51
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Chou Y, Kitova EN, Joe M, Brunton R, Lowary TL, Klassen JS, Derda R. Genetically-encoded fragment-based discovery (GE-FBD) of glycopeptide ligands with differential selectivity for antibodies related to mycobacterial infections. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:223-227. [PMID: 29255817 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02783d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification of tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is important for global disease management. Point-of-care serological tests may improve TB diagnosis; however, specificities of available serodiagnostics are sub-optimal. We employed genetically encoded fragment-based discovery (GE-FBD) to select ligands for antibodies directed against the mycobacterial cell wall component lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a potent antigen. GE-FBD employed a phage displayed library of 108 heptapeptides, chemically modified with an arabinofuranosyl hexasaccharide fragment of LAM (Ara6), and the anti-LAM antibody CS-35 as a bait. The selection gave rise to glycopeptides with an enhanced affinity and selectivity for CS-35 but not for 906.4321 antibody, both of which bind to Ara6 with a comparable affinity. Multivalent assays incorporating the discovered ligands Ara6-ANSSFAP, Ara6-DAHATLR and Ara6-TTYVVNP exhibited up to 19-fold discrimination between CS-35 and 906.4321. The use of the Ara6 antigen alone failed to distinguish these antibodies. Thus, GE-FBD gives rise to ligands that differentiate monoclonal antibodies with enhanced specificity. This technology could facilitate the development of effective point-of-care serological tests for mycobacterial and other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chou
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
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52
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Hossain MK, Vartak A, Sucheck SJ, Wall KA. Liposomal Fc Domain Conjugated to a Cancer Vaccine Enhances Both Humoral and Cellular Immunity. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5204-5208. [PMID: 30949616 PMCID: PMC6441943 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by utilizing natural anticarbohydrate antibodies is a promising approach for selective uptake and enhanced antigen presentation. Previously, we reported that in the presence of a natural antibody, anti-rhamnose antibody (anti-Rha), the bacterial sugar rhamnose conjugated with liposomal cancer antigen MUC1-Tn enhances antigen presentation by APCs such as dendritic cells by targeting Fc gamma receptors. The idea was to utilize the natural human anti-Rha antibodies present in human serum for targeted delivery of cancer-specific antigens. Recently, we found that the IgG3 antibody isotype was the most prevalent anti-Rha antibody generated in mice immunized with rhamnose-Ficoll (Rha-Ficoll) antigen. In this manuscript, we have conjugated the murine IgG3-Fc with a MUC1-containing cancer vaccine and compared the humoral and cellular immune response to this vaccine with one targeted via the human anti-Rha antibody and to the MUC1 vaccine alone. This Fc approach enhanced antibody production and T-cell proliferation almost to the same level as using the anti-Rha antibody. These results suggest that targeting Fc directly to dendritic cells can be an alternative approach to human anti-Rha for generating effective antigen-primed T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kamal Hossain
- Department
of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Abhishek Vartak
- Department
of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Steven J. Sucheck
- Department
of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Katherine A. Wall
- Department
of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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53
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Nkurunungi G, van Diepen A, Nassuuna J, Sanya RE, Nampijja M, Nambuya I, Kabagenyi J, Serna S, Reichardt NC, van Ree R, Webb EL, Elliott AM, Yazdanbakhsh M, Hokke CH. Microarray assessment of N-glycan-specific IgE and IgG profiles associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection in rural and urban Uganda. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3522. [PMID: 30837526 PMCID: PMC6401159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Core β-1,2-xylose and α-1,3-fucose are antigenic motifs on schistosome N-glycans, as well as prominent IgE targets on some plant and insect glycoproteins. To map the association of schistosome infection with responses to these motifs, we assessed plasma IgE and IgG reactivity using microarray technology among Ugandans from rural Schistosoma mansoni (Sm)-endemic islands (n = 209), and from proximate urban communities with lower Sm exposure (n = 62). IgE and IgG responses to core β-1,2-xylose and α-1,3-fucose modified N-glycans were higher in rural versus urban participants. Among rural participants, IgE and IgG to core β-1,2-xylose were positively associated with Sm infection and concentration peaks coincided with the infection intensity peak in early adolescence. Responses to core α-1,3-fucose were elevated regardless of Sm infection status and peaked before the infection peak. Among urban participants, Sm infection intensity was predominantly light and positively associated with responses to both motifs. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis reduced the data to a set of variables that captured core β-1,2-xylose- and α-1,3-fucose-specific responses, and confirmed associations with Sm and the rural environment. Responses to core β-1,2-xylose and α-1,3-fucose have distinctive relationships with Sm infection and intensity that should further be explored for associations with protective immunity, and cross-reactivity with other exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyaviira Nkurunungi
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda. .,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacent Nassuuna
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Richard E Sanya
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret Nampijja
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Irene Nambuya
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joyce Kabagenyi
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biomateriales (CIC biomaGUNE), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Niels-Christian Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biomateriales (CIC biomaGUNE), San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Departments of Experimental Immunology and of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily L Webb
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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54
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Durbin S, Wright WS, Gildersleeve JC. Development of a Multiplex Glycan Microarray Assay and Comparative Analysis of Human Serum Anti-Glycan IgA, IgG, and IgM Repertoires. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16882-16891. [PMID: 30613809 PMCID: PMC6312630 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Serum antibodies that recognize carbohydrate antigens play a fundamental role in immune defense, homeostasis, and autoimmunity. In addition, they serve as potential biomarkers for a variety of medical applications. For most anti-glycan antibodies found in human serum, however, the origins, regulation, and biological significance are not well understood. Antibody subpopulations that are relevant to a particular biological process or disease are often difficult to identify from the myriad of anti-glycan antibodies present in human serum. While prior studies have examined anti-glycan IgG and/or IgM repertoires, little is known about IgA repertoires or how IgA, IgG, and IgM are related. In this study, we describe the development of a multiplex assay to simultaneously detect IgA, IgG, and IgM on a glycan microarray and its application to studying anti-glycan repertoires in healthy subjects. The multiplex glycan microarray assay revealed unique insights and systems-level relationships that would be difficult to uncover using traditional approaches. In particular, we found that anti-glycan IgA, IgG, and IgM expression levels appear to be tightly regulated, coordinated within individuals, and stable over time. Additionally, our results help define natural fluctuations over time, which is critical for identifying changes that are beyond normal biological variation.
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55
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Yang YYM, van Diepen A, Brzezicka K, Reichardt NC, Hokke CH. Glycan Microarray-Assisted Identification of IgG Subclass Targets in Schistosomiasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2331. [PMID: 30356796 PMCID: PMC6190862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with schistosomes is accompanied by the induction of antibodies against the parasite. Despite having IgG against both protein and glycan antigens, infected individuals remain chronically infected until treated, and re-infection is common in endemic areas as immunity does not develop effectively. Parasite specific IgG subclasses may differ in functionality and effectivity with respect to effector functions that contribute to parasite killing and immunity. In this study, we investigated if specific IgG subclasses target specific antigenic schistosome glycan motifs during human infection. Sera from 41 S. mansoni infected individuals from an endemic area in Uganda were incubated on two glycan microarrays, one consisting of a large repertoire of schistosome glycoprotein- and glycolipid- derived glycans and the other consisting of chemically synthesized core xylosylated and fucosylated N-glycans also expressed by schistosomes. Our results show that highly antigenic glycan motifs, such as multi-fucosylated terminal GalNAc(β1-4)GlcNAc (LDN) can be recognized by all IgG subclasses of infection sera, however with highly variable intensities. Detailed examination of core-modified N-glycan targets revealed individual antibody responses specific for core-xylosylated and core α3-fucosylated glycan motifs that are life stage specifically expressed by schistosomes. IgG1 and IgG3 were detected against a range of N-glycan core structures, but IgG2 and IgG4, when present, were specific for the core α3-fucose and xylose motifs that were previously found to be IgE targets in schistosomiasis, and in allergies. This study is the first to address IgG subclass responses to defined helminth glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Michelle Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Brzezicka
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biomateriales (CIC biomaGUNE), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Niels-Christian Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biomateriales (CIC biomaGUNE), San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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56
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Hossain MK, Vartak A, Karmakar P, Sucheck SJ, Wall KA. Augmenting Vaccine Immunogenicity through the Use of Natural Human Anti-rhamnose Antibodies. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2130-2142. [PMID: 29916701 PMCID: PMC6103300 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Utilizing
natural antibodies to augment vaccine immunogenicity
is a promising approach toward cancer immunotherapy. Anti-rhamnose
(anti-Rha) antibodies are some of the most common natural anti-carbohydrate
antibodies present in human serum. Therefore, rhamnose can be utilized
as a targeting moiety for a rhamnose-containing vaccine to prepare
an effective vaccine formulation. It was shown previously that anti-Rha
antibody generated in mice binds effectively with Rha-conjugated vaccine
and is picked up by antigen presenting cells (APCs) through stimulatory
Fc receptors. This leads to the effective uptake and processing of
antigen and eventually presentation by major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) molecules. In this article, we show that natural human anti-Rha
antibodies can also be used in a similar mechanism and immunogenicity
can be enhanced by targeting Rha-conjugated antigens. In doing so,
we have purified human anti-Rha antibodies from human serum using
a rhamnose affinity column. In vitro, human anti-Rha
antibodies are shown to enhance the uptake of a model antigen, Rha-ovalbumin
(Rha-Ova), by APCs. In vivo, they improved the priming
of CD4+ T cells to Rha-Ova in comparison to non-anti-Rha human antibodies.
