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Allen WJ, Bevan DR. Steered Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveal Important Mechanisms in Reversible Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibition. Biochemistry 2011; 50:6441-54. [DOI: 10.1021/bi200446w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Allen
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - David R. Bevan
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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52
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Weinreb O, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Youdim MB. A novel anti-Alzheimer's disease drug, ladostigil. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 100:191-215. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386467-3.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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53
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Geldenhuys WJ, Ko KS, Stinnett H, Van der Schyf CJ, Lim MH. Identification of multifunctional small molecule-based reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00176k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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54
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Lühr S, Vilches-Herrera M, Fierro A, Ramsay RR, Edmondson DE, Reyes-Parada M, Cassels BK, Iturriaga-Vásquez P. 2-Arylthiomorpholine derivatives as potent and selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1388-95. [PMID: 20123154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
2-Arylthiomorpholine and 2-arylthiomorpholin-5-one derivatives, designed as rigid and/or non-basic phenylethylamine analogues, were evaluated as rat and human monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Molecular docking provided insight into the binding mode of these inhibitors and rationalized their different potencies. Making the phenylethylamine scaffold rigid by fixing the amine chain in an extended six-membered ring conformation increased MAO-B (but not MAO-A) inhibitory activity relative to the more flexible alpha-methylated derivative. The presence of a basic nitrogen atom is not a prerequisite in either MAO-A or MAO-B. The best K(i) values were in the 10(-8)M range, with selectivities towards human MAO-B exceeding 2000-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lühr
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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55
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Edmondson DE, Binda C, Wang J, Upadhyay AK, Mattevi A. Molecular and mechanistic properties of the membrane-bound mitochondrial monoamine oxidases. Biochemistry 2009; 48:4220-30. [PMID: 19371079 DOI: 10.1021/bi900413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has brought major advances in our knowledge of the structures and mechanisms of MAO A and MAO B, which are pharmacological targets for specific inhibitors. In both enzymes, crystallographic and biochemical data show their respective C-terminal transmembrane helices anchor the enzymes to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Pulsed EPR data show both enzymes are dimeric in their membrane-bound forms with agreement between distances measured in their crystalline forms. Distances measured between active site-directed spin-labels in membrane preparations show excellent agreement with those estimated from crystallographic data. Our knowledge of requirements for development of specific reversible MAO B inhibitors is in a fairly mature status. Less is known regarding the structural requirements for highly specific reversible MAO A inhibitors. In spite of their 70% level of sequence identity and similarities of C(alpha) folds, the two enzymes exhibit significant functional and structural differences that can be exploited in the ultimate goal of the development of highly specific inhibitors. This review summarizes the current structural and mechanistic information available that can be utilized in the development of future highly specific neuroprotectants and cardioprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Edmondson
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Boppana K, Dubey PK, Jagarlapudi SARP, Vadivelan S, Rambabu G. Knowledge based identification of MAO-B selective inhibitors using pharmacophore and structure based virtual screening models. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3584-90. [PMID: 19321235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine Oxidase B interaction with known ligands was investigated using combined pharmacophore and structure based modeling approach. The docking results suggested that the pharmacophore and docking models are in good agreement and are used to identify the selective MAO-B inhibitors. The best model, Hypo2 consists of three pharmacophore features, i.e., one hydrogen bond acceptor, one hydrogen bond donor and one ring aromatic. The Hypo2 model was used to screen an in-house database of 80,000 molecules and have resulted in 5500 compounds. Docking studies were performed, subsequently, on the cluster representatives of 530 hits from 5500 compounds. Based on the structural novelty and selectivity index, we have suggested 15 selective MAO-B inhibitors for further synthesis and pharmacological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Boppana
