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Znalesniak EB, Fu T, Salm F, Händel U, Hoffmann W. Transcriptional Responses in the Murine Spleen after Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Inflammasome and Mucus-Associated Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061245. [PMID: 28604600 PMCID: PMC5486068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen plays an important role in coordinating both adaptive and innate immune responses. Here, the transcriptional response to T. gondii infection in the murine spleen was characterized concerning inflammasome sensors (two different models: seven days after oral or four weeks after intraperitoneal infection). Additionally, Tff1KO and Tff3KO mice were investigated because TFF genes are often upregulated during inflammation. The expression of the pattern-recognition receptors Nlrp3, Nlrp12, and Nlrp1a was significantly increased after infection. This increase was diminished in Tff1KO and Tff3KO mice pointing towards a positive regulation of the inflammatory response by Tff1 and Tff3. Furthermore, the transcription of Tff1 (encoding a motogenic lectin) and other secretory genes was analyzed, i.e., gastrokines (Gkn), IgG Fc binding protein (Fcgbp), and the mucin Muc2. The corresponding gene products belong to an interactome protecting mucous epithelia. Tff1 was significantly induced after infection, which might increase the motility of immune cells. In contrast, Gkn3, Fcgbp, and Muc2 were downregulated seven days after oral infection; whereas four weeks after i.p. infection only Gkn3 remained downregulated. This might be an indication that Gkn3, Fcgbp, and Muc2 are involved in the transient disruption of the splenic architecture and its reorganization, which is characteristic after T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva B Znalesniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ting Fu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Franz Salm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Händel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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52
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Corfield A. Eukaryotic protein glycosylation: a primer for histochemists and cell biologists. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:119-147. [PMID: 28012131 PMCID: PMC5306191 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins undergo co- and posttranslational modifications, and their glycosylation is the most frequent and structurally variegated type. Histochemically, the detection of glycan presence has first been performed by stains. The availability of carbohydrate-specific tools (lectins, monoclonal antibodies) has revolutionized glycophenotyping, allowing monitoring of distinct structures. The different types of protein glycosylation in Eukaryotes are described. Following this educational survey, examples where known biological function is related to the glycan structures carried by proteins are given. In particular, mucins and their glycosylation patterns are considered as instructive proof-of-principle case. The tissue and cellular location of glycoprotein biosynthesis and metabolism is reviewed, with attention to new findings in goblet cells. Finally, protein glycosylation in disease is documented, with selected examples, where aberrant glycan expression impacts on normal function to let disease pathology become manifest. The histological applications adopted in these studies are emphasized throughout the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Corfield
- Mucin Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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53
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Abstract
Trefoil factor (TFF) peptides, with a 40-amino acid motif and including six conserved cysteine residues that form intramolecular disulfide bonds, are a family of mucin-associated secretory molecules mediating many physiological roles that maintain and restore gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal homeostasis. TFF peptides play important roles in response to GI mucosal injury and inflammation. In response to acute GI mucosal injury, TFF peptides accelerate cell migration to seal the damaged area from luminal contents, whereas chronic inflammation leads to increased TFF expression to prevent further progression of disease. Although much evidence supports the physiological significance of TFF peptides in mucosal defenses, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of TFF peptides in the GI epithelium remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the functional roles of TFF1, 2, and 3 and illustrate their action mechanisms, focusing on defense mechanisms in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitaro Aihara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267;
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267;
| | - Marshall H Montrose
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267;
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54
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Arhgap17, a RhoGTPase activating protein, regulates mucosal and epithelial barrier function in the mouse colon. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26923. [PMID: 27229483 PMCID: PMC4882514 DOI: 10.1038/srep26923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by the Rho GTPase family is required for the maintenance of polarity in epithelial cells as well as for their proliferation and migration. A RhoGTPase-activating protein 17 (Arhgap17) is known to be involved in multiple cellular processes in vitro, including the maintenance of tight junctions and vesicle trafficking. However, the function of Arhgap17 has not been studied in the physiological context. Here, we generated Arhgap17-deficient mice and examined the effect in the epithelial and mucosal barriers of the intestine. Reporter staining revealed that Arhgap17 expression is limited to the luminal epithelium of intestine. Arhgap17-deficient mice show an increased paracellular permeability and aberrant localization of the apical junction complex in the luminal epithelium, but do not develop spontaneous colitis. The inner mucus layer is impervious to the enteric bacteria irrespective of Tff3 downregulation in the Arhgap17-deficient mice. Interestingly however, treatment with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) causes an increased accumulation of DSS and TNF production in intraluminal cells and rapid destruction of the inner mucus layer, resulting in increased severity of colitis in mutant mice. Overall, these data reveal that Arhgap17 has a novel function in regulating transcellular transport and maintaining integrity of intestinal barriers.
