51
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Stieger S, Voracek M, Formann AK. How to Administer the Initial Preference Task. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/per.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Individuals like their name letters more than non–name letters. This effect has been termed the Name Letter Effect (NLE) and is widely exploited to measure implicit (i.e. automatic, unconscious) self–esteem, predominantly by means of the Initial Preference Task (IPT). Methodological research on how to best administer the IPT is, however, scarce. In order to bridge this gap, the present paper assessed the advantages and disadvantages of different types of IPT administrations with two meta–analyses ( k = 49; N = 11,514) and a follow–up experiment ( N = 449). As a result, a new type of administration is recommended which (1) treats the effects of the first and the last name initials separately, (2) uses a duplicate administration for reliability reasons, (3) uses the likability as well as the attractiveness item wording and (4) exploits not only letters but also numbers (i.e. birthday number effect) to measure implicit self–esteem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stieger
- Department of Basic Psychological Research, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Basic Psychological Research, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton K. Formann
- Department of Basic Psychological Research, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
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52
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Abstract
Social ecologies shape the way people initiate and maintain social relationships. Settings with much opportunity will lead to more fine-grained similarity among friends; less opportunity leads to less similarity. We compare two ecological contexts—a large, relatively diverse state university versus smaller colleges in the same state—to test the hypothesis that a larger pool of available friendship choices will lead to greater similarity within dyads. Participants in the large campus sample reported substantially more perceived ability to move in and out of relationships compared to participants in the small colleges sample. Dyads were significantly more similar on attitudes, beliefs, and health behaviors in the large campus than in the small colleges sample. Our findings reveal an irony—greater human diversity within an environment leads to less personal diversity within dyads. Local social ecologies create their own “cultures” that affect how human relationships are formed.
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53
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Huffcutt AI, Van Iddekinge CH, Roth PL. Understanding applicant behavior in employment interviews: A theoretical model of interviewee performance. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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54
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Boer D, Fischer R, Strack M, Bond MH, Lo E, Lam J. How shared preferences in music create bonds between people: values as the missing link. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2011; 37:1159-71. [PMID: 21543650 DOI: 10.1177/0146167211407521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
How can shared music preferences create social bonds between people? A process model is developed in which music preferences as value-expressive attitudes create social bonds via conveyed value similarity. The musical bonding model links two research streams: (a) music preferences as indicators of similarity in value orientations and (b) similarity in value orientations leading to social attraction. Two laboratory experiments and one dyadic field study demonstrated that music can create interpersonal bonds between young people because music preferences can be cues for similar or dissimilar value orientations, with similarity in values then contributing to social attraction. One study tested and ruled out an alternative explanation (via personality similarity), illuminating the differential impact of perceived value similarity versus personality similarity on social attraction. Value similarity is the missing link in explaining the musical bonding phenomenon, which seems to hold for Western and non-Western samples and in experimental and natural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boer
- National Taiwan University, Department of Psychology, Taipei, Taiwan.
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55
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Kachersky L. Do moniker maladies afflict name letter brands? A dual process theory of name letter branding and avoidance effects. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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56
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Huffcutt AI. An Empirical Review of the Employment Interview Construct Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2389.2010.00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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57
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The effects of name similarity on message processing and persuasion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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58
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Singh R, Simons JJP. Attitudes and Attraction: Optimism and Weight as Explanations for the Similarity-Dissimilarity Asymmetry. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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59
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Abstract
AbstractThree studies showed that medical doctors and lawyers were disproportionately more likely to have surnames that resembled their professions. A fourth study showed that, for doctors, this influence extended to the type of medicine they practiced. Study 1 found that people with the surname "Doctor" were more likely to be doctors than lawyers, whereas those with the surname "Lawyer" were more likely to be lawyers. Studies 2 and 3 broadened this finding by comparing doctors and lawyers whose first or last names began with three-letter combinations representative of their professions, for example, "doc," "law," and likewise found a significant relationship between name and profession. Study 4 found that the initial letters of physicians' last names were significantly related to their subspecialty, for example, Raymonds were more likely to be radiologists than dermatologists. These results provide further evidence names influence medical career choices.
