51
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Renn RW, Steinbauer R, Fenner G. Employee Behavioral Activation and Behavioral Inhibition Systems, Manager Ratings of Employee Job Performance, and Employee Withdrawal. HUMAN PERFORMANCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08959285.2014.929694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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52
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Abstract
This research investigated whether (1) the experience of mixed emotions is a consequence of activating conflicting goals and (2) mixed emotions are distinct from emotional conflict. A preliminary experiment (Study 1, N = 35) showed that an elicited goal conflict predicted more mixed emotions than a condition where the same goals were not in conflict. The second experiment was based on naturally occurring goal activation (Study 2, N = 57). This illustrated that mixed emotions were experienced more following conflicting goals compared with a facilitating goals condition-on both a direct self-report measure of mixed emotions and a minimum index measure. The results also showed that mixed emotions were different to emotional conflict. Overall, goal conflict was found to be a source of mixed emotions, and it is feasible that such states have a role in resolving personal dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Berrios
- a Department of Psychology , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
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53
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Kuijer RG, Boyce JA. Chocolate cake. Guilt or celebration? Associations with healthy eating attitudes, perceived behavioural control, intentions and weight-loss. Appetite 2014; 74:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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54
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De Witt Huberts JC, Evers C, De Ridder DTD. “Because I Am Worth It”. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2013; 18:119-38. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868313507533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-regulation failure is often explained as being overwhelmed by impulse. The present article proposes a novel pathway, presenting a theoretical framework and empirical review of a justification-based account of self-regulation failure. With justification we refer to making excuses for one’s discrepant behavior, so that when experiencing a self-regulation dilemma between immediate impulses and long-term intentions, people resolve the conflict by developing and employing justifications that allow violations of the goal they endorse. Accordingly, rather than inhibiting motivations from the impulsive system, the reflective system can also facilitate them, leading to self-regulation failure. We bring together empirical evidence from various domains demonstrating that justifications can instigate self-regulation failure and rule out alternative accounts. Having established that justification processes contribute to self-regulation failure, we then propose several mechanisms that may fuel the effect. Finally, routes for future research and the conceptual and practical implications of these novel insights for self-regulation are discussed.
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55
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Taylor C, Webb TL, Sheeran P. ‘I deserve a treat!’: Justifications for indulgence undermine the translation of intentions into action. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 53:501-20. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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56
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Koenigstorfer J, Groeppel-Klein A, Kettenbaum M, Klicker K. Eat fit. Get big? How fitness cues influence food consumption volumes. Appetite 2013; 65:165-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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57
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58
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Renn R, Allen D, Huning T. The Relationship of Social Exclusion at Work With Self-Defeating Behavior and Turnover. The Journal of Social Psychology 2013; 153:229-49. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2012.723642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated how compulsive buyers make sense of their excessive shopping behaviour to explore possible sources of heterogeneity between compulsive buyers. METHOD Twenty female participants met 'caseness' for compulsive buying (CB) on the CB Scale (CBS), prior to completing a Q-sort specifically related to their experiences of shopping. Participants provided details of occupation, income, and debt levels and completed two psychometric scales: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale-Shopping Version (YBOCS-SV). RESULTS Principle component analysis (PCA) identified two groups within the compulsive buyers (labelled positive reinforcement and emotional distress) that explained 44% of the study variance. Ten women defined the positive reinforcement factor and tended to identify with pleasurable aspects of buying. Six women characterized the emotional distress factor and endorsed varied financial, emotional, and interpersonal difficulties associated with their CB. The emotional distress group carried significantly greater current debt levels and had significantly more severe CB. CONCLUSIONS The study illustrates that compulsive buyers can relate to their 'symptoms' in dissimilar ways. The clinical implications of such heterogeneity are discussed, methodological shortcomings identified, and areas for future research indicated.
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Abstract
Compensatory health beliefs, beliefs that healthy behaviours can compensate or neutralise unhealthy behaviours, have been proposed as one way of understanding why people engage in health-risk behaviours (Knäuper, B., Rabiau, M., Cohen, O., & Patriciu, N. (2004). Compensatory health beliefs scale development and psychometric properties. Psychology and Health, 19, 607-624). However, measuring compensatory health beliefs has proved a challenge, with several recent studies being unable to replicate the psychometric properties of Knäuper et al.'s (2004) scales. The aims of this study were to: (1) test the factor structure of the compensatory health beliefs scale in the UK, (2) examine the predictive validity of the scale by testing the relationships between compensatory health beliefs and health behaviours over a six-month time interval and (3) assess the 6-month test-retest reliability of the scale. A total of 393 participants completed measures of compensatory health beliefs and health behaviours at two time points separated by six months. The findings were potentially problematic for research into compensatory health beliefs: the factor structure was not confirmed, there was little evidence of predictive validity, and test-retest reliability was poor. Further research is required to understand the operation of compensatory health beliefs and to develop the measurement of compensatory health beliefs.
