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Yasuda K, Ikushiro S, Kamakura M, Takano M, Saito N, Kittaka A, Chen TC, Ohta M, Sakaki T. Human cytochrome P450-dependent differential metabolism among three 2α-substituted-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 133:84-92. [PMID: 22982757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies revealed that C2α-substituted-1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs had unique biological activities. For example, 19-nor-2α-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) (MART-10), which has a high affinity for vitamin D receptor (VDR), is more bioavailable and more potent than 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) in inhibiting cancer cell growth and invasion because of its weaker binding to vitamin D binding protein (DBP), and more resistance to CYP24A1-dependent metabolism. In this study, we examined the metabolism of MART-10 and two other 2α-substituted analogs, 2α-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) (O2C3) and 2α-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) (O1C3) by using human liver microsomes and human P450s. We demonstrated that O2C3 was converted to 1α,2α,25(OH)(3)D(3) in human liver microsomes, whereas both O1C3 and MART-10 were hardly metabolized. The metabolism of O2C3 was significantly inhibited by ketoconazole, and the recombinant human CYP3A4 converted O2C3 to 1α,2α,25(OH)(3)D(3), which suggests that CYP3A4 is responsible for the metabolism of O2C3 in human liver. The k(cat)/K(m) values of CYP3A4 for O1C3 and MART-10 are much smaller than that for O2C3. The k(cat)/K(m) values of human CYP24A1 for the three analogs are 1% (MART-10), 3% (O2C3), and 4% (O1C3) of that for 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3), indicating that MART-10 is the most resistant to CYP24A1 hydroxylation. On the other hand, 1α,2α,25(OH)(3)D(3), the metabolite of O2C3 by CYP3A4, was metabolized by CYP24A1 via multiple pathways similar to 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3), which suggests that O2C3 can be metabolized by two sequential hydroxylations, first by CYP3A4 and then by CYP24A1 in human body. These results suggest that modification at C-2α position and C-19 demethylenation markedly change metabolic profiles and biological activities of vitamin D analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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MART-10, a New Generation of Vitamin D Analog, Is More Potent than 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in Inhibiting Cell Proliferation and Inducing Apoptosis in ER+ MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:310872. [PMID: 23304196 PMCID: PMC3530235 DOI: 10.1155/2012/310872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hormone antagonist therapy for estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer patients post radical surgery and radiation therapy has a poor prognosis and also causes bone loss. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] is a potent antitumor agent in pre-clinical studies, but caused hypercalcemia when its effective antitumor doses were used. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a less-calcemic 1α,25(OH)2D3 analog, 19-nor-2α-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (MART-10), on ER+MCF-7 cells. We demonstrate that MART-10 is 500- to 1000-fold more potent than 1α,25(OH)2D3 in inhibiting cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. MART-10 is also much more potent in arresting MCF-7cell cycle progression at G0/G1 phase as compared to 1α,25(OH)2D3, possibly mediated by a greater induction of p21 and p27 expression. Moreover, MART-10 is more active than 1α,25(OH)2D3 in causing cell apoptosis, likely through a higher BAX/Bcl expression ratio and the subsequent cytochrome C release from mitochondria to cytosol. Based on our in vitro findings, MART-10 could be a promising vitamin D analog for the potential treatment of breast cancer, for example, ER+ patients, to decrease the tumor relapse rate and the side effect on bone caused by antihormone regimens. Thus, further in vivo animal study is warranted.
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Carlberg C, Molnár F, Mouriño A. Vitamin D receptor ligands: the impact of crystal structures. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:417-35. [PMID: 22449247 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.673590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the past years, the biologically active form of vitamin D(3), 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)), has received large appreciation due to the broad physiological impact of the hormone and its nuclear receptor, the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). Recently, the understanding of VDR actions has progressed greatly, due to VDR crystal structures with various ligands. AREAS COVERED This review will present and discuss new synthetic agonistic and antagonistic 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs in the context of the recent insights provided by VDR crystal structures. EXPERT OPINION During the last 5 years, a large number of new 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs, many of which have an interesting functional profile, have been patented. Moreover, for a surprisingly high number of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs, the crystal structure data of their complex with the VDR is available. This structural information provides important insight into the functional potential of the VDR ligands and explains their agonistic and antagonistic action. However, so far, only for a few VDR ligands, a rational design, based on crystal structure information, has been applied. The design of future analogs may also take the specificity of co-factor interaction into account, in order to create selective VDR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland.
