1
|
Lin M, Eubanks LM, Zhou B, Janda KD. Evaluation of a hapten conjugate vaccine against the "zombie drug" xylazine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4711-4714. [PMID: 38596865 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00883a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Xylazine has emerged as a primary adulterant in fentanyl, exacerbating the complexity of the opioid crisis. Yet, there is no approved drug that can reverse xylazine's pathophysiology. As a prelude to monoclonal antibodies being assessed as a viable therapeutic, a vaccine inquiry was conducted evaluating the immune response in reversing xylazine induced behavior effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee JC, Shirey RJ, Turner LD, Park H, Lairson LL, Janda KD. Discovery of PLD4 modulators by high-throughput screening and kinetic analysis. Results Chem 2024; 7:101349. [PMID: 38560090 PMCID: PMC10977906 DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and D4 (PLD4) are endolysosomal exonucleases of ssDNA and ssRNA that regulate innate immunity. Polymorphisms of these enzymes are correlated with numerous human diseases, including Alzheimer's, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis. Pharmacological modulation of these immunoregulatory proteins may yield novel immunotherapies and adjuvants. A previous study reported a high-throughput screen (N = 17,952) that discovered a PLD3-selective activator and inhibitor, as well as a nonselective inhibitor, but failed to identify selective modulators of PLD4. However, modulators selective for PLD4 are therapeutically pertinent, since recent reports have shown that regulating this protein has direct implications in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, the high expression of PLD4 in dendritic and myeloid cells, in comparison to the broader expression of PLD3, presents the opportunity for a cell-targeted immunotherapy. Here, we describe screening of an expended diversity library (N = 45,760) with an improved platform and report the discovery of one inhibitor and three activators selective for PLD4. Furthermore, kinetic modeling and structural analysis suggest mechanistic differences in the modulation of these hits. These findings further establish the utility of this screening platform and provide a set of chemical scaffolds to guide future small-molecule development for this novel immunoregulator target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan J. Shirey
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lewis D. Turner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyeri Park
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Luke L. Lairson
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Richardson RS, Sulima A, Rice KC, Kucharczk JA, Janda KD, Nisbett KE, Koob GF, Vendruscolo LF, Leggio L. Pharmacological GHSR (ghrelin receptor) blockade reduces alcohol binge-like drinking in male and female mice. Neuropharmacology 2023; 238:109643. [PMID: 37369277 PMCID: PMC10513123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide that is produced by endocrine cells that are primarily localized in the stomach. Ghrelin receptors (GHSR) are expressed in the brain and periphery. Preclinical and clinical studies support a role for ghrelin in alcohol drinking and seeking. The GHSR has been suggested to be a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, the role of the ghrelin system and its potential modulation by biological sex on binge-like drinking has not been comprehensively investigated. The present study tested six GHSR antagonists in an alcohol binge-like drinking procedure in male and female mice. Systemic administration of the GHSR antagonists JMV2959, PF-5190457, PF-6870961, and HM-04 reduced alcohol intake in both male and female mice. YIL-781 decreased intake in males, and LEAP2 (likely peripherally restricted) did not reduce intake in mice of either sex. We also administered LEAP2 and JMV2959 intracerebroventricularly to investigate whether the effects of GHSR blockade on alcohol intake are mediated by central receptors. The central administration of LEAP2 and JMV2959 decreased alcohol intake, particularly in high-drinking animals. Finally, in a preliminary experiment, an anti-ghrelin vaccine was examined for its potential effect on binge-like drinking and had no effect. In all experiments, there was a lack of meaningful sex differences. These findings suggest that central GHSR mediates binge-like alcohol intake. These data reveal novel pharmacological compounds with translational potential in the treatment of AUD and provide further evidence of the GHSR as a potential treatment target for AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rani S Richardson
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stress & Addiction Neuroscience Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; University of North Carolina School of Medicine MD/PhD Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jed A Kucharczk
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Khalin E Nisbett
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stress & Addiction Neuroscience Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Graduate College, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Stress & Addiction Neuroscience Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eubanks LM, Pholcharee T, Oyen D, Natori Y, Zhou B, Wilson IA, Janda KD. An Engineered Human-Antibody Fragment with Fentanyl Pan-Specificity That Reverses Carfentanil-Induced Respiratory Depression. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2849-2856. [PMID: 37534714 PMCID: PMC10791143 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The opioid overdose crisis primarily driven by potent synthetic opioids resulted in more than 500,000 deaths in the US over the last 20 years. Though naloxone, a short-acting medication, remains the primary treatment option for temporarily reversing opioid overdose effects, alternative countermeasures are needed. Monoclonal antibodies present a versatile therapeutic opportunity that can be tailored to synthetic opioids and help prevent post-treatment renarcotization. The ultrapotent analog carfentanil is especially concerning due to its unique pharmacological properties. With this in mind, we generated a fully human antibody through a drug-specific B cell sorting strategy with a combination of carfentanil and fentanyl probes. The resulting pan-specific antibody was further optimized through scFv phage display, producing C10-S66K. This monoclonal antibody displays high affinity to carfentanil, fentanyl, and other analogs and reversed carfentanil-induced respiratory depression. Additionally, X-ray crystal structures with carfentanil and fentanyl bound provided structural insight into key drug:antibody interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037,
United States
| | - Tossapol Pholcharee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational
Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - David Oyen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational
Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037,
United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037,
United States
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational
Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA
92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037,
United States
- Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The
Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park H, Lin M, Zhou J, Eubanks LM, Zhou B, Janda KD. Development of a vaccine against the synthetic opioid U-47700. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1219985. [PMID: 37492086 PMCID: PMC10363602 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1219985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorders and overdose have become a major public health concern in recent years. U-47700, a New psychoactive substances (NPS) opioid, also known as "pinky" or "pink" has been identified as a new threat in the drug supply because of its potency and abuse potential. Conjugate vaccines that can produce antibodies against target drug molecules have emerged as a promising tool to treat substance use disorders. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and in vivo characterization of a U-47700 vaccine. The vaccine demonstrated favorable results with rodents producing elevated levels of antibody titer and sub-micromolar affinity to U-47700. In addition, antibodies generated by the vaccine effectively mitigated drug-induced effects by preventing the drug from penetrating the blood-brain barrier, which was verified by antinociception and drug biodistribution studies. The development of a vaccine against U-47700 and other NPS opioids contributes to the continued advancement of non-conventional pharmacological treatments to address the global opioid epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeri Park
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mingliang Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jian Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- The College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lisa M. Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Eubanks LM, Pholcharee T, Oyen D, Natori Y, Zhou B, Wilson IA, Janda KD. An Engineered Human-Antibody Fragment with Fentanyl Pan-Specificity that Reverses Carfentanil-Induced Respiratory Depression. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.04.547721. [PMID: 37461607 PMCID: PMC10349930 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.04.547721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The opioid overdose crisis primarily driven by potent synthetic opioids resulted in more than 500,000 deaths in the US over the last 20 years. Though naloxone, a short acting medication, remains the primary treatment option for temporarily reversing opioid overdose effects, alternative countermeasures are needed. Monoclonal antibodies present a versatile therapeutic opportunity that can be tailored for synthetic opioids and that can help prevent post-treatment renarcotization. The ultrapotent analog carfentanil, is especially concerning due to its unique pharmacological properties. With this in mind, we generated a fully human antibody through a drug-specific B cell sorting strategy with a combination of carfentanil and fentanyl probes. The resulting pan-specific antibody was further optimized through scFv phage display. This antibody, C10-S66K, displays high affinity to carfentanil, fentanyl, and other analogs, and reversed carfentanil-induced respiratory depression. Additionally, x-ray crystal structures with carfentanil and fentanyl bound provided structural insight into key drug:antibody interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Tossapol Pholcharee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - David Oyen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lin M, Eubanks LM, Karadkhelkar NM, Blake S, Janda KD. Catalytic Antibody Blunts Carfentanil-Induced Respiratory Depression. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:802-811. [PMID: 37200811 PMCID: PMC10186356 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carfentanil, the most potent of the fentanyl analogues, is at the forefront of synthetic opioid-related deaths, second to fentanyl. Moreover, the administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone has proven inadequate for an increasing number of opioid-related conditions, often requiring higher/additional doses to be effective, as such interest in alternative strategies to combat more potent synthetic opioids has intensified. Increasing drug metabolism would be one strategy to detoxify carfentanil; however, carfentanil's major metabolic pathways involve N-dealkylation or monohydroxylation, which do not lend themselves readily to exogenous enzyme addition. Herein, we report, to our knowledge, the first demonstration that carfentanil's methyl ester when hydrolyzed to its acid was found to be 40,000 times less potent than carfentanil in activating the μ-opioid receptor. Physiological consequences of carfentanil and its acid were also examined through plethysmography, and carfentanil's acid was found to be incapable of inducing respiratory depression. Based upon this information, a hapten was chemically synthesized and immunized, allowing the generation of antibodies that were screened for carfentanil ester hydrolysis. From the screening campaign, three antibodies were found to accelerate the hydrolysis of carfentanil's methyl ester. From this series of catalytic antibodies, the most active underwent extensive kinetic analysis, allowing us to postulate its mechanism of hydrolysis against this synthetic opioid. In the context of potential clinical applications, the antibody, when passively administered, was able to reduce respiratory depression induced by carfentanil. The data presented supports further development of antibody catalysis as a biologic strategy to complement carfentanil overdose reversal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Lin
