51
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Sofia MJ, Chang W, Furman PA, Mosley RT, Ross BS. Nucleoside, nucleotide, and non-nucleoside inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2481-531. [PMID: 22185586 DOI: 10.1021/jm201384j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sofia
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States.
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52
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Chen KX, Vibulbhan B, Yang W, Sannigrahi M, Velazquez F, Chan TY, Venkatraman S, Anilkumar GN, Zeng Q, Bennet F, Jiang Y, Lesburg CA, Duca J, Pinto P, Gavalas S, Huang Y, Wu W, Selyutin O, Agrawal S, Feld B, Huang HC, Li C, Cheng KC, Shih NY, Kozlowski JA, Rosenblum SB, Njoroge FG. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) development and discovery of potent indole-based inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:754-65. [PMID: 22148957 DOI: 10.1021/jm201258k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Starting with the indole-based C-3 pyridone lead HCV polymerase inhibitor 2, extensive SAR studies were performed at different positions of the indole core. The best C-5 groups were found to be compact and nonpolar moieties and that the C-6 attachments were not affecting potency. Limited N-1 benzyl-type substituent studies indicated that the best substitutions were fluoro or methyl groups at 2' or 5' positions of the benzyl group. To improve pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, acylsulfonamides were incorporated as acid isosteres at the C-2 position. Further optimization of the combination at N-1, C-2, C-5, and C-6 resulted in the identification of compound 56, which had an excellent potency in both NS5B enzyme (IC(50) = 0.008 μM) and cell-based replicon (EC(50) = 0.02 μM) assays and a good oral PK profile with area-under-the curve (AUC) of 14 and 8 μM·h in rats and dogs, respectively. X-ray structure of inhibitor 56 bound to the enzyme was also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin X Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States.
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53
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Alexandrova LA. 4′-C-nucleoside derivatives: Synthesis and antiviral properties. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:723-44. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011060021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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54
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In vitro and in vivo efficacy of fluorodeoxycytidine analogs against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, seasonal, and pandemic H1N1 virus infections. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:329-40. [PMID: 21925541 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Various fluorodeoxyribonucleosides were evaluated for their antiviral activities against influenza virus infections in vitro and in vivo. Among the most potent inhibitors was 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine (2'-FdC). It inhibited various strains of low and highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses, pandemic H1N1 viruses, an oseltamivir-resistant pandemic H1N1 virus, and seasonal influenza viruses (H3N2, H1N1, influenza B) in MDCK cells, with the 90% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.13 to 4.6 μM, as determined by a virus yield reduction assay. 2'-FdC was then tested for efficacy in BALB/c mice infected with a lethal dose of highly pathogenic influenza A/Vietnam/1203/2004 H5N1 virus. 2'FdC (60 mg/kg/d) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) twice a day beginning 24 h after virus exposure significantly promoted survival (80% survival) of infected mice (p=0.0001). Equally efficacious were the treatment regimens in which mice were treated with 2'-FdC at 30 or 60 mg/kg/day (bid X 8) beginning 24 h before virus exposure. At these doses, 70-80% of the mice were protected from death due to virus infection (p=0.0005, p=0.0001; respectively). The lungs harvested from treated mice at day four of the infection displayed little surface pathology or histopathology, lung weights were lower, and the 60 mg/kg dose reduced lung virus titers, although not significantly compared to the placebo controls. All doses were well tolerated in uninfected mice. 2'-FdC could also be administered as late as 72 h post virus exposure and still significantly protect 60% mice from the lethal effects of the H5N1 virus infection (p=0.019). Other fluorodeoxyribonucleosides tested in the H5N1 mouse model, 2'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine and 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine, were very toxic at higher doses and not inhibitory at lower doses. Finally, 2'-FdC, which was active in the H5N1 mouse model, was also active in a pandemic H1N1 influenza A infection model in mice. When given at 30 mg/kg/d (bid X 5) beginning 24h before virus exposure), 2'-FdC also significantly enhanced survival of H1N1-infected mice (50%, p=0.038) similar to the results obtained in the H5N1 infection model using a similar dosing regimen (50%, p<0.05). Given the demonstrated in vitro and in vivo inhibition of avian influenza virus replication, 2'FdC may qualify as a lead compound for the development of agents treating influenza virus infections.
