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Doherty RM, Heal MR, O’Connor FM. Climate change impacts on human health over Europe through its effect on air quality. Environ Health 2017; 16:118. [PMID: 29219103 PMCID: PMC5773909 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the current literature on the effects of future emissions and climate change on particulate matter (PM) and O3 air quality and on the consequent health impacts, with a focus on Europe. There is considerable literature on the effects of climate change on O3 but fewer studies on the effects of climate change on PM concentrations. Under the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th assessment report (AR5) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), background O3 entering Europe is expected to decrease under most scenarios due to higher water vapour concentrations in a warmer climate. However, under the extreme pathway RCP8.5 higher (more than double) methane (CH4) abundances lead to increases in background O3 that offset the O3 decrease due to climate change especially for the 2100 period. Regionally, in polluted areas with high levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx), elevated surface temperatures and humidities yield increases in surface O3 - termed the O3 climate penalty - especially in southern Europe. The O3 response is larger for metrics that represent the higher end of the O3 distribution, such as daily maximum O3. Future changes in PM concentrations due to climate change are much less certain, although several recent studies also suggest a PM climate penalty due to high temperatures and humidity and reduced precipitation in northern mid-latitude land regions in 2100.A larger number of studies have examined both future climate and emissions changes under the RCP scenarios. Under these pathways the impact of emission changes on air quality out to the 2050s will be larger than that due to climate change, because of large reductions in emissions of O3 and PM pollutant precursor emissions and the more limited climate change response itself. Climate change will also affect climate extreme events such as heatwaves. Air pollution episodes are associated with stagnation events and sometimes heat waves. Air quality during the 2003 heatwave over Europe has been examined in numerous studies and mechanisms for enhancing O3 have been identified.There are few studies on health effects associated with climate change impacts alone on air quality, but these report higher O3-related health burdens in polluted populated regions and greater PM2.5 health burdens in these emission regions. Studies that examine the combined impacts of climate change and anthropogenic emissions change under the RCP scenarios report reductions in global and European premature O3-respiratory related and PM mortalities arising from the large decreases in precursor emissions. Under RCP 8.5 the large increase in CH4 leads to global and European excess O3-respiratory related mortalities in 2100. For future health effects, besides uncertainty in future O3 and particularly PM concentrations, there is also uncertainty in risk estimates such as effect modification by temperature on pollutant-response relationships and potential future adaptation that would alter exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M. Doherty
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF UK
| | - Mathew R. Heal
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
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Kim S, Sanchez D, Wang M, Seco R, Jeong D, Hughes S, Barletta B, Blake DR, Jung J, Kim D, Lee G, Lee M, Ahn J, Lee SD, Cho G, Sung MY, Lee YH, Kim DB, Kim Y, Woo JH, Jo D, Park R, Park JH, Hong YD, Hong JH. OH reactivity in urban and suburban regions in Seoul, South Korea - an East Asian megacity in a rapid transition. Faraday Discuss 2017; 189:231-51. [PMID: 27138104 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
South Korea has recently achieved developed country status with the second largest megacity in the world, the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). This study provides insights into future changes in air quality for rapidly emerging megacities in the East Asian region. We present total OH reactivity observations in the SMA conducted at an urban Seoul site (May-June, 2015) and a suburban forest site (Sep, 2015). The total OH reactivity in an urban site during the daytime was observed at similar levels (∼15 s(-1)) to those previously reported from other East Asian megacity studies. Trace gas observations indicate that OH reactivity is largely accounted for by NOX (∼50%) followed by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (∼35%). Isoprene accounts for a substantial fraction of OH reactivity among the comprehensive VOC observational dataset (25-47%). In general, observed total OH reactivity can be accounted for by the observed trace gas dataset. However, observed total OH reactivity in the suburban forest area cannot be largely accounted for (∼70%) by the trace gas measurements. The importance of biogenic VOC (BVOCs) emissions and oxidations used to evaluate the impacts of East Asian megacity outflows for the regional air quality and climate contexts are highlighted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Dianne Sanchez
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Mark Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Roger Seco
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Daun Jeong
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Stacey Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Jinsang Jung
- The Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea 34113
| | - Deugsoo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, South Korea 573-701
| | - Gangwoong Lee
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea 449-791
| | - Meehye Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea 02841
| | - Joonyoung Ahn
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Sang-Deok Lee