- Departments of Chemistry
and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute
of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps
Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M. Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry
and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute
of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps
Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nishant M. Karadkhelkar
- Departments of Chemistry
and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute
of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps
Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Steven Blake
- Departments of Chemistry
and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute
of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps
Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry
and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute
of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps
Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The MYC family of oncogenes (MYC, MYCN, and MYCL) encodes a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLHLZ) transcriptional regulator that is responsible for moving the cell through the restriction point. Through the HLHZIP domain, MYC heterodimerizes with the bHLHLZ protein MAX, which enables this MYC-MAX complex to bind to E-box regulatory DNA elements thereby controlling transcription of a large group of genes and their proteins. Translationally, MYC is one of the foremost oncogenic targets, and deregulation of expression of the MYC family gene/proteins occurs in over half of all human tumors and is recognized as a hallmark of cancer initiation and maintenance. Additionally, unexpected roles for this oncoprotein have been found in cancers that nominally have a non-MYC etiology. Although MYC is rarely mutated, its gain of function in cancer results from overexpression or from amplification. Moreover, MYC is a pleiotropic transcription factor possessing broad pathogenic prominence making it a coveted cancer target. A widely held notion within the biomedical research community is that the reliable modulation of MYC represents a tremendous therapeutic opportunity given its role in directly potentiating oncogenesis. However, the MYC-MAX heterodimer interaction contains a large surface area with a lack of well-defined binding sites creating the perception that targeting of MYC-MAX is forbidding. Here, we discuss the biochemistry behind MYC and MYC-MAX as it relates to cancer progression associated with these transcription factors. We also discuss the notion that MYC should no longer be regarded as undruggable, providing examples that a therapeutic window is achievable despite global MYC inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishant M. Karadkhelkar
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mingliang Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M. Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee J, Eubanks LM, Zhou B, Janda KD. Development of an Effective Monoclonal Antibody against Heroin and Its Metabolites Reveals Therapies Have Mistargeted 6-Monoacetylmorphine and Morphine over Heroin. ACS Cent Sci 2022; 8:1464-1470. [PMID: 36313156 PMCID: PMC9615117 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The opioid epidemic is a global public health crisis that has failed to abate with current pharmaceutical treatments. Moreover, these FDA-approved drugs possess numerous problems such as adverse side effects, short half-lives, abuse potential, and recidivism after discontinued use. An alternative treatment model for opioid use disorders is immunopharmacotherapy, where antibodies are produced to inhibit illicit substances by sequestering the drug in the periphery. Immunopharmacotherapeutics against heroin have engaged both active and passive vaccines targeting heroin's metabolites, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-AM) and morphine, since decades of research have stated that heroin's psychoactive and lethal effects are mainly attributed to these compounds. However, concerted efforts to develop effective immunopharmacotherapies against heroin abuse have faced little clinical advancement, suggesting a need for reassessing drug target selection. To address this issue, four unique monoclonal antibodies were procured with distinct affinity to either heroin, 6-AM, or morphine. Examination of these antibodies through in vitro and in vivo tests revealed monoclonal antibody 11D12 as the optimal therapeutic and provided crucial insights into the key chemical species to target for blunting heroin's psychoactive and lethal effects. These findings offer clarification into the problematic attempts of therapeutics targeting heroin's metabolites and provide a path forward for future heroin immunopharmacotherapy development.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Cocaine is a highly addictive drug that has seen a steady uptrend causing severe health problems worldwide. Currently, there are no approved therapeutics for treating cocaine use disorder; hence, there is an urgent need to identify new medications. Immunopharmacotherapeutics is a promising approach utilizing endogenous antibodies generated through active vaccination, and if properly programmed, can blunt a drug's psychoactive and addictive effects. However, drug vaccine efficacy has largely been limited by the modest levels of antibodies induced. Herein, we explored an adjuvant system consisting of a polyphosphazene macromolecule, specifically poly[di(carboxylatoethylphenoxy)-phosphazene] (PCEP), a biocompatible synthetic polymer that was solicited for improved cocaine conjugate vaccine delivery performance. Our results demonstrated PCEP's superior assembling efficiency with a cocaine hapten as well as with the combined adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN). Importantly, this combination led to a higher titer response, balanced immunity, successful sequestering of cocaine in the blood, and a reduction in the drug in the brain. Moreover, a PCEP-cocaine conjugate vaccine was also found to function well via intranasal administration, where its efficacy was demonstrated through the antibody titer, affinity, mucosal IgA production, and a reduction in cocaine's locomotor activity. Overall, a comprehensive evaluation of PCEP integrated within a cocaine vaccine established an advance in the use of synthetic adjuvants in the drugs of abuse vaccine field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander Marin
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander K Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Patel EN, Lin L, Sneller MM, Eubanks LM, Tepp WH, Pellett S, Janda KD. Investigation of Salicylanilides as Botulinum Toxin Antagonists. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1637-1645. [PMID: 35877209 PMCID: PMC9592073 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the most potent toxin and as a Tier 1 biowarfare agent. The severity and longevity of botulism stemming from BoNT/A is of significant therapeutic concern, and early administration of antitoxin-antibody therapy is the only approved pharmaceutical treatment for botulism. Small molecule therapeutic strategies have targeted both the heavy chain (HC) and the light chain (LC) catalytic active site and α-/β-exosites. The LC translocation mechanism has also been studied, but an effective, nontoxic inhibitor remains underexplored. In this work, we screened a library of salicylanilides as potential translocation inhibitors. Potential leads following a primary screen were further scrutinized to identify sal30, which has a cellular minimal concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition (IC50) value of 141 nM. The inquiry of salicylanilide sal30's mechanism of action was explored through a self-quenched fluorogenic substrate conjugated to bovine serum albumin (DQ-BSA) fluorescence, confocal microscopy, and vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibition assays. The summation of these findings imply that endolysosomal proton translocation through the protonophore mechanism of sal30 causes endosome pH to increase, which in turn prevents LC translocation into cytosol, a process that requires an acidic pH. Thus, the inhibition of BoNT/A activity by salicylanilides likely occurs through disruption of pH-dependent endosomal LC translocation. We further probed BoNT inhibition by sal30 using additivity analysis studies with bafilomycin A1, a known BoNT/A LC translocation inhibitor, which indicated the absence of synergy between the two ionophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ealin N. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States
| | - Lucy Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States
| | - Molly M. Sneller
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Lisa M. Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States
| | - William H. Tepp
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Patel EN, Turner LD, Hixon MS, Janda KD. Identification of Slow-Binding Inhibitors of the BoNT/A Protease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:742-747. [PMID: 35450355 PMCID: PMC9014515 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is a lethal toxin, which causes botulism, and is categorized as a bioterrorism threat, which causes flaccid paralysis and death. Botulinum A neurotoxicity is governed through its light chain (LC), a zinc metalloprotease. Pharmacological investigations aimed at negating BoNT/A's LC have typically looked to inhibitors that have been shown to inhibit the light chain's activity by reversible zinc chelation within its active site. This report outlines the first examples of nonpeptidic inhibitors of the BoNT/A LC that possess slow-binding kinetics, a needed logic to counteract the longevity of BoNT/A. Cyclopropane, alkyl, and alkenyl derivatives of 2,4-dichlorocinamic hydroxamic acid (DCHA) were shown to possess both one-step and two-step slow-binding kinetics. Structure-kinetic relationships (SKRs) were observed and were rationalized with the aid of docking models that predicted improved interactions with residues within a hydrophobic cleft adjacent to the active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ealin N. Patel
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lewis D. Turner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Biosplice Therapeutics, 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark S. Hixon
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lee JC, Park H, Eubanks LM, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. A Vaccine against Benzimidazole-Derived New Psychoactive Substances That Are More Potent Than Fentanyl. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2522-2531. [PMID: 34994550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