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55
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Gebauer JM, Kobbe B, Paulsson M, Wagener R. Structure, evolution and expression of collagen XXVIII: Lessons from the zebrafish. Matrix Biol 2016; 49:106-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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56
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Wallace JL, de Nucci G, Sulaieva O. Toward More GI-Friendly Anti-Inflammatory Medications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 13:377-85. [PMID: 26303996 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-015-0064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Despite the introduction 20-30 years ago of potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion and anti-inflammatory drugs that preferentially inhibit cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2, the GI adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain a significant clinical concern and a considerable economic burden. Inhibitors of acid secretion and selective COX-2 inhibitors reduce damage only in the proximal GI tract (stomach and proximal duodenum), but NSAIDs produce injury and bleeding throughout the GI tract. The small intestinal damage caused by NSAIDs is common, difficult to diagnose, and there are no proven-effective preventative or curative therapies. There is also emerging evidence that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) exacerbate NSAID-induced small intestinal injury. A new approach to solve this clinical problem is to deliver an endogenous, cytoprotective "rescue molecule" together with a COX inhibitor. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a naturally produced, potent protective agent in the GI tract. H2S-releasing NSAIDs have been synthesized and extensively tested in laboratory animals and humans. They exhibit improved anti-inflammatory activity over the parent NSAID, while causing negligible damage in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Wallace
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,, 15 Prince Arthur Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5R 1B2, Canada.
| | - Gilberto de Nucci
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Oksana Sulaieva
- Department of Histology, Zaporozhye State Medical University, Zaporozhye, Ukraine.
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57
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Fu T, Znalesniak EB, Kalinski T, Möhle L, Biswas A, Salm F, Dunay IR, Hoffmann W. TFF Peptides Play a Role in the Immune Response Following Oral Infection of Mice with Toxoplasma Gondii. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:221-31. [PMID: 26495133 PMCID: PMC4598890 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2015.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) is a major constituent of the intestinal mucus, playing an important role in the repair of epithelial surfaces. To further understand the role of TFF3 in the protection of intestinal epithelium, we tested the influence of TFF3 in a murine Toxoplasma gondii-induced ileitis model. Surprisingly, TFF3KO mice showed a reduced immune response in the ileum when compared to wild-type animals. Interleukin-12 and interferon-γ expression levels as well as the number of CD4+ lymphocytes were reduced in the infected TFF3KO mice. These effects were in line with the trend of elevated parasite levels in the ileum. Moreover, TFF1 expression was upregulated in the spleen of infected mice. These initial results indicate that TFF3 is involved in the immune pathology of T. gondii infection-induced intestinal inflammation. Thus far, the mechanisms of how TFF3 influences the immune response are not fully understood. Further studies should identify if TFF3 affects mucus sensing of dendritic cells and how TFF3 is involved in regulating the immune response as an intrinsic secretory peptide of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Eva B Znalesniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Thomas Kalinski
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Luisa Möhle
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Aindrila Biswas
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Franz Salm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Germany
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58
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Hoffmann W. [Continual self-renewal of the gastric epithelium by cell differentiation: implications for carcinogenesis]. DER PATHOLOGE 2015; 35 Suppl 2:202-6. [PMID: 25394968 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-014-1996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastric mucosa and its glands represent a close interactive barrier to the outside world. This delicate surface is protected by a multilayered mucus barrier which contains among others the mucins MUC5AC and MUC6 and the trefoil factor family peptide TFF2. Furthermore, two types of gastric glands form delicate homeostatic systems, i.e. the fundic and antral glands, which show continual bidirectional self-renewal via differentiation from stem and progenitor cells. It was the aim of this study to analyze the self-renewal of these gastric units. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three characteristic regions (i.e. foveolar, proliferative zone and lower gland regions) were isolated from fundic and antral units by the use of laser microdissection and expression profiles concerning known marker genes were generated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. RESULTS The surface mucous cells (SMCs) of fundic and antral units characteristically differed in the expression of certain secretory genes. Furthermore, the maturation of mucous neck cells and their trans-differentiation into chief cells as well as the maturation of antral SMCs and antral gland cells occurred in a stepwise manner. DISCUSSION The correct maturation particularly of mucous neck cells and their trans-differentiation into chief cells is critical for homeostatic self-renewal of fundic units. Dysregulation of this multistep process can result in generation of the spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) lineage which is characterized by its strong ectopic TFF2 expression. Chronic inflammation is known to support SPEM formation. The SPEM lineage is a precancerous lesion which can further differentiate into intestinal metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hoffmann
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Medizinische Chemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland,
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59