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Gangnam Cho
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Min-Young Sung
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Dan Bi Kim
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Younha Kim
- Division of Interdisciplinary Studies, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea 05025
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Division of Interdisciplinary Studies, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea 05025
| | - Duseong Jo
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 08826
| | - Rokjin Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 08826
| | - Jeong-Hoo Park
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - You-Deog Hong
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Ji-Hyung Hong
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
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53
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Lee HM, Park RJ, Henze DK, Lee S, Shim C, Shin HJ, Moon KJ, Woo JH. PM 2.5 source attribution for Seoul in May from 2009 to 2013 using GEOS-Chem and its adjoint model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:377-384. [PMID: 27931881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Enforcement of an air quality standard for PM2.5 in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) was enacted in 2015. From May to June of 2016, an international airborne and surface measurement campaign took place to investigate air pollution mechanisms in the SMA. The total and speciated PM2.5 concentrations since 2008 have been measured at an intensive monitoring site for the SMA operated by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). To gain insight on the trends and sources of PM2.5 in the SMA in May, we analyze PM2.5 concentrations from 2009 to 2013 using the measurements and simulations from a 3-dimensional global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem and its adjoint. The model is updated here with the latest regional emission inventory and diurnally varying NH3 emissions. Monthly average PM2.5 concentration measured by β-ray attenuation ranges from 28 (2010) to 45 (2013) μg/m3, decreased from 2009 to 2010, and then continuously increased until 2013. The model shows good agreement with the measurements for the daily average PM2.5 concentrations (R ≥ 0.5), and reproduces 10 out of 17 measured episodes exceeding the daily air quality standard (50 μg/m3). Using the GEOS-Chem adjoint model, we find that anthropogenic emissions from the Shandong region have the largest modeled influence on PM2.5 in Seoul in May. Average contributions to the high PM2.5 episodes simulated by the model are 39% from the Shandong region, 16% from the Shanghai region, 14% from the Beijing region, and 15% from South Korea. Anthropogenic SO2 emissions from South Korea are negligible with 90% of the total contribution originating from China. Findings from this study may guide interpretation of observations obtained in the KORUS-AQ measurement campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Min Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Seungun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsub Shim
- Korea Environment Institute, 370 Sicheong-daro, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Shin
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Joo Moon
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Department of New Technology and Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Leifer I, Melton C, Tratt DM, Buckland KN, Clarisse L, Coheur P, Frash J, Gupta M, Johnson PD, Leen JB, Van Damme M, Whitburn S, Yurganov L. Remote sensing and in situ measurements of methane and ammonia emissions from a megacity dairy complex: Chino, CA. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:37-51. [PMID: 27993424 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) directly and indirectly affect the atmospheric radiative balance with the latter leading to aerosol generation. Both have important spectral features in the Thermal InfraRed (TIR) that can be studied by remote sensing, with NH3 allowing discrimination of husbandry from other CH4 sources. Airborne hyperspectral imagery was collected for the Chino Dairy Complex in the Los Angeles Basin as well as in situ CH4, carbon dioxide (CO2) and NH3 data. TIR data showed good spatial agreement with in situ measurements and showed significant emissions heterogeneity between dairies. Airborne remote sensing mapped plume transport for ∼20 km downwind, documenting topographic effects on plume advection. Repeated multiple gas in situ measurements showed that emissions were persistent on half-year timescales. Inversion of one dairy plume found annual emissions of 4.1 × 105 kg CH4, 2.2 × 105 kg NH3, and 2.3 × 107 kg CO2, suggesting 2300, 4000, and 2100 head of cattle, respectively, and Chino Dairy Complex emissions of 42 Gg CH4 and 8.4 Gg NH3 implying ∼200k cows, ∼30% more than Peischl et al. (2013) estimated for June 2010. Far-field data showed chemical conversion and/or deposition of Chino NH3 occurs within the confines of the Los Angeles Basin on a four to six h timescale, faster than most published rates, and likely from higher Los Angeles oxidant loads. Satellite observations from 2011 to 2014 confirmed that observed in situ transport patterns were representative and suggests much of the Chino Dairy Complex emissions are driven towards eastern Orange County, with a lesser amount transported to Palm Springs, CA. Given interest in mitigating husbandry health impacts from air pollution emissions, this study highlights how satellite observations can be leveraged to understand exposure and how multiple gas in situ emissions studies can inform on best practices given that emissions reduction of one gas could increase those of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Leifer
- Bubbleology Research International (BRI), Solvang, CA 93463, United States.