- GVK Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., S-1, Phase-1, T.I.E., Balanagar, Hyderabad 500 037, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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57
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Milczek EM, Bonivento D, Binda C, Mattevi A, McDonald IA, Edmondson DE. Structural and mechanistic studies of mofegiline inhibition of recombinant human monoamine oxidase B. J Med Chem 2009; 51:8019-26. [PMID: 19053775 DOI: 10.1021/jm8011867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic and structural studies have been carried out to investigate the molecular basis for the irreversible inhibition of human MAO-B by mofegiline. Competitive inhibition with substrate shows an apparent K(i) of 28 nM. Irreversible inhibition of MAO-B occurs with a 1:1 molar stoichiometry with no observable catalytic turnover. The absorption spectral properties of mofegiline inhibited MAO-B show features (lambda(max) approximately 450 nm) unlike those of traditional flavin N(5) or C(4a) adducts. Visible and near-UV circular dichroism spectra of the mofegiline-MAO-B adduct shows a negative peak at 340 nm with an intensity similar to that of N(5) flavocyanine adducts. The X-ray crystal structure of the mofegiline-MAO-B adduct shows a covalent bond between the flavin cofactor N(5) with the distal allylamine carbon atom as well as the absence of the fluorine atom. A mechanism to explain these structural and spectral data is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Milczek
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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58
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Culhane JC, Szewczuk LM, Liu X, Da G, Marmorstein R, Cole PA. A mechanism-based inactivator for histone demethylase LSD1. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:4536-7. [PMID: 16594666 DOI: 10.1021/ja0602748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Histone demethylase LSD1 is a flavin-dependent amine oxidase that catalyzes the oxidative removal of one or two methyl groups from the methyl-lysine-4 side chain of histone H3. We have designed and synthesized two peptide-based inhibitor analogues that block LSD1. One of these inhibitors, compound 1, contains a propargylamine functionality and shows time-dependent inactivation of LSD1. Peptide substrate, diMeK4H3-21, protected LSD1 against inactivation by 1 in a concentration-dependent fashion. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that 1 forms a covalent interaction with FAD. Compound 1 did not detectably inhibit monoamine oxidase B in the concentration range studied. Compound 1 is thus a selective, mechanism-based inactivator of LSD1 and is likely to serve as a useful tool in the study of histone modifications and chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Culhane
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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59
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Binda C, Wang J, Pisani L, Caccia C, Carotti A, Salvati P, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A. Structures of human monoamine oxidase B complexes with selective noncovalent inhibitors: safinamide and coumarin analogs. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5848-52. [PMID: 17915852 DOI: 10.1021/jm070677y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structures of human monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) in complex with safinamide and two coumarin derivatives, all sharing a common benzyloxy substituent, were determined by X-ray crystallography. These compounds competitively inhibit MAO B with Ki values in the 0.1-0.5 microM range that are 30-700-fold lower than those observed with MAO A. The inhibitors bind noncovalently to MAO B, occupying both the entrance and the substrate cavities and showing a similarly oriented benzyloxy substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Binda
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia, 27100 Italy
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60
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Fierro A, Osorio-Olivares M, Cassels BK, Edmondson DE, Sepúlveda-Boza S, Reyes-Parada M. Human and rat monoamine oxidase-A are differentially inhibited by (S)-4-alkylthioamphetamine derivatives: insights from molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5198-206. [PMID: 17521909 PMCID: PMC1949415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four enantiomerically pure (S)-4-alkylthioamphetamine derivatives were evaluated as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors using the human and rat isoforms of the enzyme. Molecular dockings were performed in order to gain insights regarding the binding mode of these inhibitors. All compounds were potent and selective MAO-A inhibitors although different rank orders of potencies were observed against the enzymes from different species. This behavior can be rationalized on the basis of different binding modes to each enzyme, as determined in silico. These findings further support the concept that MAO inhibitory activity of novel compounds, determined with enzymes from diverse mammalian species, should be considered with caution if human MAO is the final target to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Fierro
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Osorio-Olivares
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruce K. Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, Beauchef 861, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dale E. Edmondson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Silvia Sepúlveda-Boza
