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Krečmerová M, Holý A, Pohl R, Masojídková M, Andrei G, Naesens L, Neyts J, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Snoeck R. Ester Prodrugs of Cyclic 1-(S)- [3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-5-azacytosine: Synthesis and Antiviral Activity. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5765-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jm0707166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Krečmerová
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonín Holý
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Radek Pohl
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Milena Masojídková
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Tammewar AM, Cheng L, Hostetler KY, Falkenstein I, Beadle JR, Barron EC, Kozak I, Freeman WR. Intraocular Properties of An Alkoxyalkyl Derivative of Cyclic 9-(S)-(3-Hydroxyl-2-Phosphonomehoxypropyl) Adenine, An Intravitreally Injectable Anti-HCMV Drug in Rabbit and Guinea Pig. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007; 23:433-44. [PMID: 17900229 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2007.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate intraocular properties and determine the highest nontoxic dose of hexadecyloxypropyl-cyclic-HPMPA (HDP-cHPMPA), a novel, potent, intravitreally injectable, slow-releasing crystalline drug for long-acting treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. METHODS Various concentrations of HDP-cHPMPA were first studied in vitro in a human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell line infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to determine the EC50. In vivo, 9 pigmented rabbits and 3 doses (55, 100, and 550 microg/eye) were tested in triplicate in 1 eye of each animal. The eyes were monitored with slit lamp, tonopen, indirect ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography (ERG), and histology. A confirmation toxicity study with the dose equivalent to the highest nontoxic dose in rabbit was performed in 9 guinea pig eyes (a second species) to study the potential adverse effect on intraocular pressure (IOP). RESULTS In vitro testing in HFF cells showed an EC50 against HCMV of 0.02 microM, which is 75- and 60-fold greater than that of ganciclovir and cidofovir, respectively. All eyes injected with 550 microg/eye and 1 eye injected with 100 microg/eye of HDP-cHPMPA showed toxicity clinically (e.g., vitreous cells, disc edema, and retinal inflammation) as well as histologically (e.g., inflammatory cells in iris, vitreous, and retinal layers with disorganization). None of the eyes injected with 55 microg/eye of HDP-cHPMPA showed toxicity clinically (including ERG) and histologically. The equivalent dose (9.2 microg/eye) in the guinea pig eyes did not show toxicity either, including IOP evaluation (P > 0.05 at all time points after injection). CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal injection of the highest nontoxic dose of 55 microg/eye of HDP-cHPMPA in rabbit eyes yields a calculated intravitreal concentration of 65 microM, which is 3250-fold greater than the EC50 against HCMV (0.02 microM). Also, it does not cause hypotony in rabbit and guinea pig eyes and has a vitreous residence time of over 4 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay M Tammewar
- Jacobs Retina Center at Shiley Eye Center, University of California-San Diego Department of Ophthalmology, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
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Quenelle DC, Collins DJ, Herrod BP, Keith KA, Trahan J, Beadle JR, Hostetler KY, Kern ER. Effect of oral treatment with hexadecyloxypropyl-[(S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine] [(S)-HPMPA] or octadecyloxyethyl-(S)-HPMPA on cowpox or vaccinia virus infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3940-7. [PMID: 17846137 PMCID: PMC2151427 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00184-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine, or (S)-HPMPA, is active in vitro against cowpox virus (CV) and vaccinia virus (VV) but is not active orally in animals. However, the ether lipid esters of (S)-HPMPA, hexadecyloxypropyl-[(S)-HPMPA] [HDP-(S)-HPMPA] and octadecyloxyethyl-[(S)-HPMPA] [ODE-(S)-HPMPA], had significantly enhanced activity in vitro and are orally bioavailable in mice. In the current