| | - Christopher Melton
- Bubbleology Research International (BRI), Solvang, CA 93463, United States
| | - David M Tratt
- The Aerospace Corporation, 2310 E. El Segundo Blvd., El Segundo, CA 90245, United States
| | - Kerry N Buckland
- The Aerospace Corporation, 2310 E. El Segundo Blvd., El Segundo, CA 90245, United States
| | | | - Pierre Coheur
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jason Frash
- Bubbleology Research International (BRI), Solvang, CA 93463, United States
| | - Manish Gupta
- ABB, 3055 Orchard Drive, San Jose, CA 95134, United States
| | - Patrick D Johnson
- The Aerospace Corporation, 2310 E. El Segundo Blvd., El Segundo, CA 90245, United States
| | - J Brian Leen
- ABB, 3055 Orchard Drive, San Jose, CA 95134, United States
| | | | | | - Leonid Yurganov
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
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55
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Heo J, Adams PJ, Gao HO. Public Health Costs of Primary PM2.5 and Inorganic PM2.5 Precursor Emissions in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6061-70. [PMID: 27153150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Current methods of estimating the public health effects of emissions are computationally too expensive or do not fully address complex atmospheric processes, frequently limiting their applications to policy research. Using a reduced-form model derived from tagged chemical transport model (CTM) simulations, we present PM2.5 mortality costs per tonne of inorganic air pollutants with the 36 km × 36 km spatial resolution of source location in the United States, providing the most comprehensive set of such estimates comparable to CTM-based estimates. Our estimates vary by 2 orders of magnitude. Emission-weighted seasonal averages were estimated at $88,000-130,000/t PM2.5 (inert primary), $14,000-24,000/t SO2, $3,800-14,000/t NOx, and $23,000-66,000/t NH3. The aggregate social costs for year 2005 emissions were estimated at $1.0 trillion dollars. Compared to other studies, our estimates have similar magnitudes and spatial distributions for primary PM2.5 but substantially different spatial patterns for precursor species where secondary chemistry is important. For example, differences of more than a factor of 10 were found in many areas of Texas, New Mexico, and New England states for NOx and of California, Texas, and Maine for NH3. Our method allows for updates as emissions inventories and CTMs improve, enhancing the potential to link policy research to up-to-date atmospheric science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - H Oliver Gao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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56
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van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Brauer M, Hsu NC, Kahn RA, Levy RC, Lyapustin A, Sayer AM, Winker DM. Global Estimates of Fine Particulate Matter using a Combined Geophysical-Statistical Method with Information from Satellites, Models, and Monitors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3762-72. [PMID: 26953851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
We estimated global fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations using information from satellite-, simulation- and monitor-based sources by applying a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to global geophysically based satellite-derived PM2.5 estimates. Aerosol optical depth from multiple satellite products (MISR, MODIS Dark Target, MODIS and SeaWiFS Deep Blue, and MODIS MAIAC) was combined with simulation (GEOS-Chem) based upon their relative uncertainties as determined using ground-based sun photometer (AERONET) observations for 1998-2014. The GWR predictors included simulated aerosol composition and land use information. The resultant PM2.5 estimates were highly consistent (R(2) = 0.81) with out-of-sample cross-validated PM2.5 concentrations from monitors. The global population-weighted annual average PM2.5 concentrations were 3-fold higher than the 10 μg/m(3) WHO guideline, driven by exposures in Asian and African regions. Estimates in regions with high contributions from mineral dust were associated with higher uncertainty, resulting from both sparse ground-based monitoring, and challenging conditions for retrieval and simulation. This approach demonstrates that the addition of even sparse ground-based measurements to more globally continuous PM2.5 data sources can yield valuable improvements to PM2.5 characterization on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University , Halifax, N.S. Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University , Halifax, N.S. Canada
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia , 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - N Christina Hsu
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Ralph A Kahn
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Robert C Levy
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Alexei Lyapustin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association , Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Andrew M Sayer
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association , Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - David M Winker
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23665, United States
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57
