51
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Dmitriev RI, Ropiak HM, Ponomarev GV, Yashunsky DV, Papkovsky DB. Cell-Penetrating Conjugates of Coproporphyrins with Oligoarginine Peptides: Rational Design and Application for Sensing Intracellular O2. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2507-18. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200324q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan I. Dmitriev
- Biochemistry Department, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building,
Cork, Ireland
| | - Honorata M. Ropiak
- Biochemistry Department, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building,
Cork, Ireland
| | - Gelii V. Ponomarev
- Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaia Ul.
10/2, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri V. Yashunsky
- Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaia Ul.
10/2, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri B. Papkovsky
- Biochemistry Department, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building,
Cork, Ireland
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52
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Kuwada E, Tadaki T, Kambara K, Egawa K, Noguchi K. Conjugation to octa-arginine via disulfide bonds confers solubility to denatured proteins in physiological solution and enables efficient cell internalization. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2011; 58:439-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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53
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Srivatsan A, Ethirajan M, Pandey SK, Dubey S, Zheng X, Liu TH, Shibata M, Missert J, Morgan J, Pandey RK. Conjugation of cRGD peptide to chlorophyll a based photosensitizer (HPPH) alters its pharmacokinetics with enhanced tumor-imaging and photosensitizing (PDT) efficacy. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1186-97. [PMID: 21702452 PMCID: PMC3148296 DOI: 10.1021/mp200018y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The α(v)β(3) integrin receptor plays an important role in human metastasis and tumor-induced angiogenesis. Cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (cRGD) peptide represents a selective α(v)β(3) integrin ligand that has been extensively used for research, therapy, and diagnosis of neoangiogenesis. For developing photosensitizers with enhanced PDT efficacy, we here report the synthesis of a series of bifunctional agents in which the 3-(1'-hexyloxyethyl)-3-devinylpyropheophorbide a (HPPH), a chlorophyll-based photosensitizer, was conjugated to cRGD and the related analogues. The cell uptake and in vitro PDT efficacy of the conjugates were studied in α(v)β(3) integrin overexpressing U87 and 4T1 cell lines whereas the in vivo PDT efficacy and fluorescence-imaging potential of the conjugates were compared with the corresponding nonconjugated photosensitizer HPPH in 4T1 tumors. Compared to HPPH, the HPPH-cRGD conjugate in which the arginine and aspartic acid moieties were available for binding to two subunits of α(v)β(3) integrin showed faster clearance, enhanced tumor imaging and enhanced PDT efficacy at 2-4 h postinjection. Molecular modeling studies also confirmed that the presence of the HPPH moiety in HPPH-cRGD conjugate does not interfere with specific recognition of cRGD by α(v)β(3) integrin. Compared to U87 and 4T1 cells the HPPH-cRGD showed significantly low photosensitizing efficacy in A431 (α(v)β(3) negative) tumor cells, suggesting possible target specificity of the conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Srivatsan
- PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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54
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Synthesis of covalent conjugates of hexaarabinofuranoside with proteins and their testing as antigens for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. Russ Chem Bull 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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55
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Giuntini F, Alonso CMA, Boyle RW. Synthetic approaches for the conjugation of porphyrins and related macrocycles to peptides and proteins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:759-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00366b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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56
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Dmitriev RI, Ropiak HM, Yashunsky DV, Ponomarev GV, Zhdanov AV, Papkovsky DB. Bactenecin 7 peptide fragment as a tool for intracellular delivery of a phosphorescent oxygen sensor. FEBS J 2010; 277:4651-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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57