Additionally, increased priming of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells toward
the cancer antigen MUC1-Tn was observed in mice that received human
anti-Rha antibodies prior to vaccination with a rhamnose-modified
MUC1-Tn cancer vaccine. The vaccine conjugate contained Pam3CysSK4, a Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist linked via copper-free cycloaddition chemistry to a 20-amino-acid
glycopeptide derived from the tumor marker MUC-1 containing the tumor-associated
carbohydrate antigen α-N-acetyl galactosamine
(GalNAc). The primed CD8+ T cells released IFN-γ and killed
tumor cells. Therefore, we have confirmed that human anti-Rha antibodies
can be effectively utilized as a targeting moiety for making an effective
vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kamal Hossain
- Dept. of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Abhishek Vartak
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Partha Karmakar
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Steven J. Sucheck
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Katherine A. Wall
- Dept. of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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57
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Kumar P, Kuhlmann FM, Chakraborty S, Bourgeois AL, Foulke-Abel J, Tumala B, Vickers TJ, Sack DA, DeNearing B, Harro CD, Wright WS, Gildersleeve JC, Ciorba MA, Santhanam S, Porter CK, Gutierrez RL, Prouty MG, Riddle MS, Polino A, Sheikh A, Donowitz M, Fleckenstein JM. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-blood group A interactions intensify diarrheal severity. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3298-3311. [PMID: 29771685 DOI: 10.1172/jci97659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections are highly prevalent in developing countries, where clinical presentations range from asymptomatic colonization to severe cholera-like illness. The molecular basis for these varied presentations, which may involve strain-specific virulence features as well as host factors, has not been elucidated. We demonstrate that, when challenged with ETEC strain H10407, originally isolated from a case of cholera-like illness, blood group A human volunteers developed severe diarrhea more frequently than individuals from other blood groups. Interestingly, a diverse population of ETEC strains, including H10407, secrete the EtpA adhesin molecule. As many bacterial adhesins also agglutinate red blood cells, we combined the use of glycan arrays, biolayer inferometry, and noncanonical amino acid labeling with hemagglutination studies to demonstrate that EtpA is a dominant ETEC blood group A-specific lectin/hemagglutinin. Importantly, we have also shown that EtpA interacts specifically with glycans expressed on intestinal epithelial cells from blood group A individuals and that EtpA-mediated bacterial-host interactions accelerate bacterial adhesion and effective delivery of both the heat-labile and heat-stable toxins of ETEC. Collectively, these data provide additional insight into the complex molecular basis of severe ETEC diarrheal illness that may inform rational design of vaccines to protect those at highest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - F Matthew Kuhlmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - A Louis Bourgeois
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brunda Tumala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tim J Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara DeNearing
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Clayton D Harro
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W Shea Wright
- Center for Cancer Research, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Fredrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Center for Cancer Research, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Fredrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Srikanth Santhanam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chad K Porter
- Enteric Disease Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramiro L Gutierrez
- Enteric Disease Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael G Prouty
- Enteric Disease Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark S Riddle
- Enteric Disease Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Polino
- Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alaullah Sheikh
- Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James M Fleckenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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58
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Kong Y, Qu Y, Wang S, Wang PG, Chen M. Heterologous expression of Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 O-antigen analog in Escherichia coli K-12 W3110 by transferring a minimum number of genes involved in O-polysaccharide biosynthesis. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:1219-1226. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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59
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Li S, Yu B, Wang J, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Walker MJ, Yuan Z, Zhu H, Zhang J, Wang PG, Wang B. Biomarker-Based Metabolic Labeling for Redirected and Enhanced Immune Response. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1686-1694. [PMID: 29792670 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Installation of an antibody-recruiting moiety on the surface of disease-relevant cells can lead to the selective destruction of targets by the immune system. Such an approach can be an alternative strategy to traditional chemotherapeutics in cancer therapy and possibly other diseases. Herein we describe the development of a new strategy to selectively label targets with an antibody-recruiting moiety through its covalent and stable installation, complementing existing methods of employing reversible binding. This is achieved through selective delivery of 1,3,4- O-acetyl- N-azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac3ManNAz) to folate receptor-overexpressing cells using an Ac3ManNAz-folate conjugate via a cleavable linker. As such, Ac3ManNAz is converted to cell surface glycan bearing an azido group, which serves as an anchor to introduce l-rhamnose (Rha), a hapten, via a click reaction with aza-dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-Rha. We tested this method in several cell lines including KB, HEK-293, and MCF7 and were able to demonstrate the following: 1) Rha can be selectively installed to the folate receptor overexpressing cell surface and 2) the Rha installed on the target surface can recruit anti-rhamnose (anti-Rha) antibodies, leading to the destruction of target cells via complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Bingchen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yueqin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Huajie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycochemistry Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Margaret J. Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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60
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Mahle A, Dashaputre N, DeShong P, Stein DC. Catanionic Surfactant Vesicles as a New Platform for probing Glycan-Protein Interactions. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:1706215. [PMID: 31118878 PMCID: PMC6527319 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201706215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycomics lags substantially behind proteomics and genomics in its ability to decipher and synthesize complex glycans. The slow progress in deciphering glycan interactions at a molecular level is in large part due to the absence of a functional system to express, on a large scale, carbohydrates of known structure, in the context of a biologically relevant assay system. Here we describe the characterization of a glycan-functionalized catanionic surfactant vesicles (CVs) as a platform for glycan synthesis, and to demonstrate that the resulting glycan-functionalized CVs can serve as a scaffold for the interrogation of protein-glycan interactions. We demonstrate that N. gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide (LOS) glycosyltransferase LgtE, an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of galactose onto a terminal glucose found on LOS can be used to biochemically modify LOS or glucose functionalized CVs. CVs were characterized by differential lectin binding using flow cytometry. LgtE activity was measured on whole cells and LOS functionalized vesicles and found to have approximately the same biochemical properties. We further demonstrate that CVs can be ink-jet printed. This paper presents proof-of-concept that glycan-functionalized catanionic vesicles can be used to create a high-specificity and high-throughput glycan array that will allow for the investigation of a variety of protein-glycan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mahle
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Neeraja Dashaputre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Philip DeShong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Daniel C. Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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61
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Purohit S, Li T, Guan W, Song X, Song J, Tian Y, Li L, Sharma A, Dun B, Mysona D, Ghamande S, Rungruang B, Cummings RD, Wang PG, She JX. Multiplex glycan bead array for high throughput and high content analyses of glycan binding proteins. Nat Commun 2018; 9:258. [PMID: 29343722 PMCID: PMC5772357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) play critical roles in diverse cellular functions such as cell adhesion, signal transduction and immune response. Studies of the interaction between GBPs and glycans have been hampered by the availability of high throughput and high-content technologies. Here we report multiplex glycan bead array (MGBA) that allows simultaneous analyses of 384 samples and up to 500 glycans in a single assay. The specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility of MGBA are evaluated using 39 plant lectins, 13 recombinant anti-glycan antibodies, and mammalian GBPs. We demonstrate the utility of this platform by the analyses of natural anti-glycan IgM and IgG antibodies in 961 human serum samples and the discovery of anti-glycan antibody biomarkers for ovarian cancer. Our data indicate that the MGBA platform is particularly suited for large population-based studies that require the analyses of large numbers of samples and glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Purohit
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Tiehai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Wanyi Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Yanna Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Boying Dun
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - David Mysona
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sharad Ghamande
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Bunja Rungruang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Braganza CD, Santoso KT, Dangerfield EM, La Flamme AC, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Evaluation of anti α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-α-d-Glcp (GAGA4) IgM antibodies as a biomarker for multiple sclerosis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:28086-28093. [PMID: 35542693 PMCID: PMC9084297 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04897e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains challenging due to the complex pathophysiological and clinical characteristics of the disease. Consequently, there has been immense interest in finding a non-invasive diagnostic test for MS. Recent studies found that serum anti-α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-α-d-Glcp (GAGA4) IgM antibodies were upregulated in MS patients, and this finding led to the development of a commercial diagnostic test (gMS® Dx test), although the test has poor selectivity and has not been independently validated. Herein, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the use and reliability of several anti-glucose IgM antibodies, including those against GAGA4, as diagnostic biomarkers for MS. In contrast to previous studies, our results show that serum anti-GAGA4 IgM antibody levels are not significantly higher in MS patients, which could potentially explain the poor selectivity of the commercial test. Anti-glucose IgM antibodies are not upregulated in RRMS patients and thus are not a suitable biomarker for MS.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chriselle D. Braganza
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Kristiana T. Santoso
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Emma M. Dangerfield
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Anne C. La Flamme
- Centre for Biodiscovery
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
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Baek JY, Geissner A, Rathwell DCK, Meierhofer D, Pereira CL, Seeberger PH. A modular synthetic route to size-defined immunogenic Haemophilus influenzae b antigens is key to the identification of an octasaccharide lead vaccine candidate. Chem Sci 2017; 9:1279-1288. [PMID: 29675174 PMCID: PMC5887106 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04521b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A Haemophilus influenzae b vaccine lead antigen was identified by the immunological evaluation of chemically precisely defined capsular polysaccharide repeating unit oligosaccharides.
