51
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Shi J, Zuev D, Xu L, Lentz KA, Grace JE, Toyn JH, Olson RE, Macor JE, Thompson LA. Design and optimization of tricyclic gamma-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1498-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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52
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Wu YJ, Zhang Y, Toyn JH, Macor JE, Thompson LA. Synthesis of pyrimido[4,5-c]azepine- and pyrimido[4,5-c]oxepine-based γ-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1554-1557. [PMID: 26898338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This Letter describes an efficient ring-closing metathesis approach to 2-chloro-4-amino-pyrimido[4,5-c]azepines and 2-chloro-4-amino-pyrimido[4,5-c]oxepines. These chlorides were applied to the synthesis of several potent γ-secretase modulators (GSMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States.
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Jeremy H Toyn
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - John E Macor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Lorin A Thompson
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
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53
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Zard SZ. The xanthate route to organofluorine derivatives. A brief account. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6891-912. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01087c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The radical chemistry of xanthates allows numerous approaches to organofluorine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique UMR 7652
- Ecole Polytechnique
- 91128 Palaiseau
- France
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54
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Batkulwar KB, Jana AK, Godbole RK, Khandelwal P, Sengupta N, Kulkarni MJ. Hydralazine inhibits amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation and glycation and ameliorates Aβ1–42 induced neurotoxicity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20225j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Top panel (red) depicts the formation beta sheet rich neurotoxic amyloid aggregates and bottom panel (blue) shows disordered non toxic amyloid aggregates formation upon hydralazine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedar B. Batkulwar
- Mass-spectrometry and Proteomics Facility
- Division of Biochemical Sciences
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Asis K. Jana
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
- Physical Chemistry Division
| | - Rashmi K. Godbole
- Mass-spectrometry and Proteomics Facility
- Division of Biochemical Sciences
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Puneet Khandelwal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
- Physical Chemistry Division
| | - Neelanjana Sengupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
- Physical Chemistry Division
| | - Mahesh J. Kulkarni
- Mass-spectrometry and Proteomics Facility
- Division of Biochemical Sciences
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
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55
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Takai T, Hoashi Y, Tomata Y, Morimoto S, Nakamura M, Watanabe T, Igari T, Koike T. Discovery of novel 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine derivatives as γ-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4245-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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56
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Fischer C, Zultanski SL, Zhou H, Methot JL, Shah S, Hayashi I, Hughes BL, Moxham CM, Bays NW, Smotrov N, Hill AD, Pan BS, Wu Z, Moy LY, Tanga F, Kenific C, Cruz JC, Walker D, Bouthillette M, Nikov GN, Deshmukh SV, Jeliazkova-Mecheva VV, Diaz D, Michener MS, Cook JJ, Munoz B, Shearman MS. Discovery of novel triazolobenzazepinones as γ-secretase modulators with central Aβ42 lowering in rodents and rhesus monkeys. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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57
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Potent benzoazepinone γ-secretase modulators with improved bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3495-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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58
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Cui J, Wang X, Li X, Wang X, Zhang C, Li W, Zhang Y, Gu H, Xie X, Nan F, Zhao J, Pei G. Targeting the γ-/β-secretase interaction reduces β-amyloid generation and ameliorates Alzheimer's disease-related pathogenesis. Cell Discov 2015; 1:15021. [PMID: 27462420 PMCID: PMC4860824 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of intense global effort, no disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer’s disease have emerged. Molecules targeting catalytic activities of γ-secretase or β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) have been beset by undesired side effects. We hypothesized that blocking the interaction between BACE1 and γ-secretase subunit presenilin-1 (PS1) might offer an alternative strategy to selectively suppress Aβ generation. Through high-throughput screening, we discovered that 3-α-akebonoic acid (3AA) interferes with PS1/BACE1 interaction and reduces Aβ production. Structural analogs of 3AA were systematically synthesized and the functional analog XYT472B was identified. Photo-activated crosslinking and biochemical competition assays showed that 3AA and XYT472B bind to PS1, interfere with PS1/BACE1 interaction, and reduce Aβ production, whereas sparing secretase activities. Furthermore, treatment of APP/PS1 mice with XYT472B alleviated cognitive dysfunction and Aβ-related pathology. Together, our results indicate that chemical interference of PS1/BACE1 interaction is a promising strategy for Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Chenlu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Yangming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Fajun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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59
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Wang X, Cui J, Li W, Zeng X, Zhao J, Pei G. γ-Secretase Modulators and Inhibitors Induce Different Conformational Changes of Presenilin 1 Revealed by FLIM and FRET. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 47:927-37. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianglu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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60
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Ling IF, Golde TE, Galasko DR, Koo EH. Modulation of Aβ42 in vivo by γ-secretase modulator in primates and humans. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:55. [PMID: 26244059 PMCID: PMC4523931 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Ibuprofen is one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that have been shown to selectively lower pathogenic amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ)42 without impairing overall γ-secretase activity in vitro. This γ-secretase modulator (GSM) activity has been hypothesized to contribute to the reduction in risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease in chronic users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, it is unclear whether ibuprofen, within therapeutic dosing range, demonstrates GSM activity in humans. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ibuprofen and a second-generation GSM, GSM-1, on Aβ levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of young nonhuman primates and humans. Methods Five to seven conscious cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were nontreated or treated with 30 mg/kg GSM-1 or 50 or 100 mg/kg ibuprofen and the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were sampled at −8, 0 (baseline or right before treatment), 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h postdosing. In addition, sixteen healthy human subjects were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or 800 mg ibuprofen given by intravenous administration and plasma were collected at 0 (before drug infusion), 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h after dosing. Results A single dose of GSM-1 (30 mg/kg) decreased the ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40 to 60 % in plasma and the ratio of Aβ42 to total Aβ to 65 % in cerebrospinal fluid from baseline to postdosing in monkeys. However, no significant changes were detected following ibuprofen treatment at 100 mg/kg. Consistent with the results from nonhuman primates, ibuprofen did not alter plasma Aβ levels in human volunteers after a single 800 mg dose. Conclusions GSM-1 exerted potent lowering of the ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40 in nonhuman primates but the hypothesized GSM activity of ibuprofen could not be demonstrated in nonhuman primates and humans after acute dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Fang Ling
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Douglas R Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA ; Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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61
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Kai T, Zhang L, Wang X, Jing A, Zhao B, Yu X, Zheng J, Zhou F. Tabersonine inhibits amyloid fibril formation and cytotoxicity of Aβ(1-42). ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:879-88. [PMID: 25874995 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides into amyloid fibrils are key events in the amyloid cascade hypothesis for the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence assay, atomic force microscopy, circular dichroism, size exclusion chromatography, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and cytotoxicity tests, we demonstrate that tabersonine, an ingredient extracted from the bean of Voacanga africana, disrupts Aβ(1-42) aggregation and ameliorates Aβ aggregate-induced cytotoxicity. A small amount of tabersonine (e.g., 10 μM) can effectively inhibit the formation of Aβ(1-42) (e.g., 80 μM) fibrils or convert mature fibrils into largely innocuous amorphous aggregates. SPR results indicate that tabersonine binds to Aβ(1-42) oligomers in a dose-dependent way. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further confirm that tabersonine can bind to oligomers such as the pentamer of Aβ(1-42). Tabersonine preferentially interact with the β-sheet grooves of Aβ(1-42) containing aromatic and hydrophobic residues. The various binding sites and modes explain the diverse inhibitory effects of tabersonine on Aβ aggregation. Given that tabersonine is a natural product and a precursor for vincristine used in cancer chemotherapy, the biocompatibility and small size essential for permeating the blood-brain barrier make it a potential therapeutic drug candidate for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhan Kai