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Young JC, Pan C, Adams RM, Brooks B, Banfield JF, Morowitz MJ, Hettich RL. Metaproteomics reveals functional shifts in microbial and human proteins during a preterm infant gut colonization case. Proteomics 2015; 15:3463-73. [PMID: 26077811 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the human gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in establishing health and homeostasis. However, the time-dependent functional signatures of microbial and human proteins during early colonization of the gut have yet to be determined. To this end, we employed shotgun proteomics to simultaneously monitor microbial and human proteins in fecal samples from a preterm infant during the first month of life. Microbial community complexity increased over time, with compositional changes that were consistent with previous metagenomic and rRNA gene data. More specifically, the function of the microbial community initially involved biomass growth, protein production, and lipid metabolism, and then switched to more complex metabolic functions, such as carbohydrate metabolism, once the community stabilized and matured. Human proteins detected included those responsible for epithelial barrier function and antimicrobial activity. Some neutrophil-derived proteins increased in abundance early in the study period, suggesting activation of the innate immune system. Likewise, abundances of cytoskeletal and mucin proteins increased later in the time course, suggestive of subsequent adjustment to the increased microbial load. This study provides the first snapshot of coordinated human and microbial protein expression in a preterm infant's gut during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacque C Young
- Genome Sciences and Technology Graduate School, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Chongle Pan
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Rachel M Adams
- Genome Sciences and Technology Graduate School, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Brandon Brooks
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jillian F Banfield
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Morowitz
- Division of Pediatric General & Thoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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60
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Hoffmann W. TFF2, a MUC6-binding lectin stabilizing the gastric mucus barrier and more (Review). Int J Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26201258 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide TFF2 (formerly 'spasmolytic polypeptide'), a member of the trefoil factor family (TFF) containing two TFF domains, is mainly expressed together with the mucin MUC6 in the gastric epithelium and duodenal Brunner's glands. Pathologically, TFF2 expression is observed ectopically during stone diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions and in several metaplastic and neoplastic epithelia; most prominent being the 'spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia' (SPEM), which is an established gastric precancerous lesion. TFF2 plays a critical role in maintaining gastric mucosal integrity and appears to restrain tumorigenesis in the stomach. Recently, porcine TFF2 has been shown to interact with the gastric mucin MUC6 and thus stabilize the gastric mucus barrier. On the one hand, TFF2 binds to MUC6 via non-covalent lectin interactions with the glycotope GlcNAcα1→4Galβ1→R. On the other hand, TFF2 is probably also covalently bound to MUC6 via disulfide bridges. Thus, implications for the complex multimeric assembly, cross-linking, and packaging of MUC6 as well as the rheology of gastric mucus are discussed in detail in this review. Furthermore, TFF2 is also expressed in minor amounts in the immune and nervous systems. Thus, similar to galectins, its lectin activity would perfectly enable TFF2 to form multivalent complexes and cross-linked lattices with a plethora of transmembrane glycoproteins and thus modulate different signal transduction processes. This could explain the multiple and diverse biological effects of TFF2 [e.g., motogenic, (anti)apoptotic, and angiogenic effects]. Finally, a function during fertilization is also possible for TFF domains because they occur as shuffled modules in certain zona pellucida proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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61
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Tukler Henriksson J, Coursey TG, Corry DB, De Paiva CS, Pflugfelder SC. IL-13 Stimulates Proliferation and Expression of Mucin and Immunomodulatory Genes in Cultured Conjunctival Goblet Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:4186-97. [PMID: 26132778 PMCID: PMC4495812 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of IL-13 on goblet cell proliferation, differentiation, and expression of mucin and immunomodulatory genes. METHODS Explants were excised from the conjunctiva of young C57BL/6 mice. Cultures received 200 μL per week of either Keratinocyte media (KSFM) or KSFM supplemented with 10 ng/mL IL-13 and were incubated for 3 (D3), 7 (D7), or 14 (D14) days. Subsequently, cell proliferation was assessed or cultures were immunostained, collected for dot blot, or for reverse transcription (RT) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) or for RT-PCR gene array. RESULTS The cultured conjunctival epithelium expressed goblet cell associated keratin 7 and mucins MUC5AC and MUC2 and when stimulated with IL-13 showed increased proliferation at D3 and D7 (P < 0.05) compared with control. MUC5AC expression was increased in the IL-13-treated group at D3 and D14 (P < 0.05). IL-13-treated cultures showed increased chemokine ligand 26 (CCL26), chloride channel calcium activated channel 3 (CLCA3), fas ligand (FasL), and Relm-β at D7. All conjunctival cultures expressed MUC2, and its expression was decreased at D3 (P < 0.05) and increased at D14 (P < 0.05) with IL-13 treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that conjunctival goblet cells are IL-13 responsive cells that produce factors known to maintain epithelial barrier, stimulate mucin production, and modulate immune response in nonocular mucosa when treated with IL-13. The functional significance of IL-13-stimulated factors remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tukler Henriksson
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Ocular Surface Center Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Terry G. Coursey
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Ocular Surface Center Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - David B. Corry
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Immunology and the Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Cintia S. De Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Ocular Surface Center Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Stephen C. Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Ocular Surface Center Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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62
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Bernstein HG, Dobrowolny H, Trübner K, Steiner J, Bogerts B, Hoffmann W. Differential regional and cellular distribution of TFF3 peptide in the human brain. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1053-63. [PMID: 25691144 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
