51
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Müller STR, Murat A, Hellier P, Wirth T. Toward a Large-Scale Approach to Milnacipran Analogues Using Diazo Compounds in Flow Chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon T. R. Müller
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Aurélien Murat
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 81603 Gaillac, France
| | - Paul Hellier
- Pierre Fabre Médicament, Parc Industriel de la Chartreuse, 81106 Castres, France
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
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52
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J. Mallia
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
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53
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Ford A, Miel H, Ring A, Slattery CN, Maguire AR, McKervey MA. Modern Organic Synthesis with α-Diazocarbonyl Compounds. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9981-10080. [PMID: 26284754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1093] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugues Miel
- Almac Discovery Ltd. , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - M Anthony McKervey
- Almac Sciences Ltd. , Almac House, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
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54
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Schotten C, Plaza D, Manzini S, Nolan S, Ley SV, Browne DL, Lapkin A. Continuous Flow Metathesis for Direct Valorization of Food Waste: An Example of Cocoa Butter Triglyceride. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2015; 3:1453-1459. [PMID: 26322250 PMCID: PMC4547494 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The direct chemical conversion of cocoa butter triglycerides, a material available as a postmanufacture waste stream from the food industry, to 1-decene by way of ethenolysis is reported. The conversion of the raw waste material was made possible by use of 1 mol % of the [RuCl2(iBu-phoban)2(3-phenylindenyl)] catalyst. The process has been investigated in both batch and flow conditions, where the latter approach employs a Teflon AF-2400 tube-in-tube gas-liquid membrane contactor to deliver ethylene to the reaction system. These preliminary studies culminate in a continuous processing system, which maintained a constant output over a 150 min period tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schotten
- Institut für
Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - Dorota Plaza
- School
of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Manzini
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Steven
P. Nolan
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei Lapkin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
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55
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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56
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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57
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Müller STR, Murat A, Maillos D, Lesimple P, Hellier P, Wirth T. Rapid Generation and Safe Use of Carbenes Enabled by a Novel Flow Protocol with In-line IR spectroscopy. Chemistry 2015; 21:7016-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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58
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Brzozowski M, O’Brien M, Ley SV, Polyzos A. Flow chemistry: intelligent processing of gas-liquid transformations using a tube-in-tube reactor. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:349-62. [PMID: 25611216 DOI: 10.1021/ar500359m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: The previous decade has witnessed the expeditious uptake of flow chemistry techniques in modern synthesis laboratories, and flow-based chemistry is poised to significantly impact our approach to chemical preparation. The advantages of moving from classical batch synthesis to flow mode, in order to address the limitations of traditional approaches, particularly within the context of organic synthesis are now well established. Flow chemistry methodology has led to measurable improvements in safety and reduced energy consumption and has enabled the expansion of available reaction conditions. Contributions from our own laboratories have focused on the establishment of flow chemistry methods to address challenges associated with the assembly of complex targets through the development of multistep methods employing supported reagents and in-line monitoring of reaction intermediates to ensure the delivery of high quality target compounds. Recently, flow chemistry approaches have addressed the challenges associated with reactions utilizing reactive gases in classical batch synthesis. The small volumes of microreactors ameliorate the hazards of high-pressure gas reactions and enable improved mixing with the liquid phase. Established strategies for gas-liquid reactions in flow have relied on plug-flow (or segmented flow) regimes in which the gas plugs are introduced to a liquid stream and dissolution of gas relies on interfacial contact of the gas bubble with the liquid phase. This approach confers limited control over gas concentration within the liquid phase and is unsuitable for multistep methods requiring heterogeneous catalysis or solid supported reagents. We have identified the use of a gas-permeable fluoropolymer, Teflon AF-2400, as a simple method of achieving efficient gas-liquid contact to afford homogeneous solutions of reactive gases in flow. The membrane permits the transport of a wide range of gases with significant control of the stoichiometry of reactive gas in a given reaction mixture. We have developed a tube-in-tube reactor device consisting of a pair of concentric capillaries in which pressurized gas permeates through an inner Teflon AF-2400 tube and reacts with dissolved substrate within a liquid phase that flows within a second gas impermeable tube. This Account examines our efforts toward the development of a simple, unified methodology for the processing of gaseous reagents in flow by way of development of a tube-in-tube reactor device and applications to key C-C, C-N, and C-O bond forming and hydrogenation reactions. We further describe the application to multistep reactions using solid-supported reagents and extend the technology to processes utilizing multiple gas reagents. A key feature of our work is the development of computer-aided imaging techniques to allow automated in-line monitoring of gas concentration and stoichiometry in real time. We anticipate that this Account will illustrate the convenience and benefits of membrane tube-in-tube reactor technology to improve and concomitantly broaden the scope of gas/liquid/solid reactions in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brzozowski
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Avenue, Clayton 3168, Victoria Australia
| | - Matthew O’Brien
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories,
School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Avenue, Clayton 3168, Victoria Australia
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59
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de Miranda AS, Simon RC, Grischek B, de Paula GC, Horta BAC, de Miranda LSM, Kroutil W, Kappe CO, de Souza ROMA. Chiral Chlorohydrins from the Biocatalyzed Reduction of Chloroketones: Chiral Building Blocks for Antiretroviral Drugs. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201403023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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60
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Momo PB, Bellete BS, Brocksom TJ, de Souza ROMA, de Oliveira KT. Exploiting novel process windows for the synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins under continuous flow conditions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16962c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin synthesis by classical methods frequently involves harsh conditions yielding products with poor scalability. Herein, a continuous flow approach is described, thus demonstrating a scaled-up procedure in a safe and highly pure manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia B. Momo
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
- Departamento de Química
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Barbara S. Bellete
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
- Departamento de Química
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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61
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Müller STR, Wirth T. Diazo compounds in continuous-flow technology. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:245-250. [PMID: 25488620 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diazo compounds are very versatile reagents in organic chemistry and meet the challenge of selective assembly of structurally complex molecules. Their leaving group is dinitrogen; therefore, they are very clean and atom-efficient reagents. However, diazo compounds are potentially explosive and extremely difficult to handle on an industrial scale. In this review, it is discussed how continuous flow technology can help to make these powerful reagents accessible on large scale. Microstructured devices can improve heat transfer greatly and help with the handling of dangerous reagents safely. The in situ formation and subsequent consumption of diazo compounds are discussed along with advances in handling diazomethane and ethyl diazoacetate. The potential large-scale applications of a given methodology is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T R Müller
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT (UK)
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62
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Deadman BJ, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Taming Hazardous Chemistry in Flow: The Continuous Processing of Diazo and Diazonium Compounds. Chemistry 2014; 21:2298-308. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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63
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Awada H, Robin S, Guillot R, Yazbeck O, Naoufal D, Jaber N, Hachem A, Aitken DJ. Practical Syntheses of Both Enantiomers of the Conformationally Restricted GABA Analoguecis-(2-Aminocyclobutyl)acetic Acid. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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64
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Gross U, Koos P, O'Brien M, Polyzos A, Ley SV. A General Continuous Flow Method for Palladium Catalysed Carbonylation Reactions Using Single and Multiple Tube-in-Tube Gas-Liquid Microreactors. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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65
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Pinho VD, Gutmann B, Kappe CO. Continuous flow synthesis of β-amino acids from α-amino acids via Arndt–Eistert homologation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08113g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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