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55
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Liu R, Huang Z, Murray MG, Guo X, Liu G. Quinoxalin-2(1H)-One Derivatives As Inhibitors Against Hepatitis C Virus. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5747-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200394x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Zhuhui Huang
- Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Michael G. Murray
- Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Guo
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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56
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Nucleoside analog inhibitors of hepatitis C viral replication: recent advances, challenges and trends. Future Med Chem 2011; 1:1429-52. [PMID: 21426058 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem, with over 170 million people infected worldwide. The current therapy, pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV), provides only approximately a 40% sustained virological response (undetectable HCV RNA for greater than 24 weeks after cessation of therapy), in genotype 1-infected individuals. In addition to the limited sustained virological response, PEG-IFN/RBV treatment is associated with serious adverse effects. Nucleosides have long been the cornerstone of antiviral therapy because of their proven efficacy and high barrier to resistance. Through the use of surrogate viruses or the HCV subgenomic replicon, several classes of nucleoside analogs or their monophosphate prodrugs have been identified that inhibit HCV RNA replication. Nucleoside analogs that possess the 2´-C-methyl modification vary in their ability to be phosphorylated and to act as alternative substrate inhibitors of the HCV RNA polymerase. Herein, we discuss various classes of nucleoside inhibitors, with a focus on available structure-activity relationships, their mode of action and resistance profile.
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57
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Synthesis of new 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-4'-azido nucleoside analogues as potent anti-HIV agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4178-83. [PMID: 21745701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We prepared 1-(4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (10) and its hydrochloride salt (11) as potential antiviral agents based on the favorable antiviral profiles of 4'-substituted nucleosides. Compounds 10 and 11 were synthesized from 1,3,5-O-tribenzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-arabinofuranoside in multiple steps, and their structures were unequivocally established by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and (19)F NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, and X-ray crystallography. Compounds 10 and 11 exhibited potent anti-HIV-1 activity (EC(50): 0.3 and 0.13 nM, respectively) without significant cytotoxicity in concentrations up to 100 μM. Compound 11 exhibited extremely potent anti-HIV activity against NL4-3 (wild-type), NL4-3 (K101E), and RTMDR viral strains, with EC(50) values of 0.086, 0.15, and 0.11 nM, respectively. Due to the high potency of 11, it was also screened against an NIH Reagent Program NRTI-resistant virus panel containing eleven mutated viral strains and for cytotoxicity against six different human cell lines. The results of this screening indicated that 11 is a novel NRTI that could be developed as an anti-AIDS clinical trial candidate to overcome drug-resistance issues.
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58
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Wang Q, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Guo X, Fan Q, Zheng L, Yu X, Wang N, Pan Z, Song C, Qi W, Chang J. FNC, a novel nucleoside analogue inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth in a variety of human cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:848-55. [PMID: 21219886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis is a strategy to block cancer cell division. Nucleoside analogues can incorporate into DNA and terminate DNA strand elongation. So far, several nucleoside analogues have been successfully used as anticancer drugs. FNC, 2'-deoxy-2'-β-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine is a novel cytidine analogue which demonstrated potent activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV). To investigate the therapeutic potential of FNC in human cancers we studied its activity in a number of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. FNC potently inhibited cell proliferation with an IC(50) of 0.95-4.55μM in a variety of aggressive human cancer cell lines including B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, lung adenocarcinoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Cells treated with FNC exhibited G1 and S cell cycle arrest at high and low dose, respectively, which confirms the mechanism of action of nucleoside analogues. Treatment of B-NHL cell lines with FNC induced apoptosis in a dose and time dependent manner. Finally, mouse xenograft models of hepatocarcinoma (H22), sarcoma (S180) and gastric carcinoma (SGC7901) demonstrated that FNC had significant tumor growth inhibition activity in a dose-dependent manner with low toxicity. Together, our results suggest that FNC may be a valuable therapy in cancer patients and warrant early phase clinical trial evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
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59
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Paju A, Päri M, Selyutina A, Zusinaite E, Merits A, Pehk T, Siirde K, Müürisepp AM, Kailas T, Lopp M. Synthesis of novel acyclic nucleoside analogues with anti-retroviral activity. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 29:707-20. [PMID: 20706961 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2010.501776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel acyclic thymine nucleoside analogues were prepared by the Mitsunobu reaction from appropriately protected chiral triols. The enantiomeric triols were obtained from substituted gamma-lactone acids, prepared by asymmetric oxidation of 3-substituted-1,2-cyclopentanediones. The cytotoxic activity of new analogues was evaluated on MCF-7 human breast cancer and HeLa cells, and antiviral activities on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus models. The synthesized compounds revealed specific anti-retroviral activity and no cytotoxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paju
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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60