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60
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Abstract
People are capable of thinking about the future, the past, remote locations, another person's perspective, and counterfactual alternatives. Without denying the uniqueness of each process, it is proposed that they constitute different forms of traversing psychological distance. Psychological distance is egocentric: Its reference point is the self in the here and now, and the different ways in which an object might be removed from that point-in time, in space, in social distance, and in hypotheticality-constitute different distance dimensions. Transcending the self in the here and now entails mental construal, and the farther removed an object is from direct experience, the higher (more abstract) the level of construal of that object. Supporting this analysis, research shows (a) that the various distances are cognitively related to each other, (b) that they similarly influence and are influenced by level of mental construal, and (c) that they similarly affect prediction, preference, and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaacov Trope
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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61
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Abstract
People are capable of thinking about the future, the past, remote locations, another person's perspective, and counterfactual alternatives. Without denying the uniqueness of each process, it is proposed that they constitute different forms of traversing psychological distance. Psychological distance is egocentric: Its reference point is the self in the here and now, and the different ways in which an object might be removed from that point-in time, in space, in social distance, and in hypotheticality-constitute different distance dimensions. Transcending the self in the here and now entails mental construal, and the farther removed an object is from direct experience, the higher (more abstract) the level of construal of that object. Supporting this analysis, research shows (a) that the various distances are cognitively related to each other, (b) that they similarly influence and are influenced by level of mental construal, and (c) that they similarly affect prediction, preference, and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaacov Trope
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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62
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Affiliation(s)
- Ap Dijksterhuis
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Henk Aarts
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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63
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Heine SJ, Foster JAB, Spina R. Do birds of a feather universally flock together? Cultural variation in the similarity-attraction effect. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-839x.2009.01289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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64
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Newman LS, Hernandez W, Bakina DA, Rutchick AM. Implicit Egotism on the Baseball Diamond: Why Peter Piper Prefers to Pitch for the Pittsburgh Pirates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1179/175622709x462478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResearch on “implicit egotism” indicates that people tend to react positively to anything that reminds them of themselves, including their own names and the letters in their names. Names can have effects (presumably unconscious ones) even on people's choices of mates and careers. Nelson and Simmons (2007) presented evidence suggesting that people are attracted to name-resembling outcomes even when those outcomes undermine their conscious goals. For example, they found that major league baseball players with first or last names starting with the letter K strike out (i.e., record a “K”) at a rate greater than that of other players. The present archival study tested the hypothesis that Nelson and Simmons's finding was due in part to pitchers (who are generally poor batters) being over-represented among players with names starting with K. Parallel analyses were run for the letter P (the first letter in the word pitcher). Results provide some support for the idea that implicit egotism has implications not only for players' performances, but also for the positions they prefer to play on the field.
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65
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Holland RW, Wennekers AM, Bijlstra G, Jongenelen MM, van Knippenberg A. Self-Symbols as Implicit Motivators. SOCIAL COGNITION 2009. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2009.27.4.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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66
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Tenney ER, Turkheimer E, Oltmanns TF. Being Liked is More than Having a Good Personality: The Role of Matching. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2009; 43:579-585. [PMID: 20442795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Is possession of desirable personality characteristics the only predictor that someone will be well-liked in a group of acquaintances, or will similarity to others in the group also matter? We tested participants (n=844) who had been randomly assigned to peer groups and had spent 6 weeks together. Participants assessed self and peer personalities in a round-robin design. We found that after controlling for attributions of desirable and undesirable personality characteristics, individuals with similar personality patterns liked each other more than individuals with dissimilar patterns. Further analysis revealed similarity of undesirable traits mattered more for liking than similarity of desirable traits. Results provide the first comprehensive analysis of relations between personality similarity and liking among acquaintances in a randomized, naturalistic design.
