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Abstract
In this manuscript we focus on Pt(iv) anticancer prodrugs. We explore the main working hypotheses for the design of effective Pt(iv) prodrugs and note the exceptions to the common assumptions that are prevalent in the field. Special attention was devoted to the emerging class of "dual action" Pt(iv) prodrugs, where bioactive ligands are conjugated to the axial positions of platinum in order to obtain orthogonal or complementary effects that will increase the efficacy of killing the cancer cells. We discuss the rationale behind the design of the "dual action" prodrugs and the results of the pharmacological studies obtained. Simultaneous release of two bioactive moieties inside the cancer cells often triggers several processes that together determine the fate of the cell. Pt(iv) complexes provide many opportunities for applying new concepts in targeting, synergistic cell killing and exploiting novel nanodelivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gibson
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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52
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Bai L, Gao C, Liu Q, Yu C, Zhang Z, Cai L, Yang B, Qian Y, Yang J, Liao X. Research progress in modern structure of platinum complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:349-382. [PMID: 28985575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the antitumor activity of cisplatin was discovered in 1967 by Rosenberg, platinum-based anticancer drugs have played an important role in chemotherapy in clinic. Nevertheless, platinum anticancer drugs also have caused severe side effects and cross drug resistance which limited their applications. Therefore, a significant amount of efforts have been devoted to developing new platinum-based anticancer agents with equal or higher antitumor activity but lower toxicity. Until now, a large number of platinum-based complexes have been prepared and extensively investigated in vitro and in vivo. Among them, some platinum-based complexes revealing excellent anticancer activity showed the potential to be developed as novel type of anticancer agents. In this account, we present such platinum-based anticancer complexes which owning various types of ligands, such as, amine carrier ligands, leaving groups, reactive molecule, steric hindrance groups, non-covalently binding platinum (II) complexes, Platinum(IV) complexes and polynuclear platinum complexes. Overall, platinum-based anticancer complexes reported recently years upon modern structure are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linkui Bai
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chuanzhu Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Congtao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhuxin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Linxiang Cai
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yunxu Qian
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiali Liao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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53
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Impact of the equatorial coordination sphere on the rate of reduction, lipophilicity and cytotoxic activity of platinum(IV) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 174:119-129. [PMID: 28666155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the equatorial coordination sphere on the reduction behavior (i.e. rate of reduction) of platinum(IV) complexes with axial carboxylato ligands was studied. Moreover, the influence of equatorial ligands on the stability, lipophilicity and cytotoxicity of platinum(IV) compounds was evaluated. For this purpose, a series of platinum(IV) complexes featuring axial carboxylato ligands (succinic acid monoesters) was synthesized; anionic carboxylato (OAc-, oxalate) and halido (Cl-, Br-, I-) ligands served as leaving groups and am(m)ine carrier ligands were provided by monodentately (isopropylamine, ammine+cyclohexaneamine) or bidentately (ethane-1,2-diamine) coordinating am(m)ines. All platinum(IV) products were fully characterized based on elemental analysis, high resolution mass spectrometry and multinuclear (1H, 13C, 15N, 195Pt) NMR spectroscopy as well as by X-ray diffraction in some cases. The rate of reduction in the presence of ascorbic acid was determined by NMR spectroscopy and the lipophilicity of the complexes was investigated by analytical reversed phase HPLC measurements. Cytotoxic properties were studied by means of a colorimetric microculture assay in three human cancer cell lines derived from cisplatin sensitive ovarian teratocarcinoma (CH1/PA-1) as well as cisplatin insensitive colon carcinoma (SW480) and non-small cell lung cancer (A549).