New psychoactive substance (NPS) opioids have proliferated within the international drug market. While synthetic opioids are traditionally composed of fentanyl analogues, benzimidazole-derived isotonitazene and its derivatives are the current NPS opioids of concern. Hence, in this study, we implement immunopharmacotherapy wherein antibodies are produced with high titers and nanomolar affinity to multiple benzimidazole-derived NPS opioids (BNO). Notably, these antibodies blunt psychoactive and physiological repercussions from BNO exposure, which was observed through antinociception, whole-body plethysmography, and blood-brain biodistribution studies. Moreover, we detail previously unreported pharmacokinetics of these drugs, which explains the struggle of traditional pharmaceutical opioid antagonists against BNO substances. These findings provide further insight into the in vivo effects of BNO drugs and the development of effective broad-spectrum therapeutics against NPS opioids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyeri Park
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee JC, Janda KD. Development of effective therapeutics for polysubstance use disorders. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 66:102105. [PMID: 34936944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders have focused on mono-substance abuse. However, recent epidemiological studies have found polysubstance use disorders (PUD) are becoming more prevalent and the abuse of adulterated drugs has led to increasing unintentional overdose deaths. Unfortunately, there are no approved pharmacological agents for PUD. Hence, a therapeutic model of interest to address this growing epidemic is immunopharmacotherapy, where individuals are inoculated with conjugate vaccines formulated with haptens that mimic the drug of abuse. These conjugate vaccines have demonstrated significant therapeutic potential against mono-substance abuse, thus recent studies have applied this model to address PUD. This review presents immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements against polysubstance abuse and discusses necessary developments for conjugate vaccines in order to effectively treat this unaddressed epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Staples MC, Herman MA, Lockner JW, Avchalumov Y, Kharidia KM, Janda KD, Roberto M, Mandyam CD. Isoxazole-9 reduces enhanced fear responses and retrieval in ethanol-dependent male rats. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3047-3065. [PMID: 34496069 PMCID: PMC10112848 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity in the dentate gyrus (DG) is strongly influenced by ethanol, and ethanol experience alters long-term memory consolidation dependent on the DG. However, it is unclear if DG plasticity plays a role in dysregulation of long-term memory consolidation during abstinence from chronic ethanol experience. Outbred male Wistar rats experienced 7 weeks of chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure (CIE). Seventy-two hours after CIE cessation, CIE and age-matched ethanol-naïve Air controls experienced auditory trace fear conditioning (TFC). Rats were tested for cue-mediated retrieval in the fear context either twenty-four hours (24 hr), ten days (10 days), or twenty-one days (21 days) later. CIE rats showed enhanced freezing behavior during TFC acquisition compared to Air rats. Air rats showed significant fear retrieval, and this behavior did not differ at the three time points. In CIE rats, fear retrieval increased over time during abstinence, indicating an incubation in fear responses. Enhanced retrieval at 21 days was associated with reduced structural and functional plasticity of ventral granule cell neurons (GCNs) and reduced expression of synaptic proteins important for neuronal plasticity. Systemic treatment with the drug Isoxazole-9 (Isx-9; small molecule that stimulates DG plasticity) during the last week and a half of CIE blocked altered acquisition and retrieval of fear memories in CIE rats during abstinence. Concurrently, Isx-9 modulated the structural and functional plasticity of ventral GCNs and the expression of synaptic proteins in the ventral DG. These findings identify that abstinence-induced disruption of fear memory consolidation occurs via altered plasticity within the ventral DG, and that Isx-9 prevented these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A Herman
- Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lockner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chitra D Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Blake S, Shaabani N, Eubanks LM, Maruyama J, Manning JT, Beutler N, Paessler S, Ji H, Teijaro JR, Janda KD. Salicylanilides Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Suppress Induction of Inflammatory Cytokines in a Rodent Model. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2229-2237. [PMID: 34339171 PMCID: PMC8353890 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus has recently given rise to the current COVID-19 pandemic where infected individuals can range from being asymptomatic, yet highly contagious, to dying from acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although the world has mobilized to create antiviral vaccines and therapeutics to combat the scourge, their long-term efficacy remains in question especially with the emergence of new variants. In this work, we exploit a class of compounds that has previously shown success against various viruses. A salicylanilide library was first screened in a SARS-CoV-2 activity assay in Vero cells. The most efficacious derivative was further evaluated in a prophylactic mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection unveiling a salicylanilide that can reduce viral loads, modulate key cytokines, and mitigate severe weight loss involved in COVID-19 infections. The combination of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, cytokine inhibitory activity, and a previously established favorable pharmacokinetic profile for the lead salicylanilide renders salicylanilides in general as promising therapeutics for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Blake
- Departments
of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M. Eubanks
- Departments
of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Department
of Pathology, University of Texas Medical
Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - John T. Manning
- Department
of Pathology, University of Texas Medical
Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department
of Pathology, University of Texas Medical
Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Henry Ji
- Sorrento
Therapeutics Inc., 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John R. Teijaro
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments
of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Turner LD, Nielsen AL, Lin L, Campedelli AJ, Silvaggi NR, Chen JS, Wakefield AE, Allen KN, Janda KD. Use of Crystallography and Molecular Modeling for the Inhibition of the Botulinum Neurotoxin A Protease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1318-1324. [PMID: 34413962 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are extremely toxic and have been deemed a Tier 1 potential bioterrorism agent. The most potent and persistent of the BoNTs is the "A" serotype, with strategies to counter its etiology focused on designing small-molecule inhibitors of its light chain (LC), a zinc-dependent metalloprotease. The successful structure-based drug design of inhibitors has been confounded as the LC is highly flexible with significant morphological changes occurring upon inhibitor binding. To achieve greater success, previous and new cocrystal structures were evaluated from the standpoint of inhibitor enantioselectivity and their effect on active-site morphology. Based upon these structural insights, we designed inhibitors that were predicted to take advantage of π-π stacking interactions present in a cryptic hydrophobic subpocket. Structure-activity relationships were defined, and X-ray crystal structures and docking models were examined to rationalize the observed potency differences between inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis D. Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander L. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lucy Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Antonio J. Campedelli
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Silvaggi
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jason S. Chen
- Automated Synthesis Facility, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Amanda E. Wakefield
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Karen N. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shirey RJ, Turner LD, Lairson LL, Janda KD. Modulators of immunoregulatory exonucleases PLD3 and PLD4 identified by high-throughput screen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 49:128293. [PMID: 34332037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PLD3 and PLD4 have recently been revealed to be endosomal exonucleases that regulate the innate immune response by digesting the ligands of nucleic acid sensors. These enzymes can suppress RNA and DNA innate immune sensors like toll-like receptor 9, and PLD4-deficent mice exhibit inflammatory disease. Targeting these immunoregulatory enzymes presents an opportunity to indirectly regulate innate immune nucleic acid sensors that could yield immunotherapies, adjuvants, and nucleic acid drug stabilizers. To aid in delineating the therapeutic potential of these targets, we have developed a high-throughput fluorescence enzymatic assay to identify modulators of PLD3 and PLD4. Screening of a diversity library (N = 17952) yielded preferential inhibitors of PLD3 and PLD4 in addition to a PLD3 selective activator. The modulation models of these compounds were delineated by kinetic analysis. This work presents an inexpensive and simple method to identify modulators of these immunoregulatory exonucleases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Shirey
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Lewis D Turner
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are part of a group of drugs called new psychoactive substances. Most of these cannabinoids are unregulated, and there are no therapeutic treatments for their addictive properties or reversing a potential overdose. Vaccination and catalytic antibodies strategies were investigated to assess their ability to blunt the psychoactive properties of the cannabinoid PB-22. To complement these antibody concentric investigations, we also disclose the discovery of the enzymatic degradation of this cannabinoid. Serum factors including albumin and carboxylesterase were found to catalyze the hydrolysis of PB-22. Affinity, kinetics, animal behavior, and biodistribution studies were utilized to evaluate the efficiency of these pharmacokinetic approaches. Our findings suggest simple antibody binding as the most efficacious means for altering PB-22's effect on the brain. Catalytic approaches only translated to esterases being capable of PB-22's degradation with a catalytic antibody approach providing no proclivity for PB-22's hydrolysis. Pharmacokinetic approaches provide a powerful strategy for treating substance abuse disorders and overdose for drugs where no therapeutic is available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M. Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Park H, Lee JC, Eubanks LM, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. Improvements on a chemically contiguous hapten for a vaccine to address fentanyl-contaminated heroin. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 41:116225. [PMID: 34034147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Unintentional overdose deaths related to opioids and psychostimulants have increased in prevalence due to the adulteration of these drugs with fentanyl. Synergistic effects between illicit compounds and fentanyl cause aggravated respiratory depression, leading to inadvertent fatalities. Traditional small-molecule therapies implemented in the expanding opioid epidemic present numerous problems since they interact with the same opioid receptors in the brain as the abused drugs. In this study, we report an optimized dual hapten for use as an immunopharmacotherapeutic tool in order to develop antibodies capable of binding to fentanyl-contaminated heroin in the periphery, thus impeding the drugs' psychoactive effects on the central nervous system. This vaccine produced antibodies with nanomolar affinities and effectively blocked opioid analgesic effects elicited by adulterated heroin. These findings provide further insight into the development of chemically contiguous haptens for broad-spectrum immunopharmacotherapies against opioid use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeri Park