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
| | - Aihua Jing
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P. R. China
| | - Bingqing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
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Wang DL, Liang ZQ, Chen KQ, Sun DQ, Ye S. Enantioselective N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Synthesis of Trifluoromethyldihydropyridinones. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5900-5. [PMID: 25933360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ling Wang
- Marine
College, Shandong University at Weihai, 180 Wenhua West Road, Weihai 264209, China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular
Recognition and Functional, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhi-Qin Liang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular
Recognition and Functional, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kun-Quan Chen
- Marine
College, Shandong University at Weihai, 180 Wenhua West Road, Weihai 264209, China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular
Recognition and Functional, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - De-Qun Sun
- Marine
College, Shandong University at Weihai, 180 Wenhua West Road, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Song Ye
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular
Recognition and Functional, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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63
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Design and synthesis of piperazine derivatives as a novel class of γ-secretase modulators that selectively lower Aβ42 production. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1923-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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64
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Liu Q, Waltz S, Woodruff G, Ouyang J, Israel MA, Herrera C, Sarsoza F, Tanzi RE, Koo EH, Ringman JM, Goldstein LSB, Wagner SL, Yuan SH. Effect of potent γ-secretase modulator in human neurons derived from multiple presenilin 1-induced pluripotent stem cell mutant carriers. JAMA Neurol 2015; 71:1481-9. [PMID: 25285942 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although considerable effort has been expended developing drug candidates for Alzheimer disease, none have yet succeeded owing to the lack of efficacy or to safety concerns. One potential shortcoming of current approaches to Alzheimer disease drug discovery and development is that they rely primarily on transformed cell lines and animal models that substantially overexpress wild-type or mutant proteins. It is possible that drug development failures thus far are caused in part by the limits of these approaches, which do not accurately reveal how drug candidates will behave in naive human neuronal cells. OBJECTIVE To analyze purified neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells from patients carrying 3 different presenilin 1 (PS1) mutations and nondemented control individuals in the absence of any overexpression. We tested the efficacy of γ-secretase inhibitor and γ-secretase modulator (GSM) in neurons derived from both normal control and 3 PS1 mutations (A246E, H163R, and M146L). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Adult human skin biopsies were obtained from volunteers at the Alzheimer Disease Research Center, University of California, San Diego. Cell cultures were treated with γ-secretase inhibitor or GSM. Comparisons of total β-amyloid (Aβ) and Aβ peptides 38, 40, and 42 in the media were made between vehicle- vs drug-treated cultures. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Soluble Aβ levels in the media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS As predicted, mutant PS1 neurons exhibited an elevated Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio (P < .05) at the basal state as compared with the nondemented control neurons. Treatment with a potent non-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory druglike GSM revealed a new biomarker signature that differs from all previous cell types and animals tested. This new signature was the same in both the mutant and control neurons and consisted of a reduction in Aβ42, Aβ40, and Aβ38 and in the Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio, with no change in the total Aβ levels. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This biomarker discrepancy is likely due to overexpression of amyloid precursor protein in the transformed cellular models. Our results suggest that biomarker signatures obtained with such models are misleading and that human neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells provide a unique signature that will more accurately reflect drug response in human patients and in cerebrospinal fluid biomarker changes observed during GSM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Shannon Waltz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Grace Woodruff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Joe Ouyang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla3Capitalbio, San Diego, California
| | - Mason A Israel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Cheryl Herrera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Floyd Sarsoza
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - John M Ringman
- Mary S Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Steven L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Shauna H Yuan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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Weissmiller AM, Natera-Naranjo O, Reyna SM, Pearn ML, Zhao X, Nguyen P, Cheng S, Goldstein LSB, Tanzi RE, Wagner SL, Mobley WC, Wu C. A γ-secretase inhibitor, but not a γ-secretase modulator, induced defects in BDNF axonal trafficking and signaling: evidence for a role for APP. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118379. [PMID: 25710492 PMCID: PMC4339551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clues to Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis come from a variety of different sources including studies of clinical and neuropathological features, biomarkers, genomics and animal and cellular models. An important role for amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its processing has emerged and considerable interest has been directed at the hypothesis that Aβ peptides induce changes central to pathogenesis. Accordingly, molecules that reduce the levels of Aβ peptides have been discovered such as γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) and modulators (GSMs). GSIs and GSMs reduce Aβ levels through very different mechanisms. However, GSIs, but not GSMs, markedly increase the levels of APP CTFs that are increasingly viewed as disrupting neuronal function. Here, we evaluated the effects of GSIs and GSMs on a number of neuronal phenotypes possibly relevant to their use in treatment of AD. We report that GSI disrupted retrograde axonal trafficking of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), suppressed BDNF-induced downstream signaling pathways and induced changes in the distribution within neuronal processes of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. In contrast, treatment with a novel class of GSMs had no significant effect on these measures. Since knockdown of APP by specific siRNA prevented GSI-induced changes in BDNF axonal trafficking and signaling, we concluded that GSI effects on APP processing were responsible, at least in part, for BDNF trafficking and signaling deficits. Our findings argue that with respect to anti-amyloid treatments, even an APP-specific GSI may have deleterious effects and GSMs may serve as a better alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M. Weissmiller
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Orlangie Natera-Naranjo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sol M. Reyna
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Pearn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- V.A. San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaobei Zhao
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Soan Cheng
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S. B. Goldstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - William C. Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Sosnovskikh VY, Korotaev VY, Barkov AY, Kutyashev IB, Safrygin AV. One-Pot Domino Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Benzophenones, Dihydroxanthones, andm-Terphenyls from 2-(Polyfluoroalkyl)chromones. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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De Strooper B, Chávez Gutiérrez L. Learning by Failing: Ideas and Concepts to Tackle γ-Secretases in Alzheimer's Disease and Beyond. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 55:419-37. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; ,
| | - Lucía Chávez Gutiérrez
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; ,
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SAR-studies of γ-secretase modulators with PPARγ-agonistic and 5-lipoxygenase-inhibitory activity for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:841-6. [PMID: 25575659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of compounds containing a 2-(benzylidene)hexanoic acid scaffold as multi-target directed γ-secretase-modulators. Broad structural variations were undertaken to elucidate the structure-activity-relationships at the 5-position of the aromatic core. Compound 13 showed the most potent activity profile with IC50 values of 0.79μM (Aβ42), 0.3μM (5-lipoxygenase) and an EC50 value of 4.64μM for PPARγ-activation. This derivative is the first compound exhibiting low micromolar to nanomolar activities for these three targets. Combining γ-secretase-modulation, PPARγ-agonism and inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase in one compound could be a novel disease-modifying multi-target-strategy for Alzheimer's disease to concurrently address the causative amyloid pathology and secondary pathologies like chronic brain inflammation.