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Reyes-Parada
- Millennium Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, Beauchef 861, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
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61
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Szewczuk LM, Culhane JC, Yang M, Majumdar A, Yu H, Cole PA. Mechanistic analysis of a suicide inactivator of histone demethylase LSD1. Biochemistry 2007; 46:6892-902. [PMID: 17511474 PMCID: PMC2531293 DOI: 10.1021/bi700414b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a transcriptional repressor and a flavin-dependent amine oxidase that is responsible for the removal of methyl from lysine 4 of histone H3. In this study, we characterize the mechanism and scope of LSD1 inhibition by a propargylamine-derivatized histone H3 substrate (1). Unlike aziridinyl and cyclopropylamine-derivatized histone H3 peptide substrate analogues, compound 1 appears to covalently modify and irreversibly inactivate LSD1 with high potency. Accompanying this inactivation is a spectroscopic change, which shifts the absorbance maximum to 392 nm. Spectral changes associated with the 1-LSD1 complex and reactivity to decreased pH and sodium borohydride treatment were suggestive of a structure involving a flavin-linked inhibitor conjugate between N5 of the flavin and the terminal carbon of the inhibitor. Using a 13C-labeled inhibitor, NMR analysis of the 1-flavin conjugate was consistent with this structural assignment. Kinetic analysis of the spectroscopic shift induced by 1 showed that the flavin adduct formed in a reaction with kinetic constants similar to those of the LSD1 inactivation process. Taken together, these data support a mechanism of LSD1 inactivation by 1 involving amine oxidation followed by Michael addition to the propargylic imine. We further examined the potential for a biotinylated analogue of 1 (1-Btn) to be used as a tool in affinity pulldown experiments. Using 1-Btn, it was feasible to selectively pull down spiked and endogenous LSD1 from HeLa cell nuclear extracts, setting the stage for activity-based demethylase proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M. Szewczuk
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jeffrey C. Culhane
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Maojun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ananya Majumdar
- Biomolecular NMR Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21210
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Philip A. Cole
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. . Telephone: (410) 614-8849. Fax: (410) 614-7717
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62
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Yelekçi K, Karahan O, Toprakçi M. Docking of novel reversible monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors: efficient prediction of ligand binding sites and estimation of inhibitors thermodynamic properties. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:725-32. [PMID: 17401533 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO, EC 1.4.3.4) is a flavoenzyme bound to the mitochondrial outer membranes of the cells, which is responsible for the oxidative deamination of neurotransmitter and dietary amines. It has two distinct isozymic forms, designated MAO-A and MAO-B, each displaying different substrate and inhibitor specificities. They are the well-known target for antidepressant, Parkinson's disease and neuroprotective drugs. Elucidation of the x-ray crystallographic structure of MAO-B has opened the way for molecular modeling studies. In this research 12 reversible and MAO-B selective inhibitors have been docked computationally to the active site of the MAO-B enzyme. AutoDock 3.0.5 was employed to perform the automated molecular docking. The result of docking studies generated thermodynamic properties, such as free energy of bindings (DeltaG(b)) and inhibition constants (K (i)) for the inhibitors. Moreover, 3D pictures of inhibitor-enzyme complexes afforded valuable data regarding the binding orientation of each inhibitor in the active site of MAO-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yelekçi
- The Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kadir Has University, Fatih-Istanbul, Turkey.
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63
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Cruz F, Edmondson DE. Kinetic properties of recombinant MAO-A on incorporation into phospholipid nanodisks. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:699-702. [PMID: 17393065 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent structural studies of human monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) suggest the entrance to the active site is positioned near the surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane (Colibus et al., 2005). To determine the influence of the phospholipid bilayer on the structure and catalytic properties of MAO in a defined system, we have incorporated the recombinant protein into phospholipid 'nanodiscs' which have been developed by Stephen G. Sligar's group (Denisov et al., 2004). Purified MAO-A incorporates into pre-formed nanodiscs which are approximately 10 nm in diameter and exhibit the thickness expected for a phospholipid bilayer. Nanodisc assemblies of MAO-A are water-soluble, yield increased enzyme stability relative to detergent solutions, are catalytically active, and reactive with acetylenic inhibitors. As compared to detergent-based systems, the catalytic efficiencies (k (cat)/K (m)) of amine oxidation appear to be greater. Also, nanodisc bound MAO-A binds various inhibitors with K (i) values that are 2-4 fold lower than MAO-A in reduced Triton X-100 solutions. Taken together, these data suggest that the membrane environment affects MAO-A catalytic properties for both substrates and reversible inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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64