The first glycoconjugate vaccine using isolated glycans was licensed to protect children from Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) infections. Subsequently, the first semisynthetic glycoconjugate vaccine using a mixture of antigens derived by polymerization targeted the same pathogen. Still, a detailed understanding concerning the correlation between oligosaccharide chain length and the immune response towards the polyribosyl-ribitol-phosphate (PRP) capsular polysaccharide that surrounds Hib remains elusive. The design of semisynthetic and synthetic Hib vaccines critically depends on the identification of the minimally protective epitope. Here, we demonstrate that an octasaccharide antigen containing four repeating disaccharide units resembles PRP polysaccharide in terms of immunogenicity and recognition by anti-Hib antibodies. Key to this discovery was the development of a modular synthesis that enabled access to oligosaccharides up to decamers. Glycan arrays containing the synthetic oligosaccharides were used to analyze anti-PRP sera for antibodies. Conjugates of the synthetic antigens and the carrier protein CRM197, which is used in licensed vaccines, were employed in immunization studies in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Baek
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam , Germany . ;
| | - A Geissner
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam , Germany . ; .,Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - D C K Rathwell
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam , Germany . ; .,Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - D Meierhofer
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (MPIMG) , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - C L Pereira
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam , Germany . ;
| | - P H Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam , Germany . ; .,Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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64
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SCHEEPERS C, CHOWDHURY S, WRIGHT WS, CAMPBELL CT, GARRETT NJ, KARIM QABDOOL, ABDOOL KARIM SS, MOORE PL, GILDERSLEEVE JC, MORRIS L. Serum glycan-binding IgG antibodies in HIV-1 infection and during the development of broadly neutralizing responses. AIDS 2017; 31:2199-2209. [PMID: 28926408 PMCID: PMC5633525 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV-1 envelope is covered with glycans that provide structural integrity and protect conserved regions from host antibody responses. However, these glycans are often the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that emerge in some HIV-infected individuals. We aimed to determine whether antiglycan IgG antibodies are a general response to HIV-1 infection or specific to individuals who develop bNAbs. METHODS IgG binding to glycans was assessed using arrays that contained 245 unique components including N-linked carbohydrates, glycolipids, and Tn-peptides. Sera from 20 HIV-negative and 27 HIV-positive women (including 12 individuals who developed bNAbs) were profiled longitudinally. HIV-1 gp120 proteins were used to compete for binding to the array. RESULTS Antiglycan IgG antibodies fluctuated over a 3-year period, irrespective of HIV infection. However, HIV-positive individuals had elevated binding to 40 components on the array that included Man8, Man9, Tn-peptides, heat shock protein, and glycolipids. Competition experiments confirmed that a proportion of these glycan-binding IgG antibodies were HIV-1-specific, some of which were higher in individuals who developed bNAbs. CONCLUSIONS HIV-1 infection is associated with elevated levels of IgG antibodies to specific glycans. Furthermore, some antiglycan IgG antibodies were more abundant in individuals with bNAbs, suggesting a unique phenotype that may be informative for HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine SCHEEPERS
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2131 South Africa
- School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Sudipa CHOWDHURY
- Chemical Glycobiology Section of the Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201 USA
| | - W. Shea WRIGHT
- Chemical Glycobiology Section of the Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201 USA
| | - Christopher T. CAMPBELL
- Chemical Glycobiology Section of the Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201 USA
| | - Nigel J. GARRETT
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 South Africa
| | - Quarraisha ABDOOL KARIM
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, 10032, USA
| | - Salim S. ABDOOL KARIM
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, 10032, USA
| | - Penny L. MOORE
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2131 South Africa
- School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 South Africa
| | - Jeffrey C. GILDERSLEEVE
- Chemical Glycobiology Section of the Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201 USA
| | - Lynn MORRIS
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2131 South Africa
- School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 South Africa
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65
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Chemical remodeling cell surface glycans for immunotargeting of tumor cells. Carbohydr Res 2017; 452:25-34. [PMID: 29035749 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of human endogenous antibodies to target and eliminate tumor cells is a promising therapeutic strategy in the biomedical field. Current antibody-recruiting molecules are typically bi-functional agents that utilize cell-surface receptor binding property for targeting. This approach has intrinsic limitations due to the heterogeneity of tumor cells and the limited number of receptors on the cell surface. Here we report a targeting strategy based on remodeling of cell surface glycans through metabolic engineering and bioorthogonal chemical ligation. In vitro cultured tumor cells and in vivo xenograft tumors were actively remodeled with rhamnose carbohydrate epitopes, which were capable of recruiting endogenous anti-rhamnose antibodies and activating complement-mediated cell cytotoxicity. This study highlights the therapeutic potential for modulating endogenous immune response through cell-surface glycan engineering.
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66
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Gibadullin R, Farnsworth DW, Barchi JJ, Gildersleeve JC. GalNAc-Tyrosine Is a Ligand of Plant Lectins, Antibodies, and Human and Murine Macrophage Galactose-Type Lectins. ACS Chem Biol 2017. [PMID: 28644609 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In 2011, a new type of protein O-glycosylation was discovered in which N-acetylgalactosamine is attached to the side chain of tyrosine (GalNAc-Tyr). While present on dozens of proteins, the biological roles of GalNAc-Tyr are unknown. To gain insight into this new type of modification, we synthesized a group of GalNAc-Tyr glycopeptides, constructed microarrays, and evaluated potential recognition of GalNAc-Tyr by a series of glycan-binding proteins. Through a series of >150 microarray experiments, we assessed binding properties of a variety of plant lectins, monoclonal antibodies, and endogenous lectins. VVL, HPA, and SBA were all found to bind tightly to GalNAc-Tyr, and several Tn binding antibodies and blood group A antibodies were found to cross-react with GalNAc-Tyr. Thus, detection of GalNAc-Tyr modified proteins is an important consideration when analyzing results from these reagents. Additionally, we evaluated potential recognition by two mammalian lectins, human (hMGL) and murine (mMGL-2) macrophage galactose type C-type lectins. Both hMGL and mMGL-2 bound tightly to GalNAc-Tyr determinants. The apparent Kd values (∼1-40 nM) were on par with some of the best known ligands for MGL, such as the Tn antigen. hMGL also bound the natural beta-amyloid peptide containing a GalNAc-Tyr epitope. STD NMR experiments provided structural insights into the molecular basis of recognition. Finally, GalNAc-Tyr was selectively captured by mMGL-2 positive dendritic cells. These results provide the first evidence that GalNAc-Tyr modified proteins and/or peptides may be ligands for hMGL and mMGL-2 and offer unique structures for the design of MGL targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Gibadullin
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - David Wayne Farnsworth
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Joseph J. Barchi
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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67
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Broecker F, Seeberger PH. Identification and Design of Synthetic B Cell Epitopes for Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines. Methods Enzymol 2017; 597:311-334. [PMID: 28935109 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligosaccharide-based vaccines are promising alternatives to conventional antibacterial carbohydrate vaccines prepared with isolated polysaccharides. Unlike polysaccharides, synthetic glycans are well defined, contaminant-free, and accessible even for pathogens that cannot be fermented or show limited carbohydrate biosynthesis in vitro. However, identifying synthetic glycan B cell epitopes that induce protective immunity has traditionally been a time-consuming trial-and-error process, as predicting the immunogenicity of an oligosaccharide by means of structure alone is not straightforward. We here describe how synthetic oligosaccharide epitopes for candidate vaccines can be rationally identified prior to preclinical immunogenicity studies. Epitopes are selected on the basis of their recognition by antibodies associated with protection from disease in humans or small animals. In addition, we show how murine antibody responses to a large oligosaccharide can inform the identification of a minimal B cell epitope that may help designing easy to synthesize vaccine candidates. The procedures, exemplified with a surface carbohydrate of Clostridium difficile, may serve as a guideline for selecting protective oligosaccharide epitopes for vaccines against infectious and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Broecker