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Jensen TJ, H. Vicente MG, Luguya R, Norton J, Fronczek FR, Smith KM. Effect of overall charge and charge distribution on cellular uptake, distribution and phototoxicity of cationic porphyrins in HEp2 cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2010; 100:100-11. [PMID: 20558079 PMCID: PMC3161426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Five cationic porphyrins bearing one to four -N(CH(3))(3)(+) groups linked to the p-phenyl positions of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) were synthesized in order to study the effect of overall charge and its distribution on the cellular uptake, phototoxicity and intracellular localization using human carcinoma HEp2 cells. The di-cationic porphyrins DADP-o and DADP-a accumulated the most within cells and preferentially localize within vesicular compartments and in mitochondria. Of these two only DADP-a was phototoxic to the cells (IC(50)=3 microM at 1 J/cm(2)). The mono-cationic porphyrin MAP was found to be the most phototoxic of the series, and it localized mainly in lipid membranes, including the plasma membrane, ER, mitochondria, and Golgi. Both the tri-cationic porphyrin TRAP and the tetra-cationic porphyrin TEAP localized subcellularly mainly in the mitochondria, but of the two only TEAP showed moderate phototoxicity (IC(50)=8 microM at 1 J/cm(2)). Our results suggest that MAP is the most promising PDT photosensitizer, and that both DADP-o and TRAP might find application as transport vehicles for therapeutics into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - Raymond Luguya
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jolanna Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - Frank R Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - Kevin M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
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58
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Chen Z, Zhou S, Chen J, Deng Y, Luo Z, Chen H, Hamblin MR, Huang M. Pentalysine beta-carbonylphthalocyanine zinc: an effective tumor-targeting photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:890-8. [PMID: 20458713 PMCID: PMC2935799 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical phthalocyanine derivatives have been widely studied as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), targeting various tumor types. However, the preparation of unsymmetrical phthalocyanines is always a challenge due to the presence of many possible structural isomers. Herein we report a new unsymmetrical zinc phthalocyanine, pentalysine beta-carbonylphthalocyanine zinc (ZnPc-(Lys)(5)), that was prepared in large quantity and high purity. This is a water-soluble cationic photosensitizer and maintains a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation similar to that of unsubstituted zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc). Compared with anionic ZnPc counterparts, ZnPc-(Lys)(5) shows a higher level cellular uptake and 20-fold higher phototoxicity toward tumor cells. Pharmacokinetics and PDT studies of ZnPc-(Lys)(5) in S180 tumor-bearing mice showed a high ratio of tumor versus skin retention and significant tumor inhibition. This new molecular framework will allow synthetic diversity in the number of lysine residues incorporated and will facilitate future QSAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 (China), Fax: (+86) 591-83714946
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Shanyong Zhou
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Jincan Chen
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Yicai Deng
- Sun Yat-Sen University No. 1 Hospital, 58 Zhong Shan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 (China)
| | - Zhipu Luo
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 (China), Fax: (+86) 591-83714946
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 (China), Fax: (+86) 591-83714946
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston MA 02114 (USA)
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 (USA)
- Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Mingdong Huang
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 (China), Fax: (+86) 591-83714946
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
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59
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Das B, Tokunaga E, Tanaka M, Sasaki T, Shibata N. Perfluoroisopropyl Zinc Phthalocyanines Conjugated with Deoxyribonucleosides: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties and In Vitro Photodynamic Activities. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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60
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CHEN HW, CHEN JC, CHEN NS, HUANG JL, WANG JD, HUANG MD. Applications of Peptide Conjugated Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2009.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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61
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Jensen TJ, Vicente MGH. Influence of the number and distribution of NLS peptides on the photosensitizing activity of multimeric porphyrin–NLS. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1160-72. [DOI: 10.1039/b917280g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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62