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Guay DRP. Rasagiline (TVP-1012): a new selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor for Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:330-46. [PMID: 17296539 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reviews the chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, tolerability, drug-interaction potential, indications, dosing, and potential role of rasagiline mesylate, a new selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B (MAO-B) inhibitor, in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. METHODS A MEDLINE/PUBMED search (1986 through September 2006) was conducted to identify studies involving rasagiline written in English. Additional references were obtained from the bibliographies of these studies. All studies evaluating any aspect of rasagiline, including in vitro, in vivo (animal), and human studies, were reviewed. RESULTS Rasagiline mesylate was developed with the goal of producing a selective MAO-B inhibitor that is not metabolized to (presumed) toxic metabolites (eg, amphetamine and methamphetamine, which are byproducts of the metabolism of selegiline, another selective MAO-B inhibitor). In vitro and in vivo data have confirmed the drug's selectivity for MAO-B. Rasagiline is almost completely eliminated by oxidative metabolism (catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 [CYP] isozyme 1A2) followed by renal excretion of conjugated parent compound and metabolites. Drug clearance is sufficiently slow to allow once-daily dosing. Several studies have documented its efficacy as monotherapy for early-stage disease and as adjunctive therapy in L-dopa recipients with motor fluctuations. As monotherapy, rasagiline is well tolerated with an adverse-effect profile similar to that of placebo. As adjunctive therapy, it exhibits the expected adverse effects of dopamine excess, which can be ameliorated by reducing the L-dopa dosage. CYP1A2 inhibitors slow the elimination of rasagiline and mandate dosage reduction. Hepatic impairment has an analogous effect. The recommended dosage regimens for monotherapy and adjunctive therapy are 1 and 0.5 mg PO QD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite the well-documented selectivity of rasagiline, the manufacturer recommends virtually all of the dietary (vis-à-vis tyramine) and drug restrictions of the nonselective MAO inhibitors. Although useful, selective MAO-B inhibitors have a limited role in Parkinson's disease. Of greater interest is the potential neuroprotective effect of rasagiline and its major metabolite, 1(R)-aminoindan, which may have great utility in a wide variety of neurodegenerative disorders of aging. In addition, bifunctional molecules combining selective MAO-B inhibition (based on the active moiety of rasagiline) with acetylcholinesterase inhibition or iron chelation may eventually be useful in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R P Guay
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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65
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Lakshmanan M, Dhathathreyan A. Hydrodynamically coupled water in surface adsorbed amino acids as a tool to study hydrated peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:138-45. [PMID: 17126617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of different amino acid residues on properties of a protein surface is of great interest and importance. Hydrodynamically coupled water in the amino acids has the potential to be used as a tool to study surface properties of proteins. The contribution of this coupled water fraction in design of a hydropathy scale in surface adsorbed amino acid films on solid using quartz crystal microbalance is presented in this work. This scale compares well with the hydropathy scale of Guy reported in the literature and can be correlated with the solid/liquid interfacial tension and work of adhesion of the adsorbed amino acid films. Using Graphical Representation and Analysis of Surface Properties (GRASP) the free energy of transfer from Octanol to water for the amino acids has been estimated and shows approximately an inverse relationship with the coupled water fraction. This scale has been applied in a benchmark test for a native Laminin peptide YIGSR and its mutated sequences (with mutations carried out at 'Y and 'R' positions). The experimentally measured coupled water fractions seem to compare well with that obtained from the present scale assuming the total solvent fraction to be a linear function of the amino acids in the sequence. A survey of the protein data bank showed that sets of sequences based on this scale occur in membrane insertion domain or in trans-membrane proteins suggesting that the scale is suitable to study structure-function correlation in proteins.
