes in plant growth and development, including coordination of cellular responses to developmental and environmental cues. Cumulative studies have demonstrated that peptide signaling plays a greater-than-anticipated role in such intercellular communication. Some peptides act as signals during plant growth and development, whereas others are involved in defense responses or symbiosis. Peptides secreted as signals often undergo posttranslational modification and proteolytic processing to generate smaller peptides composed of approximately 10 amino acid residues. Such posttranslationally modified small-peptide signals constitute one of the largest groups of secreted peptide signals in plants. The location of the modification group incorporated into the peptides by specific modification enzymes and the peptide chain length defined by the processing enzymes are critical for biological function and receptor interaction. This review covers 20 years of research into posttranslationally modified small-peptide signals in plants.
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Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Matsushita W, Matsubayashi Y. Identification of three hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:726-30. [PMID: 24036508 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyproline (Hyp) O-arabinosylation is a post-translational modification that is prominent in extracellular glycoproteins in plants. Hyp O-arabinosylation is generally found in these glycoproteins in the form of linear oligoarabinoside chains and has a key role in their function by contributing to conformational stability. However, Hyp O-arabinosyltransferase (HPAT), a key enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the L-arabinose to the hydroxyl group of Hyp residues, has remained undiscovered. Here, we purified and identified Arabidopsis HPAT as a Golgi-localized transmembrane protein that is structurally similar to the glycosyltransferase GT8 family. Loss-of-function mutations in HPAT-encoding genes cause pleiotropic phenotypes that include enhanced hypocotyl elongation, defects in cell wall thickening, early flowering, early senescence and impaired pollen tube growth. Our results indicate essential roles of Hyp O-arabinosylation in both vegetative and reproductive growth in plants.
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Endo S, Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y, Fukuda H. A Novel Pollen-Pistil Interaction Conferring High-Temperature Tolerance during Reproduction via CLE45 Signaling. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1670-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y. Chemical synthesis of Arabidopsis CLV3 glycopeptide reveals the impact of hydroxyproline arabinosylation on peptide conformation and activity. Plant Cell Physiol 2013; 54:369-74. [PMID: 23256149 PMCID: PMC3589827 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinosylation of hydroxyproline (Hyp) is a post-translational modification often found in secreted peptide signals in plants. The physiological importance of this modification was highlighted by the finding that CLAVATA3 (CLV3), a key peptide signal for regulating the fate of stem cells in the shoot apical meristem in Arabidopsis, contains three l-arabinose residues linked via linear β-1,2-linkages. However, understanding the functions and properties of arabinosylated peptides has been hindered by difficulties in synthesizing the complex arabinose chain. Here we report the stereoselective total synthesis of β-1,2-linked triarabinosylated CLV3 peptide ([Ara3]CLV3). Chemically synthesized [Ara3]CLV3 restricted stem cell activity more effectively than did unmodified CLV3 peptide. Comparison of mono-, di- and triarabinosylated CLV3 glycopeptides revealed that the biological activity increased progressively as the arabinose chain length increased. Thus, the arabinose chain length of CLV3 is important for its biological activity. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and nuclear Overhauser effect-based structure calculations further revealed the structural impact of the arabinose chain on peptide conformation. The arabinose chain of [Ara3]CLV3 extends toward the C-terminal end of the peptide, and its non-reducing end is positioned proximal to the peptide backbone. Consequently, the arabinose chain causes distinct distortion in the C-terminal half of the peptide in a highly directional manner. The established synthetic route of [Ara3]CLV3 will greatly contribute to our understanding of the biology and biochemistry of arabinosylated peptide signals in plants.
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Abstract
Peptide signaling plays a major role in various aspects of plant growth and development, as has been shown in recent biochemical, genetic and bioinformatic studies. There are over a dozen secreted peptides recognized in plants known to regulate cellular functions. To become functional, these secreted peptide signals often undergo post-translational modifications, such as tyrosine sulfation, proline hydroxylation, and hydroxyproline arabinosylation, and successive proteolytic processing. These types of ‘small post-translationally modified peptide signals’ are one of the major groups of peptide signals found in plants. In parallel with the discovery of peptide signals, specific receptors for such peptide signals were identified as being membrane-localized leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases. This short review highlights the recent progress in research on small post-translationally modified peptide signals, including our own research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
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Shinohara H, Moriyama Y, Ohyama K, Matsubayashi Y. Biochemical mapping of a ligand-binding domain within Arabidopsis BAM1 reveals diversified ligand recognition mechanisms of plant LRR-RKs. Plant J 2012; 70:845-54. [PMID: 22321211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) are the largest sub-family of transmembrane receptor kinases in plants. In several LRR-RKs, a loop-out region called an 'island domain', which intercepts the extracellular tandem LRRs at a position near the transmembrane domain, constitutes the ligand-binding pocket, but the absence of the island domain in numerous LRR-RKs raises questions about which domain recognizes the ligand in non-island domain LRR-RKs. Here, we used photoaffinity labeling followed by chemical and enzymatic digestion to show that BAM1, a CLV1/BAM-family LRR-RK whose extracellular domain comprises 22 consecutive LRRs, directly interacts with the small peptide ligand CLE9 at the LRR6-LRR8 region that is relatively distal from the transmembrane domain. Multiple sequence alignment and homology modeling revealed that the inner concave side of LRR6-LRR8 of CLV1/BAM-family LRR-RKs deviates slightly from the LRR consensus. In support of our findings, the clv1-4 mutant carries a missense mutation at the inner concave side of LRR6 of CLV1, and introduction of the corresponding mutation in BAM1 resulted in complete loss of ligand binding activity. Our results indicate that the ligand recognition mechanisms of plant LRR-RKs are more complex and diverse than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Shinohara