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Delgado O, Delgado F, Vega JA, Trabanco AA. N-Bridged 5,6-bicyclic pyridines: Recent applications in central nervous system disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:719-31. [PMID: 25542766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel heterobicyclic compounds within the drug-like chemical space continues to be an area of interest in medicinal chemistry. Unsaturated N-bridgehead heterocycles are well represented in marketed drugs for a variety of therapeutic areas, and continue to play an important role in central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery programs. Examples of medicinal chemistry strategies that make use of N-bridged 5,6-bicyclic pyridines are discussed here in this Minireview, which covers the literature from 2010 up to 2014. B1-class imidazopyridines and B3-class pyrazolopyridines have proven to be at the forefront of molecular prototypes that are capable of interacting with disease relevant targets in neurodegeneration and neuropsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Delgado
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Francisca Delgado
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Vega
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain.
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70
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Zhang X, Li Y, Xu H, Zhang YW. The γ-secretase complex: from structure to function. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:427. [PMID: 25565961 PMCID: PMC4263104 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most critical pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides that form extracellular senile plaques in the brain. Aβ is derived from β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) through sequential cleavage by β- and γ-secretases. γ-secretase is a high molecular weight complex minimally composed of four components: presenilins (PS), nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective 1 (APH-1), and presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN-2). In addition to APP, γ-secretase also cleaves many other type I transmembrane (TM) protein substrates. As a crucial enzyme for Aβ production, γ-secretase is an appealing therapeutic target for AD. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the structure and function of γ-secretase, as well as recent progress in developing γ-secretase targeting drugs for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China ; Degenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China
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71
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Velter AI, Bischoff FP, Berthelot D, De Cleyn M, Oehlrich D, Jaroskova L, Macdonald G, Minne G, Pieters S, Rombouts F, Van Brandt S, Van Roosbroeck Y, Surkyn M, Trabanco AA, Tresadern G, Wu T, Borghys H, Mercken M, Masungi C, Gijsen H. Anilinotriazoles as potent gamma secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5805-5813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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72
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Allosteric regulation of γ-secretase activity by a phenylimidazole-type γ-secretase modulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10544-9. [PMID: 25009180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402171111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an intramembrane-cleaving protease responsible for the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Recently, a series of compounds called γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) has been shown to decrease the levels of long toxic Aβ species (i.e., Aβ42), with a concomitant elevation of the production of shorter Aβ species. In this study, we show that a phenylimidazole-type GSM allosterically induces conformational changes in the catalytic site of γ-secretase to augment the proteolytic activity. Analyses using the photoaffinity labeling technique and systematic mutational studies revealed that the phenylimidazole-type GSM targets a previously unidentified extracellular binding pocket within the N-terminal fragment of presenilin (PS). Collectively, we provide a model for the mechanism of action of the phenylimidazole-type GSM in which binding at the luminal side of PS induces a conformational change in the catalytic center of γ-secretase to modulate Aβ production.