TFF3 is a member of the trefoil factor family (TFF) predominantly secreted by mucous epithelia. Minute amounts are also expressed in the immune system and the brain. In the latter, particularly the hypothalamo-pituitary axis has been investigated in detail in the past. Functionally, cerebral TFF3 has been reported to be involved in several processes such as fear, depression, learning and object recognition, and opiate addiction. Furthermore, TFF3 has been linked with neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and alcoholism). Here, using immunohistochemistry, a systematic survey of the TFF3 localization in the adult human brain is presented focusing on extrahypothalamic brain areas. In addition, the distribution of TFF3 in the developing human brain is described. Taken together, neurons were identified as the predominant cell type to express TFF3, but to different extent; TFF3 was particularly enriched in various midbrain and brain stem nuclei. Besides, TFF3 immunostaining staining was observed in oligodendroglia and the choroid plexus epithelium. The wide cerebral distribution should help to explain its multiple effects in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany,
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63
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Viby NE, Nexø E, Kissow H, Andreassen H, Clementsen P, Thim L, Poulsen SS. Trefoil factors (TFFs) are increased in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid from patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). Peptides 2015; 63:90-5. [PMID: 25445610 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factors (TFFs) 1, 2 and 3 are small polypeptides that are co-secreted with mucin throughout the body. They are up-regulated in cancer and inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal system, where they are proposed to be involved in tissue regeneration, proliferation and protection. Our aim was to explore their presence in pulmonary secretions and to investigate whether they are up-regulated in pulmonary diseases characterized by mucin hypersecretion. Bronchioalveolar lavage fluid was obtained from 92 individuals referred to bronchoscopy. The patients were grouped according to diagnosis and pulmonary function. The concentrations of TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 were measured by ELISA. All three peptides were detected in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had concentrations two to three times above the levels in the healthy reference group, and patients with pulmonary malignancies had concentrations of TFF1 and TFF2 three times that of the reference group. The results suggest that TFFs are involved in tissue regeneration, proliferation and protection in lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels-Erik Viby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Ebba Nexø
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Andreassen
- Department of Pulmonology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Paul Clementsen
- Department of Pulmonology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lars Thim
- Department of Protein Engineering, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maalov, Denmark
| | - Steen Seier Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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64
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Bonar D, Hanisch FG. Trefoil factor family domains represent highly efficient conformational determinants for N-linked N,N'-di-N-acetyllactosediamine (LacdiNAc) synthesis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29677-90. [PMID: 25210040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.596049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The disaccharide N,N'-di-N-acetyllactose diamine (LacdiNAc, GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ) is found in a limited number of extracellular matrix glycoproteins and neuropeptide hormones indicating a protein-specific transfer of GalNAc by the glycosyltransferases β4GalNAc-T3/T4. Whereas previous studies have revealed evidence for peptide determinants as controlling elements in LacdiNAc biosynthesis, we report here on an entirely independent conformational control of GalNAc transfer by single TFF (Trefoil factor) domains as high stringency determinants. Human TFF2 was recombinantly expressed in HEK-293 cells as a wild type full-length probe (TFF2-Fl, containing TFF domains P1 and P2), as single P1 or P2 domain probes, as a series of Cys/Gly mutant forms with aberrant domain structures, and as a double point-mutated probe (T68Q/F59Q) lacking aromatic residues within a hydrophobic patch. The N-glycosylation probes were analyzed by mass spectrometry for their glycoprofiles. In agreement with natural gastric TFF2, the recombinant full-length and single domain probes expressed nearly exclusively fucosylated LacdiNAc on bi-antennary complex-type chains indicating that a single TFF domain was sufficient to induce transfer of this modification. Contrasting to this, the Cys/Gly mutants showed strongly reduced LacdiNAc levels and instead preponderant LacNAc expression. The probe with point mutations of two highly conserved aromatic residues in loop 3 (T68Q/F59Q) revealed that these are essential determinant components, as the probe lacked LacdiNAc expression. The structural features of the LacdiNAc-inducing determinant on human TFF2 are discussed on the basis of crystal structures of porcine TFF2, and a series of extracellular matrix-related LacdiNAc-positive glycoproteins detected as novel candidate proteins in the secretome of HEK-293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bonar
- From the Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, 50931 Köln, Germany and
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- From the Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, 50931 Köln, Germany and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Köln, Germany
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65
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Ji GX, Cheng Y, Gao FL, Xie CS, Yang M. Immune modulation by the IL-33/ST2 system in ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1663-1668. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i12.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system prevents pathogens from entering and spreading in the body. Dysfunction of the immune system can activate an intestinal inflammatory response, leading to chronic diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a form of IBD of unknown etiology with increasing prevalence. There is an imbalance in the interleukin-33/homolog of sulfotransferase 2 (IL-33/ST2) axis in UC intestinal mucosa. This paper reviews the role of the IL-33/ST2 system in immunity of the intestinal mucosa and its importance in IBD, especially UC.