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Hou P, Wu S. Long-term Changes in Extreme Air Pollution Meteorology and the Implications for Air Quality. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23792. [PMID: 27029386 PMCID: PMC4815017 DOI: 10.1038/srep23792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme air pollution meteorological events, such as heat waves, temperature inversions and atmospheric stagnation episodes, can significantly affect air quality. Based on observational data, we have analyzed the long-term evolution of extreme air pollution meteorology on the global scale and their potential impacts on air quality, especially the high pollution episodes. We have identified significant increasing trends for the occurrences of extreme air pollution meteorological events in the past six decades, especially over the continental regions. Statistical analysis combining air quality data and meteorological data further indicates strong sensitivities of air quality (including both average air pollutant concentrations and high pollution episodes) to extreme meteorological events. For example, we find that in the United States the probability of severe ozone pollution when there are heat waves could be up to seven times of the average probability during summertime, while temperature inversions in wintertime could enhance the probability of severe particulate matter pollution by more than a factor of two. We have also identified significant seasonal and spatial variations in the sensitivity of air quality to extreme air pollution meteorology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Hou
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Dept. of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Shiliang Wu
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Dept. of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
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58
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Zhang YW, Zhang XY, Zhang YM, Shen XJ, Sun JY, Ma QL, Yu XM, Zhu JL, Zhang L, Che HC. Significant concentration changes of chemical components of PM1 in the Yangtze River Delta area of China and the implications for the formation mechanism of heavy haze-fog pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:7-15. [PMID: 26298245 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the winter season of 2013, a number of persistent haze-fog events have occurred in central-eastern China. Continuous measurements of the chemical and physical properties of PM1 at a regional background station in the Yangtze River Delta area of China from 16 Nov. to 18 Dec., 2013 revealed several haze-fog events, among which a heavy haze-fog event occurred between 6 Dec. and 8 Dec. The mean concentration of PM1 was 212μgm(-3) in the heavy haze-fog period, which was about 10 times higher than on clean days and featured a peak mass concentration that reached 298μgm(-3). Organics were the largest contributor to the dramatic rise of PM1 on heavy haze-fog days (average mass concentration of 86μgm(-3)), followed by nitrate (58μgm(-3)), sulfate (35μgm(-3)), ammonium (29μgm(-3)), and chloride (4.0μgm(-3)). Nitrate exhibited the largest increase (~20 factors), associated with a significant increase in NOx. This was mainly attributable to increased coal combustion emissions, relative to motor vehicle emissions, and was caused by short-distance pollutant transport within surrounding areas. Low-volatility oxidized organic aerosols (OA) (LV-OOA) and biomass-burning OA (BBOA) also increased sharply on heavy haze-fog days, exhibiting an enhanced oxidation capacity of the atmosphere and increased emissions from biomass burning. The strengthening of the oxidation capacity during the heavy pollution episode, along with lower solar radiation, was probably due to increased biomass burning, which were important precursors of O3. The prevailing meteorological conditions, including low wind and high relative humidity, and short distance transported gaseous and particulate matter surrounding of the sampling site, coincided with the increased pollutant concentrations mainly from biomass-burning mentioned above to cause the persistent haze-fog event in the YRD area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - X Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Y M Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - X J Shen
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - J Y Sun
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Q L Ma
- Lin'an Regional Air Background Station, Lin'an 311307, China
| | - X M Yu
- Lin'an Regional Air Background Station, Lin'an 311307, China
| | - J L Zhu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H C Che
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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59
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Lelieveld J, Evans JS, Fnais M, Giannadaki D, Pozzer A. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature 2015; 525:367-71. [PMID: 26381985 DOI: 10.1038/nature15371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1962] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of the global burden of disease is based on epidemiological cohort studies that connect premature mortality to a wide range of causes, including the long-term health impacts of ozone and fine particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5). It has proved difficult to quantify premature mortality related to air pollution, notably in regions where air quality is not monitored, and also because the toxicity of particles from various sources may vary. Here we use a global atmospheric chemistry model to investigate the link between premature mortality and seven emission source categories in urban and rural environments. In accord with the global burden of disease for 2010 (ref. 5), we calculate that outdoor air pollution, mostly by PM2.5, leads to 3.3 (95 per cent confidence interval 1.61-4.81) million premature deaths per year worldwide, predominantly in Asia. We primarily assume that all particles are equally toxic, but also include a sensitivity study that accounts for differential toxicity. We find that emissions from residential energy use such as heating and cooking, prevalent in India and China, have the largest impact on premature mortality globally, being even more dominant if carbonaceous particles are assumed to be most toxic. Whereas in much of the USA and in a few other countries emissions from traffic and power generation are important, in eastern USA, Europe, Russia and East Asia agricultural emissions make the largest relative contribution to PM2.5, with the estimate of overall health impact depending on assumptions regarding particle toxicity. Model projections based on a business-as-usual emission scenario indicate that the contribution of outdoor air pollution to premature mortality could double by 2050.