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Yang YYM, Li XH, Brzezicka K, Reichardt NC, Wilson RA, van Diepen A, Hokke CH. Specific anti-glycan antibodies are sustained during and after parasite clearance in Schistosoma japonicum-infected rhesus macaques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005339. [PMID: 28151933 PMCID: PMC5308859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunity to Schistosoma infection requires many years of exposure, and multiple infections and treatments to develop. Unlike humans, rhesus macaques clear an established schistosome infection naturally at the same time acquiring immunity towards re-infection. In macaques, schistosome egg production decreases after 8 weeks post-infection and by week 22, physiological impairment of the worm caused by unclarified antibody-mediated processes is observed. Since strong antibody responses have been observed against schistosome glycan antigens in human and animal infections, we here investigate if anti-glycan antibodies are associated with immunity against schistosome infections in macaques. Methods We used a microarray containing a large repertoire of glycoprotein- and glycolipid-derived glycans from different schistosome life stages to analyse anti-glycan serum IgG and IgM from S. japonicum-infected macaques during the course of infection and self-cure. We also used an in vitro schistosomula assay to investigate whether macaque sera containing anti-glycan antibodies can kill schistosomula. Conclusions/significance Antibody responses towards schistosome glycans at week 4 post-infection were dominated by IgM while IgG was high at week 8. The profound increase in IgG was observed mainly for antibodies towards a large subset of glycans that contain (multi-)fucosylated terminal GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (LDN), and Galβ1-4(Fucα1–3)GlcNAc (LeX) motifs. In general, glycans with a higher degree of fucosylation gave rise to stronger antibody responses than non-fucosylated glycans. Interestingly, even though many IgG and IgM responses had declined by week 22 post-infection, IgG towards O-glycans with highly fucosylated LDN motifs remained. When incubating macaque serum with schistosomula in vitro, schistosomula death was positively correlated with the duration of infection of macaques; macaque serum taken 22 weeks post-infection caused most schistosomula to die, suggesting the presence of potentially protective antibodies. We hypothesize that IgGs against highly fucosylated LDN motifs that remain when the worms deteriorate are associated with infection clearance and the resistance to re-infection in macaques. Schistosomes express many glycan antigens to which antibodies are raised by the infected host. These glycans may therefore form potential vaccine targets. Unlike humans where the disease persists chronically if not treated, schistosome-infected rhesus macaques are able to elicit a self-cure process naturally. To find out if anti-glycan responses could contribute to the natural clearance process, we followed the dynamics of anti-glycan serum antibodies in Schistosoma-infected macaques in a longitudinal study starting from the onset of infection until 22 weeks post-infection, when the macaques had eliminated most of the parasites. We found that sera of macaques taken after 22 weeks of infection contained high IgG titres towards specific schistosome glycan epitopes highly abundant on schistosome larvae. Moreover, infected macaque serum at week 22 was able to kill schistosomula in vitro. Our results suggest that anti-glycan antibodies play an important role in the self-cure process and the acquired resistance to re-infection in Schistosoma infected macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Y. Michelle Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Xiao Hong Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - R. Alan Wilson
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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69
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Sun YS, Zhu XD. Real-time, label-free characterization of oligosaccharide-binding proteins using carbohydrate microarrays and an ellipsometry-based biosensor. INSTRUMENTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 45:506-524. [PMID: 30918436 PMCID: PMC6432655 DOI: 10.1080/10739149.2016.1278017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates present on cell surfaces mediate cell behavior through interactions with other biomolecules. Due to their structural complexity, diversity, and heterogeneity, it is difficult to fully characterize a variety of carbohydrates and their binding partners. As a result, novel technologies for glycomics applications have been developed, including carbohydrate microarrays and label-free detection methods. In this paper, we report using the combination of oligosaccharide microarrays and the label-free oblique-incidence reflectivity difference (OI-RD) microscopy for real-time characterization of oligosaccharide binding proteins. Aminated human milk oligosaccharides were immobilized on epoxy-coated glass substrates as microarrays for reactions with Family 1 of solute binding proteins from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis). Binding affinities of these protein-oligosaccharide interactions showed preferences of Family 1 of solute binding proteins to host glycans, which helps in characterizing the complex process of human milk oligosaccharides foraging by B. infantis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Shin Sun
- Department of Physics, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New
Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - X. D. Zhu
- Department of Physics, University of California at Davis,
Davis, CA, USA
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Pashova S, Schneider C, von Gunten S, Pashov A. Antibody repertoire profiling with mimotope arrays. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 13:314-322. [PMID: 27929733 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1264786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale profiling and monitoring of antibody repertoires is possible through next generation sequencing (NGS), phage display libraries and microarrays. These methods can be combined in a pipeline, which ultimately maps the antibody reactivities onto defined arrays of structures - peptides or carbohydrates. The arrays can help analyze the individual specificities or can be used as complex patterns. In any case, the targets recognized should formally be considered mimotopes unless they are proven to be epitopes driving the antibody synthesis. Here, the advantages and disadvantages of the major profiling techniques as well as their current and future application in disease prediction and vaccination are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shina Pashova
- a Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Anastas Pashov
- c Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia , Bulgaria
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71
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Whole-Cell Cancer Vaccines Induce Large Antibody Responses to Carbohydrates and Glycoproteins. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1515-1525. [PMID: 27889407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell cancer vaccines are a promising strategy for treating cancer, but the characteristics of a favorable immune response are not fully understood. New insights could enable development of better vaccines, discovery of new antigens, and identification of biomarkers of efficacy. Using glyco-antigen microarrays, we demonstrate that GVAX Pancreas (a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-modified whole-cell tumor vaccine) induces large immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M responses to many antigens, including tumor-associated carbohydrates, blood group antigens, α-Gal, and bovine fetuin. Antibody responses to α-Gal, a glycan found in fetal bovine serum (FBS) used to produce the vaccine, correlated inversely with overall survival and appear to compete with productive responses to the vaccine. H1299 lysate vaccine, produced with FBS, also induced responses to α-Gal and fetuin but not K562-GM, which is produced in serum-free medium. Our results provide new potential biomarkers to evaluate productive/unproductive immune responses and suggest that removal/reduction of FBS could improve the efficacy of whole-cell vaccines.
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72
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ABO blood type correlates with survival on prostate cancer vaccine therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32244-56. [PMID: 26338967 PMCID: PMC4741674 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies for cancer are transforming patient care, but clinical responses vary considerably from patient to patient. Simple, inexpensive strategies to target treatment to likely responders could substantially improve efficacy while simultaneously reducing health care costs, but identification of reliable biomarkers has proven challenging. Previously, we found that pre-treatment serum IgM to blood group A (BG-A) correlated with survival for patients treated with PROSTVAC-VF, a therapeutic cancer vaccine in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer. These results suggested that ABO blood type might influence efficacy. Unfortunately, blood types were not available in the clinical records for all but 8 patients and insufficient amounts of sera were left for standard blood typing methods. To test the hypothesis, therefore, we developed a new glycan microarray-based method for determining ABO blood type. The method requires only 4 μL of serum, provides 97% accuracy, and allows simultaneous profiling of many other serum anti-glycan antibodies. After validation with 220 healthy subjects of known blood type, the method was then applied to 74 PROSTVAC-VF patients and 37 control patients from a phase II trial. In this retrospective study, we found that type B and O PROSTVAC-VF patients demonstrated markedly improved clinical outcomes relative to A and AB patients, including longer median survival, longer median survival relative to Halabi predicted survival, and improved overall survival via Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p = 0.006). Consequently, blood type may provide an inexpensive screen to pre-select patients likely to benefit from PROSTVAC-VF therapy.