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Ménard F, Sol V, Ringot C, Granet R, Alves S, Morvan CL, Queneau Y, Ono N, Krausz P. Synthesis of tetraglucosyl- and tetrapolyamine–tetrabenzoporphyrin conjugates for an application in PDT. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7647-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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63
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Rostami E, Heidaryan D, Fattahi H, Shockravi A, Zarei M, Rakhshanderu F. Efficient Routes for the Synthesis of Dinaphthosulfide (BINOL Derivatives) and Dibenzosulfide Aza Podands Containing Ethanolamine. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500802417059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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64
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New OM, Dolphin D. Design and Synthesis of Novel Phenothiazinium Photosensitiser Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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65
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Seward GK, Wei Q, Dmochowski IJ. Peptide-mediated cellular uptake of cryptophane. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 19:2129-35. [PMID: 18925770 DOI: 10.1021/bc8002265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cryptophane-A has generated considerable interest based on its high affinity for xenon and potential for creating biosensors for (129)Xe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Here, we report the cellular delivery of three peptide-functionalized cryptophane biosensors. Cryptophanes were delivered using two cationic cell penetrating peptides into several human cancer and normal cell lines. An RGD peptide targeting alpha(v)beta(3) integrin receptor was shown to increase specificity of cryptophane cell uptake. Labeling the peptides with Cy3 made it possible to monitor cellular delivery using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The peptido-cryptophanes were determined to be relatively nontoxic by MTT assay at the micromolar cryptophane concentrations that are required for (129)Xe NMR biosensing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry K Seward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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66
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Sibani SA, McCarron PA, Woolfson AD, Donnelly RF. Photosensitiser delivery for photodynamic therapy. Part 2: systemic carrier platforms. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 5:1241-54. [PMID: 18976134 DOI: 10.1517/17425240802444673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of solid tumours and angiogenic ocular diseases by photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires the injection of a photosensitiser (PS) to destroy target cells through a combination of visible light irradiation and molecular oxygen. There is currently great interest in the development of efficient and specific carrier delivery platforms for systemic PDT. OBJECTIVE This article aims to review recent developments in systemic carrier delivery platforms for PDT, with an emphasis on target specificity. METHODS Recent publications, spanning the last five years, concerning delivery carrier platforms for systemic PDT were reviewed, including PS conjugates, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes and nanoparticles. RESULTS/CONCLUSION PS conjugates and supramolecular delivery platforms can improve PDT selectivity by exploiting cellular and physiological specificities of the targeted tissue. Overexpression of receptors in cancer and angiogenic endothelial cells allows their targeting by affinity-based moieties for the selective uptake of PS conjugates and encapsulating delivery carriers, while the abnormal tumour neovascularisation induces a specific accumulation of heavy weighted PS carriers by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In addition, polymeric prodrug delivery platforms triggered by the acidic nature of the tumour environment or the expression of proteases can be designed. Promising results obtained with recent systemic carrier platforms will, in due course, be translated into the clinic for highly efficient and selective PDT protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane A Sibani
- Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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67
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Balaz M, Collins HA, Dahlstedt E, Anderson HL. Synthesis of hydrophilic conjugated porphyrin dimers for one-photon and two-photon photodynamic therapy at NIR wavelengths. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:874-88. [DOI: 10.1039/b814789b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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68