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,The Cyprus Institute, Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - J S Evans
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Cyprus International Institute for Environment and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - M Fnais
- King Saud University, College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - D Giannadaki
- The Cyprus Institute, Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Pozzer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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60
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van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Spurr RJD, Burnett RT. High-Resolution Satellite-Derived PM2.5 from Optimal Estimation and Geographically Weighted Regression over North America. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10482-91. [PMID: 26261937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We used a geographically weighted regression (GWR) statistical model to represent bias of fine particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5) derived from a 1 km optimal estimate (OE) aerosol optical depth (AOD) satellite retrieval that used AOD-to-PM2.5 relationships from a chemical transport model (CTM) for 2004-2008 over North America. This hybrid approach combined the geophysical understanding and global applicability intrinsic to the CTM relationships with the knowledge provided by observational constraints. Adjusting the OE PM2.5 estimates according to the GWR-predicted bias yielded significant improvement compared with unadjusted long-term mean values (R(2) = 0.82 versus R(2) = 0.62), even when a large fraction (70%) of sites were withheld for cross-validation (R(2) = 0.78) and developed seasonal skill (R(2) = 0.62-0.89). The effect of individual GWR predictors on OE PM2.5 estimates additionally provided insight into the sources of uncertainty for global satellite-derived PM2.5 estimates. These predictor-driven effects imply that local variability in surface elevation and urban emissions are important sources of uncertainty in geophysical calculations of the AOD-to-PM2.5 relationship used in satellite-derived PM2.5 estimates over North America, and potentially worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randall V Martin
- Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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Effect of the Aerosol Model Assumption on the Atmospheric Correction over Land: Case Studies with CHRIS/PROBA Hyperspectral Images over Benelux. REMOTE SENSING 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/rs70708391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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62
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Fiore AM, Naik V, Leibensperger EM. Air quality and climate connections. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2015; 65:645-85. [PMID: 25976481 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple linkages connect air quality and climate change. Many air pollutant sources also emit carbon dioxide (CO2), the dominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). The two main contributors to non-attainment of U.S. ambient air quality standards, ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), interact with radiation, forcing climate change. PM warms by absorbing sunlight (e.g., black carbon) or cools by scattering sunlight (e.g., sulfates) and interacts with clouds; these radiative and microphysical interactions can induce changes in precipitation and regional circulation patterns. Climate change is expected to degrade air quality in many polluted regions by changing air pollution meteorology (ventilation and dilution), precipitation and other removal processes, and by triggering some amplifying responses in atmospheric chemistry and in anthropogenic and natural sources. Together, these processes shape distributions and extreme episodes of O3 and PM. Global modeling indicates that as air pollution programs reduce SO2 to meet health and other air quality goals, near-term warming accelerates due to "unmasking" of warming induced by rising CO2. Air pollutant controls on CH4, a potent GHG and precursor to global O3 levels, and on sources with high black carbon (BC) to organic carbon (OC) ratios could offset near-term warming induced by SO2 emission reductions, while reducing global background O3 and regionally high levels of PM. Lowering peak warming requires decreasing atmospheric CO2, which for some source categories would also reduce co-emitted air pollutants or their precursors. Model projections for alternative climate and air quality scenarios indicate a wide range for U.S. surface O3 and fine PM, although regional projections may be confounded by interannual to decadal natural climate variability. Continued implementation of U.S. NOx