study, HDP-(S)-HPMPA and ODE-(S)-HPMPA were prepared in water and administered once daily by oral gavage to mice at doses of 30, 10, and 3 mg/kg of body weight for 5 days beginning 24, 48, or 72 h after inoculation with CV or VV. Oral HDP-(S)-HPMPA and ODE-(S)-HPMPA were both highly effective (P < 0.001) at preventing mortality due to CV at 30 mg/kg, even when treatments were delayed until up to 72 h postinfection. ODE-(S)-HPMPA or HDP-(S)-HPMPA were also highly effective (P < 0.001) at preventing mortality in mice infected with VV at 30 mg/kg when treatments were delayed until to 48 or 72 h postinfection, respectively. Protection against both viruses was associated with a significant reduction of virus replication in the liver, spleen, and kidney but not in the lung. These data indicate that HDP-(S)-HPMPA and ODE-(S)-HPMPA are active when given orally against lethal CV and VV infections in mice, and further evaluation is warranted to provide additional information on the potential of these orally active compounds for treatment of human orthopoxvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra C Quenelle
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, CHB 128, 1600 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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Painter GR, Almond MR, Trost LC, Lampert BM, Neyts J, De Clercq E, Korba BE, Aldern KA, Beadle JR, Hostetler KY. Evaluation of hexadecyloxypropyl-9-R-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]- adenine, CMX157, as a potential treatment for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis B virus infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3505-9. [PMID: 17646420 PMCID: PMC2043283 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00460-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
9-R-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-adenine (tenofovir) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate with antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Tenofovir is not orally bioavailable but becomes orally active against HIV-1 infection as the disoproxil ester (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [Viread]). We have developed an alternative strategy for promoting the oral availability of nucleoside phosphonate analogs which involves esterification with a lipid to form a lysolecithin mimic. This mimic can utilize natural lysolecithin uptake pathways in the gut, resulting in high oral availability. Since the mimic is not subject to cleavage in the plasma by nonspecific esterases, it remains intact in the circulation and facilitates uptake by target cells. Significant drops in apparent antiviral 50% effective concentrations (EC(50)s) of up to 3 logs have been observed in comparison with non-lipid-conjugated parent compounds in target cells. We have applied this technology to tenofovir with the goal of increasing oral availability, decreasing the apparent EC(50), and decreasing the potential for nephrotoxicity by reducing the exposure of the kidney to the free dianionic tenofovir. Here we report that, in vitro, the hexadecyloxypropyl ester of tenofovir, CMX157, is 267-fold more active than tenofovir against HIV-1 and 4.5-fold more active against HBV. CMX157 is orally available and has no apparent toxicity when given orally to rats for 7 days at doses of 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg/day. Consequently, CMX157 represents a second-generation tenofovir analog which may have an improved clinical profile.
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De Clercq E. Status Presens of Antiviral Drugs And Strategies: Part I: DNA Viruses and Retroviruses. ADVANCES IN ANTIVIRAL DRUG DESIGN 2007; 5:1-58. [PMID: 32288472 PMCID: PMC7146823 DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(06)05001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 compounds have been formally licensed for clinical use as antiviral drugs, and half of these are used for the treatment of HIV infections. The others have been approved for the therapy of herpesvirus (HSV, VZV, CMV), hepadnavirus (HBV), hepacivirus (HCV) and myxovirus (influenza, RSV) infections. New compounds are in clinical development or under preclinical evaluation, and, again, half of these are targeting HIV infections. Yet, quite a number of important viral pathogens (i.e. HPV, HCV, hemorrhagic fever viruses) remain in need of effective and/or improved antiviral therapies.