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54
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Zhao J, Xu Z, Lin J, Gou S. Exploring the Hydrolytic Behavior of the Platinum(IV) Complexes with Axial Acetato Ligands. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:9851-9859. [PMID: 28771338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Platinum(IV) complexes are generally thought to be kinetically inert, and are expected to be stable enough to resist premature aquation before entering the cancer cells. Nevertheless, in this work, complex 2 with axial acetato ligands can hydrolyze relatively quickly under biologically relevant conditions with a half-life of 91.7 min, resulting in the loss of the equatorial chlorido ligand. Further study indicated that the fast hydrolysis of complex 2 may be attributed to the strong σ-donor ability of N-isopropyl-1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane, and an increasing σ-donor ability of the amine group can promote the hydrolysis rate of the corresponding platinum(IV) complex. The experiment results were proven by the corresponding DFT calculation. Our study can help to re-evaluate the aqueous properties of the platinum(IV) complexes with axial acetate, which may be less inert to hydrolysis than expected under biologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China.,Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zichen Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China.,Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China.,Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
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55
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Ejehi Z, Ariafard A. A computational mechanistic investigation into the reduction of Pt(iv) prodrugs with two axial chlorides by biological reductants. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1413-1416. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07834f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of the Pt(iv) prodrugs with two axial chlorido ligands by biological reductants does not always proceed via the chloride-bridge inner-sphere mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ejehi
- Department of Chemistry
- Islamic Azad University
- Central Tehran Branch
- Shahrak Gharb
- Iran
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry
- Islamic Azad University
- Central Tehran Branch
- Shahrak Gharb
- Iran
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56
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Mayr J, Heffeter P, Groza D, Galvez L, Koellensperger G, Roller A, Alte B, Haider M, Berger W, Kowol CR, Keppler BK. An albumin-based tumor-targeted oxaliplatin prodrug with distinctly improved anticancer activity in vivo. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2241-2250. [PMID: 28507680 PMCID: PMC5409245 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03862j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An oxaliplatin-based platinum(iv) drug which specifically binds to albumin after i.v. application led to several complete responses in tumor-bearing mice.
The design of targeted platinum(iv) prodrugs is a very promising approach to enhance the low selectivity of platinum(ii) drugs towards cancerous tissue in order to reduce the impact on healthy tissue and, consequently, the often severe side-effects. Herein, we report a set of mono-functionalized cis- and oxaliplatin-based platinum(iv) complexes bearing a maleimide moiety, which allows selective binding to serum albumin in the bloodstream. This leads not only to a prolonged plasma half-life by avoidance of fast renal clearance, but also to preferential accumulation of the drug in the tumor tissue due to the EPR-effect. Additionally, analogous succinimide-functionalized derivatives were prepared to verify the influence of the maleimide moiety. First experiments showed that all the maleimide compounds are stable and also possess good albumin-binding properties in whole serum. Further analytical studies on in vivo samples proved the highly increased plasma half-life, as well as tumor accumulation of the maleimide-functionalized substances. In vivo antitumor experiments with CT-26-bearing mice showed that, in contrast to the cisplatin derivatives, the oxaliplatin-based complexes had exceptionally better activity than the free drug resulting in the cure of the majority of treated mice. Subsequent analysis suggested that a distinctly faster reduction as well as reduced tumor accumulation of the cisplatin derivative might explain the worse performance compared to the oxaliplatin(iv) complexes. Taken together, a novel lead platinum(iv) complex with outstanding antitumor activity is presented, which will now be further developed towards clinical phase I trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Mayr
- University of Vienna , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Waehringer Strasse 42 , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43-1-4277-52609
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center , Medical University of Vienna , Borschkegasse 8a , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43-1-40160-57557.,Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research" , University of Vienna , Waehringer Strasse 42 , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria
| | - Diana Groza
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center , Medical University of Vienna , Borschkegasse 8a , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43-1-40160-57557
| | - Luis Galvez
- University of Vienna , Institute of Analytical Chemistry , Waehringer Strasse 38 , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- University of Vienna , Institute of Analytical Chemistry , Waehringer Strasse 38 , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria
| | - Alexander Roller
- University of Vienna , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Waehringer Strasse 42 , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43-1-4277-52609
| | - Beatrix Alte
- University of Vienna , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Waehringer Strasse 42 , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43-1-4277-52609.,Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center , Medical University of Vienna , Borschkegasse 8a , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43-1-40160-57557
| | - Melanie Haider
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center , Medical University of Vienna , Borschkegasse 8a , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43-1-40160-57557