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61
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Cryder CE, Springer S, Morewedge CK. Guilty feelings, targeted actions. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2012; 38:607-18. [PMID: 22337764 DOI: 10.1177/0146167211435796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Early investigations of guilt cast it as an emotion that prompts broad reparative behaviors that help guilty individuals feel better about themselves or about their transgressions. The current investigation found support for a more recent representation of guilt as an emotion designed to identify and correct specific social offenses. Across five experiments, guilt influenced behavior in a targeted and strategic way. Guilt prompted participants to share resources more generously with others, but only did so when those others were persons whom the participant had wronged and only when those wronged individuals could notice the gesture. Rather than trigger broad reparative behaviors that remediate one's general reputation or self-perception, guilt triggers targeted behaviors intended to remediate specific social transgressions.
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62
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Hofmann W, Fisher RR. How Guilt and Pride Shape Subsequent Self-Control. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550611435136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present research utilized experience sampling data to investigate how guilt and pride experiences in response to self-control failure versus success affect future self-control when encountering the same type of temptation (thematic self-control). Guilt showed signs of a “mixed blessing” such that previous guilt led to an increase in subsequent self-regulatory goal importance and conflict awareness; however, accounting for these beneficial effects, guilt also had a detrimental residual effect on the successful inhibition of recurring temptation. Pride, in contrast, had uniformly positive effects on subsequent self-control in the form of increased goal importance, increased conflict, and increased likelihood to use self-control to resist temptation. These results contrasted in theoretically important ways from an analysis of short-term spillover effects of incidental guilt and pride on thematically unrelated subsequent self-control. Potential mechanisms and implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Hofmann
- Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago , IL, USA
| | - Rachel R. Fisher
- Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago , IL, USA
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63
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Miquelon P, Knäuper B, Vallerand RJ. Motivation and goal attainment. The role of compensatory beliefs. Appetite 2012; 58:608-15. [PMID: 22245723 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
It was recently proposed that one cognitive strategy people might employ to find a balance between fulfilling their immediate desires and adhering to their long-term goals is to activate compensatory beliefs (CBs). CBs are convictions that the negative effects of a behavior can be compensated for by the positive effects of another behavior (e.g., "I can eat this piece of cake now because I will go to the gym tonight".). The purpose of the present research was to examine the motivational determinants and consequences of CBs in weight-loss dieting. It was proposed that autonomous motivation would lessen the activation of CBs. It was further proposed that activating CBs would decrease goal adherence, which, itself, would facilitate the attainment of one's dieting goals. Results of a prospective study using path analysis provided support for the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paule Miquelon
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.
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Xu H, Bègue L, Shankland R. Guilt and Guiltlessness: An Integrative Review. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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65
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Nelissen RMA, de Vet E, Zeelenberg M. Anticipated emotions and effort allocation in weight goal striving. Br J Health Psychol 2011; 16:201-12. [PMID: 21226791 DOI: 10.1348/135910710x494952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the influence of anticipated emotions on preventive health behaviour if specified at the level of behavioural outcomes. Consistent with predictions from a recently developed model of goal pursuit, we hypothesized that the impact of emotions on effort levels depended on the perceived proximity to the goal. DESIGN Participants with weight-loss intentions were randomly selected from an Internet panel and completed questionnaires at three points in time, baseline (T1; N= 725), 2 weeks later at T2 (N= 582) and again 2 months later at T3 (N= 528). METHODS Questionnaires assessed anticipated emotions (at T1) and experienced emotions (at T2) towards goal attainment and non-attainment. Goal proximity, goal desirability, and effort levels in striving for weight loss were assessed at both T1 and T2. Current and target weights were reported at all three assessments. RESULTS In line with predictions, we found that negative anticipated emotions towards goal non-attainment resulted in increased effort but only if people perceived themselves in close proximity to their goal. Effort, in turn, predicted weight loss and goal achievement. CONCLUSION The current data bear important practical implications as they identify anticipated emotions as targets of behaviour change interventions aimed to stimulate effort in striving for broad, health-related goals like weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob M A Nelissen