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Chiang KC, Yeh CN, Chen HY, Lee JM, Juang HH, Chen MF, Takano M, Kittaka A, Chen TC. 19-Nor-2α-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (MART-10) is a potent cell growth regulator with enhanced chemotherapeutic potency in liver cancer cells. Steroids 2011; 76:1513-9. [PMID: 21888924 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that the active form of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1α,25(OH)(2)D] can modulate cellular proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells has led to its potential application as a chemotherapeutic agent to treat a variety of cancers. However, the use of 1α,25(OH)(2)D is limited due to its lethal side effect of hypercalcemia upon systemic administration. To overcome this drawback, numerous analogs have been synthesized. In this report, we examined the anti-proliferative activity of a new analog, 19-nor-2α-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) (MART-10), in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and studied the potential mechanisms mediating this action. We found that MART-10 exhibited approximately 100-fold greater activity than 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) in inhibiting HepG2 cell proliferation as determined by cell number counting method. MART-10 was also approximately 100-fold more potent than 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) in the upregulation of p21 and p27, that in turn arrested HepG2 cells at the G(0)/G(1) phase to a greater extent. Given that no active caspase 3 was detected and treatment with 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) or MART-10 did not further increase the fractions of apoptotic and necrosis cells over the controls, the growth-inhibitory effect of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) and MART-10 on HepG2 cells may not involve apoptosis. Overall, our findings suggest that MART-10 is a good candidate as a novel therapeutic regimen against liver cancer. Further pre-clinical studies using animal models and the subsequent human clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chun Chiang
- General Surgery Department of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
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BROWN J, URATA TAKASHI, TAMURA TAKEYUKI, ARAI MIDORIA, KAWABATA TAKEO, AKUTSU TATSUYA. COMPOUND ANALYSIS VIA GRAPH KERNELS INCORPORATING CHIRALITY. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2011; 8 Suppl 1:63-81. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219720010005117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High accuracy is paramount when predicting biochemical characteristics using Quantitative Structural-Property Relationships (QSPRs). Although existing graph-theoretic kernel methods combined with machine learning techniques are efficient for QSPR model construction, they cannot distinguish topologically identical chiral compounds which often exhibit different biological characteristics. In this paper, we propose a new method that extends the recently developed tree pattern graph kernel to accommodate stereoisomers. We show that Support Vector Regression (SVR) with a chiral graph kernel is useful for target property prediction by demonstrating its application to a set of human vitamin D receptor ligands currently under consideration for their potential anti-cancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.B. BROWN
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - TAKASHI URATA
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - TAKEYUKI TAMURA
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - MIDORI A. ARAI
- Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - TAKEO KAWABATA
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - TATSUYA AKUTSU
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Iglesias-Gato D, Zheng S, Flanagan JN, Jiang L, Kittaka A, Sakaki T, Yamamoto K, Itoh T, Lebrasseur NK, Norstedt G, Chen TC. Substitution at carbon 2 of 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with 3-hydroxypropyl group generates an analogue with enhanced chemotherapeutic potency in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:269-75. [PMID: 21911059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D(3), 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)(1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)), has anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activities in prostate cancer cells. Because of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) therapeutic potential in treating cancers, numerous analogues have been synthesized with an attempt to increase anti-proliferative and/or decrease calcemic properties. Among these analogues, 19-nor-1α,25(OH)(2)D(2) while being less calcemic has equivalent potency as 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) in several in vitro and in vivo systems. We recently showed that 19-nor-2α-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) (MART-10) was at least 500-fold and 10-fold more active than 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) in inhibiting the proliferation of an immortalized normal prostate PZ-HPV-7 cells and the invasion of androgen insensitive PC-3 prostate cancer cells, respectively. In this study, we further investigated the effects of MART-10 and 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) on the dose- and time-dependent induction of CYP24A1 gene expression in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. We found that MART-10 induced CYP24A1 gene expression at a lower concentration with a longer duration compared to 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3), suggesting that MART-10 is less susceptible to CYP24A1 degradation. Molecular docking model of human CYP24A1 and MART-10 indicates that its side chain is far away from the heme ion and is less likely to be hydroxylated by the enzyme. Furthermore, MART-10 was a more potent inhibitor of PC-3 cell proliferation and invasion compared to 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3). In addition, MART-10 down-regulated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression which could be one mechanism whereby MART-10 influences cancer cell invasion. Finally, we observed that subcutaneous administration of MART-10 up-regulated the CYP24A1 mRNA expression in rat kidneys without affecting their plasma calcium levels. Thus, our findings demonstrate that MART-10 is biologically active in vivo and may be an effective vitamin D analogue for clinical trials to treat prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Iglesias-Gato