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center , Medical University of Vienna , Borschkegasse 8a , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43-1-40160-57557.,Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research" , University of Vienna , Waehringer Strasse 42 , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria
| | - Christian R Kowol
- University of Vienna , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Waehringer Strasse 42 , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43-1-4277-52609.,Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research" , University of Vienna , Waehringer Strasse 42 , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- University of Vienna , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Waehringer Strasse 42 , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43-1-4277-52609.,Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research" , University of Vienna , Waehringer Strasse 42 , A-1090 , Vienna , Austria
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57
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Escolà A, Crespo M, López C, Quirante J, Jayaraman A, Polat IH, Badía J, Baldomà L, Cascante M. On the stability and biological behavior of cyclometallated Pt(IV) complexes with halido and aryl ligands in the axial positions. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5804-5815. [PMID: 27670096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyclometallated platinum(IV) compounds (3a, 3a' and 3b') with a meridional [C,N,N'] terdentate ligand, featuring an halido and an aryl group in the axial positions has been evaluated for electrochemical reduction and preliminary biological behavior against a panel of human adenocarcinoma (A-549 lung, HCT-116 colon, and MCF-7 breast) cell lines and the normal bronquial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Cathodic reduction potentials (shifting from -1.463 to -1.570V) reveal that the platinum(IV) compounds under study would be highly reluctant to be reduced in a biological environment. Actually ascorbic acid was not able to reduce complex 3a', the most prone to be reduced according its reduction potential, over a period of one week. These results suggest an intrinsic activity for the investigated platinum(IV) complexes (3a, 3a' and 3b'), which exhibit a remarkable cytotoxicity effectiveness (with IC50 values in the low micromolar range), even greater than that of cisplatin. The IC50 for A-549 lung cells and clog P values were found to follow the same trend: 3b'>3a'>3a. However, no correlation was observed between reduction potential and in vitro activity. As a representative example, cyclometallated platinum(IV) compound 3a', exercise its antiproliferative activity directly over non-microcytic A-549 lung cancer cells through a mixture of cell cycle arrest (13% arrest at G1 phase and 46% arrest at G2 phase) and apoptosis induction (increase of early apoptosis by 30 times with regard to control). To gain further insights into the mode of action of the investigated platinum(IV) complexes, drug uptake, cathepsin B inhibition and ROS generation were also evaluated. Interestingly an increased ROS generation could be related with the antiproliferative activity of the cyclometallated platinum(IV) series under study in the cisplatin-resistant A-549 lung and HCT-116 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Escolà
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Crespo
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Concepción López
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Quirante
- Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anusha Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and IDIBAPS, Unit Associated with CSIC, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ibrahim H Polat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and IDIBAPS, Unit Associated with CSIC, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Badía
- Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Secció de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Baldomà
- Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Secció de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cascante
- Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and IDIBAPS, Unit Associated with CSIC, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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58
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Sooriyaarachchi M, Gailer J, Dolgova NV, Pickering IJ, George GN. Chemical basis for the detoxification of cisplatin-derived hydrolysis products by sodium thiosulfate. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 162:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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59
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Tolan D, Gandin V, Morrison L, El-Nahas A, Marzano C, Montagner D, Erxleben A. Oxidative Stress Induced by Pt(IV) Pro-drugs Based on the Cisplatin Scaffold and Indole Carboxylic Acids in Axial Position. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29367. [PMID: 27404565 PMCID: PMC4941645 DOI: 10.1038/srep29367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Pt(IV) complexes as pro-drugs that are activated by intracellular reduction is a widely investigated approach to overcome the limitations of Pt(II) anticancer agents. A series of ten mono- and bis-carboxylated Pt(IV) complexes with axial indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) ligands were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, ESI-MS, FT-IR, (1)H and (195)Pt NMR spectroscopy. Cellular uptake, DNA platination and cytotoxicity against a panel of human tumor cell lines were evaluated. All the complexes are able to overcome cisplatin-resistance and the most potent complex, cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(IPA)(OH)] was on average three times more active than cisplatin. Mechanistic studies revealed that the trend in cytotoxicity of the Pt(IV) complexes is primarily consistent with their ability to accumulate into cancer cells and to increase intracellular basal reactive oxygen species levels, which in turn results in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis induction. The role of the indole acid ligand as a redox modulator is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Tolan
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, El-Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Liam Morrison
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ahmed El-Nahas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, El-Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Cristina Marzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Montagner