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73
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Li X, Rao X, Cai L, Liu X, Wang H, Wu W, Zhu C, Chen M, Wang PG, Yi W. Targeting Tumor Cells by Natural Anti-Carbohydrate Antibodies Using Rhamnose-Functionalized Liposomes. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1205-9. [PMID: 26982552 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of antibodies in human immune systems for targeted destruction of tumor cells has emerged as an exciting area of research due to its low occurrence of side effects, high efficacy, and high specificity. The presence of large amounts of anticarbohydrate natural antibodies in human sera has prompted research efforts to utilize carbohydrate epitopes for immune recruitment. Here, we have developed a general strategy for specific targeted destruction of tumor cells based on rhamnose-functionalized liposomes. Tumor cells artificially decorated with rhamnose epitopes were subjected to complement-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and showed delayed tumor growth in vivo. This study highlights the therapeutic potential for activation of endogenous immune response through cell-surface glycan engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Li
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiongjian Rao
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Li Cai
- Division of Mathematics and Science, University of South Carolina Salkehatchie, Walterboro, South Carolina 29488, United States
| | - Xuling Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huixia Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weinan Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenggang Zhu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Life Science and the State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Peng G. Wang
- School of Life Science and the State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Wen Yi
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Vartak A, Sucheck SJ. Recent Advances in Subunit Vaccine Carriers. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4020012. [PMID: 27104575 PMCID: PMC4931629 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower immunogenicity of synthetic subunit antigens, compared to live attenuated vaccines, is being addressed with improved vaccine carriers. Recent reports indicate that the physio-chemical properties of these carriers can be altered to achieve optimal antigen presentation, endosomal escape, particle bio-distribution, and cellular trafficking. The carriers can be modified with various antigens and ligands for dendritic cells targeting. They can also be modified with adjuvants, either covalently or entrapped in the matrix, to improve cellular and humoral immune responses against the antigen. As a result, these multi-functional carrier systems are being explored for use in active immunotherapy against cancer and infectious diseases. Advancing technology, improved analytical methods, and use of computational methodology have also contributed to the development of subunit vaccine carriers. This review details recent breakthroughs in the design of nano-particulate vaccine carriers, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Vartak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
| | - Steven J Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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Zhang H, Wang B, Ma Z, Wei M, Liu J, Li D, Zhang H, Wang PG, Chen M. l-Rhamnose Enhances the Immunogenicity of Melanoma-Associated Antigen A3 for Stimulating Antitumor Immune Responses. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1112-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Zhongrui Ma
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Mohui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jun Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Houcheng Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Min Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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76
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Haisch C. Raman-based microarray readout: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4535-45. [PMID: 26973235 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For a quarter of a century, microarrays have been part of the routine analytical toolbox. Label-based fluorescence detection is still the commonest optical readout strategy. Since the 1990s, a continuously increasing number of label-based as well as label-free experiments on Raman-based microarray readout concepts have been reported. This review summarizes the possible concepts and methods and their advantages and challenges. A common label-based strategy is based on the binding of selective receptors as well as Raman reporter molecules to plasmonic nanoparticles in a sandwich immunoassay, which results in surface-enhanced Raman scattering signals of the reporter molecule. Alternatively, capture of the analytes can be performed by receptors on a microarray surface. Addition of plasmonic nanoparticles again leads to a surface-enhanced Raman scattering signal, not of a label but directly of the analyte. This approach is mostly proposed for bacteria and cell detection. However, although many promising readout strategies have been discussed in numerous publications, rarely have any of them made the step from proof of concept to a practical application, let alone routine use. Graphical Abstract Possible realization of a SERS (Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) system for microarray readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Haisch
- Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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77
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Karmakar P, Lee K, Sarkar S, Wall KA, Sucheck SJ. Synthesis of a Liposomal MUC1 Glycopeptide-Based Immunotherapeutic and Evaluation of the Effect of l-Rhamnose Targeting on Cellular Immune Responses. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:110-20. [PMID: 26595674 PMCID: PMC4837471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Generation of a CD8(+) response to extracellular antigen requires processing of the antigen by antigen presenting cells (APC) and cross-presentation to CD8(+) T cell receptors via MHC class I molecules. Cross-presentation is facilitated by efficient antigen uptake followed by immune-complex-mediated maturation of the APCs. We hypothesize that improved antigen uptake of a glycopeptide sequence containing a CD8(+) T cell epitope could be achieved by delivering it on a liposome surface decorated with an immune complex-targeting ligand, an l-Rhamnose (Rha) epitope. We synthesized a 20-amino-acid glycopeptide TSAPDT(GalNAc)RPAPGSTAPPAHGV from the variable number tandem repeat region of the tumor marker MUC1 containing an N-terminal azido moiety and a tumor-associated α-N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) at the immunogenic DTR motif. The MUC1 antigen was attached to Pam3Cys, a Toll-like receptor-2 ligand via copper(I)-catalyzed azido-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) chemistry. The Rha-decorated liposomal Pam3Cys-MUC1-Tn 4 vaccine was evaluated in groups of C57BL/6 mice. Some groups were previously immunized to generate anti-Rha antibodies. Anti-Rha antibody expressing mice that received the Rha liposomal vaccine showed higher cellular immunogenicity compared to the control group while maintaining a strong humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Kyunghee Lee
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Sourav Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Katherine A. Wall
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Steven J. Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
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Factors Affecting Anti-Glycan IgG and IgM Repertoires in Human Serum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19509. [PMID: 26781493 PMCID: PMC4726023 DOI: 10.1038/srep19509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum anti-glycan antibodies play important roles in many immune processes and are of particular interest as biomarkers for many diseases. Changes in anti-glycan antibodies can occur with the onset of disease or in response to stimuli such as pathogens and vaccination. Understanding relationships between anti-glycan antibody repertoires and genetic and environment factors is critical for basic research and clinical applications, but little information is available. In this study we evaluated the effects of age, race, gender, and blood type on anti-glycan antibody profiles in the serum of 135 healthy subjects. As expected, IgG and IgM antibody signals to blood group antigens correlated strongly with blood type. Interestingly, antibodies to other non-ABH glycans, such as the alpha-Gal antigen, also correlated with blood type. A statistically significant decline in IgM signals with age was observed for many antibody subpopulations, but not for IgG. Moreover, statistically significant correlations between race and IgG levels to certain LacNAc-containing glycans were observed. The results have important implications for designing studies and interpreting results in the area of biomarker discovery and for the development of vaccines. The study also highlights the importance of collecting and reporting patient information that could affect serum anti-glycan antibody levels.
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79
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Soares MP, Yilmaz B. Microbiota Control of Malaria Transmission. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:120-130. [PMID: 26774793 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stable mutualistic interactions between multicellular organisms and microbes are an evolutionarily conserved process with a major impact on host physiology and fitness. Humans establish such interactions with a consortium of microorganisms known as the microbiota. Despite the mutualistic nature of these interactions, some bacterial components of the human microbiota express immunogenic glycans that elicit glycan-specific antibody (Ab) responses. The ensuing circulating Abs are protective against infections by pathogens that express those glycans, as demonstrated for Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria. Presumably, a similar protective Ab response acts against other vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel P Soares
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal; Current address: Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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80
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Gildersleeve JC, Wright WS. Diverse molecular recognition properties of blood group A binding monoclonal antibodies. Glycobiology 2016; 26:443-8. [PMID: 26755806 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Information about specificity and affinity is critical for use of carbohydrate-binding antibodies. Herein, we evaluated eight monoclonal antibodies to the blood group A (BG-A) antigen. Antibodies 87-G, 9A, HE-10, HE-24, HE-193, HE-195, T36 and Z2A were profiled on a glycan microarray to assess specificity, relative affinity and the influence of glycan density on recognition. Our studies highlight several noteworthy recognition properties. First, most antibodies bound GalNAcα1-3Gal and the BG-A trisaccharide nearly as well as larger BG-A oligosaccharides. Second, several antibodies only bound the BG-A trisaccharide when displayed on certain glycan chains. These first two points indicate that the carrier glycan chains primarily influence selectivity, rather than binding strength. Third, binding of some antibodies was highly dependent on glycan density, illustrating the importance of glycan presentation for recognition. Fourth, some antibodies recognized the tumor-associated Tn antigen, and one antibody only bound the variant composed of a GalNAc-alpha-linked to a serine residue. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the recognition properties of anti-BG-A antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Whitney Shea Wright
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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81
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Glycoarray Technologies: Deciphering Interactions from Proteins to Live Cell Responses. MICROARRAYS 2016; 5:microarrays5010003. [PMID: 27600069 PMCID: PMC5003448 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microarray technologies inspired the development of carbohydrate arrays. Initially, carbohydrate array technology was hindered by the complex structures of glycans and their structural variability. The first designs of glycoarrays focused on the HTP (high throughput) study of protein-glycan binding events, and subsequently more in-depth kinetic analysis of carbohydrate-protein interactions. However, the applications have rapidly expanded and now achieve successful discrimination of selective interactions between carbohydrates and, not only proteins, but also viruses, bacteria and eukaryotic cells, and most recently even live cell responses to immobilized glycans. Combining array technology with other HTP technologies such as mass spectrometry is expected to allow even more accurate and sensitive analysis. This review provides a broad overview of established glycoarray technologies (with a special focus on glycosaminoglycan applications) and their emerging applications to the study of complex interactions between glycans and whole living cells.