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67
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Morewedge CK, Shu LL, Gilbert DT, Wilson TD. Bad riddance or good rubbish? Ownership and not loss aversion causes the endowment effect. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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68
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Jones CR, Fazio RH, Olson MA. Implicit misattribution as a mechanism underlying evaluative conditioning. J Pers Soc Psychol 2009; 96:933-48. [PMID: 19379028 DOI: 10.1037/a0014747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Evaluative conditioning (EC) refers to the formation or change of an attitude toward an object, following that object's pairing with positively or negatively valenced stimuli. The authors provide evidence that EC can occur through an implicit misattribution mechanism in which an evaluative response evoked by a valenced stimulus is incorrectly and implicitly attributed to another stimulus, forming or changing an attitude toward this other stimulus. In 5 studies, the authors measured or manipulated variables related to the potential for the misattribution of an evaluation, or source confusability. Greater EC was observed when participants' eye gaze shifted frequently between a valenced and a neutral stimulus (Studies 1 & 2), when the 2 stimuli appeared in close spatial proximity (Study 3), and when the neutral stimulus was made more perceptually salient than was the valenced stimulus, due to the larger size of the neutral stimulus (Study 4). In other words, conditions conducive to source confusability increased EC. Study 5 provided evidence for multiple mechanisms of EC by comparing the effects of mildly evocative valenced stimuli (those evoking responses that might more easily be misattributed to another object) with more strongly evocative stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Jones
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1287, USA
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69
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Kocan SE, Curtis GJ. Close Encounters of the Initial Kind: Implicit Self-Esteem, Name-Letter Similarity, and Social Distance. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01973530802659752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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70
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In the “I” of the storm: Shared initials increase disaster donations. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPeople prefer their own initials to other letters, influencing preferences in many domains. The “name letter effect” (Nuttin, 1987) may not apply to negatively valenced targets if people are motivated to downplay or distance themselves from negative targets associated with the self, as previous research has shown (e.g., Finch & Cialdini, 1989). In the current research we examine the relationship between same initial preferences and negatively valenced stimuli. Specifically, we examined donations to disaster relief after seven major hurricanes to test the influence of the name letter effect with negatively valenced targets. Individuals who shared an initial with the hurricane name were overrepresented among hurricane relief donors relative to the baseline distribution of initials in the donor population. This finding suggests that people may seek to ameliorate the negative effects of a disaster when there are shared characteristics between the disaster and the self.
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71
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Levels-based leadership and hierarchical group decision optimization: A simulation. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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72
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Abstract
In five studies, we found that people like their names enough to unconsciously pursue consciously avoided outcomes that resemble their names. Baseball players avoid strikeouts, but players whose names begin with the strikeout-signifying letter K strike out more than others (Study 1). All students want As, but students whose names begin with letters associated with poorer performance (C and D) achieve lower grade point averages (GPAs) than do students whose names begin with A and B (Study 2), especially if they like their initials (Study 3). Because lower GPAs lead to lesser graduate schools, students whose names begin with the letters C and D attend lower-ranked law schools than students whose names begin with A and B (Study 4). Finally, in an experimental study, we manipulated congruence between participants' initials and the labels of prizes and found that participants solve fewer anagrams when a consolation prize shares their first initial than when it does not (Study 5). These findings provide striking evidence that unconsciously desiring negative name-resembling performance outcomes can insidiously undermine the more conscious pursuit of positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif D Nelson
- Rady School of Management, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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73
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Schulte-Hostedde AI, Eys MA, Johnson K. Female Mate Choice is Influenced by Male Sport Participation. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/147470490800600113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection theory argues that females invest more heavily in reproduction than males and thus tend to be choosier in terms of mate choice. Sport may provide a context within which females can gain information about male quality to inform this choice. Males may be able to display attractive traits such as athleticism, strength, and physique to females while participating in sport. We predicted that females would favor males that participated in team sports over individual sports and non-athletes because team sport athletes may be more likely to display qualities such as the ability to work well with others and role acceptance. We used a questionnaire, a photograph, and manipulated descriptions to gauge the effects of sport involvement, attractiveness, and status on 282 females' willingness to participate in various types of relationships. Team sport athletes were perceived as being more desirable as potential mates than individual sport athletes and non-athletes. It is suggested that team sport athletes may have traits associated with good parenting such as cooperation, likeability, and role acceptance, and/or these athletes may be better able to assert dominance in a team setting. Results are discussed in terms of further implications and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A. Eys