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Sun L, Liu D, Wang Z. Functional gold nanoparticle-peptide complexes as cell-targeting agents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:10293-7. [PMID: 18715022 DOI: 10.1021/la8015063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a novel approach using peptide CALNN and its derivative CALNNGGRRRRRRRR (CALNNR(8)) to functionalize gold nanoparticles for intracellular component targeting. The translocation is effected by the nanoparticle diameter and CALNNR(8) surface coverage. The intracellular distributions of the complexes are change from the cellular nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum by increasing the density of CALNNR(8) at a constant nanoparticle diameter. Additionally, increasing the nanoparticle diameter at a constant density of CALNNR(8) leads to less cellular internalization. These translocations of the complexes cause unique colorimetric expressions of the cell structure. The cell viability is affected by the internalized gold nanoparticle-peptide complexes in terms of quantities of particles per cell. In addition, the intracellular distribution of the fluorescence quenching is investigated by a fluorescent confocal scanning laser microscopy, which also gives further evidence of intracellular distribution of the gold nanoparticle-peptide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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69
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Sehgal I, Sibrian-Vazquez M. Photoinduced Cytotoxicity and Biodistribution of Prostate Cancer Cell-Targeted Porphyrins. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6014-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800444c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inder Sehgal
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Martha Sibrian-Vazquez
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
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70
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Jensen TJ, Vicente MGH. Synthesis, Characterization, and Metabolic Stability of Porphyrin−Peptide Conjugates Bearing Bifunctional Signaling Sequences. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2915-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701050j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
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71
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Synthesis, penetrability and intracellular targeting of fluorescein-tagged peptoids and peptide-peptoid hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:959-66. [PMID: 18343124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel, generally applicable and highly efficient delivery tools is a major activity in the biotechnology arena. Using highly optimized microwave based solid-phase chemistry a series of fluorescein-labelled cationic peptoid conjugates were synthesized within 24h and cellular uptake into HeLa, L929 and K562 cells examined via flow cytometry. As expected, analysis revealed that longer oligomers achieved greater cellular penetration (7e (9 mer)>7d (7 mer)>7c (5 mer)>7b (3 mer)>7a (1 mer)) with the nonamer 7e proving to be a remarkable vehicle for all the cell lines, showing excellent penetrability into K562 and L929 cells and extraordinary cell delivery into HeLa cells. Confocal microscopy showed that the hybrid peptoid-nuclear localizing sequence (PKKKRKV from the simian virus 40 large T antigen) resulted in very high levels of nuclei delivery after 3h, opening up a range of applications such as nuclei staining of living cells with non-DNA-intercalating fluorescent probes.
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72
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Nesterova IV, Jensen TJ, Vicente MGH. Mitochondria targeting by guanidine- and biguanidine-porphyrin photosensitizers. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:705-13. [PMID: 18269224 DOI: 10.1021/bc700393u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the syntheses of three new amphiphilic porphyrin derivatives, containing a guanidine, a biguanidine, or an MLS peptide, that were designed to target the cell mitochondria. The guanidine- and biguanidine-porphyrins are poorly soluble in water, forming J-type aggregates in aqueous solutions. On the other hand, the porphyrin-MLS peptide conjugate bearing a low molecular weight PEG spacer is highly water-soluble and does not aggregate in aqueous media. The fluorescence quantum yields determined for all porphyrins were higher at low pH (<6) and the porphyrin-peptide conjugate had the highest quantum yields in aqueous media. All porphyrins showed low dark toxicity toward human carcinoma HEp2 cells, and the guanidine-porphyrin was the most phototoxic (IC 50 = 4.8 microM at 1 J cm (-2)), followed by the biguanidine-porphyrin and the porphyrin-MLS (IC50 = 8.2 microM and 9.8 microM at 1 J cm (-2), respectively). The porphyrin-MLS peptide conjugate accumulated the most within cells of all porphyrins at all times investigated and the biguanidine-porphyrin accumulated the least. Both the guanidine- and biguanidine-porphyrins localized within cell mitochondria and, in addition, were found in the lysosomes and the ER (in the case of the guanidine-porphyrin). In contrast, the porphyrin-MLS peptide conjugate localized mainly within the cell lysosomes.
