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JONAS EVA, KAUFFELD SIMONE, SULLIVAN DANIEL, FRITSCHE IMMO. Dedicate Your Life to the Company! A Terror Management Perspective on Organizations. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wakslak CJ, Jost JT, Bauer P. Spreading Rationalization: Increased Support for Large-Scale and Small-Scale Social Systems Following System Threat. SOCIAL COGNITION 2011. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2011.29.3.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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53
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Wakimoto R. Reconstruction of the subjective temporal distance of past interpersonal experiences after mortality salience. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2011; 37:687-700. [PMID: 21357753 DOI: 10.1177/0146167211400422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present article examines the effect of mortality salience on the subjective temporal distance of past experiences with close friends. Since mortality salience motivates relational strivings, it should also affect the perception of past interpersonal experiences that influence the anticipation of future closeness and continuity of the friendship. Three studies were conducted with a total of 428 Japanese college students. Study 1 revealed that a smaller temporal distance of an experience of positive conduct from a friend was associated with greater satisfaction with the friendship. Study 2 found that the temporal distance of such an experience was perceived as smaller in the mortality salience than in the control condition. Study 3 found equivalent results with respect to the temporal distance of the participants' positive conduct toward a close friend. These results suggest that people cope with existential concerns through reconstructing autobiographical memories in the interpersonal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Wakimoto
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters,Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Xu H, Brucks ML. Are Neurotics Really More Creative? Neuroticism's Interaction With Mortality Salience in Determining Creative Interest. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2010.539962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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55
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Quirin M, Loktyushin A, Arndt J, Küstermann E, Lo YY, Kuhl J, Eggert L. Existential neuroscience: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of neural responses to reminders of one's mortality. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011; 7:193-8. [PMID: 21266462 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable body of evidence derived from terror management theory indicates that the awareness of mortality represents a potent psychological threat engendering various forms of psychological defense. However, extant research has yet to examine the neurological correlates of cognitions about one's inevitable death. The present study thus investigated in 17 male participants patterns of neural activation elicited by mortality threat. To induce mortality threat, participants answered questions arranged in trial blocks that referred to fear of death and dying. In the control condition participants answered questions about fear of dental pain. Neural responses to mortality threat were greater than to pain threat in right amygdala, left rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and right caudate nucleus. We discuss implications of these findings for stimulating further research into the neurological correlates of managing existential fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Quirin
- Department of Psychology, Universität Osnabrück, Seminarstrasse 20, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Kashima ES. Culture and Terror Management: What is “Culture” in Cultural Psychology and Terror Management Theory? SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Burke BL, Martens A, Faucher EH. Two decades of terror management theory: a meta-analysis of mortality salience research. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2010; 14:155-95. [PMID: 20097885 DOI: 10.1177/1088868309352321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted on empirical trials investigating the mortality salience (MS) hypothesis of terror management theory (TMT). TMT postulates that investment in cultural worldviews and self-esteem serves to buffer the potential for death anxiety; the MS hypothesis states that, as a consequence, accessibility of death-related thought (MS) should instigate increased worldview and self-esteem defense and striving. Overall, 164 articles with 277 experiments were included. MS yielded moderate effects (r = .35) on a range of worldview- and self-esteem-related dependent variables (DVs), with effects increased for experiments using (a) American participants, (b) college students, (c) a longer delay between MS and the DV, and (d) people-related attitudes as the DV. Gender and self-esteem may moderate MS effects differently than previously thought. Results are compared to other reviews and examined with regard to alternative explanations of TMT. Finally, suggestions for future research are offered.
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When the death makes you smoke: A terror management perspective on the effectiveness of cigarette on-pack warnings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lam SR, Rios Morrison K, Smeesters D. Gender, Intimacy, and Risky Sex: A Terror Management Account. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2009; 35:1046-56. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167209336607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three studies tested whether mortality salience would lead men to be more sexually risky than women. In Study 1, men reported greater intentions to engage in risky sexual behaviors than did women after a mortality prime, but not after a control prime. In Study 2, men desired more future sexual partners and had a lower need for intimacy than did women, but again, only when mortality was salient. Furthermore, need for romantic intimacy mediated the relationship between mortality salience, gender, and desired number of future partners. Using a behavioral rather than a self-reported dependent measure, Study 3 showed that men primed with mortality were less likely than women to select a package of condoms (versus a pen) as a free gift after the experiment. Implications for gender differences in responses to mortality salience, as well as for how to design effective safe-sex interventions, are discussed.