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Plonska-Ocypa K, Sibilska I, Sicinski RR, Sicinska W, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. 13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7205-20. [PMID: 22018918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of our studies focused on the vitamin D compounds lacking the C,D-hydrindane system, 13,13-dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D(3) (2, 2MD) were prepared by total synthesis. The known cyclohexanone 30, a precursor of the desired A-ring phosphine oxide 11, was synthesized starting with the keto acetal 13, whereas the aldehyde 12, constituting an acyclic 'upper' building block, was obtained from the isomeric esters 34, prepared previously in our laboratory. The commercial 1,4-cyclohexanedione monoethylene ketal (13) was enantioselectively α-hydroxylated utilizing the α-aminoxylation process catalyzed by l-proline, and the introduced hydroxy group was protected as a TBS, TPDPS, and SEM ether. Then the keto group in the obtained compounds 15-17 was methylenated and the allylic hydroxylation was performed with selenium dioxide and pyridine N-oxide. After separation of the isomers, the newly introduced hydroxy group was protected and the ketal group hydrolyzed to yield the corresponding protected (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxycyclohexanones 30-32. The esters 34, starting compounds for the C,D-fragment 12, were first α-methylated, then reduced and the resulted primary alcohols 36 were deoxygenated using the Barton-McCombie protocol. Primary hydroxy group in the obtained diether 38 was deprotected and oxidized to furnish the aldehyde 12. The Wittig-Horner coupling of the latter with the anion of the phosphine oxide 11, followed by hydroxyl deprotection furnished two isomeric 13,13-dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of 2MD (compounds 10 and 42) differing in configuration of their 7,8-double bond. Pure vitamin D analogues were isolated by HPLC and their biological activity was examined. The in vitro tests indicated that, compared to the analogue 7, unsubstituted at C-13, the synthesized vitamin D analogue 10 showed markedly improved VDR binding ability, significantly enhanced HL-60 differentiation activity as well as increased transcriptional potency. Docking simulations provided a rational explanation for the observed binding affinity of these ligands to the VDR. Biological in vivo tests proved that des-C,D compound 10 retained some intestinal activity. Its geometrical isomer 42 was devoid of any biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Plonska-Ocypa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Munetsuna E, Nakabayashi S, Kawanami R, Yasuda K, Ohta M, Arai MA, Kittaka A, Chen TC, Kamakura M, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Mechanism of the anti-proliferative action of 25-hydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D(3) in human prostate cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2011; 47:209-18. [PMID: 21693624 DOI: 10.1530/jme-11-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
According to the prevailing paradigm, 1α-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)) and its analogs is a pre-requisite step for their biological effects. We previously reported that 25-hydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D(3) (25(OH)-19-nor-D(3)) had anti-proliferative activity in a cell line, PZ-HPV-7, which was derived from human non-cancerous prostate tissue, and suggested that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) acted after 1α-hydroxylation by vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). However, metabolic studies of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) using recombinant CYP27B1 revealed that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) was rarely subjected to 1α-hydroxylation. Therefore, in this report, we attempted to clarify the mechanism of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) action in intact cells using PZ-HPV-7 prostate cells. After incubating the cells with 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3), eight metabolites of 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) were detected, whereas no products of CYP27B1 including 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D(3) (1α,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3)) were found. Furthermore, the time-dependent nuclear translocation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the subsequent transactivation of cyp24A1 gene in the presence of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) were almost identical as those induced by 1α,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3). These results strongly suggest that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) directly binds to VDR as a ligand and transports VDR into the nucleus to induce transcription of cyp24A1 gene. In addition, knock down of cyp27B1 gene did not affect the anti-proliferative activity of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3), whereas knock down of VDR attenuated the inhibitory effect. Thus, our results clearly demonstrate that the anti-proliferative activity of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) is VDR dependent but 1α-hydroxylation independent, suggesting that 25(OH)D(3) analogs such as 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) could be attractive candidates for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Munetsuna
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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59
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Chen TC, Kittaka A. Novel vitamin d analogs for prostate cancer therapy. ISRN UROLOGY 2011; 2011:301490. [PMID: 22084796 PMCID: PMC3195751 DOI: 10.5402/2011/301490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cells contain specific receptors for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1α,25(OH)2D] or calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D. 1α,25(OH)2D is known to inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. These findings support the use of 1α,25(OH)2D for prostate cancer therapy. However, 1α,25(OH)2D can cause hypercalcemia, analogs of 1α,25(OH)2D that are less calcemic but exhibit potent antiproliferative activity would be attractive as therapeutic agents. To accomplish these goals, different strategies, based on metabolism, molecular mechanism of actions, and structural modeling, have been taken to modify the structure of vitamin D molecule with the aims to improve the efficacy and decrease the toxicity of vitamin D to treat different diseases. During the past four decades, over 3,000 analogs have been synthesized. In this paper, we discuss the development and the biological analysis of a unique class of vitamin D analogs with a substitution at the carbon 2 of 19-nor-1α,25(OH)2D3 molecule for potential application to the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer as well as other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai C Chen
- Boston University School of Medicine, Room M-1022, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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60