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Sasaki R, Urabe Y, Yamanaka Y, Fujii E, Matsubayashi Y. The correlation between whole body reaction time and the onset timing of lower extremity muscles during landing. Br J Sports Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2011.084038.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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43
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Abstract
Recent biochemical, genetic and bioinformatic studies have demonstrated that peptide signaling plays a greater than anticipated role in various aspects of plant growth and development. More than a dozen secreted peptides are now recognized as important signals that mediate cell-to-cell communication. Secreted peptide signals often undergo post-translational modification and proteolytic processing, which are important for their function. Such "small post-translationally modified peptide signals" constitute one of the largest groups of peptide signals in plants. In parallel with the discovery of peptide signals, specific receptors for such peptides were identified as being membrane-localized receptor kinases, the largest family of receptor-like molecules in plants. These findings illustrate the critical roles of small peptide ligand-receptor pairs in plant growth and development. This review outlines recent research into secreted peptide signals in plants by focusing on small post-translationally modified peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585 Aichi, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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Matsubayashi Y. Post-translational modifications in secreted peptide hormones in plants. Plant Cell Physiol 2011; 52:5-13. [PMID: 21071428 PMCID: PMC3023852 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
More than a dozen secreted peptides are now recognized as important hormones that coordinate and specify cellular functions in plants. Recent evidence has shown that secreted peptide hormones often undergo post-translational modification and proteolytic processing, which are critical for their function. Such 'small post-translationally modified peptide hormones' constitute one of the largest groups of peptide hormones in plants. This short review highlights recent progress in research on post-translationally modified peptide hormones, with particular emphasis on their structural characteristics and modification mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan.
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Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y. Arabinosylated glycopeptide hormones: new insights into CLAVATA3 structure. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2010; 13:515-519. [PMID: 20580598 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Secreted peptides are now recognized as important members of hormones that coordinate and specify cellular functions in plants. Recent accumulating evidence shows that secreted peptide hormones are often post-translationally modified, and such modification is critical for their function. In this review, we highlight hydroxyproline arabinosylation, which has been found in several peptide hormones including CLAVATA3 (CLV3), a key peptide controlling stem cell renewal and differentiation in Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem. Arabinosylation of CLV3 is important for its biological activity and for high-affinity binding to its receptor, CLV1. We discuss the physiological functions of known glycopeptide hormones, the structural information on sugar chains, and possible mechanisms of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Shinohara
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Matsuzaki Y, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Mori A, Matsubayashi Y. Secreted Peptide Signals Required for Maintenance of Root Stem Cell Niche in Arabidopsis. Science 2010; 329:1065-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1191132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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47
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Matsubayashi Y. [Glycopeptide hormones regulating plant growth and development]. Seikagaku 2010; 82:541-545. [PMID: 20662263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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49
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Motose H, Iwamoto K, Endo S, Demura T, Sakagami Y, Matsubayashi Y, Moore KL, Fukuda H. Involvement of phytosulfokine in the attenuation of stress response during the transdifferentiation of zinnia mesophyll cells into tracheary elements. Plant Physiol 2009; 150:437-47. [PMID: 19270060 PMCID: PMC2675742 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.135954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a sulfated peptide hormone required for the proliferation and differentiation of plant cells. Here, we characterize the physiological roles of PSK in transdifferentiation of isolated mesophyll cells of zinnia (Zinnia elegans 'Canary Bird') into tracheary elements (TEs). Transcripts for a zinnia PSK precursor gene, ZePSK1, show two peaks of expression during TE differentiation; the first accumulation is transiently induced in response to wounding at 24 h of culture, and the second accumulation is induced in the final stage of TE differentiation and is dependent on endogenous brassinosteroids. Chlorate, a potent inhibitor of peptide sulfation, is successfully applied as an inhibitor of PSK action. Chlorate significantly suppresses TE differentiation. The chlorate-induced suppression of TE differentiation is overcome by exogenously applied PSK. In the presence of chlorate, expression of stress-related genes for proteinase inhibitors and a pathogenesis-related protein is enhanced and changed from a transient to a continuous pattern. On the contrary, administration of PSK significantly reduces the accumulation of transcripts for the stress-related genes. Even in the absence of auxin and cytokinin, addition of PSK suppresses stress-related gene expression. Microarray analysis reveals 66 genes down-regulated and 42 genes up-regulated in the presence of PSK. The large majority of down-regulated genes show significant similarity to various families of stress-related proteins, including chitinases, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis enzymes, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, and receptor-like protein kinases. These results suggest the involvement of PSK in the attenuation of stress response and healing of wound-activated cells during the early stage of TE differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Motose
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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50
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Matsubayashi Y. [Molecular dissection of plant development by identifying novel peptide ligands and receptors]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2009; 54:49-57. [PMID: 19195225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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