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73
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Shen R, Fuller NO, Osswald G, Austin WF, Hubbs JL, Haag D, Kovacs J, Creaser SP, Findeis MA, Ives JL, Bronk BS. Multikilogram-Scale Production of Cycloartenol Triterpenoid Glycosides as Synthetic Intermediates for a γ-Secretase Modulator. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op5000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Shen
- Satori Pharmaceuticals Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nathan O. Fuller
- Satori Pharmaceuticals Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gerd Osswald
- Carbogen Amcis AG, Schachenallee
29, CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Wesley F. Austin
- Satori Pharmaceuticals Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jed L. Hubbs
- Satori Pharmaceuticals Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dieter Haag
- Carbogen Amcis AG, Schachenallee
29, CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Janos Kovacs
- Carbogen Amcis AG, Schachenallee
29, CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Steffen P. Creaser
- Satori Pharmaceuticals Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark A. Findeis
- Satori Pharmaceuticals Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Ives
- Satori Pharmaceuticals Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brian S. Bronk
- Satori Pharmaceuticals Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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74
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Wagner SL, Zhang C, Cheng S, Nguyen P, Zhang X, Rynearson K, Wang R, Li Y, Sisodia SS, Mobley WC, Tanzi RE. Soluble γ-secretase modulators selectively inhibit the production of the 42-amino acid amyloid β peptide variant and augment the production of multiple carboxy-truncated amyloid β species. Biochemistry 2014; 53:702-13. [PMID: 24401146 PMCID: PMC3929337 DOI: 10.1021/bi401537v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized pathologically by an abundance of extracellular neuritic plaques composed primarily of the 42-amino acid amyloid β peptide variant (Aβ42). In the majority of familial AD (FAD) cases, e.g., those harboring mutations in presenilin 1 (PS1), there is a relative increase in the levels of Aβ42 compared to the levels of Aβ40. We previously reported the characterization of a series of aminothiazole-bridged aromates termed aryl aminothiazole γ-secretase modulators or AGSMs [Kounnas, M. Z., et al. (2010) Neuron 67, 769-780] and showed their potential for use in the treatment of FAD [Wagner, S. L., et al. (2012) Arch. Neurol. 69, 1255-1258]. Here we describe a series of GSMs with physicochemical properties improved compared to those of AGSMs. Specific heterocycle replacements of the phenyl rings in AGSMs provided potent molecules with improved aqueous solubilities. A number of these soluble γ-secretase modulators (SGSMs) potently lowered Aβ42 levels without inhibiting proteolysis of Notch or causing accumulation of amyloid precursor protein carboxy-terminal fragments, even at concentrations approximately 1000-fold greater than their IC50 values for reducing Aβ42 levels. The effects of one potent SGSM on Aβ peptide production were verified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, showing enhanced production of a number of carboxy-truncated Aβ species. This SGSM also inhibited Aβ42 peptide production in a highly purified reconstituted γ-secretase in vitro assay system and retained the ability to modulate γ-secretase-mediated proteolysis in a stably transfected cell culture model overexpressing a human PS1 mutation validating the potential for use in FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L. Wagner
- Department
of Neurosciences, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, United States
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics
and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Soan Cheng
- Department
of Neurosciences, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, United States
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department
of Neurosciences, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, United States
| | - Xulun Zhang
- The
Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United
States
| | - Kevin
D. Rynearson
- Department
of Neurosciences, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, United States
| | - Rong Wang
- Department
of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn
Institute, New York, New York 10029, United
States
| | - Yueming Li
- Molecular
Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sangram S. Sisodia
- The
Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United
States
| | - William C. Mobley
- Department
of Neurosciences, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, United States
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics
and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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75
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Pettersson M, Johnson DS, Subramanyam C, Bales KR, am Ende CW, Fish BA, Green ME, Kauffman GW, Mullins PB, Navaratnam T, Sakya SM, Stiff CM, Tran TP, Xie L, Zhang L, Pustilnik LR, Vetelino BC, Wood KM, Pozdnyakov N, Verhoest PR, O’Donnell CJ. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of a Novel Series of Pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-Secretase Modulators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1046-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401782h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chakrapani Subramanyam
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kelly R. Bales
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher W. am Ende
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Fish
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael E. Green
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory W. Kauffman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick B. Mullins
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thayalan Navaratnam
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Subas M. Sakya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cory M. Stiff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tuan P. Tran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Longfei Xie
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Liming Zhang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Leslie R. Pustilnik
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Beth C. Vetelino
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Wood
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nikolay Pozdnyakov
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick R. Verhoest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher J. O’Donnell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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76
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Kobayashi T, Iwama S, Fusano A, Kato Y, Ikeda A, Teranishi Y, Nishihara A, Tobe M. Design and synthesis of an aminopiperidine series of γ-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:378-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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77
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Hall A, Patel TR. γ-Secretase modulators: current status and future directions. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 53:101-45. [PMID: 24418609 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63380-4.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the current status of γ-secretase modulators, highlighting key compounds by each company involved in the area. The review focuses on the three main chemotypes: acids, imidazoles and related derivatives and natural products. A section on chemical biology and ligand-binding site elucidation studies is also included. The primary source of information is drawn from peer reviewed literature as this permits analysis of PK-PD relationships and subsequent comment. Discussion of the patent literature is included for completeness. From this analysis, the key issues and challenges in the area are highlighted. The review concludes with a summary of the clinical development status and comment on future prospects of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Discovery Research, Neuroscience and General Medicine Product Creation Unit, Eisai Ltd., EMEA Knowledge Centre, Mosquito Way, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Toshal R Patel
- Department of BioPharmacology, Discovery Research, Neuroscience and General Medicine Product Creation Unit, Eisai Ltd., EMEA Knowledge Centre, Mosquito Way, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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78
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Voss M, Schröder B, Fluhrer R. Mechanism, specificity, and physiology of signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and SPP-like proteases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2828-39. [PMID: 24099004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and the homologous SPP-like (SPPL) proteases SPPL2a, SPPL2b, SPPL2c and SPPL3 belong to the family of GxGD intramembrane proteases. SPP/SPPLs selectively cleave transmembrane domains in type II orientation and do not require additional co-factors for proteolytic activity. Orthologues of SPP and SPPLs have been identified in other vertebrates, plants, and eukaryotes. In line with their diverse subcellular localisations ranging from the ER (SPP, SPPL2c), the Golgi (SPPL3), the plasma membrane (SPPL2b) to lysosomes/late endosomes (SPPL2a), the different members of the SPP/SPPL family seem to exhibit distinct functions. Here, we review the substrates of these proteases identified to date as well as the current state of knowledge about the physiological implications of these proteolytic events as deduced from in vivo studies. Furthermore, the present knowledge on the structure of intramembrane proteases of the SPP/SPPL family, their cleavage mechanism and their substrate requirements are summarised. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Intramembrane Proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Voss