- Tilburg University, The Netherlands Utrecht University, The Netherlands VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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66
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Rabia M, Knäuper B, Miquelon P. The eternal quest for optimal balance between maximizing pleasure and minimizing harm: The compensatory health beliefs model. Br J Health Psychol 2010; 11:139-53. [PMID: 16480560 DOI: 10.1348/135910705x52237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Particularly in the health domain, humans thrive to reach an equilibrium between maximizing pleasure and minimizing harm. We propose that a cognitive strategy people employ to reach this equilibrium is the activation of Compensatory Health Beliefs (CHBs). CHBs are beliefs that the negative effects of an unhealthy behaviour can be compensated for, or "neutralized," by engaging in another, healthy behaviour. "I can eat this piece of cake now because I will exercise this evening" is an example of such beliefs. Our theoretical framework aims at explaining why people create CHBs and how they employ CHBs to regulate their health behaviours. The model extends current health behaviour models by explicitly integrating the motivational conflict that emerges from the interplay between affective states (i.e., cravings or desires) and motivation (i.e., health goals). As predicted by the model, previous research has shown that holding CHBs hinder an individual's success at positive health behaviour change, and may explain why many people fail to adhere to behaviour change programs such as dieting or exercising. Moreover, future research using the model and implications for possible interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Rabia
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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67
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Fishbach A, Eyal T, Finkelstein SR. How Positive and Negative Feedback Motivate Goal Pursuit. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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68
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Stratton MT. Uncovering a New Guilty Pleasure: A Qualitative Study of the Emotions of Personal Web Usage at Work. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1548051809350893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This longitudinal field study uncovers the emotional meaning that defines personal Web usage (PWU) at work. To explore this emergent workplace phenomenon, the author conducted 67 semistructured interviews and collected archival documents at a local government municipality in the United States. After a phenomenological analysis of the informants’ emotion-laden narratives, the findings suggest that users defined their PWU as a guilty pleasure. For some informants, this type of emotional ambivalence was resolved and manifested into continued PWU devoid of guilt. For others, however, they continued to define their PWU behaviors as a push-and-pull battle between self-control and short-term benefit. Nevertheless, PWU persisted. Based on the themes analyzed in the data, two models are presented that depict the characteristics of the ambivalence and the overarching emotion-behavior process, respectively. The author concludes by discussing the contributions to existing research and directions for further inquiry.
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69
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Rhodes RE, Fiala B, Conner M. A Review and Meta-Analysis of Affective Judgments and Physical Activity in Adult Populations. Ann Behav Med 2010; 38:180-204. [PMID: 20082164 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-009-9147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
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70
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Rothman AJ, Sheeran P, Wood W. Reflective and Automatic Processes in the Initiation and Maintenance of Dietary Change. Ann Behav Med 2009; 38 Suppl 1:S4-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-009-9118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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71
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Agerström J, Björklund F. Moral Concerns Are Greater for Temporally Distant Events and Are Moderated by Value Strength. SOCIAL COGNITION 2009. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2009.27.2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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72
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van Harreveld F, van der Pligt J, de Liver YN. The agony of ambivalence and ways to resolve it: introducing the MAID model. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2009; 13:45-61. [PMID: 19144904 DOI: 10.1177/1088868308324518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
People are generally averse toward conflict between beliefs and/or feelings underlying their attitudes-that is, attitudinal ambivalence. This review integrates literature on attitudinal ambivalence with theories on decision making and coping strategies to gain a better understanding of when and how people deal with feelings of ambivalence. First it shows that ambivalence is experienced as being particularly unpleasant when the ambivalent attitude holder is confronted with the necessity to make a choice concerning the ambivalent attitude object; then, incongruent evaluative components of the attitude become accessible, and feelings of uncertainty about the potential outcomes arise, which may involve the anticipation of aversive emotions. Several coping strategies are employed when ambivalence is experienced as unpleasant. Emotion- and problem-focused coping strategies are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion of the MAID (model of ambivalence-induced discomfort), which aims to describe the consequences of ambivalence.