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Andrea Erxleben
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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60
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Göschl S, Varbanov HP, Theiner S, Jakupec MA, Galanski MS, Keppler BK. The role of the equatorial ligands for the redox behavior, mode of cellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of platinum(IV) prodrugs. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 160:264-74. [PMID: 27055943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims to elucidate the possible reasons for the significantly different pharmacological behavior of platinum(IV) complexes with cisplatin-, carboplatin- or nedaplatin-like cores and how this difference can be related to their main physicochemical properties. Chlorido-containing complexes are reduced fast (within hours) by ascorbate and are able to unwind plasmid DNA in the presence of ascorbate, while their tri- and tetracarboxylato analogs are generally inert under the same conditions. Comparison of the lipophilicity, cellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of the investigated platinum compounds revealed the necessity to define new structure-property/activity relationships (SPRs and SARs). The higher activity and improved accumulation of platinum(IV) complexes bearing Cl(-) in equatorial position cannot only be attributed to passive diffusion facilitated by their lipophilicity. Therefore, further platinum accumulation experiments under conditions where active/facilitated transport mechanisms are suppressed were performed. Under hypothermic conditions (4°C), accumulation of dichloridoplatinum(IV) complexes is reduced down to 10% of the amount determined at 37°C. These findings suggest the involvement of active and/or facilitated transport in cellular uptake of platinum(IV) complexes with a cisplatin-like core. Studies with ATP depletion mediated by oligomycin and low glucose partially confirmed these observations, but their feasibility was severely limited in the adherent cell culture setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Göschl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hristo P Varbanov
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Theiner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mathea S Galanski
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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61
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Pichler V, Göschl S, Schreiber-Brynzak E, Jakupec MA, Galanski M, Keppler BK. Influence of reducing agents on the cytotoxic activity of platinum(IV) complexes: induction of G2/M arrest, apoptosis and oxidative stress in A2780 and cisplatin resistant A2780cis cell lines. Metallomics 2016; 7:1078-90. [PMID: 26073554 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The concept of Pt(IV) prodrug design is one advanced strategy to increase the selectivity for cancer cells and to reduce systemic toxicity in comparison to established platinum-based chemotherapy. Pt(IV) complexes are thought to be activated by reduction via physiological reductants, such as ascorbic acid or glutathione. Nevertheless, only few investigations on the link between the reduction rate, which is influenced by the reductant, and the ligand sphere of the Pt(IV) metal centre have been performed so far. Herein, we investigated a set of Pt(IV) compounds with varying rates of reduction with respect to their cytotoxicity and drug accumulation in A2780 and A2780cis ovarian cancer cell lines, their influence on the cell cycle, efficiency of triggering apoptosis, and ability to interfere with plasmid DNA (pUC19). The effects caused by Pt(IV) compounds were compared without or with extracellularly added ascorbic acid and glutathione (or its precursor N-acetylcysteine) to gain understanding of the impact of increased levels of the reductant on the activity of such complexes. Our results demonstrate that reduction is required prior to plasmid interaction. Furthermore, the rate of reduction is crucial for the efficiency of this set of Pt(IV) compounds. The substances that are reduced least likely showed similar performances, whereas the fastest reducing substance was negatively affected by an increased extracellular level of reducing agents, with reduced cytotoxicity and lower efficiency in inducing apoptosis and G2/M arrest. These results confirm the connection between reduction and activity, and prove the strong impact of the reduction site on the activity of Pt(IV) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Pichler
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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62
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Fanelli M, Formica M, Fusi V, Giorgi L, Micheloni M, Paoli P. New trends in platinum and palladium complexes as antineoplastic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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63
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Dong J, Ren Y, Huo S, Shen S, Xu J, Tian H, Shi T. Reduction of ormaplatin and cis-diamminetetrachloroplatinum(iv) by ascorbic acid and dominant thiols in human plasma: kinetic and mechanistic analyses. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11326-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01804a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reductions of Pt(iv) anticancer prodrugs [Pt(dach)Cl4] (ormaplatin/tetraplatin) and cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] by several dominant reductants in human plasma have been characterized and analyzed kinetically and mechanistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Dong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Ren
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shuying Huo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shigang Shen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwu Tian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tiesheng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- People's Republic of China