- Adolf Butenandt Institute for Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 Munich, Germany
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79
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Chen JJ, Qian W, Biswas K, Yuan C, Amegadzie A, Liu Q, Nixey T, Zhu J, Ncube M, Rzasa RM, Chavez F, Chen N, DeMorin F, Rumfelt S, Tegley CM, Allen JR, Hitchcock S, Hungate R, Bartberger MD, Zalameda L, Liu Y, McCarter JD, Zhang J, Zhu L, Babu-Khan S, Luo Y, Bradley J, Wen PH, Reid DL, Koegler F, Dean C, Hickman D, Correll TL, Williamson T, Wood S. Discovery of 2-methylpyridine-based biaryl amides as γ-secretase modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6447-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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80
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Jung JI, Ladd TB, Kukar T, Price AR, Moore BD, Koo EH, Golde TE, Felsenstein KM. Steroids as γ-secretase modulators. FASEB J 2013; 27:3775-85. [PMID: 23716494 PMCID: PMC3752532 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation and accumulation of Aβ42 play an initiating role in Alzheimer's disease (AD); thus, selective lowering of Aβ42 by γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) remains a promising approach to AD therapy. Based on evidence suggesting that steroids may influence Aβ production, we screened 170 steroids at 10 μM for effects on Aβ42 secreted from human APP-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cells. Many acidic steroids lowered Aβ42, whereas many nonacidic steroids actually raised Aβ42. Studies on the more potent compounds showed that Aβ42-lowering steroids were bonafide GSMs and Aβ42-raising steroids were inverse GSMs. The most potent steroid GSM identified was 5β-cholanic acid (EC50=5.7 μM; its endogenous analog lithocholic acid was virtually equipotent), and the most potent inverse GSM identified was 4-androsten-3-one-17β-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (EC50=6.25 μM). In addition, we found that both estrogen and progesterone are weak inverse GSMs with further complex effects on APP processing. These data suggest that certain endogenous steroids may have the potential to act as GSMs and add to the evidence that cholesterol, cholesterol metabolites, and other steroids may play a role in modulating Aβ production and thus risk for AD. They also indicate that acidic steroids might serve as potential therapeutic leads for drug optimization/development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo In Jung
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and
| | - Ashleigh R. Price
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brenda D. Moore
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kevin M. Felsenstein
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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81
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Pettersson M, Stepan AF, Kauffman GW, Johnson DS. Novel γ-secretase modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a review focusing on patents from 2010 to 2012. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1349-66. [PMID: 23875696 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.821465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION γ-Secretase is the enzyme responsible for the final step of amyloid precursor protein proteolysis to generate Aβ peptides including Aβ42 which is believed to be a toxic species involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) have been shown to selectively lower Aβ42 production without affecting total Aβ levels or the formation of γ-secretase substrate intracellular domains such as APP intracellular domain and Notch intracellular domain. Therefore, GSMs have emerged as an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD. AREAS COVERED The literature covering novel GSMs will be reviewed focusing on patents from 2010 to 2012. EXPERT OPINION During the last review period (2008 - 2010) considerable progress was made developing GSMs with improved potency for lowering Aβ42 levels, but most of the compounds resided in unfavorable central nervous system (CNS) drug space. In this review period (2010 - 2012), there is a higher percentage of potent GSM chemical matter that resides in favorable CNS drug space. It is anticipated that clinical candidates will emerge out of this cohort that will be able to test the GSM mechanism of action in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pettersson
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 700 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139 , USA
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82
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Design and synthesis of bicyclic heterocycles as potent γ-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4794-800. [PMID: 23890837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of amide 3 into conformationally restricted bicyclic triazolo-piperidine 14-S as a γ-secretase modulator is described. This is a potential disease modifying anti-Alzheimer's drug which demonstrated high in vitro and in vivo potency against Aβ42 peptide, reduced lipophilicity and enhanced brain free fraction compared to the previous series.
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83
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Crump CJ, Johnson DS, Li YM. Development and mechanism of γ-secretase modulators for Alzheimer's disease. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3197-216. [PMID: 23614767 DOI: 10.1021/bi400377p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an aspartyl intramembranal protease composed of presenilin, Nicastrin, Aph1, and Pen2 with 19 transmembrane domains. γ-Secretase cleaves the amyloid precursor proteins (APP) to release Aβ peptides that likely play a causative role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, γ-secretase cleaves Notch and other type I membrane proteins. γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) have been developed and used for clinical studies. However, clinical trials have shown adverse effects of GSIs that are potentially linked with nondiscriminatory inhibition of Notch signaling, overall APP processing, and other substrate cleavages. Therefore, these findings call for the development of disease-modifying agents that target γ-secretase activity to lower levels of Aβ42 production without blocking the overall processing of γ-secretase substrates. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) originally derived from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) display such characteristics and are the focus of this review. However, first-generation GSMs have limited potential because of the low potency and undesired neuropharmacokinetic properties. This generation of GSMs has been suggested to interact with the APP substrate, γ-secretase, or both. To improve the potency and brain availability, second-generation GSMs, including NSAID-derived carboxylic acid and non-NSAID-derived heterocyclic chemotypes, as well as natural product-derived GSMs have been developed. Animal studies of this generation of GSMs have shown encouraging preclinical profiles. Moreover, using potent GSM photoaffinity probes, multiple studies unambiguously have showed that both carboxylic acid and heterocyclic GSMs specifically target presenilin, the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. In addition, two types of GSMs have distinct binding sites within the γ-secretase complex and exhibit different Aβ profiles. GSMs induce a conformational change of γ-secretase to achieve modulation. Various models are proposed and discussed. Despite the progress of GSM research, many outstanding issues remain to be investigated to achieve the ultimate goal of developing GSMs as effective AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Crump
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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84
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Sozio P, Cerasa LS, Laserra S, Cacciatore I, Cornacchia C, Di Filippo ES, Fulle S, Fontana A, Di Crescenzo A, Grilli M, Marchi M, Di Stefano A. Memantine-sulfur containing antioxidant conjugates as potential prodrugs to improve the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:187-98. [PMID: 23454012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The approved treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) exploit mainly a symptomatic approach based on the use of cholinesterase inhibitors or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Natural antioxidant compounds, able to pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), have been extensively studied as useful neuroprotective agents. A novel approach towards excitotoxicity protection and oxidative stress associated with excess β amyloid (Aβ) preservation in AD is represented by selective glutamatergic antagonists that possess as well antioxidant capabilities. In the present work, GSH (1) or (R)-α-lipoic acid (LA) (2) have been covalently linked with the NMDA receptor antagonists memantine (MEM). The new conjugates, proposed as potential antialzheimer drugs, should act both as glutamate receptor antagonists and radical scavenging agents. The physico-chemical properties and "in vitro" membrane permeability, the enzymatic and chemical stability, the demonstrated "in vitro" antioxidant activity associated to the capacity to inhibit Aβ(1-42) aggregation makes at least compound 2 a promising candidate for treatment of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Sozio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università G. D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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85