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Dubaissi E, Rousseau K, Lea R, Soto X, Nardeosingh S, Schweickert A, Amaya E, Thornton DJ, Papalopulu N. A secretory cell type develops alongside multiciliated cells, ionocytes and goblet cells, and provides a protective, anti-infective function in the frog embryonic mucociliary epidermis. Development 2014; 141:1514-25. [PMID: 24598166 PMCID: PMC3957375 DOI: 10.1242/dev.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The larval epidermis of Xenopus is a bilayered epithelium, which is an excellent model system for the study of the development and function of mucosal and mucociliary epithelia. Goblet cells develop in the outer layer while multiciliated cells and ionocytes sequentially intercalate from the inner to the outer layer. Here, we identify and characterise a fourth cell type, the small secretory cell (SSC). We show that the development of these cells is controlled by the transcription factor Foxa1 and that they intercalate into the outer layer of the epidermis relatively late, at the same time as embryonic hatching. Ultrastructural and molecular characterisation shows that these cells have an abundance of large apical secretory vesicles, which contain highly glycosylated material, positive for binding of the lectin, peanut agglutinin, and an antibody to the carbohydrate epitope, HNK-1. By specifically depleting SSCs, we show that these cells are crucial for protecting the embryo against bacterial infection. Mass spectrometry studies show that SSCs secrete a glycoprotein similar to Otogelin, which may form the structural component of a mucus-like protective layer, over the surface of the embryo, and several potential antimicrobial substances. Our study completes the characterisation of all the epidermal cell types in the early tadpole epidermis and reinforces the suitability of this system for the in vivo study of complex epithelia, including investigation of innate immune defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon Dubaissi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert Lea
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- The Healing Foundation Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ximena Soto
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Siddarth Nardeosingh
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Axel Schweickert
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Enrique Amaya
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- The Healing Foundation Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - David J. Thornton
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nancy Papalopulu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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67
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Aamann L, Vestergaard EM, Grønbæk H. Trefoil factors in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3223-3230. [PMID: 24696606 PMCID: PMC3964394 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i12.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which comprises ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The trefoil factors 1, 2, and 3 (TFF1-3) are a family of peptides that play important roles in the protection and repair of epithelial surfaces, including the gastrointestinal tract. TFFs may be involved in IBD pathogenesis and are a potential treatment option. In the present review, we describe the TFF family and their potential role in IBD by summarizing the current knowledge of their expression, possible function and pharmacological role in IBD.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The current literature regarding the effects of the gaseous signal molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the gastrointestinal system is reviewed. Bacterial, host and pharmaceutical-derived H2S are all considered and presented according to the physiological or pathophysiological effects of the gaseous signal molecule. These subjects include the toxicology of intestinal H2S with emphasis on bacterial-derived H2S, especially from sulfate-reducing bacteria, the role of endogenous and exogenous H2S in intestinal inflammation, and the roles of H2S in gastrointestinal motility, secretion and nociception. RECENT ADVANCES While its pro- and anti-inflammatory, smooth muscle relaxant, prosecretory, and pro- and antinociceptive actions continue to remain the major effects of H2S in this system; recent findings have expanded the potential molecular targets for H2S in the gastrointestinal tract. CRITICAL ISSUES Numerous discrepancies remain in the literature, and definitive molecular targets in this system have not been supported by the use of competitive antagonism. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future work will hopefully resolve discrepancies in the literature and identify molecular targets and mechanisms of action for H2S. It is clear from the current literature that the long-appreciated relationship between H2S and the gastrointestinal tract continues to be strong as we endeavor to unravel its mysteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Linden
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
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69
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Samson MH. Quantitative measurements of trefoil factor family peptides: possibilities and pitfalls. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2013; 73:193-202. [PMID: 23391285 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2013.765962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 are produced and secreted by mucous membranes throughout the body. Their importance for the protection and repair of epithelial surfaces is well established, and the three peptides are present in various amounts in mucosal secretions as well as in the circulation. They have been linked to both inflammatory diseases and to various types of cancer, and serum concentrations of TFF3 show a more than 47-fold increase during pregnancy. Several both commercial and in-house immunoassays exist, but a number of methodological issues remain unresolved. This review describes methodological challenges in the measurement of the peptides in humans, and summarizes current knowledge concerning the occurrence and possible significance of the peptides in human health and disease.