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82
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Arama C, Skinner J, Doumtabe D, Portugal S, Tran TM, Jain A, Traore B, Doumbo OK, Davies DH, Troye-Blomberg M, Dolo A, Felgner PL, Crompton PD. Genetic Resistance to Malaria Is Associated With Greater Enhancement of Immunoglobulin (Ig)M Than IgG Responses to a Broad Array of Plasmodium falciparum Antigens. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 2:ofv118. [PMID: 26361633 PMCID: PMC4564391 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The breadth and magnitude of P. falciparum-specific IgM and IgG responses are greater in the malaria-resistant Fulani versus the malaria-susceptible Dogon, and P. falciparum-specific IgM responses more strongly distinguish the two ethnic groups. Background. People of the Fulani ethnic group are more resistant to malaria compared with genetically distinct ethnic groups, such as the Dogon people, in West Africa, and studies suggest that this resistance is mediated by enhanced antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens. However, prior studies measured antibody responses to <0.1% of P falciparum proteins, so whether the Fulani mount an enhanced and broadly reactive immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG response to P falciparum remains unknown. In general, little is known about the extent to which host genetics influence the overall antigen specificity of IgM and IgG responses to natural infections. Methods. In a cross-sectional study in Mali, we collected plasma from asymptomatic, age-matched Fulani (n = 24) and Dogon (n = 22) adults with or without concurrent P falciparum infection. We probed plasma against a protein microarray containing 1087 P falciparum antigens and compared IgM and IgG profiles by ethnicity. Results. We found that the breadth and magnitude of P falciparum-specific IgM and IgG responses were significantly higher in the malaria-resistant Fulani versus the malaria-susceptible Dogon, and, unexpectedly, P falciparum-specific IgM responses more strongly distinguished the 2 ethnic groups. Conclusions. These findings point to an underappreciated role for IgM in protection from malaria, and they suggest that host genetics may influence the antigen specificity of IgM and IgG responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Arama
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research , University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako , Mali
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, Maryland
| | - Didier Doumtabe
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research , University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako , Mali
| | - Silvia Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, Maryland
| | - Tuan M Tran
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Boubacar Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research , University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako , Mali
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research , University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako , Mali
| | | | | | - Amagana Dolo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research , University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako , Mali
| | | | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, Maryland
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83
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Sun YS. Use of Microarrays as a High-Throughput Platform for Label-Free Biosensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:334-53. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068215577570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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84
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van Diepen A, van der Plas AJ, Kozak RP, Royle L, Dunne DW, Hokke CH. Development of a Schistosoma mansoni shotgun O-glycan microarray and application to the discovery of new antigenic schistosome glycan motifs. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:465-75. [PMID: 25819714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Upon infection with Schistosoma, antibody responses are mounted that are largely directed against glycans. Over the last few years significant progress has been made in characterising the antigenic properties of N-glycans of Schistosoma mansoni. Despite also being abundantly expressed by schistosomes, much less is understood about O-glycans and antibody responses to these have not yet been systematically analysed. Antibody binding to schistosome glycans can be analysed efficiently and quantitatively using glycan microarrays, but O-glycan array construction and exploration is lagging behind because no universal O-glycanase is available, and release of O-glycans has been dependent on chemical methods. Recently, a modified hydrazinolysis method has been developed that allows the release of O-glycans with free reducing termini and limited degradation, and we applied this method to obtain O-glycans from different S. mansoni life stages. Two-dimensional HPLC separation of 2-aminobenzoic acid-labelled O-glycans generated 362 O-glycan-containing fractions that were printed on an epoxide-modified glass slide, thereby generating the first shotgun O-glycan microarray containing naturally occurring schistosome O-glycans. Monoclonal antibodies and mass spectrometry showed that the O-glycan microarray contains well-known antigenic glycan motifs as well as numerous other, potentially novel, antibody targets. Incubations of the microarrays with sera from Schistosoma-infected humans showed substantial antibody responses to O-glycans in addition to those observed to the previously investigated N- and glycosphingolipid glycans. This underlines the importance of the inclusion of these often schistosome-specific O-glycans in glycan antigen studies and indicates that O-glycans contain novel antigenic motifs that have potential for use in diagnostic methods and studies aiming at the discovery of vaccine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Arend-Jan van der Plas
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Louise Royle
- Ludger Ltd., Culham Science Centre, Oxfordshire OX14 3EB, UK
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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85
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Muthana SM, Xia L, Campbell CT, Zhang Y, Gildersleeve JC. Competition between serum IgG, IgM, and IgA anti-glycan antibodies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119298. [PMID: 25807519 PMCID: PMC4373866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-glycan antibodies are an abundant subpopulation of serum antibodies with critical functions in many immune processes. Changes in the levels of these antibodies can occur with the onset of disease, exposure to pathogens, or vaccination. As a result, there has been significant interest in exploiting anti-glycan antibodies as biomarkers for many diseases. Serum contains a mixture of anti-glycan antibodies that can recognize the same antigen, and competition for binding can potentially influence the detection of antibody subpopulations that are more relevant to disease processes. The most abundant antibody isotypes in serum are IgG, IgM, and IgA, but little is known regarding how these different isotypes compete for the same glycan antigen. In this study, we developed a multiplexed glycan microarray assay and applied it to evaluate how different isotypes of anti-glycan antibodies (IgA, IgG, and IgM) compete for printed glycan antigens. While IgG and IgA antibodies typically outcompete IgM for peptide or protein antigens, we found that IgM outcompete IgG and IgA for many glycan antigens. To illustrate the importance of this effect, we provide evidence that IgM competition can account for the unexpected observation that IgG of certain antigen specificities appear to be preferentially transported from mothers to fetuses. We demonstrate that IgM in maternal sera compete with IgG resulting in lower than expected IgG signals. Since cord blood contains very low levels of IgM, competition only affects maternal IgG signals, making it appear as though certain IgG antibodies are higher in cord blood than matched maternal blood. Taken together, the results highlight the importance of competition for studies involving anti-glycan antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saddam M. Muthana
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Li Xia
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Christopher T. Campbell
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Yalong Zhang
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
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86
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Yilmaz B, Portugal S, Tran TM, Gozzelino R, Ramos S, Gomes J, Regalado A, Cowan PJ, d'Apice AJF, Chong AS, Doumbo OK, Traore B, Crompton PD, Silveira H, Soares MP. Gut microbiota elicits a protective immune response against malaria transmission. Cell 2015; 159:1277-89. [PMID: 25480293 PMCID: PMC4261137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation processes are under high natural selection pressure, presumably because these can modulate resistance to infection. Here, we asked whether inactivation of the UDP-galactose:β-galactoside-α1-3-galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT) gene, which ablated the expression of the Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R (α-gal) glycan and allowed for the production of anti-α-gal antibodies (Abs) in humans, confers protection against Plasmodium spp. infection, the causative agent of malaria and a major driving force in human evolution. We demonstrate that both Plasmodium spp. and the human gut pathobiont E. coli O86:B7 express α-gal and that anti-α-gal Abs are associated with protection against malaria transmission in humans as well as in α1,3GT-deficient mice, which produce protective anti-α-gal Abs when colonized by E. coli O86:B7. Anti-α-gal Abs target Plasmodium sporozoites for complement-mediated cytotoxicity in the skin, immediately after inoculation by Anopheles mosquitoes. Vaccination against α-gal confers sterile protection against malaria in mice, suggesting that a similar approach may reduce malaria transmission in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Silvia Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook II, Room 125, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852-8180, USA
| | - Tuan M Tran
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook II, Room 125, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852-8180, USA
| | - Raffaella Gozzelino
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Susana Ramos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joana Gomes
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; Centro de Malaria e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Regalado
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Peter J Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 2900, Australia
| | - Anthony J F d'Apice
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 2900, Australia
| | - Anita S Chong
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Mali International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, 1805 Bamako, Mali
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Mali International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, 1805 Bamako, Mali
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook II, Room 125, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852-8180, USA
| | - Henrique Silveira
- Centro de Malaria e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel P Soares
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens are important targets for the immune system, but identification of key glycan antigens is challenging. Direct analysis of glycomes by mass spectrometry is difficult, and detection reagents, such as monoclonal antibodies and lectins, are only available for a small subset of glycans. An alternative approach involves profiling serum anti-glycan antibody populations to identify unique antibodies or changes in antibody subpopulations. Glycan microarray technology allows rapid evaluation of hundreds to thousands of antigen-antibody interactions in a single experiment. This high-throughput format is particularly useful in profiling complex anti-glycan antibodies in serum. Here we elaborate the use of this technology to explore clinically relevant carbohydrate antigens by profiling serum anti-glycan antibodies. Detailed protocols from glycan microarray fabrication to microarray binding assays and analysis of microarray data are presented.