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73
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Li H, Jensen TJ, Fronczek FR, Vicente MGH. Syntheses and Properties of a Series of Cationic Water-Soluble Phthalocyanines. J Med Chem 2008; 51:502-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070781f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Li
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Timothy J. Jensen
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
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74
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Chen Y, Potter WR, Missert JR, Morgan J, Pandey RK. Comparative in Vitro and in Vivo Studies on Long-Wavelength Photosensitizers Derived from Bacteriopurpurinimide and Bacteriochlorin p6: Fused Imide Ring Enhances the in Vivo PDT Efficacy. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1460-73. [PMID: 17705415 DOI: 10.1021/bc070092i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In situ conversion of bacteriochlorophyll-a, present in Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Rb. sphaeroides) gave bacteriopurpurin-18 in modest yield, which in a sequence of reactions was converted into two series of bacteriochlorins: bacteriopurpurinimide and bacteriopurpurin p6 with and without a fused imide ring system, respectively. To determine the effect of overall lipophilicity in photosensitizing efficacy, these bacteriochlorins were independently reacted with HBr gas and subsequently treated with various alkyl alcohols to afford the corresponding alkyl ether derivatives as diastereomeric mixtures (the R- and S-isomers were obtained in almost equal ratios). Between the two series of bacteriochlorins, the bacteriopurpurinimides containing a fused imide ring system were found to be more effective in vivo (C3H mice bearing RIF tumors). To investigate the effect of the presence of the chiral center at position 3 of the most effective purpurinimide 9 [3(1'-heptyloxy)ethyl-3-deacetyl-bacteriopurpurin-18-N-hexylimide propyl ester], the acetyl group was replaced with a hydroxymethyl substituent and converted into 3(1'-decyloxy)methyl-3-deacetyl-purpurin-18-N-hexylimide methyl ester 26 with a similar lipophilicity. Interestingly, compared to 26, the bacteriopurpurinimide 9 was found to be more effective, suggesting that the chiral center at position 3 certainly plays an important role in photosensitizing activity. Among a series of alkyl ether analogues, between the PDT efficacy and the lipophilicity (log P and log D) calculated by computational methods (PALLAS program), a parabolic relationship was observed to some extent. However, it was limited to a particular series, e.g., compounds with similar log P values between bacteriopurpurinimides and bacteriochlorin e6 did not produce similar in vivo efficacy. As expected, within a series, a linear relationship was observed between the log P values and the HPLC retention times of the photosensitizers. Some of the mitochondrial localized photosensitizers showed a significant peripheral benzodiazepine binding (PBR) affinity. However, limited correlation between PBR binding affinity and in vivo PDT efficacy was observed. Compared to the naturally occurring bacteriochlorophyll-a, the bacteriopurpurinimides with fused imide ring system showed higher in vitro/in vivo stability. In contrast to methyl pyropheophorbide-a, the ester functionalities in bacteriopurpurinimide did not convert into the corresponding carboxylic acid by the enzyme esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Chen
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, PDT Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Jensen TJ, Vicente MGH. Porphyrin−Retinamides: Synthesis and Cellular Studies. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1185-93. [PMID: 17518439 DOI: 10.1021/bc0700382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of four porphyrin-retinamides containing either all-trans- or 13-cis-retinoid acid residues, directly linked to the para-phenyl position of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin or via a low-molecular-weight PEG spacer, have been synthesized. The biological properties of these conjugates were evaluated in a model cell line, human HEp2, and in neuroblastoma SK-N-DZ cells, which exhibit moderate expression of retinoic acid receptors and retinoic acid-induced differentiation. The directly linked porphyrin-retinamides were taken up by a greater extent (20-50% more) in SK-N-DZ than in HEp2 cells. However, the PEG-containing conjugates accumulated maximally within both cell lines and approximately by the same amount, probably due to their increased amphiphilicity. Among all conjugates, the porphyrin-PEG-13-cis-retinamide accumulated the most in both cell lines (about 5 times more than the non-pegylated conjugates). None of the porphyrin-retinamide conjugates were toxic toward HEp2 cells at concentrations up to 100 microM, and only the hydrophobic non-pegylated conjugates were moderately toxic to SK-N-DZ cells [IC50 (dark) = 56-92 microM, and IC50 (at 1 J/cm2) = 6-8 microM]. All conjugates preferentially localized within cellular vesicles that correlated well to the lysosomes and, in addition, the PEG-containing porphyrin-retinamides were also found in the ER.