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Shindo K, Kumagai G, Takano M, Sawada D, Saito N, Saito H, Kakuda S, Takagi KI, Ochiai E, Horie K, Takimoto-Kamimura M, Ishizuka S, Takenouchi K, Kittaka A. New C15-Substituted Active Vitamin D3. Org Lett 2011; 13:2852-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200828s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Shindo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Go Kumagai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Masashi Takano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Shinji Kakuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Takagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Eiji Ochiai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Kyohei Horie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Midori Takimoto-Kamimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ishizuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takenouchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
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Saitoh H, Chida T, Takagi K, Horie K, Sawai Y, Nakamura Y, Harada Y, Takenouchi K, Kittaka A. Synthesis of C-2 substituted vitamin D derivatives having ringed side chains and their biological evaluation, especially biological effect on bone by modification at the C-2 position. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3954-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kittaka A, Sakaki T, Hara H, Yasuda K, Takano M, A. Arai M, Sawada D, Saito H, Takenouchi K, C. Chen T. Studies on the Synthesis and Metabolism of 14-epi-2α-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-19-norvitamin D3 and Its 2β-Isomer. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-s(e)40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sánchez-Abella L, Fernández S, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Gotor V, Ferrero M. Synthesis, conformational analysis, and biological evaluation of 19-nor-vitamin D3 analogues with A-ring modifications. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6158-62. [PMID: 19739672 DOI: 10.1021/jm900711d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized several isomers of 19-nor-vitamin D analogues possessing a hydroxy group at C-2 as well as novel derivatives bearing an epoxy substituent at the A-ring. All vitamins were prepared in convergent syntheses utilizing the modified Julia olefination. 1alpha,2alpha,25-Trihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D(3) (3) and 2beta,3beta-epoxy-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-3-deoxy-19-nor-vitamin D(3) (10), which showed the highest affinity to the vitamin D receptor, displayed the highest potency among the tested compounds to inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Abella
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
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65
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Synthesis of a 1α-C-methyl analogue of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3: interaction with a mutant vitamin D receptor Arg274Leu. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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66
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Stereoselective synthesis of (22Z)-25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and (22Z)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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67
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Synthesis of 2α-propoxy-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and comparison of its metabolism by human CYP24A1 and rat CYP24A1. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4296-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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68
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Pérez M, Pérez DI, Martínez A, Castro A, Gómez G, Fall Y. The first enantioselective synthesis of palinurin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3252-4. [PMID: 19587930 DOI: 10.1039/b822679b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective synthesis of palinurin has been accomplished starting from commercially available furaldehyde and (R)-methyl-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate; the key steps of the synthesis include the use of a chiral pyrrolidine to create the chiral tetronic moiety, and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons, Wittig and Wittig-Horner reactions to construct the alkene units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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69
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Glebocka A, Sokolowska K, Sicinski RR, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. New 1α,25-Dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 Compounds Constrained in a Single A-Ring Conformation: Synthesis of the Analogues by Ring-Closing Metathesis Route and Their Biological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3496-504. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9001583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Glebocka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sokolowska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R. Sicinski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lori A. Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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70
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del Solar M, Ghosh AK, Zajc B. Fluoro-Julia olefination as a mild, high-yielding route to alpha-fluoro acrylonitriles. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8206-11. [PMID: 18841918 PMCID: PMC2771215 DOI: 10.1021/jo801235x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a novel, stable reagent (1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfonyl)fluoroacetonitrile from readily synthesized ethyl alpha-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-alpha-fluoroacetate is reported. Aldehydes undergo condensations with (1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfonyl)fluoroacetonitrile in the presence of DBU leading to alpha-fluoro acrylonitriles in high yields and with good Z-stereoselectivity. Lowering of reaction temperature increases the Z selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Solar
- Department of Chemistry, The City College and The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031-9198, USA
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71