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Reddy PG, Bao D, Chang W, Chun BK, Du J, Nagarathnam D, Rachakonda S, Ross BS, Zhang HR, Bansal S, Espiritu CL, Keilman M, Lam AM, Niu C, Steuer HM, Furman PA, Otto MJ, Sofia MJ. 2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methyl 3',5'-cyclic phosphate nucleotide prodrug analogs as inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase: discovery of PSI-352938. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7376-80. [PMID: 21050754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methyl 3',5'-cyclic phosphate nucleotide prodrug analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anti-HCV activity and safety. These prodrugs demonstrated a 10-100-fold greater potency than the parent nucleoside in a cell-based replicon assay due to higher cellular triphosphate levels. Our structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies provided compounds that gave high levels of active triphosphate in rat liver when administered orally to rats. These studies ultimately led to the selection of the clinical development candidate 24a (PSI-352938).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ganapati Reddy
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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61
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Ivanov MA, Liudva GS, Mukovnia AV, Kochetkov SN, Tunitskaia VL, Aleksnadrova LA. [Synthesis and biological properties of pyrimidine 4'-fluoro nucleosides and 4'-fluoro uridine 5'-O-triphospate]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010; 36:526-34. [PMID: 20823921 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162010040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
4'- Fluoro-2',3'-O-isopropylidenecytidine was synthesized via interaction of 5'-O-acetyl-4'-fluoro-2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine with triazole and 4-chlorophenyl dichlorophosphate followed by ammonolysis. Treatment of 5'-O-acetyl-4'-fluoro-2',3'-O-isopropylidenecytidine with hydroxylamine resulted in 5'-O-acetyl-4'-fluoro-2',3'-O-isopropylidene-N(4)-hydroxycytidine. Subsequent removal of 2',3'-O-isopropylidene groups gave 5'-O-acetyl derivatives of 4'-fluorouridine, 4'-fluorocytidine and 4'-fluoro-N(4)-hydroxycytidine. 5'-O-Triphosphate of 4'-fluorouridine was obtained in three steps starting from 4'-fluoro-2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine. The 4'-fluoro uridine 5'-O-triphospate was found to be an effective inhibitor of HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, substrate for NTPase reaction, catalyzed by protein NS3 HCV (a rate of the analogue hydrolysis was similar to that of ATP) and an activator for helicase reaction (with an efficacy only three fold lower than that of ATP).
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62
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Sofia MJ, Bao D, Chang W, Du J, Nagarathnam D, Rachakonda S, Reddy PG, Ross BS, Wang P, Zhang HR, Bansal S, Espiritu C, Keilman M, Lam AM, Steuer HMM, Niu C, Otto MJ, Furman PA. Discovery of a β-d-2′-Deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-C-methyluridine Nucleotide Prodrug (PSI-7977) for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7202-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100863x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Sofia
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Donghui Bao
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Wonsuk Chang
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Jinfa Du
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | | | - Suguna Rachakonda
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - P. Ganapati Reddy
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Bruce S. Ross
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Hai-Ren Zhang
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Shalini Bansal
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | | | - Meg Keilman
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Angela M. Lam
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | | | - Congrong Niu
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Michael J. Otto
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Phillip A. Furman
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
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63
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Synthesis and anti-HCV activity of 3′,4′-oxetane nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4539-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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64
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Rondla R, Coats SJ, McBrayer TR, Grier J, Johns M, Tharnish PM, Whitaker T, Zhou L, Schinazi RF. Anti-hepatitis C virus activity of novel beta-d-2'-C-methyl-4'-azido pyrimidine nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs. Antivir Chem Chemother 2009; 20:99-106. [PMID: 19843980 DOI: 10.3851/imp1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2'-C-methyl and 4'-azido nucleosides have previously demonstrated inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication by targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. In an effort to discover new and more potent anti-HCV agents, we envisioned synthesizing nucleoside analogues by combining the 2'-C-methyl-moiety with the 4'-azido-moiety into one molecule. METHODS 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido pyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized by first converting 2'-C-methyl ribonucleosides to the corresponding 4'-exocyclic methylene nucleosides. Treatment with iodine azide, benzoylation of the 2'- and 3'-hydroxy groups, oxidative displacement of the 5'-iodo group with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, and debenzoylation gave the desired 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido uridine and thymidine analogues in good yield. Standard conversion of uridine to cytidine via the 4-triazole yielded 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido cytidine. In addition, 5'-phosphoramidate derivatives of 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido uridine and cytidine were synthesized to bypass the initial phosphorylation step. RESULTS The prepared nucleosides and their 5'-monophosphate prodrugs were evaluated for their ability to inhibit replication of the hepatitis C virus in a subgenomic replicon cell based assay. Cytotoxicity in Huh7 cells was determined simultaneously with anti-HCV activity by extraction and amplification of both HCV RNA and ribosomal RNA. Among the newly synthesized compounds, only the 5'-monophosphate nucleoside prodrugs had modest and selective anti-HCV activity. All prepared pyrimidine nucleosides and 5'-monophosphate nucleoside prodrugs displayed no evidence of cytotoxicity at high concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This work is the first example of both inactive uridine and cytidine analogues of a nucleoside being converted to active anti-HCV nucleosides via 5'-monophosphate prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Rondla
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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