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Zhang M, Hausmann L, Song W. Targeting nascent soluble Aβ42 for potential Alzheimer drug development. J Neurochem 2013; 125:329-31. [PMID: 23405973 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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86
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Pozdnyakov N, Murrey HE, Crump CJ, Pettersson M, Ballard TE, Am Ende CW, Ahn K, Li YM, Bales KR, Johnson DS. γ-Secretase modulator (GSM) photoaffinity probes reveal distinct allosteric binding sites on presenilin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9710-9720. [PMID: 23396974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.398602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an intramembrane aspartyl protease that cleaves the amyloid precursor protein to produce neurotoxic β-amyloid peptides (i.e. Aβ42) that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Small molecule γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have emerged as potential disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer disease because they reduce the formation of Aβ42 while not blocking the processing of γ-secretase substrates. We developed clickable GSM photoaffinity probes with the goal of identifying the target of various classes of GSMs and to better understand their mechanism of action. Here, we demonstrate that the photoaffinity probe E2012-BPyne specifically labels the N-terminal fragment of presenilin-1 (PS1-NTF) in cell membranes as well as in live cells and primary neuronal cultures. The labeling is competed in the presence of the parent imidazole GSM E2012, but not with acid GSM-1, allosteric GSI BMS-708163, or substrate docking site peptide inhibitor pep11, providing evidence that these compounds have distinct binding sites. Surprisingly, we found that the cross-linking of E2012-BPyne to PS1-NTF is significantly enhanced in the presence of the active site-directed GSI L-685,458 (L458). In contrast, L458 does not affect the labeling of the acid GSM photoprobe GSM-5. We also observed that E2012-BPyne specifically labels PS1-NTF (active γ-secretase) but not full-length PS1 (inactive γ-secretase) in ANP.24 cells. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that multiple binding sites within the γ-secretase complex exist, each of which may contribute to different modes of modulatory action. Furthermore, the enhancement of PS1-NTF labeling by E2012-BPyne in the presence of L458 suggests a degree of cooperativity between the active site of γ-secretase and the modulatory binding site of certain GSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Pozdnyakov
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Heather E Murrey
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Christina J Crump
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Science of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - T Eric Ballard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | - Kwangwook Ahn
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Science of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Science of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Kelly R Bales
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
| | - Douglas S Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
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87
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Imamura Y, Umezawa N, Osawa S, Shimada N, Higo T, Yokoshima S, Fukuyama T, Iwatsubo T, Kato N, Tomita T, Higuchi T. Effect of Helical Conformation and Side Chain Structure on γ-Secretase Inhibition by β-Peptide Foldamers: Insight into Substrate Recognition. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1443-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301306c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Imamura
- Department of Bioorganic-Inorganic
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku,
Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoki Umezawa
- Department of Bioorganic-Inorganic
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku,
Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoko Osawa
- Department
of Neuropathology
and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Naoaki Shimada
- Department of Synthetic
Natural
Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Takuya Higo
- Department of Synthetic
Natural
Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Department of Synthetic
Natural
Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Tohru Fukuyama
- Department of Synthetic
Natural
Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department
of Neuropathology
and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,
Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuropathology,
Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuki Kato
- Department of Bioorganic-Inorganic
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku,
Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Department
of Neuropathology
and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,
Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Higuchi
- Department of Bioorganic-Inorganic
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku,
Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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88
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Svedružić ŽM, Popović K, Šendula-Jengić V. Modulators of γ-secretase activity can facilitate the toxic side-effects and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e50759. [PMID: 23308095 PMCID: PMC3538728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Selective modulation of different Aβ products of an intramembrane protease γ-secretase, could be the most promising strategy for development of effective therapies for Alzheimer's disease. We describe how different drug-candidates can modulate γ-secretase activity in cells, by studying how DAPT affects changes in γ-secretase activity caused by gradual increase in Aβ metabolism. Results Aβ 1–40 secretion in the presence of DAPT shows biphasic activation-inhibition dose-response curves. The biphasic mechanism is a result of modulation of γ-secretase activity by multiple substrate and inhibitor molecules that can bind to the enzyme simultaneously. The activation is due to an increase in γ-secretase's kinetic affinity for its substrate, which can make the enzyme increasingly more saturated with otherwise sub-saturating substrate. The noncompetitive inhibition that prevails at the saturating substrate can decrease the maximal activity. The synergistic activation-inhibition effects can drastically reduce γ-secretase's capacity to process its physiological substrates. This reduction makes the biphasic inhibitors exceptionally prone to the toxic side-effects and potentially pathogenic. Without the modulation, γ-secretase activity on it physiological substrate in cells is only 14% of its maximal activity, and far below the saturation. Significance Presented mechanism can explain why moderate inhibition of γ-secretase cannot lead to effective therapies, the pharmacodynamics of Aβ-rebound phenomenon, and recent failures of the major drug-candidates such as semagacestat. Novel improved drug-candidates can be prepared from competitive inhibitors that can bind to different sites on γ-secretase simultaneously. Our quantitative analysis of the catalytic capacity can facilitate the future studies of the therapeutic potential of γ-secretase and the pathogenic changes in Aβ metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko M Svedružić
- Medical Biochemistry, PB Rab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rab, Croatia.
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89
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Hochard A, Oumata N, Bettayeb K, Gloulou O, Fant X, Durieu E, Buron N, Porceddu M, Borgne-Sanchez A, Galons H, Flajolet M, Meijer L. Aftins increase amyloid-β42, lower amyloid-β38, and do not alter amyloid-β40 extracellular production in vitro: toward a chemical model of Alzheimer's disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 35:107-20. [PMID: 23364140 PMCID: PMC5039020 DOI: 10.3233/jad-121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased production of amyloid-β (Aβ)42 peptide, derived from the amyloid-β protein precursor, and its subsequent aggregation into oligomers and plaques constitutes a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We here report on a family of low molecular weight molecules, the Aftins (Amyloid-β Forty-Two Inducers), which, in cultured cells, dramatically affect the production of extracellular/secreted amyloid peptides. Aftins trigger β-secretase inhibitor and γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) sensitive, robust upregulation of Aβ42, and parallel down-regulation of Aβ38, while Aβ40 levels remain stable. In contrast, intracellular levels of these amyloids appear to remain stable. In terms of their effects on Aβ38/Aβ40/Aβ42 relative abundance, Aftins act opposite to γ-secretase modulators (GSMs). Aβ42 upregulation induced by Aftin-5 is unlikely to originate from reduced proteolytic degradation or diminished autophagy. Aftin-5 has little effects on mitochondrial functional parameters (swelling, transmembrane potential loss, cytochrome c release, oxygen consumption) but reversibly alters the ultrastructure of mitochondria. Aftins thus alter the Aβ levels in a fashion similar to that described in the brain of AD patients. Aftins therefore constitute new pharmacological tools to investigate this essential aspect of AD, in cell cultures, allowing (1) the detection of inhibitors of Aftin induced action (potential 'anti-AD compounds', including GSIs and GSMs) but also (2) the identification, in the human chemical exposome, of compounds that, like Aftins, might trigger sustained Aβ42 production and Aβ38 down-regulation (potential 'pro-AD compounds').