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Kittaka A. Structural refinement of seco-steroidal skeleton and the biological activity through nuclear receptors. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:1235-50. [PMID: 18758137 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1) regulates a variety of biological actions through vitamin D receptor (VDR), including calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, bone remodeling, cellular proliferation and differentiation and many other functions. To enhance its potency and to study the structure/function relationship, we synthesized a series of analogs of 1 with a modification at the C-2alpha position. Introducing 2alpha-methyl, 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl), or 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropoxy) group increased its binding affinity for the VDR 2- to 4-fold compared to 1. The crystal structures of the VDR bound to these analogs provide a molecular explanation for the interaction between the 2alpha-substituents and water molecules exist in the VDR-ligand binding domain. Based on the accumulated knowledge in VDR agonists, we synthesized 2-substituted analogs of 'double side chain' (gemini), 19-norvitamin D(3) (MART-10), TEI-9647 (VDR antagonist), 1-alkylated vitamin D(3), 14-epi-previtamin D(3) etc. Gemini analogs showed potent HL-60 cell differentiation activity (13-38 times compared to 1), and MART-10 exhibited remarkable antiproliferative activity on PZ-HPV-7 cells even at 10(-10) M. (24S)-2alpha-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)-24-propyl-TEI-9647 showed potent VDR antagonism, and its IC(50) value was 7.4 pM against 10 nM of 1. 1alpha-Methyl-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) improved the binding affinity for the mutant VDR(Arg274Leu), which causes hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxy-2alpha-methyl-14-epi-previtamin D(3) showed moderate osteocalcin transcriptional activity on HOS cells. We theorize that modification at A-ring alone and in combination with functionalization of the other parts of the vitamin D molecule would provide important new information on the mechanism of vitamin D actions that could lead to the development of new therapeutic regimes for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko-cho, Sagamihara City, Japan.
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72
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He M, Ghosh AK, Zajc B. Julia Olefination as a General Route to Phenyl (alpha-Fluoro)vinyl Sulfones. Synlett 2008; 2008:999-1004. [PMID: 19888442 PMCID: PMC2771386 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1072513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mild and efficient synthesis of phenyl (alpha-fluoro)vinyl sulfones via condensation of aldehydes and a ketone with a novel benzothiazolyl based bis-sulfone reagent is reported and this proceeds with moderate to good Z-stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara Zajc
- Department of Chemistry, The City College and The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
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73
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Yoshimoto N, Inaba Y, Yamada S, Makishima M, Shimizu M, Yamamoto K. 2-Methylene 19-nor-25-dehydro-1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactones: Synthesis, biological activities and molecular basis of passive antagonism. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:457-73. [PMID: 17904370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanism of vitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonists having no structurally bulky group interfering with helix 12 of the ligand-binding domain of the VDR, we have synthesized four diastereomers at C(20) and C(23) of 19-nor-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 25-methylene-26,23-lactone bearing a 2MD-type A-ring. All four analogs showed significant VDR affinity. Transactivation was tested by using Cos7 cells and HEK293 cells. In both types of cells, LAC67a showed little transactivation potency and inhibited the activation induced by the natural hormone concentration-dependently, indicating that LAC67a works as an antagonist for the VDR in these cells. LAC67b, LAC82a and LAC82b similarly acted as VDR antagonists in Cos7 cells, but in HEK293 cells they behaved as potent VDR agonists. Docking of four lactones into the VDR-LBD, followed by structural analysis, demonstrated that each lactone lacks the hydrophobic interaction with helix12 necessary for maintaining the active conformation of the VDR, indicating that these lactones are passive-type antagonists. Furthermore, each docking structure explained the characteristic transactivation profiles of the four lactones. On the basis of our present findings, we suggest that the ligand acts as an agonist if there are appropriate coactivators in the cells to bind to the looser VDR-ligand complex, and as an antagonist if there are no such appropriate coactivators. The molecular basis of the passive antagonism is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yoshimoto
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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74
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Chapelon AS, Moraléda D, Rodriguez R, Ollivier C, Santelli M. Enantioselective synthesis of steroids. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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75
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Li XQ, He Q, Tu YQ, Zhang FM, Zhang SY. Asymmetric Synthesis of the C(17)–C(28)Subunit of Didemnaketal B. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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76
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Abstract
Vitamin D receptor antagonist has attracted significant level of interests because of its potential utility in the treatment of Paget's disease, which is known as the most flagrant example of disordered bone remodeling and the second most common bone disease after osteoporosis in Anglo-Saxons. Recent studies on Paget's disease suggested a specific increase in osteoclasts sensitivity to the differentiation activity of active vitamin D(3) as the principal mechanism for abnormal bone formation. We set out to conduct a structure-activity relationship study on the first VDR antagonists of TEI-9647 and TEI-9648 (25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone) toward improved VDR antagonistic activity. Given that both potent agonists and antagonists must have high affinity for the VDR, we hoped that our accumulated knowledge in VDR agonists would help us identify potent antagonists. First, 2alpha-modified TEI-9647 analogs were synthesized, and then, 24-substitution was next investigated to stabilize its lactone structure under the physiological conditions. Finally, 2alpha-modified 24-methyl-, 24,24-dimethyl-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone analogs were synthesized. It was found that 2alpha,24,24-trimethyl-TEI-9647 was found to possess approximately 90-fold improved antagonistic activity (IC(50) 0.093 nM) over the original TEI-9647 (IC(50) 8.3 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara City, Japan.