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66
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Chen JJ, Swope DM. Clinical pharmacology of rasagiline: a novel, second-generation propargylamine for the treatment of Parkinson disease. J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 45:878-94. [PMID: 16027398 DOI: 10.1177/0091270005277935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rasagiline is a novel second-generation propargylamine that irreversibly and selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B). For the management of Parkinson disease (PD), rasagiline is efficacious across the span of PD stages ranging from monotherapy in early disease to adjunctive treatment in patients with advancing disease and motor fluctuations. Rasagiline completely and selectively inhibits MAO-B with a potency 5 to 10 times greater than selegiline. Unlike the prototype propargylamine selegiline, which is metabolized to amphetamine derivatives, rasagiline is biotransformed to aminoindan, a non-amphetamine compound. Rasagiline is well tolerated with infrequent cardiovascular or psychiatric side effects, and at the recommended therapeutic dose of up to 1 mg once daily, tyramine restriction is unnecessary. In addition to MAO-B inhibition, the propargylamine chain also confers dose-related antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects, which have been associated with neuroprotection in multiple experimental models. Thus, in addition to symptomatic benefits, rasagiline offers the promise of clinically relevant neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Chen
- Movement Disorders Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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67
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Li Z, Lazaridis T. Thermodynamics of buried water clusters at a protein-ligand binding interface. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:1464-75. [PMID: 16471698 DOI: 10.1021/jp056020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the complex of cyclophilin A (CypA) with cyclosporin A (CsA, 1) shows a cluster of four water molecules buried at the binding interface, which is rearranged when CsA is replaced by (5-hydroxynorvaline)-2-cyclosporin (2). The thermodynamic contributions of each bound water molecule in the two complexes are explored with the inhomogeneous fluid solvation theory and molecular dynamics simulations. Water (WTR) 133 in complex 1 contributes little to the binding affinity, while WTR6 and 7 in complex 2 play an essential role in mediating protein-ligand binding with a hydrogen bond network. The calculations reveal that the rearrangement of the water molecules contributes favorably to the binding affinity, even though one of them is displaced going from ligand 1 to 2. Another favorable contribution comes from the larger protein-ligand interactions of ligand 2. However, these favorable contributions are not sufficient to overcome the unfavorable desolvation free energy change and the conformational entropy of the hydroxylpropyl group of ligand 2 in the complex, leading to a lower binding affinity of ligand 2. These physical insights may be useful in the development of improved scoring functions for binding affinity prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York/CUNY, Convent Ave & 138th Street, New York, New York 10031, USA
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68
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Youdim MBH, Edmondson D, Tipton KF. The therapeutic potential of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7:295-309. [PMID: 16552415 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 946] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors were among the first antidepressants to be discovered and have long been used as such. It now seems that many of these agents might have therapeutic value in several common neurodegenerative conditions, independently of their inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity. However, many claims and some counter-claims have been made about the physiological importance of these enzymes and the potential of their inhibitors. We evaluate these arguments in the light of what we know, and still have to learn, of the structure, function and genetics of the monoamine oxidases and the disparate actions of their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa B H Youdim
- Technion-Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Eve Topf and US National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases.
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69
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Chen JJ, Ly AV. Rasagiline: A second-generation monoamine oxidase type-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2006; 63:915-28. [PMID: 16675649 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp050395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of rasagiline are reviewed. SUMMARY Rasagiline is a novel, investigational propargylamine that irreversibly and selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B). Rasagiline demonstrates complete and selective inhibition of MAO-B and is at least five times more potent than selegiline. Unlike selegiline, which is metabolized to amphetamine derivatives, rasagiline is biotransformed to the nonamphetamine compound aminoindan. Clinical studies have revealed that rasagiline is associated with improved outcomes in patients with early Parkinson's disease (PD) and also reduces "off" time in patients with moderate to advanced PD with motor fluctuations. Rasagiline is rapidly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and readily crosses the blood-brain barrier. The optimal therapeutic dosage is 0.5-1 mg administered orally once daily. Rasagiline appears to be well tolerated, although elderly patients may be more prone to treatment-emergent adverse cardiovascular and psychiatric effects. At the recommended therapeutic dosage of up to 1 mg once daily, tyramine restriction is