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88
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Zhao F, Heesters BA, Chiu I, Gao Y, Shi J, Zhou N, Carroll MC, Xu B. L-Rhamnose-containing supramolecular nanofibrils as potential immunosuppressive materials. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:6816-9. [PMID: 25078446 PMCID: PMC4160809 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01362j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An l-rhamnose-based hydrogelator self-assembles to form nanofibrils, which, in contrast to the properties of monomeric l-rhamnose, suppress the antibody response of mice to phycoerythrin (PE), a fluorescent protein antigen. As the first example of the supramolecular assemblies of a saccharide to suppress immunity, this work illustrates a new approach of immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St. MS015, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.
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89
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The glycosphingolipid P₁ is an ovarian cancer-associated carbohydrate antigen involved in migration. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1634-45. [PMID: 25167227 PMCID: PMC4200095 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The level of plasma-derived naturally circulating anti-glycan antibodies (AGA) to P1 trisaccharide has previously been shown to significantly discriminate between ovarian cancer patients and healthy women. Here we aim to identify the Ig class that causes this discrimination, to identify on cancer cells the corresponding P1 antigen recognised by circulating anti-P1 antibodies and to shed light into the possible function of this glycosphingolipid. Methods: An independent Australian cohort was assessed for the presence of anti-P1 IgG and IgM class antibodies using suspension array. Monoclonal and human derived anti-glycan antibodies were verified using three independent glycan-based immunoassays and flow cytometry-based inhibition assay. The P1 antigen was detected by LC-MS/MS and flow cytometry. FACS-sorted cell lines were studied on the cellular migration by colorimetric assay and real-time measurement using xCELLigence system. Results: Here we show in a second independent cohort (n=155) that the discrimination of cancer patients is mediated by the IgM class of anti-P1 antibodies (P=0.0002). The presence of corresponding antigen P1 and structurally related epitopes in fresh tissue specimens and cultured cancer cells is demonstrated. We further link the antibody and antigen (P1) by showing that human naturally circulating and affinity-purified anti-P1 IgM isolated from patients ascites can bind to naturally expressed P1 on the cell surface of ovarian cancer cells. Cell-sorted IGROV1 was used to obtain two study subpopulations (P1-high, 66.1% and P1-low, 33.3%) and observed that cells expressing high P1-levels migrate significantly faster than those with low P1-levels. Conclusions: This is the first report showing that P1 antigen, known to be expressed on erythrocytes only, is also present on ovarian cancer cells. This suggests that P1 is a novel tumour-associated carbohydrate antigen recognised by the immune system in patients and may have a role in cell migration. The clinical value of our data may be both diagnostic and prognostic; patients with low anti-P1 IgM antibodies present with a more aggressive phenotype and earlier relapse.
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90
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Herbáth M, Papp K, Balogh A, Matkó J, Prechl J. Exploiting fluorescence for multiplex immunoassays on protein microarrays. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2014; 2:032001. [PMID: 29148470 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/2/3/032001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein microarray technology is becoming the method of choice for identifying protein interaction partners, detecting specific proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, or for characterizing protein interactions and serum antibodies in a massively parallel manner. Availability of the well-established instrumentation of DNA arrays and development of new fluorescent detection instruments promoted the spread of this technique. Fluorescent detection has the advantage of high sensitivity, specificity, simplicity and wide dynamic range required by most measurements. Fluorescence through specifically designed probes and an increasing variety of detection modes offers an excellent tool for such microarray platforms. Measuring for example the level of antibodies, their isotypes and/or antigen specificity simultaneously can offer more complex and comprehensive information about the investigated biological phenomenon, especially if we take into consideration that hundreds of samples can be measured in a single assay. Not only body fluids, but also cell lysates, extracted cellular components, and intact living cells can be analyzed on protein arrays for monitoring functional responses to printed samples on the surface. As a rapidly evolving area, protein microarray technology offers a great bulk of information and new depth of knowledge. These are the features that endow protein arrays with wide applicability and robust sample analyzing capability. On the whole, protein arrays are emerging new tools not just in proteomics, but glycomics, lipidomics, and are also important for immunological research. In this review we attempt to summarize the technical aspects of planar fluorescent microarray technology along with the description of its main immunological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Herbáth
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117 Hungary
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91
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Long DE, Karmakar P, Wall KA, Sucheck SJ. Synthesis of α-L-rhamnosyl ceramide and evaluation of its binding with anti-rhamnose antibodies. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5279-89. [PMID: 25172148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An α-L-rhamnosyl ceramide (1, α-L-RhaCer) has been prepared that was recognized by anti-L-rhamnose (anti-Rha) antibodies. During these studies we explored the use of an α-L-rhamnosyl thioglycoside and a trichloroacetimidate as a glycosyl donors. Subsequently, the acceptors desired for glycosylation, 3-O-benzoylazidosphingosine or 3-O-alloxycarbonylsphingosine, were prepared from D-xylose. The thioglycoside donor, 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-(4-tolyl)thio-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, and the trichloroacetimidate donor, 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-(2,2,2-trichloroethanimidate)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, were synthesized in 50% and 78% yield overall, respectively. The synthesis of the glycosylation acceptor employed an addition-fragmentation olefination that was successfully carried out in 53% yield. With the successful synthesis of key intermediates, α-L-RhaCer (1) was prepared without any insurmountable obstacles. Anti-Rha antibodies were prepared in BALB/c mice by immunizing them with rhamnose-ovalbumin (Rha-Ova) with Sigma Adjuvant System (SAS) and the anti-L-Rha antibodies were isolated from the blood sera. Liposomes and EL4 tumor cells were used as model systems to demonstrate the ability of 1 to insert into a lipid bilayer. The interaction of the liposomes or the EL4 cells with α-L-RhaCer (1) and anti-Rha antibodies were investigated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively, to confirm the ability of glycolipid 1 to be displayed on the tumor cell surface as well as the ability to be recognized by anti-Rha antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Long
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS602, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Partha Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS602, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Katherine A Wall
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS602, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
| | - Steven J Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS602, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
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92
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Sheridan RTC, Hudon J, Hank JA, Sondel PM, Kiessling LL. Rhamnose glycoconjugates for the recruitment of endogenous anti-carbohydrate antibodies to tumor cells. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1393-8. [PMID: 24909955 PMCID: PMC4205123 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising strategy for targeting tumors. One emerging approach is to harness the immune effector functions of natural antibodies to destroy tumor cells. Dinitrophenyl (DNP) and the galactose-α-1,3-galactose (αGal) epitope are two haptens that bind endogenous antibodies. One potential alternative is the deoxysugar L-rhamnose. We compared these candidates by using a biosensor assay to evaluate human sera for endogenous antibody concentration, antibody isotype distribution, and longevity of antibody-hapten interactions. Antibodies recognizing α-rhamnose are of equal or greater abundance and affinity as those recognizing αGal. Moreover, both rhamnose and αGal epitopes are more effective than DNP at recruiting the IgG antibody subtype. Exposure of tumor cells to rhamnose-bearing glycolipids and human serum promotes complement-mediated cytotoxicity. These data highlight the utility of α-rhamnose-containing glycoconjugates to direct the immune system to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Hudon
- Department of Chemistry, UW-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jacquelyn A. Hank
- Department of Human Oncology, UW-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705
| | - Paul M. Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, UW-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department of Biochemistry, UW-Madison, 433 Babcock Dr., Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Chemistry, UW-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706
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93
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Humoral response to a viral glycan correlates with survival on PROSTVAC-VF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1749-58. [PMID: 24733910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314722111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines can be effective for treating patients, but clinical responses vary considerably from patient to patient. Early indicators of a favorable response are crucial for making individualized treatment decisions and advancing vaccine design, but no validated biomarkers are currently available. In this study, we used glycan microarrays to profile antiglycan antibody responses induced by PROSTVAC-VF, a poxvirus-based cancer vaccine currently in phase III clinical trials. Although the vaccine is designed to induce T-cell responses to prostate-specific antigen, we demonstrate that this vaccine also induces humoral responses to a carbohydrate on the poxvirus, the Forssman disaccharide (GalNAcα1-3GalNAcβ). These responses had a statistically significant correlation with overall survival in two independent sample sets (P = 0.015 and 0.008) comprising more than 100 patients. Additionally, anti-Forssman humoral responses correlated with clinical outcome in a separate study of PROSTVAC-VF combined with a radiopharmaceutical (Quadramet). Studies on control subjects demonstrated that the survival correlation was specific to the vaccine. The results provide evidence that antiglycan antibody responses may serve as early biomarkers of a favorable response to PROSTVAC-VF and offer unique insights for improving vaccine design.