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77
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Urushino N, Nakabayashi S, Arai MA, Kittaka A, Chen TC, Yamamoto K, Hayashi K, Kato S, Ohta M, Kamakura M, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Kinetic Studies of 25-Hydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D3 and 1α,25-Dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D3 Hydroxylation by CYP27B1 and CYP24A1. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1482-8. [PMID: 17553915 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.015602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that 25-hydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D(3) [25(OH)-19-nor-D(3)] inhibited the proliferation of immortalized noncancerous PZ-HPV-7 prostate cells similar to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)], suggesting that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) might be converted to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D(3) [1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3)] by CYP27B1 before exerting its antiproliferative activity. Using an in vitro cell-free model to study the kinetics of CYP27B1-dependent 1 alpha-hydroxylation of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] and CYP24A1-dependent hydroxylation of 1 alpha,25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) and 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), we found that k(cat)/K(m) for 1 alpha-hydroxylation of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) was less than 0.1% of that for 25(OH)D(3), and the k(cat)/K(m) value for 24-hydroxylation was not significantly different between 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3) and 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). The data suggest a much slower formation and a similar rate of degradation of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3) compared with 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). We then analyzed the metabolites of 25(OH)D(3) and 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) in PZ-HPV-7 cells by high-performance liquid chromatography. We found that a peak that comigrated with 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) was detected in cells incubated with 25(OH)D(3), whereas no 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3) was detected in cells incubated with 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3). Thus, the present results do not support our previous hypothesis that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) is converted to 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3) by CYP27B1 in prostate cells to inhibit cell proliferation. We hypothesize that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) by itself may have a novel mechanism to activate vitamin D receptor or it is metabolized in prostate cells to an unknown metabolite with antiproliferative activity without 1 alpha-hydroxylation. Thus, the results suggest that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) has potential as an attractive agent for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Urushino
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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78
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Kittaka A, Saito N, Honzawa S, Takenouchi K, Ishizuka S, Chen TC, Peleg S, Kato S, Arai MA. Creative synthesis of novel vitamin D analogs for health and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:269-76. [PMID: 17223554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report new analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1) in three categories. First, design and synthesis of ligands for a mutant vitamin D receptor (VDR)(Arg274Leu), which possess proper functional groups at both C1alpha and C2alpha positions of 1 to study the biological activity of the mutant VDR. Among our synthetic analogs, 1alpha-methyl-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (8) showed 7.3-fold greater transcriptional activity for the VDR(Arg274Leu) than that of 1. Next, we examined the antiproliferative activity of 2-substituted 19-norvitamin D(3) analogs on an immortalized normal prostate cell line, PZ-HPV-7, and we found MART 10 (14) showed the activity even at very low concentration of 10(-10) to 10(-11)M. We also synthesized 25-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) (13) using Julia-type olefination to connect between the C5 and C6 positions, effectively, to test it as a prohormone type agent for antiprostate diseases. Synthesized compound 13 showed potent antiproliferative activity in PZ-HPV-7, which has high 1alpha-hydroxylase activity. Finally, we describe design and synthesis of a new TEI-9647 analog, 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-24-propyl-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone (17), which showed the strongest VDR antagonism. Its IC(50) value is 7.4pM to inhibit differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by 10nM of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan.