unnecessary. In addition to MAO-B inhibition, rasagiline has demonstrated neuroprotective properties in experimental laboratory models. The mechanisms whereby rasagiline exerts neuroprotective effects are multifactorial and include upregulation of cellular antioxidant activity and antiapoptotic factors. CONCLUSION Rasagiline is an investigational selective and irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B that has demonstrated efficacy and safety for the treatment of PD. Whether rasagiline is associated with clinically significant neuroprotection is the subject of ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, 11262 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Binda C, Hubálek F, Li M, Herzig Y, Sterling J, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A. Binding of rasagiline-related inhibitors to human monoamine oxidases: a kinetic and crystallographic analysis. J Med Chem 2006; 48:8148-54. [PMID: 16366596 PMCID: PMC2519603 DOI: 10.1021/jm0506266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO A and B) catalyze the degradation of neurotransmitters and represent drug targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Rasagiline is an irreversible, MAO B-selective inhibitor that has been approved as a novel anti-Parkinson's drug. In this study, we investigate the inhibition of recombinant human MAO A and MAO B by several rasagiline analogues. Different substituents added onto the rasagiline scaffold alter the binding affinity depending on the position on the aminoindan ring and on the size of the substituent. Compounds with a hydroxyl group on either the C4 or the C6 atom inhibit both isozymes, whereas a bulkier substituent such as a carbamate is tolerated only at the C4 position. The 1.7 A crystal structure of MAO B in complex with 4-(N-methyl-N-ethyl-carbamoyloxy)-N-methyl-N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan shows that the binding mode is similar to that of rasagiline with the carbamate moiety occupying the entrance cavity space. 1(R)-Aminoindan, the major metabolic product of rasagiline, and its analogues reversibly inhibit both MAO A and MAO B. The crystal structure of N-methyl-1(R)-aminoindan bound to MAO B shows that its aminoindan ring adopts a different orientation compared to that of rasagiline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Binda
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, via Abbiategrasso 207, Pavia 27100 Italy
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71
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72
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Zheng H, Gal S, Weiner LM, Bar-Am O, Warshawsky A, Fridkin M, Youdim MBH. Novel multifunctional neuroprotective iron chelator-monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs for neurodegenerative diseases: in vitro studies on antioxidant activity, prevention of lipid peroxide formation and monoamine oxidase inhibition. J Neurochem 2005; 95:68-78. [PMID: 16181413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron-dependent oxidative stress, elevated levels of iron and of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B activity, and depletion of antioxidants in the brain may be major pathogenic factors in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, iron chelators, antioxidants and MAO-B inhibitors have shown efficacy in a variety of cellular and animal models of CNS injury. In searching for novel antioxidant iron chelators with potential MAO-B inhibitory activity, a series of new iron chelators has been designed, synthesized and investigated. In this study, the novel chelators were further examined for their activity as antioxidants, MAO-B inhibitors and neuroprotective agents in vitro. Three of the selected chelators (M30, HLA20 and M32) were the most effective in inhibiting iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates with IC50 values (12-16 microM), which is comparable with that of desferal, a prototype iron chelator that is not has orally active. Their antioxidant activities were further confirmed using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. In PC12 cell culture, the three novel chelators at 0.1 microM were able to attenuate cell death induced by serum deprivation and by 6-hydroxydopamine. M30 possessing propargyl, the MAO inhibitory moiety of the anti-Parkinson drug rasagiline, displayed greater neuroprotective potency than that of rasagiline. In addition, in vitro, M30 was a highly potent non-selective MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitor (IC50 < 0.1 microM). However, HLA20 was more selective for MAO-B but had poor MAO inhibition, with an IC50 value of 64.2 microM. The data suggest that M30 and HLA20 might serve as leads in developing drugs with multifunctional activities for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Zheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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73
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Toprakçí M, Yelekçi K. Docking studies on monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors: Estimation of inhibition constants (Ki) of a series of experimentally tested compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4438-46. [PMID: 16137882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (EC1.4.3.4; MAO) is a mitochondrial outer membrane flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of biogenic amines. It has two distinct isozymic forms designated MAO-A and MAO-B, each displaying different substrate and inhibitor specificities. They are the well-known targets for antidepressant and neuroprotective drugs. Elucidation of the X-ray crystallographic structure of MAO-B has opened the way for molecular modeling studies. A series of experimentally tested (1-10) model compounds has been docked computationally to the active site of the MAO-B enzyme. The AutoDock 3.0.5 program was employed to perform automated molecular docking. The free energies of binding (DeltaG) and inhibition constants (K(i)) of the docked compounds were calculated by the Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm (LGA) of AutoDock 3.0.5. Excellent to good correlations between the calculated and experimental K(i) values were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Toprakçí