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Jinny Claire Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Turner LD, Nielsen AL, Lin L, Pellett S, Sugane T, Olson ME, Johnson EA, Janda KD. Irreversible inhibition of BoNT/A protease: proximity-driven reactivity contingent upon a bifunctional approach. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:960-969. [PMID: 34223161 PMCID: PMC8221255 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00089f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is categorized as a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and persists within muscle neurons for months, causing paralysis. A readily available treatment that abrogates BoNT/A's toxicity and longevity is a necessity in the event of a widespread BoNT/A attack and for clinical treatment of botulism, yet remains an unmet need. Herein, we describe a comprehensive warhead screening campaign of bifunctional hydroxamate-based inhibitors for the irreversible inhibition of the BoNT/A light chain (LC). Using the 2,4-dichlorocinnamic hydroxamic acid (DCHA) metal-binding pharmacophore modified with a pendent warhead, a total of 37 compounds, possessing 13 distinct warhead types, were synthesized and evaluated for time-dependent inhibition against the BoNT/A LC. Iodoacetamides, maleimides, and an epoxide were found to exhibit time-dependent inhibition and their k GSH measured as a description of reactivity. The epoxide exhibited superior time-dependent inhibition over the iodoacetamides, despite reacting with glutathione (GSH) 51-fold slower. The proximity-driven covalent bond achieved with the epoxide inhibitor was contingent upon the vital hydroxamate-Zn2+ anchor in placing the warhead in an optimal position for reaction with Cys165. Monofunctional control compounds exemplified the necessity of the bifunctional approach, and Cys165 modification was confirmed through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and ablation of time-dependent inhibitory activity against a C165A variant. Compounds were also evaluated against BoNT/A-intoxicated motor neuron cells, and their cell toxicity, serum stability, and selectivity against matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were characterized. The bifunctional approach allows the use of less intrinsically reactive electrophiles to intercept Cys165, thus expanding the toolbox of potential warheads for selective irreversible BoNT/A LC inhibition. We envision that this dual-targeted strategy is amenable to other metalloproteases that also possess non-catalytic cysteines proximal to the active-site metal center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis D Turner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Alexander L Nielsen
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2 DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lucy Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin 1550 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Takashi Sugane
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Margaret E Olson
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- College of Pharmacy, Roosevelt University Schaumburg IL 60173 USA
| | - Eric A Johnson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin 1550 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Eubanks LM, Blake S, Natori Y, Ellis B, Bremer PT, Janda KD. A Highly Efficacious Carfentanil Vaccine That Blunts Opioid-Induced Antinociception and Respiratory Depression. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:277-282. [PMID: 33533592 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The opioid epidemic remains a dire public health crisis with millions of people currently suffering from opioid use disorder (OUD) and tens of thousands dying each year. Synthetic opioids are most responsible for the crisis because of their extreme potency and ease of manufacture. Carfentanil for example has an estimated potency 10,000 times greater than morphine and thus is highly dangerous for human use. Herein, we report two synthetic opioid vaccines that elicited high-affinity antibodies against carfentanil and fentanyl with cross-reactivity to other synthetic opioids in mice and offered protection against opioid-induced respiratory depression, the primary cause of overdose deaths. These vaccines also successfully diminished drug biodistribution to the brain and shielded against opioid analgesic effects. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the development of immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at opioid abuse and overdose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Steven Blake
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Paul T. Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is known to account for substance abuse disorders globally, second only to opioids, yet has no approved pharmacotherapies. Traditional therapies employ small molecule agonists or antagonists for substance use disorders or overdose reversal by targeting drug-specific receptors in the brain. However, the comprehensive mechanism of METH on multiple sites within the central nervous system (CNS) implies its receptors lack the high affinity and specificity required for an "ideal" drug target. The alternative to pharmacotherapies is to sequester abused drugs in the periphery, effectively eliminating the effects from CNS receptor occupation through pharmacokinetic antagonism. This review presents updates on immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse by focusing on the cultivation of research optimization strategies regarding hapten chemistry, carrier proteins, and adjuvants implemented in active immunization. Furthermore, we discuss necessary developments for each component of active immunopharmacotherapies and the future of active vaccines in treating METH use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) constitute a significant portion of psychoactive substances forming a major public health risk. Due to the wide variety of SCs, broadly neutralizing antibodies generated by active immunization present an intriguing pathway to combat cannabinoid use disorder. Here, we probed hapten design for antibody affinity and cross reactivity against two classes of SCs. Of the 10 haptens screened, 3 vaccine groups revealed submicromolar IC50, each targeting 5-6 compounds in our panel of 22 drugs. Moreover, SCs were successfully sequestered when administered by vaping or intraperitoneal injection, which was confirmed within animal models by observing locomotion, body temperature, and pharmacokinetics. We also discovered synergistic effects to simultaneously blunt two drug classes through an admixture vaccine approach. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive foundation for the development of vaccines against SCs.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tararina MA, Dam KK, Dhingra M, Janda KD, Palfey BA, Allen KN. Fast Kinetics Reveals Rate-Limiting Oxidation and the Role of the Aromatic Cage in the Mechanism of the Nicotine-Degrading Enzyme NicA2. Biochemistry 2021; 60:259-273. [PMID: 33464876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Pseudomonas putida, the flavoprotein nicotine oxidoreductase (NicA2) catalyzes the oxidation of (S)-nicotine to N-methyl-myosmine, which is nonenzymatically hydrolyzed to pseudooxynicotine. Structural analysis reveals a monoamine oxidase (MAO)-like fold with a conserved FAD-binding domain and variable substrate-binding domain. The flavoenzyme has a unique variation of the classic aromatic cage with flanking residue pair W427/N462. Previous mechanistic studies using O2 as the oxidizing substrate show that NicA2 has a low apparent Km of 114 nM for (S)-nicotine with a very low apparent turnover number (kcat of 0.006 s-1). Herein, the mechanism of NicA2 was analyzed by transient kinetics. Single-site variants of W427 and N462 were used to probe the roles of these residues. Although several variants had moderately higher oxidase activity (7-12-fold), their reductive half-reactions using (S)-nicotine were generally significantly slower than that of wild-type NicA2. Notably, the reductive half-reaction of wild-type NicA2 is 5 orders of magnitude faster than the oxidative half-reaction with an apparent pseudo-first-order rate constant for the reaction of oxygen similar to kcat. X-ray crystal structures of the N462V and N462Y/W427Y variants complexed with (S)-nicotine (at 2.7 and 2.3 Å resolution, respectively) revealed no significant active-site rearrangements. A second substrate-binding site was identified in N462Y/W427Y, consistent with observed substrate inhibition. Together, these findings elucidate the mechanism of a flavoenzyme that preferentially oxidizes tertiary amines with an efficient reductive half-reaction and a very slow oxidative half-reaction when O2 is the oxidizing substrate, suggesting that the true oxidizing agent is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita A Tararina
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Katie K Dam
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Manaswni Dhingra
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | | | - Bruce A Palfey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 5220E MSRB III 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Karen N Allen
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Blake S, Bremer PT, Zhou B, Petrovsky N, Smith LC, Hwang CS, Janda KD. Developing Translational Vaccines against Heroin and Fentanyl through Investigation of Adjuvants and Stability. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:228-235. [PMID: 33301675 PMCID: PMC9946458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nearly insurmountable adversity that accompanies opioid use disorder (OUD) creates life-altering complications for opioid users. To worsen matters, existing small-molecule drugs continue to inadequately address OUD due to their engagement of the opioid receptor, which can leave the user to deal with side effects and financial hardships from their repeated use. An alternative therapeutic approach utilizes endogenously generated antibodies through active vaccination to reduce the effect of opioids without modulating the opioid receptor. Here, we explore different adjuvants and storage conditions to improve opioid vaccine efficacy and shelf life. Our results revealed that inulin-based formulations (Advax) containing a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) acted as effective adjuvants when combined with a heroin conjugate: immunized mice showed excellent recovery from heroin-induced antinociception accompanied by high titer, high opioid affinity serum antibodies similar to the immunopotentiating properties of traditional alum-based adjuvants. Moreover, nonhuman primates vaccinated with a heroin/fentanyl combination vaccine demonstrated potent antibody responses against opioids when formulated with both inulin and alum adjuvants. Finally, storing a freeze-dried opioid vaccine formulation maintained efficacy for up 1 year at room temperature. The results from our studies represent an advance toward a clinically feasible opioid vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Blake
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Paul T. Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States,Cessation Therapeutics, LLC, 3031 Tisch Way, San Jose, California 95128, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia,Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale 5046, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren C. Smith
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Candy S. Hwang
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States,Corresponding Author: Kim D. Janda - The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States. Phone: (858), 785-2515. Fax: (858) 784-2595. .