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70
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Stamp LA, Braxton DR, Wu J, Akopian V, Hasegawa K, Chandrasoma PT, Hawes SM, McLean C, Petrovic LM, Wang K, Pera MF. The GCTM-5 epitope associated with the mucin-like glycoprotein FCGBP marks progenitor cells in tissues of endodermal origin. Stem Cells 2013; 30:1999-2009. [PMID: 22761039 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against cell surface markers are powerful tools in the study of tissue regeneration, repair, and neoplasia, but there is a paucity of specific reagents to identify stem and progenitor cells in tissues of endodermal origin. The epitope defined by the GCTM-5 monoclonal antibody is a putative marker of hepatic progenitors. We sought to analyze further the distribution of the GCTM-5 antigen in normal tissues and disease states and to characterize the antigen biochemically. The GCTM-5 epitope was specifically expressed on tissues derived from the definitive endoderm, in particular the fetal gut, liver, and pancreas. Antibody reactivity was detected in subpopulations of normal adult biliary and pancreatic duct cells, and GCTM-5-positive cells isolated from the nonparenchymal fraction of adult liver expressed markers of progenitor cells. The GCTM-5-positive cell populations in liver and pancreas expanded greatly in numbers in disease states such as biliary atresia, cirrhosis, and pancreatitis. Neoplasms arising in these tissues also expressed the GCTM-5 antigen, with pancreatic adenocarcinoma in particular showing strong and consistent reactivity. The GCTM-5 epitope was also strongly displayed on cells undergoing intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus, a precursor to esophageal carcinoma. Biochemical, mass spectrometry, and immunochemical studies revealed that the GCTM-5 epitope is associated with the mucin-like glycoprotein FCGBP. The GCTM-5 epitope on the mucin-like glycoprotein FCGBP is a cell surface marker for the study of normal differentiation lineages, regeneration, and disease progression in tissues of endodermal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincon A Stamp
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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71
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Pluta K, McGettigan PA, Reid CJ, Browne JA, Irwin JA, Tharmalingam T, Corfield A, Baird A, Loftus BJ, Evans ACO, Carrington SD. Molecular aspects of mucin biosynthesis and mucus formation in the bovine cervix during the periestrous period. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:1165-78. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00088.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus within the cervical canal represents a hormonally regulated barrier that reconciles the need to exclude the vaginal microflora from the uterus during progesterone dominance, while permitting sperm transport at estrus. Its characteristics change during the estrous cycle to facilitate these competing functional requirements. Hydrated mucin glycoproteins synthesized by the endocervical epithelium form the molecular scaffold of this mucus. This study uses the bovine cervix as a model to examine functional groups of genes related to mucin biosynthesis and mucus production over the periestrous period when functional changes in cervical barrier function are most prominent. Cervical tissue samples were collected from 30 estrus synchronized beef heifers. Animals were slaughtered in groups starting 12 h after the withdrawal of intravaginal progesterone releasing devices (controlled internal drug releases) until 7 days postonset of estrus (luteal phase). Subsequent groupings represented proestrus, early estrus, late estrus, metestrus, and finally the early luteal phase. Tissues were submitted to next generation RNA-seq transcriptome analysis. We identified 114 genes associated with biosynthesis and intracellular transport of mucins, and postsecretory modifications of cervical; 53 of these genes showed at least a twofold change in one or more experimental group in relation to onset of estrus, and the differences between groups were significant ( P < 0.05). The majority of these genes showed the greatest alteration in their expression in the 48 h postestrus and luteal phase groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pluta
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul A. McGettigan
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm J. Reid
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John A. Browne
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane A. Irwin
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tharmala Tharmalingam
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | | | - Alan Baird
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan J. Loftus
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Alexander C. O. Evans
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; and
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Innate immunity modulation by the IL-33/ST2 system in intestinal mucosa. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:142492. [PMID: 23484079 PMCID: PMC3591220 DOI: 10.1155/2013/142492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity prevents pathogens from entering and spreading within the body. This function is especially important in the gastrointestinal tract and skin, as these organs have a large surface contact area with the outside environment. In the intestine, luminal commensal bacteria are necessary for adequate food digestion and play a crucial role in tolerance to benign antigens. Immune system damage can create an intestinal inflammatory response, leading to chronic disease including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an IBD of unknown etiology with increasing worldwide prevalence. In the intestinal mucosa of UC patients, there is an imbalance in the IL-33/ST2 axis, an important modulator of the innate immune response. This paper reviews the role of the IL-33/ST2 system in innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa and its importance in inflammatory bowel diseases, especially ulcerative colitis.