- Department of Biochemistry, The School of Medicine, Kadir Has University, Hisaraltí Cad. 34230 Cibali-Fatih-Istanbul, Turkey
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Novaroli L, Reist M, Favre E, Carotti A, Catto M, Carrupt PA. Human recombinant monoamine oxidase B as reliable and efficient enzyme source for inhibitor screening. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6212-7. [PMID: 16054369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interest in inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type B (MAO B) has grown in recent years, due to their therapeutic potential in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. This study is devoted to the use of human recombinant MAO B obtained from a Baculovirus expression system (Supersomes MAO B, BD Gentest, MA, USA) as reliable and efficient enzyme source for MAO B inhibitor screening. Comparison of inhibition potencies (pIC50 values) determined with human cloned and human platelet MAO B for the two series of MAO B inhibitors, coumarin and 5H-indeno[1,2-c]pyridazin-5-one derivatives, showed that the difference between pIC50 values obtained with the two enzyme sources was not significant (P>0.05, Student's t-test). Hence, recombinant enzyme is validated as convenient enzyme source for MAO B inhibitor screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Novaroli
- LCT-Pharmacochimie, Section des sciences pharmaceutiques, Ecole de Pharmacie Genéve-Lausanne, Université de Genève, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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Hubálek F, Binda C, Khalil A, Li M, Mattevi A, Castagnoli N, Edmondson DE. Demonstration of Isoleucine 199 as a Structural Determinant for the Selective Inhibition of Human Monoamine Oxidase B by Specific Reversible Inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:15761-6. [PMID: 15710600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500949200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reversible inhibitors selective for human monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) that do not inhibit MAO A have been described in the literature. The following compounds: 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine, 1,4-diphenyl-2-butene, and trans,trans-farnesol are shown to inhibit competitively human, horse, rat, and mouse MAO B with K(i) values in the low micromolar range but are without effect on either bovine or sheep MAO B or human MAO A. In contrast, the reversible competitive inhibitor isatin binds to all known MAO B and MAO A with similar affinities. Sequence alignments and the crystal structures of human MAO B in complex with 1,4-diphenyl-2-butene or with trans,trans-farnesol provide molecular insights into these specificities. These inhibitors span the substrate and entrance cavities with the side chain of Ile-199 rotated out of its normal conformation suggesting that Ile-199 is gating the substrate cavity. Ile-199 is conserved in all known MAO B sequences except bovine MAO B, which has Phe in this position (the sequence of sheep MAO B is unknown). Phe is conserved in the analogous position in MAO A sequences. The human MAO B I199F mutant protein of MAO B binds to isatin (K(i) = 3 microM) but not to the three inhibitors listed above. The crystal structure of this mutant demonstrates that the side chain of Phe-199 interferes with the binding of those compounds. This suggests that the Ile-199 "gate" is a determinant for the specificity of these MAO B inhibitors and provides a molecular basis for the development of MAO B-specific reversible inhibitors without interference with MAO A function in neurotransmitter metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Hubálek
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Synthesis of Novel N-Substituted Imidazolecarboxylic Acid Hydrazides as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:237-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Binda C, Hubálek F, Li M, Herzig Y, Sterling J, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A. Crystal Structures of Monoamine Oxidase B in Complex with Four Inhibitors of the N-Propargylaminoindan Class. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1767-74. [PMID: 15027868 DOI: 10.1021/jm031087c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) is an outer mitochondrial membrane enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arylalkylamine neurotransmitters. The crystal structures of MAO B in complex with four of the N-propargylaminoindan class of MAO covalent inhibitors (rasagiline, N-propargyl-1(S)-aminoindan, 6-hydroxy-N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan, and N-methyl-N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan) have been determined at a resolution of better than 2.1 A. Rasagiline, 6-hydroxy-N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan, and N-methyl-N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan adopt essentially the same conformation with the extended propargyl chain covalently bound to the flavin and the indan ring located in the rear of the substrate cavity. N-Propargyl-1(S)-aminoindan binds with the indan ring in a flipped conformation with respect to the other inhibitors, which causes a slight movement of the Tyr326 side chain. Four ordered water molecules are an integral part of the active site and establish H-bond interactions to the inhibitor atoms. These structural studies may guide future drug design to improve selectivity and efficacy by introducing appropriate substituents on the rasagiline molecular scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Binda
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, Via Abbiategrasso 207, Pavia, 27100 Italy
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