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Turner LD, Nielsen AL, Lin L, Pellett S, Sugane T, Olson ME, Janda KD. COVALENT INHIBITION OF BOTULINUM NEUROTOXIN A - EXPLORATION OF WARHEAD REACTIVITY AND FUNCTION USING A BIFUNCTIONAL APPROACH. Toxicon 2021; 190:S72-S73. [PMID: 34103769 PMCID: PMC8183569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is extremely toxic possessing an estimated intravenous LD50 of 1-2 ng/kg and as such has been designated a category A bioterrorism agent.1, 2 BoNT/A also possesses an extremely long half-life and persists within muscle neurons for months to >1 year.3 Because of BoNT/A longevity, we have utilized covalent inhibition as a means to abrogate BoNT/A's toxicity. To this end, we describe an approach to designing inhibitors that possess both electrophilic warheads and metal-binding groups for the bifunctional inhibition of BoNT/A. METHODS Small molecule inhibitors that possessed electrophilic moieties were designed, using X-ray crystallography as guidance, to target both the zinc metal-binding region and Cys165 within the active site of BoNT/A. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for covalent inhibition using a continuous SNAPtide FRET assay4 and exhaustive dialysis. Compounds were also evaluated against a C165A variant. Compound reactivity, stability, MMP selectivity and cellular efficacy/toxicity was also evaluated. RESULTS Several electrophilic warhead types were confirmed to inhibit BoNT/A LC covalently with substantial differences in time-dependent inhibition between the WT and C165A variant. A trend in warhead reactivity was reflected in inhibitor stability and toxicity. Compounds exhibited moderate potency in a BoNT/A neuronal cellular assay but were not further explored due to undesirable therapeutic potential. CONCLUSIONS A fundamental framework for the bifunctional covalent inhibition of BoNT/A LC has been established. This approach has potential to be translated to other small molecule metal-binding inhibitors of BoNT/A LC with the vision that different pharmacophores, possessing improved physicochemical properties, will address BoNT/As toxicity and longevity within cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis D. Turner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Alexander L. Nielsen
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lucy Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Takashi Sugane
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Margaret E. Olson
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lin L, Turner LD, Šilhár P, Pellett S, Johnson EA, Janda KD. Identification of 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethylpyridine-4(1 H)-thione as a metal-binding motif for the inhibition of botulinum neurotoxin A. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:137-143. [PMID: 34046606 PMCID: PMC8130615 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00320d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is an important therapeutic target owing to its extremely potent nature, but also has potential use as a biowarfare agent. Currently, no therapeutic exists to reverse the long-lasting paralysis caused by BoNT/A. Herein, we describe the identification of 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethylpyridine-4(1H)-thione (3,4-HOPTO) as a metal binding warhead for the inhibition of BoNT/A1. An initial screen of 96 metal binding fragments identified three derivatives containing the 3,4-HOPTO scaffold to inhibit the BoNT/A1 light chain (LC) at >95% at 1 mM. Additional screening of a 3,4-HOPTO sub-library identified structure-activity relationships (SARs) between N-substituted 3,4-HOPTO derivatives and the BoNT/A1 LC. Subsequent synthesis was conducted to improve on inhibitory potency - achieving low μM biochemical IC50 values. Representative compounds were evaluated in a cellular-based assay and showed promising μM activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Lin
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Lewis D Turner
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Peter Šilhár
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin 1550 Linden Drive Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Eric A Johnson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin 1550 Linden Drive Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Turner LD, Nielsen AL, Lin L, Pellett S, Sugane T, Olson ME, Janda KD. Covalent inhibition of botulinum neurotoxin A – Exploration of warhead reactivity and function using a bifunctional approach. Toxicon 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.11.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
30
|
Townsend EA, Bremer PT, Jacob NT, Negus SS, Janda KD, Banks ML. A synthetic opioid vaccine attenuates fentanyl-vs-food choice in male and female rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 218:108348. [PMID: 33268227 PMCID: PMC8224470 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Opioid-targeted vaccines are under consideration as candidate Opioid Use Disorder medications. We recently reported that a fentanyl-targeted vaccine produced a robust and long-lasting attenuation of fentanyl-vs-food choice in rats. In the current study, we evaluated an optimized fentanyl-targeted vaccine in rhesus monkeys to determine whether vaccine effectiveness to attenuate fentanyl choice translated to a species with greater phylogenetic similarity to humans. METHODS Adult male (2) and female (3) rhesus monkeys were trained to respond under a concurrent schedule of food (1 g pellets) and intravenous fentanyl (0, 0.032-1 μg/kg/injection) reinforcement during daily 2 h sessions. Fentanyl choice dose-effect functions were determined daily and 7-day buprenorphine treatments (0.0032-0.032 mg/kg/h IV; n = 4-5) were determined for comparison to vaccine effects. Subsequently, a fentanyl-CRM197 conjugate vaccine was administered at week 0, 3, 8, 15 over a 29-week experimental period during which fentanyl choice dose-effect functions continued to be determined daily. RESULTS Buprenorphine significantly decreased fentanyl choice and reciprocally increased food choice. Vaccination eliminated fentanyl choice and increased food choice in four-of-the-five monkeys. A transient and less robust vaccine effect was observed in the fifth monkey. Fentanyl-specific antibody concentrations peaked after the third vaccination to approximately 50 μg/mL while anti-fentanyl antibody affinity increased to a sustained low nanomolar level. CONCLUSION These results translate fentanyl vaccine effectiveness from rats to rhesus monkeys to decrease fentanyl-vs-food choice, albeit with greater individual differences observed in monkeys. These results support the potential and further clinical evaluation of this fentanyl-targeted vaccine as a candidate Opioid Use Disorder medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Andrew Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA, corresponding author: (EAT) or (KDJ)
| | - Paul T. Bremer
- Cessation Therapeutics, San Jose, CA 95128, USA,Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA., corresponding author: (EAT) or (KDJ)
| | - Matthew L. Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Belz TF, Olson ME, Giang E, Law M, Janda KD. Evaluation of a Series of Lipidated Tucaresol Adjuvants in a Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine Model. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2428-2432. [PMID: 33335664 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections represent a global health challenge; however, developing a vaccine for treatment of HCV infection has remained difficult as heterogeneous HCV contains distinct genotypes, and each genotype contains various subtypes and different envelope glycoproteins. Currently, there is no effective preventive vaccine for achieving global control over HCV. In our efforts to improve upon current HCV vaccines we designed a synthetically accessible adjuvant platform, wherein we synthesized 11 novel lipidated tucaresol analogues to assess their immunological potential. Using a tucaresol-based adjuvant approach, truncated lipid-variants together with an engineered E1E2 antigen construct, namely E2ΔTM3, elicited antibody (Ab) responses that were significantly higher than tucaresol. In sum, antibody end-point titer values largely corroborated HCV neutralization data with a simplified lipidated tucaresol variant affording the highest end point titer and % neutralization. This study lays the groundwork for additional permutations in tucaresol adjuvant design, including the examination of other proteins in vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson F. Belz
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Margaret E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- College of Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, 1400 North Roosevelt Boulevard, Schaumburg, Illinois 60173, United States
| | - Erick Giang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mansun Law
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kyzer JL, McGuire M, Park H, Belz TF, Bonakdar R, Janda KD, Wenthur CJ. Anti-Opioid Antibodies in Individuals Using Chronic Opioid Therapy for Lower Back Pain. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:896-906. [PMID: 33073189 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the risk of developing opioid use disorder (OUD), known side-effects of long-term opioid use include chronic inflammation and hyperalgesia, which may arise from immune responses induced following chronic opioid use. To investigate this hypothesis, blood samples were obtained from individuals with chronic back pain who were either chronically taking prescription opioids or had minimal recent opioid exposure. Patient samples were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against hydrocodone- or oxycodone-hapten conjugates to assess the levels of antibodies present in the samples. While no specific response was seen in opioid-naïve subjects, we observed varying levels of anti-opioid IgM antibodies in the exposed subjects. In these subjects, antibody formation was found to be weakly correlated with current reported daily opioid dose. Other drugs of abuse found to elicit an immune response have been shown to generate advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) through reaction with glucose and subsequent modification of self-proteins. Investigations into this potential mechanism of anti-opioid antibody production identified reduced the formation of reactive intermediate species upon norhydrocodone reaction with glucose in comparison with nornicotine, thus identifying potentially important differences in hapten processing to yield the observed adaptive immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Kyzer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Mason McGuire
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Hyeri Park
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tyson F Belz
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Robert Bonakdar
- Scripps Center for Integrative Medicine, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cody J Wenthur