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Allison ST, Eylon D, Beggan JK, Bachelder J. The demise of leadership: Positivity and negativity biases in evaluations of dead leaders. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jost JT, Federico CM, Napier JL. Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities. Annu Rev Psychol 2009; 60:307-37. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1019] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Jost
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003; ,
| | - Christopher M. Federico
- Departments of Psychology and Political Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455;
| | - Jaime L. Napier
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003; ,
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Gailliot MT, Stillman TF, Schmeichel BJ, Maner JK, Plant EA. Mortality salience increases adherence to salient norms and values. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2008; 34:993-1003. [PMID: 18550864 DOI: 10.1177/0146167208316791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Four studies indicate that mortality salience increases adherence to social norms and values, but only when cultural norms and values are salient. In Study 1, mortality salience coupled with a reminder about cultural values of egalitarianism reduced prejudice toward Blacks among non-Black participants. In Studies 2 through 4, a mortality salience induction (e.g., walking through a cemetery) increased self-reported and actual helping behavior only when the cultural value of helping was salient. These results suggest that people may adhere to norms and values so as to manage awareness of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Gailliot
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Abstract
AbstractThe model of addiction proposed by Redish et al. shows a lack of fit with recent data and models in psychological studies of addiction. In these dual process models, relatively automatic appetitive processes are distinguished from explicit goal-directed expectancies and motives, whereas these are all grouped together in the planning system in the Redish et al. model. Implications are discussed.
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Understanding the Impact of Mortality-Related Health-Risk Information: A Terror Management Theory Perspective. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2008; 34:951-64. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167208316790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Four studies explored the effects of providing mortality-related health-risk information from a terror management theory perspective. Study 1 (N = 48) revealed that exposure to information about the mortality-related risks of driving made mortality salient for young male drivers. Studies 2 (N = 60) and 3 (N = 139) demonstrated that young male drivers who perceived driving (fast) to be beneficial for self-esteem reported higher intentions to take driving risks (Study 2) and drive fast (Study 3) after exposure to such information compared to controls. Study 3 further demonstrated that the inclusion of a prime to behave responsibly eliminated this effect. Study 4 (N = 92) revealed that exposure to this prime alongside the mortality-related information generated increased accessibility of responsibility-related constructs and reduced accessibility of mortality-related constructs among young male drivers. The implications of these findings for terror management theory are discussed.
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Arndt J, Vess M. Tales from Existential Oceans: Terror Management Theory and How the Awareness of Our Mortality Affects Us All. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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66
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Norenzayan A, Dar-Nimrod I, Hansen IG, Proulx T. Mortality salience and religion: divergent effects on the defense of cultural worldviews for the religious and the non-religious. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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67
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Maguen S, Papa A, Litz BT. Coping with the threat of terrorism: A review. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2007; 21:15-35. [DOI: 10.1080/10615800701652777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shira Maguen
- a San Francisco VA Medical Center , University of California at San Francisco , CA, USA
| | - Anthony Papa
- b VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston University School of Medicine , MA, USA
| | - Brett T. Litz
- b VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston University School of Medicine , MA, USA
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68
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Guimond S. Psychological Similarities and Differences between Women and Men across Cultures. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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70
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Landau MJ, Solomon S, Pyszczynski T, Greenberg J. On the Compatibility of Terror Management Theory and Perspectives on Human Evolution. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/147470490700500303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Terror management theory (TMT) posits that the uniquely human awareness of death gives rise to a potential for debilitating terror, which is averted by the construction and maintenance of cultural worldviews. Over 300 studies have supported hypotheses derived from TMT. In a recent critique of TMT, Navarrete and Fessler (2005) argued that TMT is inconsistent with contemporary evolutionary biology and that the evidence supporting TMT can be better accounted for by an alternative “coalitional psychology” (CP), which posits a domain general mechanism whereby a wide range of adaptive threats activate an even wider range of judgments and behaviors all directed toward sustaining unspecified coalitions. In this paper, we argue that: a) Navarrete and Fessler do not adequately present either TMT or the empirical evidence in support of it; b) TMT is in no way inconsistent with modern evolutionary biology; and c) CP is not theoretically plausible and cannot provide a convincing empirical account of evidence supporting TMT. The broader goal of this paper is to encourage evolutionary theorists to move beyond overly simplistic alternatives that target superficial portrayals of TMT and the evidence supporting it, and contribute to a more useful integration of TMT and its findings with evolutionary thinking about culture and human social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Landau
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Sheldon Solomon
- Department of Psychology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Tom Pyszczynski
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, CO, 80919, USA
| | - Jeff Greenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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71
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Cozzolino PJ. Death Contemplation, Growth, and Defense: Converging Evidence of Dual-Existential Systems? PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10478400701366944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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72
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Pyszczynski T, Greenberg J, Solomon S, Maxfield M. On the Unique Psychological Import of the Human Awareness of Mortality: Theme and Variations. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10478400701369542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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73
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Geary DC. Sex differences in social behavior and cognition: utility of sexual selection for hypothesis generation. Horm Behav 2006; 49:273-5. [PMID: 16137691 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C Geary
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri at Columbia, 65211-2500, USA.