emission controls guards against rising pollution levels triggered either by climate change or by global emission growth. Improved accuracy and trends in emission inventories are critical for accountability analyses of historical and projected air pollution and climate mitigation policies. IMPLICATIONS The expansion of U.S. air pollution policy to protect climate provides an opportunity for joint mitigation, with CH4 a prime target. BC reductions in developing nations would lower the global health burden, and for BC-rich sources (e.g., diesel) may lessen warming. Controls on these emissions could offset near-term warming induced by health-motivated reductions of sulfate (cooling). Wildfires, dust, and other natural PM and O3 sources may increase with climate warming, posing challenges to implementing and attaining air quality standards. Accountability analyses for recent and projected air pollution and climate control strategies should underpin estimated benefits and trade-offs of future policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M Fiore
- a Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University , Palisades , NY , USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette L Heald
- †Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dominick V Spracklen
- ‡School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Megaritis AG, Murphy BN, Racherla PN, Adams PJ, Pandis SN. Impact of climate change on mercury concentrations and deposition in the eastern United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:299-312. [PMID: 24793327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The global-regional climate-air pollution modeling system (GRE-CAPS) was applied over the eastern United States to study the impact of climate change on the concentration and deposition of atmospheric mercury. Summer and winter periods (300 days for each) were simulated, and the present-day model predictions (2000s) were compared to the future ones (2050s) assuming constant emissions. Climate change affects Hg(2+) concentrations in both periods. On average, atmospheric Hg(2+) levels are predicted to increase in the future by 3% in summer and 5% in winter respectively due to enhanced oxidation of Hg(0) under higher temperatures. The predicted concentration change of Hg(2+) was found to vary significantly in space due to regional-scale changes in precipitation, ranging from -30% to 30% during summer and -20% to 40% during winter. Particulate mercury, Hg(p) has a similar spatial response to climate change as Hg(2+), while Hg(0) levels are not predicted to change significantly. In both periods, the response of mercury deposition to climate change varies spatially with an average predicted increase of 6% during summer and 4% during winter. During summer, deposition increases are predicted mostly in the western parts of the domain while mercury deposition is predicted to decrease in the Northeast and also in many areas in the Midwest and Southeast. During winter mercury deposition is predicted to change from -30% to 50% mainly due to the changes in rainfall and the corresponding changes in wet deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios G Megaritis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (ICEHT/FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Benjamin N Murphy
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pavan N Racherla
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Peter J Adams
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Spyros N Pandis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (ICEHT/FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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65
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Sujaritpong S, Dear K, Cope M, Walsh S, Kjellstrom T. Quantifying the health impacts of air pollution under a changing climate-a review of approaches and methodology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:149-60. [PMID: 23354423 PMCID: PMC3936128 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-012-0625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has been predicted to affect future air quality, with inevitable consequences for health. Quantifying the health effects of air pollution under a changing climate is crucial to provide evidence for actions to safeguard future populations. In this paper, we review published methods for quantifying health impacts to identify optimal approaches and ways in which existing challenges facing this line of research can be addressed. Most studies have employed a simplified methodology, while only a few have reported sensitivity analyses to assess sources of uncertainty. The limited investigations that do exist suggest that examining the health risk estimates should particularly take into account the uncertainty associated with future air pollution emissions scenarios, concentration-response functions, and future population growth and age structures. Knowledge gaps identified for future research include future health impacts from extreme air pollution events, interactions between temperature and air pollution effects on public health under a changing climate, and how population adaptation and behavioural changes in a warmer climate may modify exposure to air pollution and health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarunya Sujaritpong
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Canberra, ACT, Australia,