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lin L, Olson ME, Sugane T, Turner LD, Tararina MA, Nielsen AL, Kurbanov EK, Pellett S, Johnson EA, Cohen SM, Allen KN, Janda KD. Catch and Anchor Approach To Combat Both Toxicity and Longevity of Botulinum Toxin A. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11100-11120. [PMID: 32886509 PMCID: PMC7581224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins have remarkable persistence (∼weeks to months in cells), outlasting the small-molecule inhibitors designed to target them. To address this disconnect, inhibitors bearing two pharmacophores-a zinc binding group and a Cys-reactive warhead-were designed to leverage both affinity and reactivity. A series of first-generation bifunctional inhibitors was achieved through structure-based inhibitor design. Through X-ray crystallography, engagement of both the catalytic Zn2+ and Cys165 was confirmed. A second-generation series improved on affinity by incorporating known reversible inhibitor pharmacophores; the mechanism was confirmed by exhaustive dialysis, mass spectrometry, and in vitro evaluation against the C165S mutant. Finally, a third-generation inhibitor was shown to have good cellular activity and low toxicity. In addition to our findings, an alternative method of modeling time-dependent inhibition that simplifies assay setup and allows comparison of inhibition models is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Margaret E. Olson
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Takashi Sugane
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lewis D. Turner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Margarita A. Tararina
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Alexander L. Nielsen
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Elbek K. Kurbanov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Eric A. Johnson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Seth M. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Karen N. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Natori Y, Janda KD. Synthesis of Drug Vaccine against Heroin Contaminated with Fentanyl and Their Biological Evaluation. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Belz TF, Bremer PT, Zhou B, Blake S, Ellis B, Eubanks LM, Janda KD. Sulfonate-isosteric replacement examined within heroin-hapten vaccine design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127388. [PMID: 32738981 PMCID: PMC7398700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heroin overdose and addiction remain significant health and economic burdens in the world today costing billions of dollars annually. Moreover, only limited pharmacotherapeutic options are available for treatment of heroin addiction. In our efforts to combat the public health threat posed by heroin addiction, we have developed vaccines against heroin. To expand upon our existing heroin-vaccine arsenal, we synthesized new aryl and alkyl sulfonate ester haptens; namely aryl-mono-sulfonate (HMsAc) and Aryl/alkyl-di-sulfonate (H(Ds)2) as carboxyl-isosteres of heroin then compared them to our model heroin-hapten (HAc) through vaccination studies. Heroin haptens were conjugated to the carrier protein CRM197 and the resulting CRM-immunoconjugates were used to vaccinate Swiss Webster mice following an established immunization protocol. Binding studies revealed that the highest affinity anti-heroin antibodies were generated by the HMsAc vaccine followed by the HAc and H(Ds)2 vaccines, respectively (HMsAc > HAc≫HDs2). However, neither the HMsAc nor H(Ds)2 vaccines were able to generate high affinity antibodies to the psychoactive metabolite 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM), in comparison to the HAc vaccine. Blood brain bio-distribution studies supported these binding results with vaccine efficiency following the trend HAc > HMsAc ≫ H(Ds)2 The work described herein provides insight into the use of hapten-isosteric replacement in vaccine drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson F Belz
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Paul T Bremer
- Cessation Therapeutics LLC, 3031 Tisch Way Ste 505, San Jose, CA 95128, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Steven Blake
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The United States is in the midst of an unprecedented epidemic of opioid substance use disorder, and while pharmacotherapies including opioid agonists and antagonists have shown success, they can be inadequate and frequently result in high recidivism. With these challenges facing opioid use disorder treatments immunopharmacotherapy is being explored as an alternative therapy option and is based upon antibody-opioid sequestering to block brain entry. Development of a heroin vaccine has become a major research focal point; however, producing an efficient vaccine against heroin has been particularly challenging because of the need to generate not only a potent immune response but one against heroin and its multiple psychoactive molecules. In this study, we explored the consequence of regioselective deuteration of a heroin hapten and its impact upon the immune response against heroin and its psychoactive metabolites. Deuterium (HdAc) and cognate protium heroin (HAc) haptens were compared head to head in an inclusive vaccine study. Strikingly the HdAc vaccine granted greater efficacy in blunting heroin analgesia in murine behavioral models compared to the HAc vaccine. Binding studies confirmed that the HdAc vaccine elicited both greater quantities and equivalent or higher affinity antibodies toward heroin and 6-AM. Blood-brain biodistribution experiments corroborated these affinity tests. These findings suggest that regioselective hapten deuteration could be useful for the resurrection of previous drug of abuse vaccines that have met limited success in the past.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson F Belz
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Paul T Bremer
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Cessation Therapeutics LLC, 3031 Tisch Way Ste 505, San Jose, California 95128, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang J, Ellis B, Zhou B, Eubanks LM, Blake S, Janda KD. A fentanyl vaccine constructed upon opsonizing antibodies specific for the Galα1-3Gal epitope. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6551-6554. [PMID: 32396160 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A double conjugation strategy was implemented to produce an anti-fentanyl vaccine, which was predicated upon preformed-antibody-assisted antigen presentation. The new vaccine was found to reduce the psychoactive effects of fentanyl without the addition of the immunostimulant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Blake S, Thanissery R, Rivera AJ, Hixon MS, Lin M, Theriot CM, Janda KD. Salicylanilide Analog Minimizes Relapse of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Mice. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6898-6908. [PMID: 32482070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) causes serious and sometimes fatal symptoms like diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. Although antibiotics for CDI exist, they are either expensive or cause recurrence of the infection due to their altering the colonic microbiota, which is necessary to suppress the infection. Here, we leverage a class of known membrane-targeting compounds that we previously showed to have broad inhibitory activity across multiple Clostridioides difficile strains while preserving the microbiome to develop an efficacious agent. A new series of salicylanilides was synthesized, and the most potent analog was selected through an in vitro inhibitory assay to evaluate its pharmacokinetic parameters and potency in a CDI mouse model. The results revealed reduced recurrence of CDI and diminished disturbance of the microbiota in mice compared to standard-of-care vancomycin, thus paving the way for novel therapy that can potentially target the cell membrane of C. difficile to minimize relapse in the recovering patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Blake
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Rajani Thanissery
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Alissa J Rivera
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Mark S Hixon
- Mark S. Hixon Consulting, LLC., 11273 Spitfire Road, San Diego, California 92126, United States
| | - Mingliang Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Casey M Theriot
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lee JC, Kim HY, Lee S, Shin J, Kim HV, Kim K, Baek S, Lee D, Jeon H, Kim D, Yang S, Han G, Park K, Choi J, Park J, Moss JA, Janda KD, Kim Y. Discovery of Chemicals to Either Clear or Indicate Amyloid Aggregates by Targeting Memory‐Impairing Anti‐Parallel Aβ Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
- Department of Chemistry Department of Immunology and Microbial Science The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM) The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Sejin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
- KIST School University of Science and Technology (UST) Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Seoul 02792 South Korea
| | - Jisu Shin
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Vincent Kim
- KIST School University of Science and Technology (UST) Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Seoul 02792 South Korea
| | - Kyeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Seungyeop Baek
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology Yonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Hanna Jeon
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - DaWon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Seung‐Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Dongguk University Gyeonggi-do 10326 South Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology Yonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Keunwan Park
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangwon-do 25451 South Korea
| | | | | | - Jason A. Moss
- Department of Chemistry Department of Immunology and Microbial Science The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM) The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Department of Chemistry Department of Immunology and Microbial Science The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM) The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lee JC, Kim HY, Lee S, Shin J, Kim HV, Kim K, Baek S, Lee D, Jeon H, Kim D, Yang SH, Han G, Park K, Choi J, Park J, Moss JA, Janda KD, Kim Y. Discovery of Chemicals to Either Clear or Indicate Amyloid Aggregates by Targeting Memory-Impairing Anti-Parallel Aβ Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11491-11500. [PMID: 32233096 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers are implicated in Alzheimer disease (AD). However, their unstable nature and heterogeneous state disrupts elucidation of their explicit role in AD progression, impeding the development of tools targeting soluble Aβ oligomers. Herein parallel and anti-parallel variants of Aβ(1-40) dimers were designed and synthesized, and their pathogenic properties in AD models characterized. Anti-parallel dimers induced cognitive impairments with increased amyloidogenesis and cytotoxicity, and this dimer was then used in a screening platform. Through screening, two FDA-approved drugs, Oxytetracycline and Sunitinib, were identified to dissociate Aβ oligomers and plaques to monomers in 5XFAD transgenic mice. In addition, fluorescent Astrophloxine was shown to detect aggregated Aβ in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid samples of AD mice. This screening platform provides a stable and homogeneous environment for observing Aβ interactions with dimer-specific molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Sejin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Jisu Shin