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73
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Feldkirchner S, Schessl J, Müller S, Schoser B, Hanisch FG. Patient-specific protein aggregates in myofibrillar myopathies: laser microdissection and differential proteomics for identification of plaque components. Proteomics 2012; 12:3598-609. [PMID: 23044792 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Myofibrillar myopathies (MFMs) are histopathologically characterized by desmin-positive protein aggregates and myofibrillar degeneration. While about half of all MFM are caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric and extra-sarcomeric proteins (desmin, filamin C, plectin, VCP, FHL1, ZASP, myotilin, αB-crystallin, and BAG3), the other half of these diseases is due to still unresolved gene defects. The present study aims at the proteomic characterization of pathological protein aggregates in skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with MFM-causing gene mutations. The technical strategy is based on the dissection of plaque versus plaque-free tissue areas from the same individual patient by laser dissection microscopy, filter-aided sample preparation, iTRAQ-labeling, and analysis on the peptide level using offline nano-LC and MALDI-TOF-TOF MS/MS for protein identification and quantification. The outlined workflow overcomes limitations of merely qualitative analyses, which cannot discriminate contaminating nonaggregated proteins. Dependent on the MFM causing mutation, different sets of proteins were revealed as genuine (accumulated) plaque components in independent technical replicates: (i) αB-crystallin, desmin, filamin A/C, myotilin, PRAF3, RTN2, SQSTM, XIRP1, and XIRP2 (patient with defined MFM mutation distinct from FHL1) or (ii) desmin, FHL1, filamin A/C, KBTBD10, NRAP, SQSTM, RL40, XIRP1, and XIRP2 (patient with FHL1 mutation). The results from differential proteomics indicate that plaques from different patients exhibit protein compositions with partial overlap, on the one hand, and mutation-dependent protein contents on the other. The FHL1 mutation-specific pattern was validated for four patients with respect to desmin, SQSTM, and FHL1 by immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Feldkirchner
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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74
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Hanisch FG, Ragge H, Kalinski T, Meyer F, Kalbacher H, Hoffmann W. Human gastric TFF2 peptide contains an N-linked fucosylated N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine (LacdiNAc) oligosaccharide. Glycobiology 2012; 23:2-11. [PMID: 22997242 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human stomach, the peptide trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) is secreted together with the mucin MUC6 by mucous neck cells (MNCs) and antral gland cells. TFF2 is strongly associated with the gastric mucus and promotes gastric restitution. Here, TFF2 was purified from the human corpus and antrum, respectively, by size-exclusion chromatography, and the N-linked glycan structure at N-15 of the mature peptide was determined. As a hallmark, the unusual monofucosylated N,N'-diacetylhexosediamine (tentatively assigned as GalNAcβ1 → 4GlcNAc, LacdiNAc) modification was detected as the terminal structure of a bi-antennary complex type N-glycan exhibiting also core fucosylation. Replicate analyses did not show microheterogeneities in the fraction of peptide-N-glycosidase F cleaved and permethylated N-glycans when analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). On the glycopeptide level, a minor glycan microheterogeneity was evident in liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS, demonstrating the presence of underfucosylated species. The tryptic TFF2 N-glycopeptide p34-39 (LSPHNR N-glycosylated with Fuc3Hex3HexNAc6) was identified by both ESI-tandem mass spectrometry and MALDI-post-source decay analysis. Lectin analyses with the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin indicated the potential presence of LacdiNAc terminating glycans and revealed minor differences between TFF2 from fundic units, i.e. MNCs, and antral units, i.e. antral gland cells. Strikingly, on the level of the primary structure, there was no indication that the formation of the proposed LacdiNAc structure is cis-controlled by a peptidic determinant related to the published sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, and Central Bioanalytics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Köln, Germany
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75
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MUC1 membrane trafficking: protocols for assessing biosynthetic delivery, endocytosis, recycling, and release through exosomes. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 842:123-40. [PMID: 22259133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-513-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MUC1 is normally apical in polarized epithelial cells but is aberrantly localized in tumor cells. To better understand the mechanism of this altered localization as well as the normal functions of MUC1, we are focused on characterizing the features of MUC1 that regulate the membrane trafficking of this mucin-like transmembrane protein. Previous studies using heterologous expression of MUC1 in CHO and MDCK cells revealed that trafficking to the cell surface as well as endocytosis and recycling is modulated by glycosylation, palmitoylation, and docking of adaptor protein complexes. Protocols for assessing MUC1 trafficking have utilized membrane-impermeant cell surface biotinylation and subsequent stripping with reducing reagents, such as MESNA. The cumulative data have been used for computer modeling and calculation of rate constants. As MUC1 is released through trafficking to exosomes, we have devised protocols for the affinity isolation of MUC1-containing lipid rafts from nanovesicular subpopulations to perform proteomic mapping of protein constituents in these sorting platforms. Our studies to date have shown that plasma membranous MUC1 traffics via lipid raft-associated pathways to exosomes, which are independent of caveolin-1 or dynamin, but dependent on flotillin.