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Hochard
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
- CNRS, USR3151, Station Biologique, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Nassima Oumata
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Karima Bettayeb
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olfa Gloulou
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, CNRS, UMR 8601, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Fant
- CNRS, USR3151, Station Biologique, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Emilie Durieu
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
- CNRS, USR3151, Station Biologique, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Nelly Buron
- Mitologics SAS, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48, Boulevard Sérurier, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Porceddu
- Mitologics SAS, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48, Boulevard Sérurier, Paris, France
| | | | - Hervé Galons
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, CNRS, UMR 8601, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marc Flajolet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
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90
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Li H, Qin J, Dhondi P, Zhou W, Vicarel M, Bara T, Cole D, Josien H, Pissarnitski D, Zhu Z, Palani A, Aslanian R, Clader J, Czarniecki M, Greenlee W, Cohen-Williams M, Hyde L, Song L, Zhang L, Chu I, Huang X. The discovery of fused oxadiazepines as gamma secretase modulators for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:466-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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91
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Austin WF, Hubbs JL, Fuller NO, Creaser SP, McKee TD, Loureiro RMB, Findeis MA, Tate B, Ives JL, Bronk BS. SAR investigations on a novel class of gamma-secretase modulators based on a unique scaffold. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md20357c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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92
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Yngve U, Paulsen K, Macsari I, Sundström M, Santangelo E, Linde C, Bogar K, Lake F, Besidski Y, Malmborg J, Strömberg K, Appelkvist P, Radesäter AC, Olsson F, Bergström D, Klintenberg R, Arvidsson PI. Triazolopyrimidinones as γ-secretase modulators: structure–activity relationship, modulator profile, and in vivo profiling. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20312j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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93
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Rogers K, Felsenstein KM, Hrdlicka L, Tu Z, Albayya F, Lee W, Hopp S, Miller MJ, Spaulding D, Yang Z, Hodgdon H, Nolan S, Wen M, Costa D, Blain JF, Freeman E, De Strooper B, Vulsteke V, Scrocchi L, Zetterberg H, Portelius E, Hutter-Paier B, Havas D, Ahlijanian M, Flood D, Leventhal L, Shapiro G, Patzke H, Chesworth R, Koenig G. Modulation of γ-secretase by EVP-0015962 reduces amyloid deposition and behavioral deficits in Tg2576 mice. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:61. [PMID: 23249765 PMCID: PMC3573960 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease is the presence of senile plaques in human brain primarily containing the amyloid peptides Aβ42 and Aβ40. Many drug discovery efforts have focused on decreasing the production of Aβ42 through γ-secretase inhibition. However, identification of γ-secretase inhibitors has also uncovered mechanism-based side effects. One approach to circumvent these side effects has been modulation of γ-secretase to shift Aβ production to favor shorter, less amyloidogenic peptides than Aβ42, without affecting the overall cleavage efficiency of the enzyme. This approach, frequently called γ-secretase modulation, appears more promising and has lead to the development of new therapeutic candidates for disease modification in Alzheimer’s disease. Results Here we describe EVP-0015962, a novel small molecule γ-secretase modulator. EVP-0015962 decreased Aβ42 in H4 cells (IC50 = 67 nM) and increased the shorter Aβ38 by 1.7 fold at the IC50 for lowering of Aβ42. AβTotal, as well as other carboxyl-terminal fragments of amyloid precursor protein, were not changed. EVP-0015962 did not cause the accumulation of other γ-secretase substrates, such as the Notch and ephrin A4 receptors, whereas a γ-secretase inhibitor reduced processing of both. A single oral dose of EVP-0015962 (30 mg/kg) decreased Aβ42 and did not alter AβTotal peptide levels in a dose-dependent manner in Tg2576 mouse brain at an age when overt Aβ deposition was not present. In Tg2576 mice, chronic treatment with EVP-0015962 (20 or 60 mg/kg/day in a food formulation) reduced Aβ aggregates, amyloid plaques, inflammatory markers, and cognitive deficits. Conclusions EVP-0015962 is orally bioavailable, detected in brain, and a potent, selective γ-secretase modulator in vitro and in vivo. Chronic treatment with EVP-0015962 was well tolerated in mice and lowered the production of Aβ42, attenuated memory deficits, and reduced Aβ plaque formation and inflammation in Tg2576 transgenic animals. In summary, these data suggest that γ-secretase modulation with EVP-0015962 represents a viable therapeutic alternative for disease modification in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Rogers
- EnVivo Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 500 Arsenal Street, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
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94
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γ-Secretase Modulators: Can We Combine Potency with Safety? Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:295207. [PMID: 23365783 PMCID: PMC3534213 DOI: 10.1155/2012/295207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase modulation has been proposed as a potential disease modifying anti-Alzheimer's approach. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) cause a product shift from the longer amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide isoforms to shorter, more soluble, and less amyloidogenic isoforms, without inhibiting APP or Notch proteolytic processing. As such, modulating γ-secretase may avoid some of the adverse effects observed with γ-secretase inhibitors. Since the termination of the GSM tarenfurbil in 2008 due to negative phase III trial results, a considerable progress has been made towards more potent and better brain penetrable compounds. However, an analysis of their lipophilic efficiency indices indicates that their increased potency can be largely attributed to their increased lipophilicity. The need for early and chronic dosing with GSMs will require high-safety margins. This will be a challenge to achieve with the current, highly lipophilic GSMs. We will demonstrate that by focusing on the drug-like properties of GSMs, a combination of high in vitro potency and reduced lipophilicity can be achieved and does result in better tolerated compounds. The next hurdle will be to translate this knowledge into GSMs which are highly efficacious and safe in vivo.