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Vincent Kim
- KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Kyeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Seungyeop Baek
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Hanna Jeon
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - DaWon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, South Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Keunwan Park
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangwon-do, 25451, South Korea
| | | | | | - Jason A Moss
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Townsend EA, Bremer PT, Faunce KE, Negus SS, Jaster AM, Robinson HL, Janda KD, Banks ML. Evaluation of a Dual Fentanyl/Heroin Vaccine on the Antinociceptive and Reinforcing Effects of a Fentanyl/Heroin Mixture in Male and Female Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1300-1310. [PMID: 32271538 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid-targeted vaccines represent an emerging treatment strategy for opioid use disorder. To determine whether concurrent vaccination against two commonly abused opioids (fentanyl and heroin) would confer broader spectrum opioid coverage, the current study evaluated dual fentanyl/heroin conjugate vaccine effectiveness using a warm water tail-withdrawal and a fentanyl/heroin-vs-food choice procedure in male and female rats across a 105-day observation period. Vaccine administration generated titers of high-affinity antibodies to both fentanyl and heroin sufficient to decrease the antinociceptive potency of fentanyl (25-fold), heroin (4.6-fold), and a 1:27 fentanyl/heroin mixture (7.5-fold). Vaccination did not alter the antinociceptive potency of the structurally dissimilar opioid agonist methadone. For comparison, continuous treatment with a naltrexone dose (0.032 mg/kg/h) shown previously to produce clinically relevant plasma-naltrexone levels decreased the antinociceptive potency of fentanyl, heroin, and the 1:27 fentanyl/heroin mixture by approximately 20-fold. Naltrexone treatment also shifted the potency of 1:27 fentanyl/heroin mixture in a drug-vs-food choice self-administration procedure 4.3-fold. In contrast, vaccination did not attenuate 1:27 fentanyl/heroin mixture self-administration in the drug-vs-food choice procedure. These data demonstrate that a vaccine can simultaneously attenuate the thermal antinociceptive effects of two structurally dissimilar opioids. However, the vaccine did not attenuate fentanyl/heroin mixture self-administration, suggesting a greater magnitude of vaccine responsiveness is required to decrease opioid reinforcement relative to antinociception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Andrew Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Paul T. Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kaycee E. Faunce
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Alaina M. Jaster
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Hannah L. Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew L. Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine,Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tenney RD, Blake S, Bremer PT, Zhou B, Hwang CS, Poklis JL, Janda KD, Banks ML. Vaccine blunts fentanyl potency in male rhesus monkeys. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107730. [PMID: 31369740 PMCID: PMC6745253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One proposed factor contributing to the increased frequency of opioid overdose deaths is the emergence of novel synthetic opioids, including illicit fentanyl and fentanyl analogues. A treatment strategy currently under development to address the ongoing opioid crisis is immunopharmacotherapies or opioid-targeted vaccines. The present study determined the effectiveness and selectivity of a fentanyl-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine to alter the behavioral effects of fentanyl and a structurally dissimilar mu-opioid agonist oxycodone in male rhesus monkeys (n = 3-4). Fentanyl and oxycodone produced dose-dependent suppression of behavior in an assay of schedule-controlled responding and antinociception in an assay of thermal nociception (50 °C). Acute naltrexone (0.032 mg/kg) produced an approximate 10-fold potency shift for fentanyl to decrease operant responding. The fentanyl vaccine was administered at weeks 0, 2, 4, 9, 19, and 44 and fentanyl or oxycodone potencies in both behavioral assays were redetermined over the course of 49 weeks. The vaccine significantly and selectively shifted fentanyl potency at least 10-fold in both assays at several time points over the entire experimental period. Mid-point titer levels correlated with fentanyl antinociceptive potency shifts. Antibody affinity for fentanyl as measured by a competitive binding assay improved over time to approximately 3-4 nM. The fentanyl vaccine also increased fentanyl plasma levels approximately 6-fold consistent with the hypothesis that the vaccine sequesters fentanyl in the blood. Overall, these results support the continued development and evaluation of this fentanyl vaccine in humans to address the ongoing opioid crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah D Tenney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Steven Blake
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Candy S Hwang
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Recent trends in methamphetamine (METH) misuse and overdose suggest society is inadvertently overlooking a brewing METH crisis. In the past decade, psychostimulant-related lethal overdoses and hospitalizations have skyrocketed 127 and 245%, respectively. Unlike the opioid crisis, no pharmaceutical interventions are available for treating METH use disorder or reversing overdose. Herein, we report the first active vaccine that offers protection from lethal (+)-METH challenge in male Swiss Webster mice. This vaccine formulation of (S)MLMH-TT adjuvanted with CpG ODN 1826 + alum successfully raised anti-METH antibodies in high titers, reduced (+)-METH distribution to the brain, and lowered (+)-METH-associated stereotypies in a hyperlocomotion assay. A comparison of enantiomeric haptens and the racemate elucidated the importance of employing (S)-stereochemistry in METH hapten design for optimal protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States of America
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Townsend EA, Blake S, Faunce KE, Hwang CS, Natori Y, Zhou B, Bremer PT, Janda KD, Banks ML. Conjugate vaccine produces long-lasting attenuation of fentanyl vs. food choice and blocks expression of opioid withdrawal-induced increases in fentanyl choice in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1681-1689. [PMID: 31043682 PMCID: PMC6784909 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current opioid crisis remains a significant public health issue and there is a critical need for biomedical research to develop effective and easily deployable candidate treatments. One emerging treatment strategy for opioid use disorder includes immunopharmacotherapies or opioid-targeted vaccines. The present study determined the effectiveness of a fentanyl-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine to alter fentanyl self-administration using a fentanyl-vs.-food choice procedure in male and female rats under three experimental conditions. For comparison, continuous 7-day naltrexone (0.01-0.1 mg/kg/h) and 7-day clonidine (3.2-10 μg/kg/h) treatment effects were also determined on fentanyl-vs.-food choice. Male and female rats responded for concurrently available 18% diluted Ensure® (liquid food) and fentanyl (0-10 μg/kg/infusion) infusions during daily sessions. Under baseline and saline treatment conditions, fentanyl maintained a dose-dependent increase in fentanyl-vs.-food choice. First, fentanyl vaccine administration significantly blunted fentanyl reinforcement and increased food reinforcement for 15 weeks in non-opioid dependent rats. Second, surmountability experiments by increasing the unit fentanyl dose available during the self-administration session 10-fold empirically determined that the fentanyl vaccine produced an approximate 22-fold potency shift in fentanyl-vs.-food choice that was as effective as the clinically approved treatment naltrexone. Clonidine treatment significantly increased fentanyl-vs.-food choice. Lastly, fentanyl vaccine administration prevented the expression of withdrawal-associated increases in fentanyl-vs.-food choice following introduction of extended 12 h fentanyl access sessions. Overall, these results support the potential and further consideration of immunopharmacotherapies as candidate treatments to address the current opioid crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Andrew Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Steven Blake
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kaycee E Faunce
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Candy S Hwang