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79
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Chen TC, Persons KS, Zheng S, Mathieu J, Holick MF, Lee YF, Bao B, Arai MA, Kittaka A. Evaluation of C-2-substituted 19-nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs as therapeutic agents for prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:717-20. [PMID: 17207993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)) is known to inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. However, 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) can cause hypercalcemia and is not suitable as a therapeutic agent. 19-Nor-vitamin D derivatives are known to be less calcemic when administered systemically. In order to develop more potent anti-cancer agents with less calcemic side effect, we therefore utilized (3)H-thymidine incorporation as an index for cell proliferation and examined the antiproliferative activities of nine C-2-substituted 19-nor-1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs in the immortalized PZ-HPV-7 normal prostate cell line. Among the nine analogs we observed that the substitution with 2alpha- or 2beta-hydroxypropyl group produced two analogs having antiproliferative potency that is approximately 500- to 1000-fold higher than 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). The (3)H-thymidine incorporation data were supported by the cell counting data after cells were treated with 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), 19-nor-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) or 19-nor-2beta-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) for 7 days. 19-Nor-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and 19-nor-2beta-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) were also shown to be about 10-fold more active than 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) in cell invasion studies using prostate cancer cells. In conclusion, a substitution at the C-2 position of 19-nor-1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) molecule with a hydroxypropyl group greatly increased the antiproliferative and anti-invasion potencies. Thus, these two analogs could be developed to be effective therapeutic agents for treating early and late stages of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Chen
- Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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80
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Sicinski RR, Glebocka A, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. An analog of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 with the 1alpha-hydroxy group fixed in the axial position lacks biological activity in vitro. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:293-7. [PMID: 17223547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the A-ring chair conformation of vitamin D compounds and their ability to bind the vitamin D receptor (VDR) has long attracted the attention of many researchers. It was established that in the crystalline complexes of hVDRmt with the natural hormone, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1), and its side-chain analogs the vitamins exist in beta-chair form with an equatorial orientation of 1alpha-OH. However, with all these ligands the interconversion between both A-ring forms would be possible in solution. In an attempt to verify the conformation of vitamin D compounds required for binding the VDR we prepared analog 4, characterized by the presence of an axial 1alpha-hydroxy group. Since the additional ring connecting 3beta-oxygen and C-2 prevents A-ring conformational flexibility, the synthesized vitamin 4 can exist exclusively in the alpha-chair form. The geometrical isomer 5 with a free 3beta-OH group was also obtained. The analog 5 binds very poorly to VDR, whereas the vitamin 4 is practically devoid of binding ability. Both compounds also show very low HL-60-differentiating activity. When tested in vivo in mice the analogs 4 and 5 exhibit significant calcemic responses with analog 4 showing more activity than analog 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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81
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Shimizu M, Miyamoto Y, Kobayashi E, Shimazaki M, Yamamoto K, Reischl W, Yamada S. Synthesis and biological activities of new 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 analogs with modifications in both the A-ring and the side chain. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4277-94. [PMID: 16503143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 01/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a series of studies on structure-activity relationships of 2-substituted 19-norvitamin D analogs, we found that 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 analogs with 2beta-hydroxyethoxy or 2E-hydroxyethylidene moieties show strong binding affinity for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) as well as marked transcriptional activity. To further examine the effects of side chain structure on the activity of 2-substituted 19-norvitamin D analogs, we have synthesized new 19-norvitamin D3 analogs with modifications in both the A-ring at the C(2) position and the side chain. The side chains of these analogs contained a double bond between C(22) and C(23) or an oxygen atom at C(22). The biological activity of the analogs was evaluated in vitro. All the side chain-modified analogs were less active than 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D31e and the parent compounds 3-6e possessing a natural 20R-configuration in binding to the VDR, but, except for the (20R)-22-oxa analogs 3-6d, were significantly more potent in transcriptional activity. Of the side-chain-modified analogs 4 and 5, the 2beta-hydroxyethoxy- and 2E-hydroxyethylidene-22,24-diene-24a,26a,27a-trihomo analogs showed markedly higher transcriptional activity (25- and 17.5-fold, respectively) compared with 1e. Elongation of the side chain at the C-24, C-26, and C-27 positions and introduction of a 22,24-diene moiety strongly increased transcriptional activity, as seen in the 20-epi analogs 3-6f.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Shimizu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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82
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González MP, Suárez PL, Fall Y, Gómez G. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of vitamin D receptor affinity for analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. 1: WHIM descriptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5165-9. [PMID: 16202592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The weighted holistic invariant molecular (WHIM) approach has been applied to the study of the VDR affinity of 86 vitamin D analogues. A model able to describe more than 71% of the variance in the experimental activity was developed with the use of the mentioned approach. In contrast, none of three different approaches, including the use of BCUT, Galvez topological charge indices, and 2D autocorrelations descriptors, was able to explain more than 38% of the variance in the mentioned property, even with more variables in the equation.