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Choo H, Beadle JR, Kern ER, Prichard MN, Keith KA, Hartline CB, Trahan J, Aldern KA, Korba BE, Hostetler KY. Antiviral activities of novel 5-phosphono-pent-2-en-1-yl nucleosides and their alkoxyalkyl phosphonoesters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:611-5. [PMID: 17130297 PMCID: PMC1797766 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00444-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three acyclic nucleoside phosphonates are currently approved for clinical use against infections caused by cytomegalovirus (Vistide), hepatitis B virus (Hepsera), and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (Viread). This important antiviral class inhibits viral polymerases after cellular uptake and conversion to their diphosphates, bypassing the first phosphorylation, which is required for conventional nucleoside antivirals. Small chemical alterations in the acyclic side chain lead to marked differences in antiviral activity and the spectrum of activity of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates against various classes of viral agents. We synthesized a new class of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates based on a 5-phosphono-pent-2-en-1-yl base motif in which the oxygen heteroatom usually present in acyclic nucleoside phosphonates has been replaced with a double bond. Since the intrinsic phosphonate moiety leads to low oral bioavailability and impaired cellular penetration, we also prepared the hexadecyloxypropyl esters of the 5-phosphono-pent-2-en-1-yl nucleosides. Our earlier work showed that this markedly increases antiviral activity and oral bioavailability. Although the 5-phosphono-pent-2-en-1-yl nucleosides themselves were not active, the hexadecyloxypropyl esters were active against DNA viruses and hepatitis B virus, in vitro. Notably, the hexadecyloxypropyl ester of 9-(5-phosphono-pent-2-en-1-yl)-adenine was active against hepatitis B virus mutants resistant to lamivudine, emtricitabine, and adefovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunah Choo
- Department of Medicine (0676), University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
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Hostetler KY, Aldern KA, Wan WB, Ciesla SL, Beadle JR. Alkoxyalkyl esters of (S)-9-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine are potent inhibitors of the replication of wild-type and drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:2857-9. [PMID: 16870786 PMCID: PMC1538655 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01223-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
(S)-9-[3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine [(S)-HPMPA], is an effective broad-spectrum antiviral against many DNA viruses but has been reported to be inactive against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We synthesized several alkoxyalkyl esters of (S)-HPMPA and now report that hexadecyloxypropyl-(S)-HPMPA [HDP-(S)-HPMPA] and octadecyloxyethyl-(S)-HPMPA [ODE-(S)-HPMPA]had 50% effective concentrations of 0.4 to 7.0 nanomolar and were nearly fully active against HIV variants having reverse transcriptase mutations M184V and K103N and against a zidovudine-resistant variant with mutations D67N, K70R, T215Y, and K219Q. Resistance to HDP-(S)-HPMPA and ODE-(S)-HPMPA was noted for a mutant with mutation K65R. HDP-(S)-HPMPA is also active against herpes simplex virus type 1, human cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, adenoviruses, and orthopoxviruses and is worthy of further evaluation as a possibly therapy for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Y Hostetler
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA.
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Valiaeva N, Beadle JR, Aldern KA, Trahan J, Hostetler KY. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of alkoxyalkyl esters of acyclic purine and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphonates against HIV-1 in vitro. Antiviral Res 2006; 72:10-9. [PMID: 16630664 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate, have been shown to have antiviral activities several orders of magnitude greater than unmodified cidofovir against cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, vaccinia, cowpox, ectromelia and adenoviruses in vitro. Hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir is orally bioavailable and active in lethal animal models of vaccinia, cowpox, ectromelia and cytomegalovirus. To see if this strategy is also applicable to other acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, we have converted several phosophonomethoxyethyl purines and pyrimidines to their hexadecyloxypropyl, octadecyloxyethyl and oleyloxyethyl esters and compared their activity against HIV-1 with the activity of the respective unmodified acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. The hexadecyloxypropyl esters of phosphonomethoxyethyl-adenine, phosphonomethoxyethyl-2,6-diaminopurine and phosphonomethoxyethyl-N(6)-cyclopropyl-diaminopurine were 3-5 orders of magnitude more active against HIV-1 in vitro than the parent nucleotides. The EC(50) values for these compounds were in the 10-20 pM range with selective indexes of 1,250 to >4,000. The acyclic pyrimidine phosphonates were generally inactive against HIV-1 in vitro. Phosphonomethoxyethyl-cytosine and phosphonomethoxyethyl-5-fluorocytosine were inactive against HIV-1. Surprisingly, hexadecyloxypropyl-phosphonomethoxyethyl-5-fluorocytosine was active against HIV-1 with a submicromolar EC(50) and a selective index of 174. Esterification of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with alkoxyalkyl moieties may represent a general approach for increasing antiviral activity and selectivity of this class of antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Valiaeva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, USA
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