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76
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Liu Y, Steiniger SC, Kim Y, Kaufmann GF, Felding-Habermann B, Janda KD. Mechanistic studies of a peptidic GRP78 ligand for cancer cell-specific drug delivery. Mol Pharm 2007; 4:435-47. [PMID: 17373820 PMCID: PMC2533281 DOI: 10.1021/mp060122j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Major obstacles in the development of new therapeutic anticancer drugs are the low bioavailability of hydrophilic substances and the nonspecific toxicity toward healthy tissues. As such, cell-targeting oligopeptides have emerged as attractive drug delivery vehicles for a variety of different types of cargo. The recently identified peptide Pep42 binds to the glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), which is overexpressed on the cell surface of human cancer cells and internalizes into these cells. Herein, we demonstrate how Pep42 can be utilized as a carrier for different types of cytotoxic drugs to specifically target human cancer cell lines in vitro in a strictly GRP78-dependent manner. Furthermore, the mechanism of internalization of Pep42 was elucidated and found to involve clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Pep42 subsequently colocalizes within the lysosomal compartment. Importantly, we also provide evidence that Pep42-conjugated quantum dots have the ability to selectively enrich in tumor tissue in a xenograft mouse model. Our results suggest that the highly specific GRP78-Pep42 interaction can be utilized for the generation of Pep42-drug conjugates as a powerful anticancer drug delivery system that could substantially enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy by increasing the drug-tumor specificity, thus minimizing the adverse side effects associated with conventional cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Sebastian C.J. Steiniger
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Gunnar F. Kaufmann
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Brunhilde Felding-Habermann
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Kim D. Janda
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
- Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
- *Address correspondence to this author: Kim D. Janda, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, Tel. 858 784-2516; Fax. 858 784-2590 e.mail:
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77
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Stefflova K, Li H, Chen J, Zheng G. Peptide-based pharmacomodulation of a cancer-targeted optical imaging and photodynamic therapy agent. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:379-88. [PMID: 17298029 PMCID: PMC2535810 DOI: 10.1021/bc0602578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a folate receptor-targeted, water-soluble, and pharmacomodulated photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent that selectively detects and destroys the targeted cancer cells while sparing normal tissue. This was achieved by minimizing the normal organ uptake (e.g., liver and spleen) and by discriminating between tumors with different levels of folate receptor (FR) expression. This construct (Pyro-peptide-Folate, PPF) is composed of three components: (1) pyropheophorbide a (Pyro) as an imaging and therapeutic agent, (2) peptide sequence as a stable linker and modulator improving the delivery efficiency, and (3) Folate as a homing molecule targeting FR-expressing cancer cells. We observed an enhanced accumulation of PPF in KB cancer cells (FR+) compared to HT 1080 cancer cells (FR-), resulting in a more effective post-PDT killing of KB cells over HT 1080 or normal CHO cells. The accumulation of PPF in KB cells can be up to 70% inhibited by an excess of free folic acid. The effect of Folate on preferential accumulation of PPF in KB tumors (KB vs HT 1080 tumors 2.5:1) was also confirmed in vivo. In contrast to that, no significant difference between the KB and HT 1080 tumor was observed in case of the untargeted probe (Pyro-peptide, PP), eliminating the potential influence of Pyro's own nonspecific affinity to cancer cells. More importantly, we found that incorporating a short peptide sequence considerably improved the delivery efficiency of the probe--a process we attributed to a possible peptide-based pharmacomodulation--as was demonstrated by a 50-fold reduction in PPF accumulation in liver and spleen when compared to a peptide-lacking probe (Pyro-K-Folate, PKF). This approach could potentially be generalized to improve the delivery efficiency of other targeted molecular imaging and photodynamic therapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Stefflova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, MaRS Center, TMDT 5-363, 101 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, MaRS Center, TMDT 5-363, 101 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Joey and Toby Tanenbaum/Brazilian Ball Chair in Prostate Cancer Research
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: . Phone: 1-416-581-7666. Fax: 1-416-581-7667
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78