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83
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Zhao YR, Guang B, Bouillon R, Verstuyf A, De Clercq P, Vandewalle M. Synthesis of 2-Methyl and Ethyl-Substituted 19-nor-1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues via the Cyclovitamin Strategy. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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84
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Singh V, Iyer SR, Mobin SM. A novel and efficient synthesis of bicyclo[2.2.2]octenones and sigmatropic shifts in ground and excited states: stereoselective route to cis-decalins and diquinane frameworks. J Org Chem 2005; 70:973-81. [PMID: 15675857 DOI: 10.1021/jo048320e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new and efficient synthesis of a variety of highly embellished bicyclooctenones having an endo-vinyl moiety and their sigmatropic shifts in ground and excited states leading to a stereoselective route to substituted cis-decalins and diquinane frameworks have been described. Functionalized bicyclo[2.2.2]octenones having an endo-vinyl group and a beta,gamma-enone chromophore were prepared by in situ generation of 6-chloromethyl-6-hydroxycyclohexadienones and cycloaddition with butadiene (also generated in situ) followed by manipulation of the adducts. The presence of contiguous carbonyl, hydroxyl, and chloromethyl groups in adducts led to the introduction of various alkyl groups alpha to the ketone in a stereoselective fashion. The 3,3-sigmatropic shift in the bridged bicyclic compounds gave the corresponding cis-decalins, whereas the triplet sensitized irradiation led to the formation of diquinanes as a result of a 1,2-acyl shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwakarma Singh
- Department of Chemistry, National Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Facility, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India.
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85
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Kittaka A, A. Arai M, Tsutsumi R, Hara H, C. Chen T, Sakaki T, Urushino N, Inouye K. Synthesis of 25-Hydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 Analogs and Their Antiproliferative Activities on Prostate Cells. HETEROCYCLES 2005. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-s(k)56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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86
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Chapter 5.5 Five-membered ring systems: With N and S (Se) atoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(05)80051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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87
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Posner GH, Jeon HB, Sarjeant A, Riccio ES, Doppalapudi RS, Kapetanovic IM, Saha U, Dolan P, Kensler TW. Low-calcemic, efficacious, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analog QW-1624F2-2: calcemic dose-response determination, preclinical genotoxicity testing, and revision of A-ring stereochemistry. Steroids 2004; 69:757-62. [PMID: 15579327 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on an X-ray crystal structure determination, the A-ring stereochemistry of hybrid analog QW-1624F2-2 (1alpha-hydroxymethyl-16-ene-24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-bis-homovitamin D3) is revised to be 1alpha-CH2OH-3beta-OH. This analog is shown to be approximately 80-100 times less calciuric than the natural hormone 1alpha,25-dihydoxyvitamin D3. This analog is shown also to be non-genotoxic in three different standard assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Posner
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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88
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Saito N, Masuda M, Matsunaga T, Saito H, Anzai M, Takenouchi K, Miura D, Ishizuka S, Takimoto-Kamimura M, Kittaka A. 24,24-Dimethylvitamin D3-26,23-lactones and their 2α-functionalized analogues as highly potent VDR antagonists. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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89
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Kittaka A, Suhara Y, Ono K, Yoshida A, Fujishima T, Saito N, Honzawa S, Kishimoto S, Sugiura T, Waku K, Takayama H. Synthesis of Novel 1a,25-Dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 with an Amide Conjugate. HETEROCYCLES 2004. [DOI: 10.3987/com-03-s(p)34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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90
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Saito N, Saito H, Anzai M, Yoshida A, Fujishima T, Takenouchi K, Miura D, Ishizuka S, Takayama H, Kittaka A. Dramatic Enhancement of Antagonistic Activity on Vitamin D Receptor: A Double Functionalization of 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-Lactones. Org Lett 2003; 5:4859-62. [PMID: 14653692 DOI: 10.1021/ol035922w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel vitamin D receptor antagonists, 24-methyl-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 26,23-lactones, is reported. We found that the biological activities of the vitamin D(3) lactones were affected by the structure of the lactone part. Furthermore, introduction of a 2alpha-methyl group into the 24-methylvitamin D(3) lactones dramatically enhanced their anti-vitamin D activity. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
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