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94
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The application of glycosphingolipid arrays to autoantibody detection in neuroimmunological disorders. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 18:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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95
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Matsushita T, Takada W, Igarashi K, Naruchi K, Miyoshi R, Garcia-Martin F, Amano M, Hinou H, Nishimura SI. A straightforward protocol for the preparation of high performance microarray displaying synthetic MUC1 glycopeptides. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1105-16. [PMID: 24246952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human serum MUC1 peptide fragments bearing aberrant O-glycans are secreted from columnar epithelial cell surfaces and known as clinically important serum biomarkers for the epithelial carcinoma when a specific monoclonal antibody can probe disease-relevant epitopes. Despite the growing importance of MUC1 glycopeptides as biomarkers, the precise epitopes of most anti-MUC1 monoclonal antibodies remains unclear. METHODS A novel protocol for the fabrication of versatile microarray displaying peptide/glycopeptide library was investigated for the construction of highly sensitive and accurate epitope mapping assay of various anti-MUC1 antibodies. RESULTS Selective imine-coupling between aminooxy-functionalized methacrylic copolymer with phosphorylcholine unit and synthetic MUC1 glycopeptides-capped by a ketone linker at N-terminus provided a facile and seamless protocol for the preparation of glycopeptides microarray platform. It was demonstrated that anti-KL-6 monoclonal antibody shows an extremely specific and strong binding affinity toward MUC1 fragments carrying sialyl T antigen (Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcα1→) at Pro-Asp-Thr-Arg motif when compared with other seven anti-MUC1 monoclonal antibodies such as VU-3D1, VU-12E1, VU-11E2, Ma552, VU-3C6, SM3, and DF3. The present microarray also uncovered the occurrence of IgG autoantibodies in healthy human sera that bind specifically with sialyl T antigen attached at five potential O-glycosylation sites of MUC1 tandem repeats. CONCLUSION We established a straightforward strategy toward the standardized microarray platform allowing highly sensitive and accurate epitope mapping analysis by reducing the background noise due to nonspecific protein adsorption. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The present approach would greatly accelerate the discovery research of new class autoantibodies as well as the development of therapeutic mAbs reacting specifically with disease-relevant epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Matsushita
- Field of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N22, W11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | | | | | - Kentaro Naruchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., N22, W12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Risho Miyoshi
- Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., N22, W12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Fayna Garcia-Martin
- Field of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N22, W11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Maho Amano
- Field of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N22, W11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan; Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., N22, W12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hinou
- Field of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N22, W11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan; Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., N22, W12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nishimura
- Field of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N22, W11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan; Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., N22, W12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
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96
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Jakobsche CE, Parker CG, Tao RN, Kolesnikova MD, Douglass EF, Spiegel DA. Exploring binding and effector functions of natural human antibodies using synthetic immunomodulators. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2404-11. [PMID: 24053626 DOI: 10.1021/cb4004942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to profile the prevalence and functional activity of endogenous antibodies is of vast clinical and diagnostic importance. Serum antibodies are an important class of biomarkers and are also crucial elements of immune responses elicited by natural disease-causing agents as well as vaccines. In particular, materials for manipulating and/or enhancing immune responses toward disease-causing cells or viruses have exhibited significant promise for therapeutic applications. Antibody-recruiting molecules (ARMs), bifunctional organic molecules that redirect endogenous antibodies to pathological targets, thereby increasing their recognition and clearance by the immune system, have proven particularly interesting. Notably, although ARMs capable of hijacking antibodies against oligosaccharides and electron-poor aromatics have proven efficacious, systematic comparisons of the prevalence and effectiveness of natural anti-hapten antibody populations have not appeared in the literature. Herein we report head-to-head comparisons of three chemically simple antigens, which are known ligands for endogenous antibodies. Thus, we have chemically synthesized bifunctional molecules containing 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP), phosphorylcholine (PC), and rhamnose. We have then used a combination of ELISA, flow cytometry, and cell-viability assays to compare these antigens in terms of their abilities both to recruit natural antibody from human serum and also to direct serum-dependent cytotoxicity against target cells. These studies have revealed rhamnose to be the most efficacious of the synthetic antigens examined. Furthermore, analysis of 122 individual serum samples has afforded comprehensive insights into population-wide prevalence and isotype distributions of distinct anti-hapten antibody populations. In addition to providing a general platform for comparing and studying anti-hapten antibodies, these studies serve as a useful starting point for the optimization of antibody-recruiting molecules and other synthetic strategies for modulating human immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Jakobsche
- Carlson
School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main
Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, United States
| | - Christopher G. Parker
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ran N. Tao
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | - Eugene F. Douglass
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - David A. Spiegel
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar
Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
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97
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Spiegel DA. A call to ARMs: the promise of immunomodulatory small molecules. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013; 6:223-5. [PMID: 23656334 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.13.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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98
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Campbell CT, Llewellyn SR, Damberg T, Morgan IL, Robert-Guroff M, Gildersleeve JC. High-throughput profiling of anti-glycan humoral responses to SIV vaccination and challenge. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75302. [PMID: 24086502 PMCID: PMC3781036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress toward an HIV vaccine highlights both the potential of vaccines to end the AIDS pandemic and the need to boost efficacy by incorporating additional vaccine strategies. Although many aspects of the immune response can contribute to vaccine efficacy, the key factors have not been defined fully yet. A particular area that may yield new insights is anti-glycan immune responses, such as those against the glycan shield that HIV uses to evade the immune system. In this study, we used glycan microarray technology to evaluate anti-glycan antibody responses induced by SIV vaccination and infection in a non-human primate model of HIV infection. This comprehensive profiling of circulating anti-glycan antibodies found changes in anti-glycan antibody levels after both vaccination with the Ad5hr-SIV vaccine and SIV infection. Notably, SIV infection produced generalized declines in anti-glycan IgM antibodies in a number of animals. Additionally, some infected animals generated antibodies to the Tn antigen, which is a cryptic tumor-associated antigen exposed by premature termination of O-linked glycans; however, the Ad5hr-SIV vaccine did not induce anti-Tn IgG antibodies. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential contributions that glycan microarrays can make for HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Campbell
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sean R. Llewellyn
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thorsten Damberg
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian L. Morgan
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCG); (MR)
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCG); (MR)
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99
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Burlak C, Bern M, Brito AE, Isailovic D, Wang ZY, Estrada JL, Li P, Tector AJ. N-linked glycan profiling of GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs identifies new potential carbohydrate xenoantigens. Xenotransplantation 2013; 20:277-91. [PMID: 24033743 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The temporary or long-term xenotransplantation of pig organs into people would save thousands of lives each year if not for the robust human antibody response to pig carbohydrates. Genetically engineered pigs deficient in galactose α1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (gene modified: CMAH) have significantly improved cell survival when challenged by human antibody and complement in vitro. There remains, however, a significant portion of human antibody binding. METHODS To uncover additional xenoantigens, we compared the asparagine-linked (N-linked) glycome from serum proteins of humans, domestic pigs, GGTA1 knockout pigs, and GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs using mass spectrometry. Carbohydrate structures were determined with assistance from GlycoWorkbench, Cartoonist, and SimGlycan software by comparison to existing database entries and collision-induced dissociation fragmentation data. RESULTS Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis of reduced and solid-phase permethylated glycans resulted in the detection of high-mannose, hybrid, and complex type N-linked glycans in the 1000-4500 m/z ion range. GGTA1/CMAH knockout pig samples had increased relative amounts of high-mannose, incomplete, and xylosylated N-linked glycans. All pig samples had significantly higher amounts of core and possibly antennae fucosylation. CONCLUSIONS We provide for the first time a comparison of the serum protein glycomes of the human, domestic pig, and genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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100
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Chiodo F, Marradi M, Tefsen B, Snippe H, van Die I, Penadés S. High sensitive detection of carbohydrate binding proteins in an ELISA-solid phase assay based on multivalent glyconanoparticles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73027. [PMID: 24014084 PMCID: PMC3754922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved detection of anti-carbohydrate antibodies is a need in clinical identification of biomarkers for cancer cells or pathogens. Here, we report a new ELISA approach for the detection of specific immunoglobulins (IgGs) against carbohydrates. Two nanometer gold glyconanoparticles bearing oligosaccharide epitopes of HIV or Streptococcus pneumoniae were used as antigens to coat ELISA-plates. A ~3,000-fold improved detection of specific IgGs in mice immunized against S. pneumoniae respect to the well known BSA-glycoconjugate ELISA was achieved. Moreover, these multivalent glyconanoparticles have been employed in solid phase assays to detect the carbohydrate-dependent binding of human dendritic cells and the lectin DC-SIGN. Multivalent glyconanoparticles in ELISA provide a versatile, easy and highly sensitive method to detect and quantify the binding of glycan to proteins and to facilitate the identification of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Chiodo
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marco Marradi
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Boris Tefsen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Snippe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irma van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Soledad Penadés
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, Spain
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