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76
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Staubach S, Schadewaldt P, Wendel U, Nohroudi K, Hanisch FG. Differential Glycomics of Epithelial Membrane Glycoproteins from Urinary Exovesicles Reveals Shifts toward Complex-Type N-Glycosylation in Classical Galactosemia. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:906-16. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200711w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Staubach
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Peter Schadewaldt
- German Diabetic Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry,UKD, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Udo Wendel
- Department of General Pediatrics, UKD, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Nohroudi
- Department of Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
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Yu H, He Y, Zhang X, Peng Z, Yang Y, Zhu R, Bai J, Tian Y, Li X, Chen W, Fang D, Wang R. The rat IgGFcγBP and Muc2 C-terminal domains and TFF3 in two intestinal mucus layers bind together by covalent interaction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20334. [PMID: 21629776 PMCID: PMC3100329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The secreted proteins from goblet cells compose the intestinal mucus. The aims of this study were to determine how they exist in two intestinal mucus layers. Methodology/Principal Findings The intestinal mucosa was fixed with Carnoy solution and immunostained. Mucus from the loose layer, the firm layer was gently suctioned or scraped, respectively, lysed in SDS sample buffer with or without DTT, then subjected to the western blotting of rTFF3, rIgGFcγBP or rMuc2. The non-reduced or reduced soluble mucus samples in RIPA buffer were co-immunoprecipitated to investigate their possible interactions. Polyclonal antibodies for rTFF3, the rIgGFcγBP C-terminal domain and the rMuc2 C-terminal domain confirmed their localization in the mucus layer and in the mucus collected from the rat intestinal loose layer or firm layer in both western blot and immunoprecipitation experiments. A complex of rTFF3, which was approximately 250 kDa, and a monomer of 6 kDa were present in both layers of the intestinal mucus; rIgGFcγBP was present in the complex (250–280 kDa) under non-reducing conditions, but shifted to 164 kDa under reducing conditions in both of the layers. rMuc2 was found mainly in a complex of 214–270 kDa under non-reducing conditions, but it shifted to 140 kDa under reducing conditions. The co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that binding occurs among rTFF3, rIgGFcγBP and rMuc2 in the RIPA buffer soluble intestinal mucus. Blocking the covalent interaction by 100 mM DTT in the RIPA buffer soluble intestinal mucus disassociated their binding. Conclusions/Significance Rat goblet cell-secreted TFF3, IgGFcγBP and Muc2, existing in the two intestinal mucus layers, are bound together by covalent interactions in the soluble fraction of intestinal mucus and form heteropolymers to be one of the biochemical mechanisms of composing the net-like structure of mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongtao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianchun Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongquan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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78
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Kim YS, Ho SB. Intestinal goblet cells and mucins in health and disease: recent insights and progress. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2011; 12:319-30. [PMID: 20703838 PMCID: PMC2933006 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-010-0131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 912] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mucus layer coating the gastrointestinal tract is the front line of innate host defense, largely because of the secretory products of intestinal goblet cells. Goblet cells synthesize secretory mucin glycoproteins (MUC2) and bioactive molecules such as epithelial membrane-bound mucins (MUC1, MUC3, MUC17), trefoil factor peptides (TFF), resistin-like molecule beta (RELMbeta), and Fc-gamma binding protein (Fcgbp). The MUC2 mucin protein forms trimers by disulfide bonding in cysteine-rich amino terminal von Willebrand factor (vWF) domains, coupled with crosslinking provided by TFF and Fcgbp proteins with MUC2 vWF domains, resulting in a highly viscous extracellular layer. Colonization by commensal intestinal microbiota is limited to an outer "loose" mucus layer, and interacts with the diverse oligosaccharides of mucin glycoproteins, whereas an "inner" adherent mucus layer is largely devoid of bacteria. Defective mucus layers resulting from lack of MUC2 mucin, mutated Muc2 mucin vWF domains, or from deletion of core mucin glycosyltransferase enzymes in mice result in increased bacterial adhesion to the surface epithelium, increased intestinal permeability, and enhanced susceptibility to colitis caused by dextran sodium sulfate. Changes in mucin gene expression and mucin glycan structures occur in cancers of the intestine, contributing to diverse biologic properties involved in the development and progression of cancer. Further research is needed on identification and functional significance of various components of mucus layers and the complex interactions among mucus layers, microbiota, epithelial cells, and the underlying innate and adaptive immunity. Further elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms involved in mucin changes in cancer and inflammation may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young S Kim
- Genemed Biotechnologies, 458 Carlton Court, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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79
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Kouznetsova I, Kalinski T, Meyer F, Hoffmann W. Self-renewal of the human gastric epithelium: new insights from expression profiling using laser microdissection. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1105-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00233j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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