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Ortiz J, Nesterova IV, Fernandez-Lazaro F, Sastre-Santos A, Soper SA, Vicente MGH. Synthesis and Properties of Cell-Targeted Zn(II)−Phthalocyanine−Peptide Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:410-20. [PMID: 17279788 DOI: 10.1021/bc060297b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two Zn-Pc-peptide conjugates bearing either a short linker or a long PEG-linker between the macrocycle and a bifunctional peptide containing the nucleoplasmin and HIV-1 Tat 48-60 sequences have been synthesized in order to increase the Pc cell-targeting ability and to evaluate the effect of the linker. The presence of the peptide chain increased the water solubility of the Pc macrocycle and, consequently, its fluorescence in aqueous solutions. The highest fluorescence quantum yields were observed at low pH (5.0) for both conjugates and were always higher for the conjugate bearing the short linker. Both conjugates were found to have low dark cytotoxicity toward human HEp2 cells (IC50 > 77 microM) but were highly phototoxic (IC50 < 2 microM at 1 J cm-2). The conjugate bearing the long PEG-linker accumulated the most within cells (26 times more than the unconjugated Zn-Pc), followed by the short linker conjugate (17 times more than the unconjugated Zn-Pc). Both conjugates were found to localized preferentially within the cell lysosomes.
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79
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Jensen TJ, Vicente MGH. Synthesis and cellular studies of PEG-functionalized meso-tetraphenylporphyrins. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2007; 86:9-21. [PMID: 16987669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of four PEG-functionalized porphyrins, containing one to four low molecular weight PEG chains linked via amide bonds to the para-phenyl positions of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin, are reported. The hydrophobic character of the PEG-porphyrins decreases with the number of PEG chains linked to the porphyrin ring, while their tendency for aggregation in buffered aqueous solution increases. The porphyrins containing one or two PEG chains accumulated within human HEp2 cells to a much higher extent than those having three or four PEGs at the macrocycle periphery. All PEG-porphyrins were found to be non-toxic in the dark, and only those containing one or two PEG chains were phototoxic (IC(50)=2 microM at 1J/cm(2) light dose). The preferential sites of subcellular localization of the porphyrins containing one or two PEG chains were found to be the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), while those containing three or four PEG chains localize preferentially in the lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Sibrian-Vazquez
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 433 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Hao E, Jensen TJ, Vicente MGH. Enhanced cellular uptake with a cobaltacarborane-porphyrin-HIV-1 Tat 48-60 conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17:928-34. [PMID: 16848399 DOI: 10.1021/bc060047v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of four porphyrin-cobaltacarborane conjugates have been synthesized, containing three or four cobaltabisdicarbollide anions linked by O(CH(2)CH(2)O)(2) groups to the porphyrin macrocycle and one of them containing a HIV-1 Tat 48-60 peptide sequence linked via a low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer. The cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and preferential sites of intracellular localization of the conjugates were evaluated in human HEp2 cells. All conjugates are nontoxic in the dark at the concentrations studied. Upon exposure to low light dose (1 J cm(-)(2)) only the porphyrin-cobaltacarborane-HIV-1 Tat 48-60 conjugate showed 30% inhibition of cell proliferation at a concentration of 10 microM. The cellular uptake was dependent on the number of carborane cages and was significantly enhanced by the presence of the cell penetrating peptide sequence HIV-1 Tat 48-60. All conjugates preferentially localized in the cell lysosomes.
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81
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Wojtyk JT, Goyan R, Gudgin-Dickson E, Pottier R. Exploiting tumour biology to develop novel drug delivery strategies for PDT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mla.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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82
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Liang G, Wang L, Yang Z, Koon H, Mak N, Chang CK, Xu B. Using enzymatic reactions to enhance the photodynamic therapy effect of porphyrin dityrosine phosphates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:5021-3. [PMID: 17146514 DOI: 10.1039/b611557h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis and photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect of a porphyrin derivative containing tyrosine phosphate, which promises a new, useful approach to develop PDT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaolin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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