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Connecticut State University, 501 Crescent St, New Haven, CT, 06515, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Komatsushima 4-4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A), marketed commercially as Botox, is the most toxic substance known to man with an estimated intravenous lethal dose (LD50) of 1-2 ng/kg in humans. Despite its widespread use in cosmetic and medicinal applications, no postexposure therapeutics are available for the reversal of intoxication in the event of medical malpractice or bioterrorism. Accordingly, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention categorizes BoNT/A as a Category A pathogen, posing the highest risk to national security and public health as a result of the ease with which BoNT/A can be weaponized and disseminated. BoNT/A-mediated lethality results from neurons impeded from releasing acetylcholine, which ultimately causes muscle paralysis and possible death by asphyxiation with the loss of diaphragm function. Currently, the only available respite for BoNT/A poisoning is antibody-based therapy; however, this intervention is only effective within 12-24 h postexposure. Small molecule therapeutics remain the only opportunity to reverse BoNT/A intoxication after neuronal poisoning and are urgently needed. Nevertheless, no small molecule BoNT/A inhibitors have reached the clinic or even advanced to clinical trials. This Account highlights the accomplishments and existing challenges facing BoNT/A drug discovery today. Using the comprehensive body of work from our laboratory, we illustrate our nearly two-decade endeavor to discover a clinically relevant BoNT/A inhibitor. Specifically, a discussion on the identification and characterization of new chemical leads, the development of in vitro and in vivo assays, and pertinent discoveries in BoNT/A structural biology related to small molecule inhibition is presented. Lead discovery efforts in our laboratory have leveraged both in vitro high-throughput screening and rational design, and an array of mechanistic strategies for inhibiting BoNT/A has been discovered, including noncovalent inhibition, metal-binding active site inhibition, covalent inhibition, and α- and β-exosite inhibition. We contrast the strengths and weaknesses of each of these mechanistic strategies and propose the most favorable approach for success. Finally, we discuss multiple serendipitous discoveries of antibotulism small molecules with alternative mechanisms of action. Remaining challenges facing clinically relevant BoNT/A inhibition are presented and analyzed, including the current inability to reconcile toxin half-life (months to greater than one year) in neurons with in vivo pharmaceutical lifetimes and reoccurring inconsistencies between in vitro, cellular, and in vivo translation. Our Account of BoNT/A chemical research emphasizes the present accomplishments and critically analyzes the remaining obstacles for drug discovery. Importantly, we call for an increased focus on the discovery of safe and effective covalent inhibitors of BoNT/A that compete with the inherent half-life of the toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Margaret E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M. Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Smith LC, Bremer PT, Hwang CS, Zhou B, Ellis B, Hixon MS, Janda KD. Monoclonal Antibodies for Combating Synthetic Opioid Intoxication. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10489-10503. [PMID: 31187995 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Opioid abuse in the United States has been declared a national crisis and is exacerbated by an inexpensive, readily available, and illicit supply of synthetic opioids. Specifically, fentanyl and related analogues such as carfentanil pose a significant danger to opioid users due to their high potency and rapid acting depression of respiration. In recent years these synthetic opioids have become the number one cause of drug-related deaths. In our research efforts to combat the public health threat posed by synthetic opioids, we have developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the fentanyl class of drugs. The mAbs were generated in hybridomas derived from mice vaccinated with a fentanyl conjugate vaccine. Guided by a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding assay, we selected six hybridomas that produced mAbs with 10-11 M binding affinity for fentanyl, yet broad cross-reactivity with related fentanyl analogues. In mouse antinociception models, our lead mAb (6A4) could blunt the effects of both fentanyl and carfentanil in a dose-responsive manner. Additionally, mice pretreated with 6A4 displayed enhanced survival when subjected to fentanyl above LD50 doses. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the antibody sequesters large amounts of these drugs in the blood, thus reducing drug biodistribution to the brain and other tissue. Lastly, the 6A4 mAb could effectively reverse fentanyl/carfentanil-induced antinociception comparable to the opioid antagonist naloxone, the standard of care drug for treating opioid overdose. While naloxone is known for its short half-life, we found the half-life of 6A4 to be approximately 6 days in mice, thus monoclonal antibodies could theoretically be useful in preventing renarcotization events in which opioid intoxication recurs following quick metabolism of naloxone. Our results as a whole demonstrate that monoclonal antibodies could be a desirable treatment modality for synthetic opioid overdose and possibly opioid use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Smith
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Cessation Therapeutics LLC , 3031 Tisch Way Ste 505 , San Jose , California 95128 , United States
| | - Candy S Hwang
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Southern Connecticut State University , New Haven , Connecticut 06515 , United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Mark S Hixon
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Mark S. Hixon Consulting LLC , 11273 Spitfire Road , San Diego , California 92126 , United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hwang CS, Smith LC, Wenthur CJ, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. Heroin vaccine: Using titer, affinity, and antinociception as metrics when examining sex and strain differences. Vaccine 2019; 37:4155-4163. [PMID: 31176539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-drug vaccines have potential as new interventions against substance use disorder (SUD). However, given the challenges seen with inter-individual variability in SUD vaccine trials to date, new interventions should ensure a robust immune response and safety profile among a diverse population. This requires accounting for sex and heritable genetic differences in response to both abused substances as well as the vaccination itself. To test response variability to our heroin-tetanus toxoid (Her-TT) immunoconjugate vaccine, we vaccinated male and female mice from several mouse strains including Swiss Webster (SW), BALB/c, and Jackson diversity mice (J:DO). Previous studies with vaccinated male SW mice demonstrated a rare hypersensitivity resulting in mice rapidly expiring with exposure to a low dose of heroin. Our results indicate that this response is limited to only male SW mice, and not to any other strain or female SW mice. Our data suggest that this hypersensitivity is not the result of an overactive cytokine or IgE response. Vaccination was similarly effective among the sexes for each strain and against repeated heroin challenge. Inbred BALB/c and J:DO mice were found to have the best vaccine response against heroin in antinociception behavioral assay. These results highlight the importance of incorporating both male and female subjects, along with different strains to mimic diverse human populations, as new SUD vaccines are being tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candy S Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lauren C Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cody J Wenthur
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Natori Y, Hwang CS, Lin L, Smith LC, Zhou B, Janda KD. A chemically contiguous hapten approach for a heroin-fentanyl vaccine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1020-1031. [PMID: 31164940 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increased death due to the opioid epidemic in the United States has necessitated the development of new strategies to treat addiction. Monoclonal antibodies and antidrug vaccines provide a tool that both aids addiction management and reduces the potential for overdose. Dual drug vaccines formulated by successive conjugation or by mixture have certain drawbacks. The current study examines an approach for combatting the dangers of fentanyl-laced heroin, by using a hapten with one epitope that has domains for both fentanyl and heroin. Results: We evaluated a series of nine vaccines developed from chemically contiguous haptens composed of both heroin- and fentanyl-like domains. Analysis of the results obtained by SPR and ELISA revealed trends in antibody affinity and titers for heroin and fentanyl based on epitope size and linker location. In antinociception studies, the best performing vaccines offered comparable protection against heroin as our benchmark heroin vaccine, but exhibited attenuated protection against fentanyl compared to our fentanyl vaccine. Conclusion: After thorough investigation of this strategy, we have identified key considerations for the development of a chemically contiguous heroin-fentanyl vaccine. Importantly, this is the first report of such a strategy in the opioid-drug-vaccine field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Komatsushima 4-4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Candy S Hwang
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Southern Connecticut State University, 501 Crescent St, New Haven, CT, 06515, USA
| | - Lucy Lin
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lauren C Smith
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang J, Merino DM, Light N, Murphy BL, Wang YD, Guo X, Hodges AP, Chau LQ, Liu KW, Dhall G, Asgharzadeh S, Kiehna EN, Shirey RJ, Janda KD, Taylor MD, Malkin D, Ellison DW, VandenBerg SR, Eberhart CG, Sears RC, Roussel MF, Gilbertson RJ, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Myc and Loss of p53 Cooperate to Drive Formation of Choroid Plexus Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2208-2219. [PMID: 30885981 PMCID: PMC6497574 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) is a rare brain tumor that occurs most commonly in very young children and has a dismal prognosis despite intensive therapy. Improved outcomes for patients with CPC depend on a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the disease. Here we developed transgenic models of CPCs by activating the Myc oncogene and deleting the Trp53 tumor suppressor gene in murine neural stem cells or progenitors. Murine CPC resembled their human counterparts at a histologic level, and like the hypodiploid subset of human CPC, exhibited multiple whole-chromosome losses, particularly of chromosomes 8, 12, and 19. Analysis of murine and human CPC gene expression profiles and copy number changes revealed altered expression of genes involved in cell cycle, DNA damage response, and cilium function. High-throughput drug screening identified small molecule inhibitors that decreased the viability of CPC. These models will be valuable tools for understanding the biology of choroid plexus tumors and for testing novel approaches to therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: This study describes new mouse models of choroid plexus carcinoma and uses them to investigate the biology and therapeutic responsiveness of this highly malignant pediatric brain tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Diana M Merino
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Light
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian L Murphy
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Andrew P Hodges
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Lianne Q Chau
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Kun-Wei Liu
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Girish Dhall
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles
| | - Erin N Kiehna
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles
| | - Ryan J Shirey
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott R VandenBerg
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Molecular and Medical Genetics Department, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Richard J Gilbertson
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, CRUK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California.
| |
Collapse
|