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95
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Fuller NO, Hubbs JL, Austin WF, Creaser S, McKee TD, Loureiro RB, Tate B, Xia W, Ives JL, Findeis MA, Bronk BS. Initial Optimization of a New Series of γ-Secretase Modulators Derived from a Triterpene Glycoside. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:908-13. [PMID: 24900406 PMCID: PMC4025870 DOI: 10.1021/ml300256p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of a new series of γ-secretase modulators is disclosed. Starting from a triterpene glycoside γ-secretase modulator that gave a very low brain-to-plasma ratio, initial SAR and optimization involved replacement of a pendant sugar with a series of morpholines. This modification led to two compounds with significantly improved central nervous system (CNS) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan O. Fuller
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jed L. Hubbs
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wesley F. Austin
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Timothy D. McKee
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robyn
M. B. Loureiro
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Barbara Tate
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey L. Ives
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Brian S. Bronk
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
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96
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Huang X, Zhou W, Liu X, Li H, Sun G, Mandal M, Vicarel M, Zhu X, Bennett C, McCraken T, Pissarnitski D, Zhao Z, Cole D, Gallo G, Zhu Z, Palani A, Aslanian R, Clader J, Czarniecki M, Greenlee W, Burnett D, Cohen-Williams M, Hyde L, Song L, Zhang L, Chu I, Buevich A. Synthesis and SAR Studies of Fused Oxadiazines as γ-Secretase Modulators for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:931-5. [PMID: 24900409 DOI: 10.1021/ml300209g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fused oxadiazines (3) were discovered as selective and orally bioavailable γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) based on the structural framework of oxadiazoline GSMs. Although structurally related, initial modifications showed that structure-activity relationships (SARs) did not translate from the oxadiazoline to the oxadiazine series. Subsequent SAR studies on modifications at the C3 and C4 positions of the fused oxadiazine core helped to identify GSMs such as compounds 8r and 8s that were highly efficacious in vitro and in vivo in a number of animal models with highly desirable physical and pharmacological properties. Further improvements of in vitro activity and selectivity were achieved by the preparation of fused morpholine oxadiazines. The shift in specificity of APP cleavage rather than a reduction in overall γ-secretase activity and the lack of changes in substrate accumulation and Notch processing as observed in the animal studies of compound 8s confirm that the oxadiazine series of compounds are potent GSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Huang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - George Sun
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mihirbaran Mandal
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Monica Vicarel
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Chad Bennett
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Troy McCraken
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dmitri Pissarnitski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David Cole
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gioconda Gallo
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert Aslanian
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John Clader
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael Czarniecki
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - William Greenlee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Duane Burnett
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mary Cohen-Williams
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lynn Hyde
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lixin Song
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Inhou Chu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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97
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Hubbs JL, Fuller NO, Austin WF, Shen R, Creaser SP, McKee TD, Loureiro RMB, Tate B, Xia W, Ives J, Bronk BS. Optimization of a natural product-based class of γ-secretase modulators. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9270-82. [PMID: 23030762 DOI: 10.1021/jm300976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of triterpene-based γ-secretase modulators is optimized. An acetate present at the C24 position of the natural product was replaced with either carbamates or ethers to provide compounds with better metabolic stability. With one of those pharmacophores in place at C24, morpholines or carbamates were installed at the C3 position to refine the physicochemical properties of the analogues. This strategy gave compounds with low clearance and good distribution into the central nervous system (CNS) of CD-1 mice. Two of these compounds, 100 and 120, were tested for a pharmacodynamic effect in the strain and lowered brain Aβ42 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed L Hubbs
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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98
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Ntelios D, Berninger B, Tzimagiorgis G. Numb and Alzheimer's disease: the current picture. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:145. [PMID: 23060745 PMCID: PMC3463830 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-three years ago, numb was identified as a critical regulator in Drosophila sensory organ precursor cell asymmetric divisions. Beyond the recently recognized role in carcinogenesis, Numb seems to be important in Alzheimer’s disease. This assertion comes from the involvement in various processes such as synapse morphogenesis, amyloid precursor protein trafficking, notch signaling, and neurogenesis. The purpose of the present mini-review is to provide the current picture of Numb’s participation in mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis and emphasize potential aspects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Ntelios
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece
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99
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Vandersteen A, Masman MF, De Baets G, Jonckheere W, van der Werf K, Marrink SJ, Rozenski J, Benilova I, De Strooper B, Subramaniam V, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F, Broersen K. Molecular plasticity regulates oligomerization and cytotoxicity of the multipeptide-length amyloid-β peptide pool. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36732-43. [PMID: 22992745 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.394635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic approaches under development for Alzheimer disease, including γ-secretase modulating therapy, aim at increasing the production of Aβ(1-38) and Aβ(1-40) at the cost of longer Aβ peptides. Here, we consider the aggregation of Aβ(1-38) and Aβ(1-43) in addition to Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42), in particular their behavior in mixtures representing the complex in vivo Aβ pool. We demonstrate that Aβ(1-38) and Aβ(1-43) aggregate similar to Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42), respectively, but display a variation in the kinetics of assembly and toxicity due to differences in short timescale conformational plasticity. In biologically relevant mixtures of Aβ, Aβ(1-38) and Aβ(1-43) significantly affect the behaviors of Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42). The short timescale conformational flexibility of Aβ(1-38) is suggested to be responsible for enhancing toxicity of Aβ(1-40) while exerting a cyto-protective effect on Aβ(1-42). Our results indicate that the complex in vivo Aβ peptide array and variations thereof is critical in Alzheimer disease, which can influence the selection of current and new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Vandersteen
- Switch Laboratory, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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100
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Crump CJ, Castro SV, Wang F, Pozdnyakov N, Ballard TE, Sisodia SS, Bales KR, Johnson DS, Li YM. BMS-708,163 targets presenilin and lacks notch-sparing activity. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7209-11. [PMID: 22931393 DOI: 10.1021/bi301137h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The "Notch-sparing" γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) BMS-708,163 (Avagacestat) is currently in phase II clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. Unlike previously failed GSIs, BMS-708,163 is considered to be a promising drug candidate because of its reported Notch-sparing activity for the inhibition of Aβ production over Notch cleavage. We now report that BMS-708,163 binds directly to the presenilin-1 N-terminal fragment and that binding can be challenged by other pan-GSIs, but not by γ-secretase modulators. Furthermore, BMS-708,163 blocks the binding of four different active site-directed GSI photoaffinity probes. We therefore report that this compound acts as a nonselective γ-secretase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Crump
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
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