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Zhang Y, Karamchandani P, Glotfelty T, Streets DG, Grell G, Nenes A, Yu F, Bennartz R. Development and initial application of the global-through-urban weather research and forecasting model with chemistry (GU-WRF/Chem). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Köhler S, Jungkunst HF, Gutzler C, Herrera R, Gerold G. Atmospheric Ionic Deposition in Tropical Sites of Central Sulawesi Determined by Ion Exchange Resin Collectors and Bulk Water Collector. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2012; 223:4485-4494. [PMID: 22865942 PMCID: PMC3409372 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-012-1211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the light of global change, the necessity to monitor atmospheric depositions that have relevant effects on ecosystems is ever increasing particularly for tropical sites. For this study, atmospheric ionic depositions were measured on tropical Central Sulawesi at remote sites with both a conventional bulk water collector system (BWS collector) and with a passive ion exchange resin collector system (IER collector). The principle of IER collector to fix all ionic depositions, i.e. anions and cations, has certain advantages referring to (1) post-deposition transformation processes, (2) low ionic concentrations and (3) low rainfall and associated particulate inputs, e.g. dust or sand. The ionic concentrations to be measured for BWS collectors may easily fall below detection limits under low deposition conditions which are common for tropical sites of low land use intensity. Additionally, BWS collections are not as independent from the amount of rain fallen as are IER collections. For this study, the significant differences between both collectors found for nearly all measured elements were partly correlated to the rainfall pattern, i.e. for calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. However, the significant differences were, in most cases, not highly relevant. More relevant differences between the systems were found for aluminium and nitrate (434-484 %). Almost five times higher values for nitrate clarified the advantage of the IER system particularly for low deposition rate which is one particularity of atmospheric ionic deposition in tropical sites of extensive land use. The monthly resolution of the IER data offers new insights into the temporal distribution of annual ionic depositions. Here, it did not follow the tropical rain pattern of a drier season within generally wet conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Köhler
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Geography, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Landscape Ecology and Land Evaluation, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - H. F. Jungkunst
- Geoecology/Physical Geography, Institute for Environmental Science, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - C. Gutzler
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Geography, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - R. Herrera
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, 46022 Spain
| | - G. Gerold
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Geography, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Fiore AM, Naik V, Spracklen DV, Steiner A, Unger N, Prather M, Bergmann D, Cameron-Smith PJ, Cionni I, Collins WJ, Dalsøren S, Eyring V, Folberth GA, Ginoux P, Horowitz LW, Josse B, Lamarque JF, MacKenzie IA, Nagashima T, O'Connor FM, Righi M, Rumbold ST, Shindell DT, Skeie RB, Sudo K, Szopa S, Takemura T, Zeng G. Global air quality and climate. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6663-83. [PMID: 22868337 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emissions of air pollutants and their precursors determine regional air quality and can alter climate. Climate change can perturb the long-range transport, chemical processing, and local meteorology that influence air pollution. We review the implications of projected changes in methane (CH(4)), ozone precursors (O(3)), and aerosols for climate (expressed in terms of the radiative forcing metric or changes in global surface temperature) and hemispheric-to-continental scale air quality. Reducing the O(3) precursor CH(4) would slow near-term warming by decreasing both CH(4) and tropospheric O(3). Uncertainty remains as to the net climate forcing from anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) emissions, which increase tropospheric O(3) (warming) but also increase aerosols and decrease CH(4) (both cooling). Anthropogenic emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and non-CH(4) volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) warm by increasing both O(3) and CH(4). Radiative impacts from secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are poorly understood. Black carbon emission controls, by reducing the absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere and on snow and ice, have the potential to slow near-term warming, but uncertainties in coincident emissions of reflective (cooling) aerosols and poorly constrained cloud indirect effects confound robust estimates of net climate impacts. Reducing sulfate and nitrate aerosols would improve air quality and lessen interference with the hydrologic cycle, but lead to warming. A holistic and balanced view is thus needed to assess how air pollution controls influence climate; a first step towards this goal involves estimating net climate impacts from individual emission sectors. Modeling and observational analyses suggest a warming climate degrades air quality (increasing surface O(3) and particulate matter) in many populated regions, including during pollution episodes. Prior Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios (SRES) allowed unconstrained growth, whereas the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios assume uniformly an aggressive reduction, of air pollutant emissions. New estimates from the current generation of chemistry-climate models with RCP emissions thus project improved air quality over the next century relative to those using the IPCC SRES scenarios. These two sets of projections likely bracket possible futures. We find that uncertainty in emission-driven changes in air quality is generally greater than uncertainty in climate-driven changes. Confidence in air quality projections is limited by the reliability of anthropogenic emission trajectories and the uncertainties in regional climate responses, feedbacks with the terrestrial biosphere, and oxidation pathways affecting O(3) and SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