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Krista Johnson
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
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74
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Liviatan I, Trope Y, Liberman N. Interpersonal Similarity as a Social Distance Dimension: Implications for Perception of Others' Actions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008; 44:1256-1269. [PMID: 19352440 PMCID: PMC2665912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Building on the assumption that interpersonal similarity is a form of social distance, the current research examines the manner in which similarity influences the representation and judgment of others' actions. On the basis of a construal level approach, we hypothesized that greater levels of similarity would increase the relative weight of subordinate and secondary features of information in judgments of others' actions. The results of four experiments showed that compared to corresponding judgments of a dissimilar target, participants exposed to a similar target person identified that person's actions in relatively more subordinate means-related rather than superordinate ends-related terms (Experiment 1), perceived his or her actions to be determined more by feasibility and less by desirability concerns (Experiment 3), and gave more weight to secondary aspects in judgments of the target's decisions (Experiment 2) and performance (Experiment 4). Implications for the study of interpersonal similarity, as well as social distance in general, are discussed.
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75
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Karpinski A, Steinberg JA, Versek B, Alloy LB. The Breadth–Based Adjective Rating Task (BART) as an Indirect Measure of Self–Esteem. SOCIAL COGNITION 2007. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2007.25.6.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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76
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Moss SA, Garivaldis FJ, Toukhsati SR. The perceived similarity of other individuals: The contaminating effects of familiarity and neuroticism. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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77
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Steinberg JA, Karpinski A, Alloy LB. The exploration of implicit aspects of self-esteem in vulnerability – stress models of depression. SELF AND IDENTITY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15298860601118884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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78
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Brownlow S, Attea MF, Makransky JA, Lopez AO. NAME LETTER MATCHING AND IMPLICIT EGOTISM: FRIENDS AS SELF-EXTENSIONS. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY 2007. [DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2007.35.4.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Favorable evaluations of letters appearing in peoples' names were examined and found to vary according to a focus on the self versus others. Students described their personal preferences after thinking about either positive or negative qualities of themselves or a friend. Matches
of consonant letters in preferences with consonants in first and last names was higher when the self-concept was challenged by an induced focus on negative personal traits, as well as when people thought about something of “theirs.” Thus, evidence of implicit egotism was seen when
students thought (for good or for ill) of one of their self-chosen items, their best friend, or when they required a self-esteem boost, but not when they were focused on their own positive personal qualities. Results are discussed in terms of how name letter matching reflects a desire to keep
a complimentary outlook about ourselves.
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79
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Abstract
Recent theory and research are reviewed regarding self-related motives (self-enhancement, self-verification, and self-expansion) and self-conscious emotions (guilt, shame, pride, social anxiety, and embarrassment), with an emphasis on how these motivational and emotional aspects of the self might be related. Specifically, these motives and emotions appear to function to protect people's social well-being. The motives to self-enhance, self-verify, and self-expand are partly rooted in people's concerns with social approval and acceptance, and self-conscious emotions arise in response to events that have real or imagined implications for others' judgments of the individual. Thus, these motives and emotions do not operate to maintain certain states of the self, as some have suggested, but rather to facilitate people's social interactions and relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Leary
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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81
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82
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Pelham BW, Koole SL, Hardin CD, Hetts JJ, Seah E, DeHart T. Gender moderates the relation between implicit and explicit self-esteem. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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