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73
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Agerström J, Björklund F. Temporal Distance and Moral Concerns: Future Morally Questionable Behavior is Perceived as More Wrong and Evokes Stronger Prosocial Intentions. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01973530802659885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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74
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Fujita K. Seeing the Forest Beyond the Trees: A Construal-Level Approach to Self-Control. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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75
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FITZSIMONS GAVANJ, NUNES JOSEPHC, WILLIAMS PATTI. License to Sin: The Liberating Role of Reporting Expectations. THE JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH 2007; 34:22-31. [PMID: 23750057 PMCID: PMC3674548 DOI: 10.1086/513043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This research examines the impact of asking intention questions about "vice behaviors," or behaviors about which respondents simultaneously hold both negative explicit and positive implicit attitudes. Asking questions about the likelihood of engaging in behaviors for which respondents maintain conflicting attitude structures appears to give respondents a "license to sin," resulting in increased rates of behavior versus those of a control group not asked intention questions. However, when provided with defensive tools that highlight the negative explicit component of their attitudes toward the behaviors, respondents are able to dampen the increase in behavior caused by the act of prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- GAVAN J. FITZSIMONS
- Professor of marketing and psychology at the Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 ()
| | - JOSEPH C. NUNES
- Associate professor of marketing at the Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, Accounting 304, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0443 ()
| | - PATTI WILLIAMS
- Associate professor of marketing at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 700 Jon M. Huntsman Hall, 3730 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6340 ()
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76
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Monin B, Pizarro DA, Beer JS. Deciding versus Reacting: Conceptions of Moral Judgment and the Reason-Affect Debate. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.11.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent approaches to moral judgment have typically pitted emotion against reason. In an effort to move beyond this debate, we propose that authors presenting diverging models are considering quite different prototypical situations: those focusing on the resolution of complex dilemmas conclude that morality involves sophisticated reasoning, whereas those studying reactions to shocking moral violations find that morality involves quick, affect-laden processes. We articulate these diverging dominant approaches and consider three directions for future research (moral temptation, moral self-image, and lay understandings of morality) that we propose have not received sufficient attention as a result of the focus on these two prototypical situations within moral psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer S. Beer
- Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis
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77
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Fishbach A, Shah JY. Self-control in action: Implicit dispositions toward goals and away from temptations. J Pers Soc Psychol 2006; 90:820-32. [PMID: 16737375 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Five studies examined whether, in self-control dilemmas, individuals develop an implicit disposition to approach goals and avoid temptations, psychologically as well as physically. Using a method developed by A. K. Solarz (1960; see also K. L. Duckworth, J. A. Bargh, M. Garcia, & S. Chaiken, 2002), the authors assessed the time for pulling and pushing a lever in response to goal- and temptation-related stimuli (e.g., studying and partying). The results show that individuals offset the influence of tempting activities by automatically avoiding these stimuli (faster pushing responses) and by approaching stimuli related to an overarching goal (faster pulling responses). These implicit self-control dispositions varied as a function of the magnitude of the self-control conflict, itself defined by how strongly individuals were attracted to temptations and held the longer term goal. These dispositions were further shown to play a role in successful self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Fishbach
- Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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78
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Rotenberg KJ, Lancaster C, Marsden J, Pryce S, Williams J, Lattimore P. Effects of priming thoughts about control on anxiety and food intake as moderated by dietary restraint. Appetite 2005; 44:235-41. [PMID: 15808897 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Revised: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to examine: (a) if activating thoughts about control affects anxiety and food intake and (b) if those effects are moderated by dietary restraint. Eighty female undergraduates were administered the Dietary Restraint questionnaire and were primed for cognitions of control or of lack of control. The participants' perceptions of control over food consumption, their state anxiety, and their food intake as part of an alleged taste-test, were assessed. As evidence for the effectiveness of priming, participants reported less control over food consumption after being primed for lack of control than for control cognitions. As expected, Restraint score was negatively correlated with perceived control over food consumption. Consistent with hypothesis, participants high in dietary restraint experienced greater anxiety after being primed for control than after priming for lack of control, whereas participants low in dietary restraint displayed the opposite pattern. These findings were consistent with the cognitive dissonance principle that individuals experience greater anxiety when cognitions are inconsistent with personal beliefs than when they are consistent. As expected, priming thoughts of lack of control resulted in greater food intake than did priming thoughts of control, supporting the hypothesis of a nonconscious, automatic link between cognitions and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken J Rotenberg
- Department of Psychology, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
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79
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Giner-Sorolla R. Is affective material in attitudes more accessible than cognitive material? The moderating role of attitude basis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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80
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Knäuper B, Rabiau M, Cohen O, Patriciu N. Compensatory health beliefs: scale development and psychometric properties. Psychol Health 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/0887044042000196737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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81
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Overskeid G. Psychological hedonism and the nature of motivation: Bertrand Russell's anhedonic desires. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/09515080120109432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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