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Fang Y, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Gnanadesikan A, Held I, Chen G, Vecchi G, Levy H. The impacts of changing transport and precipitation on pollutant distributions in a future climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hristov AN, Hanigan M, Cole A, Todd R, McAllister TA, Ndegwa PM, Rotz A. Review: Ammonia emissions from dairy farms and beef feedlots. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hristov, A. N., Hanigan, M., Cole, A., Todd, R., McAllister T. A., Ndegwa, P. and Rotz, A. 2011. Review: Ammonia emissions from dairy farms and beef feedlots. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 1–35. Ammonia emitted from animal feeding operations is an environmental and human health hazard, contributing to eutrophication of surface waters and nitrate contamination of ground waters, soil acidity, and fine particulate matter formation. It may also contribute to global warming through nitrous oxide formation. Along with these societal concerns, ammonia emission is a net loss of manure fertilizer value to the producer. A significant portion of cattle manure nitrogen, primarily from urinary urea, is converted to ammonium and eventually lost to the atmosphere as ammonia. Determining ammonia emissions from cattle operations is complicated by the multifaceted nature of the factors regulating ammonia volatilization, such as manure management, ambient temperature, wind speed, and manure composition and pH. Approaches to quantify ammonia emissions include micrometeorological methods, mass balance accounting and enclosures. Each method has its advantages, disadvantages and appropriate application. It is also of interest to determine the ammonia emitting potential of manure (AEP) independent of environmental factors. The ratio of nitrogen to non-volatile minerals (phosphorus, potassium, ash) or nitrogen isotopes ratio in manure has been suggested as a useful indicator of AEP. Existing data on ammonia emission factors and flux rates are extremely variable. For dairy farms, emission factors from 0.82 to 250 g ammonia per cow per day have been reported, with an average of 59 g per cow per day (n=31). Ammonia flux rates for dairy farms averaged 1.03 g m−2 h−1 (n=24). Ammonia losses are significantly greater from beef feedlots, where emission factors average 119 g per animal per day (n=9) with values as high as 280 g per animal per day. Ammonia flux rate for beef feedlots averaged 0.174 g m−2 h−1 (n=12). Using nitrogen mass balance approaches, daily ammonia nitrogen losses of 25 to 50% of the nitrogen excreted in manure have been estimated for dairy cows and feedlot cattle. Practices to mitigate ammonia emissions include reducing excreted N (particularly urinary N), acidifying ammonia sources, or binding ammonium to a substrate. Reducing crude protein concentration in cattle diets and ruminal protein degradability are powerful tools for reducing N excretion, AEP, and whole-farm ammonia emissions. Reducing dietary protein can also benefit the producer by reducing feed cost. These interventions, however, have to be balanced with the risk of lost production. Manure treatment techniques that reduce volatile N species (e.g., urease inhibition, pH reduction, nitrification-denitrification) are also effective for mitigating ammonia emissions. Another option for reducing ammonia emissions is capture and treatment of released ammonia. Examples in the latter category include biofilters, permeable and impermeable covers, and manure incorporation into the soil for crop or pasture production. Process-level simulation of ammonia formation and emission provides a useful tool for estimating emissions over a wide range of production practices and evaluating the potential benefits of mitigation strategies. Reducing ammonia emissions from dairy and beef cattle operations is critical to achieving environmentally sustainable animal production that will benefit producers and society at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Hristov
- Department of Dairy and Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M. Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - A. Cole
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service-Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX, USA
| | - R. Todd
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service-Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX, USA
| | - T. A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - P. M. Ndegwa
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA
| | - A. Rotz
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Shindell DT, Faluvegi G, Koch DM, Schmidt GA, Unger N, Bauer SE. Improved Attribution of Climate Forcing to Emissions. Science 2009; 326:716-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1174760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Liao H, Zhang Y, Chen WT, Raes F, Seinfeld JH. Effect of chemistry-aerosol-climate coupling on predictions of future climate and future levels of tropospheric ozone and aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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