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Höfer D, Varbanov HP, Legin A, Jakupec MA, Roller A, Galanski MS, Keppler BK. Tetracarboxylatoplatinum(IV) complexes featuring monodentate leaving groups - A rational approach toward exploiting the platinum(IV) prodrug strategy. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 153:259-271. [PMID: 26365319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel symmetrically and unsymmetrically coordinated platinum(IV) complexes with monodentate carboxylato ligands was synthesized. The compounds exhibit a general coordination sphere of [Pt(en)(OCOR)2(OCOR')(OCOR″)], where the carboxylato ligands are represented by acetato and succinic acid monoester ligands. Dicarboxylatoplatinum(II) complexes were synthesized and oxidized symmetrically or unsymmetrically to obtain platinum(IV) complexes, which were subsequently carboxylated with noncyclic anhydrides. The compounds were investigated in detail by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, infrared and multinuclear ((1)H, (13)C, (15)N, (195)Pt) NMR spectroscopy as well as by X-ray diffraction in some cases. The reduction behavior was followed by NMR spectroscopy, while stability and lipophilicity were examined by analytical reversed phase HPLC measurements. Cytotoxic properties were studied in three human cancer cell lines derived from cisplatin sensitive ovarian teratocarcinoma (CH1/PA-1), cisplatin insensitive colon carcinoma (SW480) and non-small cell lung cancer (A549). Thereby, the most lipophilic (yet water soluble) platinum(IV) complexes showed promising IC50 values in the low micromolar and even nanomolar range, demonstrating the significant advantage of using equatorially coordinated monodentate carboxylato ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Höfer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hristo P Varbanov
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Anton Legin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Roller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathea S Galanski
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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65
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Ong JX, Yap JY, Yap SQ, Ang WH. Structure-activity relationship studies on rhodamine B-based fluorogenic probes and their activation by anticancer platinum(II) compounds. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 153:272-278. [PMID: 26518138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has emerged as an attractive technique for imaging intracellular Pt species arising from exposure to clinical anticancer drugs such as cisplatin. A rhodamine-B based fluorogenic probe termed Rho-DDTC can be activated selectively in the presence of Pt(II) compounds, and possesses the ability to discriminate Pt(II) species from Pt(IV) carboxylate prodrug complexes, thereby providing a unique platform to investigate the reduction of these Pt(IV) complexes after cell entry. In this report, we seek to establish the mechanism of activation of Rho-DDTC through a structure-activity relationship study on its structural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiang Ong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jian Yu Yap
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Siew Qi Yap
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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66
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Functional fluorescent nonporous silica nanoparticles as carriers for Pt(IV) anticancer prodrugs. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 151:132-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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67
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Han X, Sun J, Wang Y, He Z. Recent Advances in Platinum (IV) Complex-Based Delivery Systems to Improve Platinum (II) Anticancer Therapy. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:1268-99. [PMID: 26280923 DOI: 10.1002/med.21360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin and its platinum (Pt) (II) derivatives play a key role in the fight against various human cancers such as testicular, ovarian, head and neck, lung tumors. However, their application in clinic is limited due to dose- dependent toxicities and acquired drug resistances, which have prompted extensive research effort toward the development of more effective Pt (II) delivery strategies. The synthesis of Pt (IV) complex is one such an area of intense research fields, which involves their in vivo conversion into active Pt (II) molecules under the reducing intracellular environment, and has demonstrated encouraging preclinical and clinical outcomes. Compared with Pt (II) complexes, Pt (IV) complexes not only exhibit an increased stability and reduced side effects, but also facilitate the intravenous-to-oral switch in cancer chemotherapy. The overview briefly analyzes statuses of Pt (II) complex that are in clinical use, and then focuses on the development of Pt (IV) complexes. Finally, recent advances in Pt (IV) complexes in combination with nanocarriers are highlighted, addressing the shortcomings of Pt (IV) complexes, such as their instability in blood and irreversibly binding to plasma proteins and nonspecific distribution, and taking advantage of passive and active targeting effect to improve Pt (II) anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
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68
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Target-selective delivery and activation of platinum-based anticancer agents. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:911-27. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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69
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Ravera M, Gabano E, Zanellato I, Bonarrigo I, Alessio M, Arnesano F, Galliani A, Natile G, Osella D. Cellular trafficking, accumulation and DNA platination of a series of cisplatin-based dicarboxylato Pt(IV) prodrugs. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 150:1-8. [PMID: 26042542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A series of Pt(IV) anticancer prodrug candidates, having the equatorial arrangement of cisplatin and bearing two aliphatic carboxylato axial ligands, has been investigated to prove the relationship between lipophilicity, cellular accumulation, DNA platination and antiproliferative activity on the cisplatin-sensitive A2780 ovarian cancer cell line. Unlike cisplatin, no facilitated influx/efflux mechanism appears to operate in the case of the Pt(IV) complexes under investigation, thus indicating that they enter by passive diffusion. While Pt(IV) complexes having lipophilicity comparable to that of cisplatin (negative values of log Po/w) exhibit a cellular accumulation similar to that of cisplatin, the most lipophilic complexes of the series show much higher cellular accumulation (stemming from enhanced passive diffusion), accompanied by greater DNA platination and cell growth inhibition. Even if the Pt(IV) complexes are removed from the culture medium in the recovery process, the level of DNA platination remains very high and persistent in time, indicating efficient storing of the complexes and poor detoxification efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Ravera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gabano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanellato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonarrigo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Manuela Alessio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Fabio Arnesano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Galliani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Natile
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Osella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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70
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Renfrew AK. Transition metal complexes with bioactive ligands: mechanisms for selective ligand release and applications for drug delivery. Metallomics 2015; 6:1324-35. [PMID: 24850462 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00069b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The unique properties of transition metal complexes, such as environment-responsive ligand exchange kinetics, diverse photochemical and photophysical properties, and the ability to form specific interactions with biomolecules, make them interesting platforms for selective drug delivery. This minireview will focus on recent examples of rationally designed complexes with bioactive ligands, exploring the different roles of the metal, and mechanisms of ligand release. Developments in the techniques used to study the mechanisms of action of metal-drug complexes will also be discussed, including X-ray protein crystallography, fluorescence lifetime imaging, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Renfrew
- The University of Sydney, Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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71
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Wang Y, Wang H, Li H, Sun H. Metallomic and metalloproteomic strategies in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of metallodrugs. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:437-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02814g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the mechanistic studies of metallodrugs by metallomic and metalloproteomic approaches will improve our understanding of the mechanism of action and allow more metallodrugs to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Hongzhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
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72
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Varbanov HP, Göschl S, Heffeter P, Theiner S, Roller A, Jensen F, Jakupec MA, Berger W, Galanski M, Keppler BK. A novel class of bis- and tris-chelate diam(m)inebis(dicarboxylato)platinum(IV) complexes as potential anticancer prodrugs. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6751-64. [PMID: 25032896 PMCID: PMC4351917 DOI: 10.1021/jm500791c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of platinum(IV) complexes of the type [Pt(Am)(R(COO)2)2], where Am is a chelating diamine or two monodentate am(m)ine ligands and R(COO)2 is a chelating dicarboxylato moiety, was synthesized. For this purpose, the reaction between the corresponding tetrahydroxidoplatinum(IV) precursors and various dicarboxylic acids, such as oxalic, malonic, 3-methylmalonic, and cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid, was utilized. All new compounds were characterized in detail, using 1D and 2D NMR techniques, ESI-MS, FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, TGA, and X-ray diffraction. Their in vitro cytotoxicity was determined in a panel of human tumor cell lines (CH1, SW480 and A549) by means of the MTT colorimetric assay. Furthermore, the lipophilicity and redox properties of the novel complexes were evaluated in order to better understand their pharmacological behavior. The most promising drug candidate, 4b (Pt(DACH)(mal)2), demonstrated low in vivo toxicity but profound anticancer activity against both the L1210 leukemia and CT-26 colon carcinoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristo P. Varbanov
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Göschl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Theiner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Roller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael A. Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Galanski
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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73
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Gandin V, Marzano C, Pelosi G, Ravera M, Gabano E, Osella D. trans,cis,cis-bis(benzoato)dichlorido(cyclohexane-1R,2R-diamine)platinum(IV): a prodrug candidate for the treatment of oxaliplatin-refractory colorectal cancer. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1299-305. [PMID: 24715720 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201400061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The gold standard for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer consists of combination chemotherapy. Over time, however, the development of chemoresistant tumor clones leads to relapse. It may be possible to overcome oxaliplatin chemoresistance in colorectal cancer cells by exploiting a complex obtained from the insertion of the cyclohexane-1R,2R-diamine carrier ligand (the same diamine present in oxaliplatin) into an octahedral Pt(IV) scaffold with high lipophilicity conferred by two benzoate axial ligands. Herein we report the synthesis, characterization (including X-ray structure), biological activity, and cellular accumulation of trans,cis,cis-bis(benzoato)dichlorido(cyclohexane-1R,2R-diamine)platinum(IV) complex in a panel of several human cancer cell lines, including a colon carcinoma cell line resistant to oxaliplatin. The compound under investigation shows the best performance in terms of in vitro anti-proliferative activity and ability to overcome chemoresistance, with respect to oxaliplatin and some other Pt(II) reference complexes. This result is likely related to the high lipophilicity shown by the title compound that favors its cellular accumulation by passive diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gandin
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova (Italy)
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