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Gailliot MT, Schmeichel BJ, Baumeister RF. Self-regulatory processes defend against the threat of death: Effects of self-control depletion and trait self-control on thoughts and fears of dying. J Pers Soc Psychol 2006; 91:49-62. [PMID: 16834479 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nine studies (N = 979) demonstrated that managing the threat of death requires self-regulation. Both trait and state self-control ability moderated the degree to which people experienced death-related thought and anxiety. Participants high (vs. low) in self-control generated fewer death-related thoughts after being primed with death, reported less death anxiety, were less likely to perceive death-related themes in ambiguous scenes, and reacted with less worldview defense when mortality was made salient. Further, coping with thoughts of death led to self-regulatory fatigue. After writing about death versus a control topic, participants performed worse on several measures of self-regulation that were irrelevant to death. These results suggest that self-regulation is a key intrapsychic mechanism for alleviating troublesome thoughts and feelings about mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Gailliot
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA.
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Landau MJ, Greenberg J, Solomon S, Pyszczynski T, Martens A. Windows into nothingness: Terror management, meaninglessness, and negative reactions to modern art. J Pers Soc Psychol 2006; 90:879-92. [PMID: 16784340 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Why do people dislike art that they find meaningless? According to terror management theory, maintaining a basic meaningful view of reality is a key prerequisite for managing concerns about mortality. Therefore, mortality salience should decrease liking for apparently meaningless art, particularly among those predisposed to unambiguous knowledge. Accordingly, mortality salience diminished affection for modern art in Study 1, and this effect was shown in Study 2 to be specific to individuals with a high personal need for structure (PNS). In Studies 3 and 4, mortality salient high-PNS participants disliked modern art unless it was imbued with meaning, either by means of a title or a personal frame of reference induction. Discussion focused on the roles of meaninglessness, PNS, and art in terror management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Landau
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, USA.
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Friedman RS, Arndt J. Reexploring the connection between terror management theory and dissonance theory. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2005; 31:1217-25. [PMID: 16055641 DOI: 10.1177/0146167204274077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Building upon suggestive earlier findings, the present study sought to test more informatively the notion that reminders of mortality can intensify efforts at dissonance reduction. Toward this end, an induced-compliance experiment was conducted in which participants were given high versus low choice to write a counterattitudinal statement regarding a boring topic under conditions of either mortality salience (MS) or uncertainty salience (control). It was predicted that although dissonance reduction (via attitude change) would be provoked in the control group, MS would significantly exacerbate this effect. These predictions were borne out empirically. The findings, obtained using the historically preeminent paradigm for assessing dissonance reduction, provide firm support for the notion that MS amplifies concerns with cognitive consistency.
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77
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The worm at the core: A terror management perspective on the roots of psychological dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appsy.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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78
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Wisman A, Goldenberg JL. From the Grave to the Cradle: Evidence That Mortality Salience Engenders a Desire for Offspring. J Pers Soc Psychol 2005; 89:46-61. [PMID: 16060742 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of terror management theory, the authors hypothesized that reminders of mortality (mortality salience) should promote the desire for offspring to the extent that it does not conflict with other self-relevant worldviews that also serve to manage existential concerns. In 3 studies, men, but not women, desired more children after mortality salience compared with various control conditions. In support of the authors' hypothesis that women's desire for offspring was inhibited as a function of concerns about career success, Study 3 showed that career strivings moderated the effect of mortality salience on a desire for offspring for female participants only; furthermore, Study 4 revealed that when the compatibility of having children and a career was made salient, female participants responded to mortality salience with an increased number of desired children. Taken together, the findings suggest that a desire for offspring can function as a terror management defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Wisman
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Abstract. This research investigates mortality salience (MS) and national pride in Germany, a country in which, for historical reasons, attitudes toward the nation are negatively valued. Within this cultural context, utilizing national pride as a coping strategy for dealing with MS may require well-developed self-regulatory abilities: It was hypothesized that the typical increment in national pride after induced MS would be confined to action-oriented individuals, who are able to self-regulate after exposure to threatening information. Two studies with German participants showed that they negatively evaluated national pride. Consistent with expectations, action-oriented participants in the MS condition revalued this symbol and also gave higher attractiveness ratings to attributes related to their own culture. Results remained unchanged after controlling for participants' self-esteem. The combined role of self-regulation and culture in terror management is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Kazén
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nicola Baumann
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Julius Kuhl
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Osnabrück, Germany
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Arndt J, Lieberman JD, Cook A, Solomon S. Terror Management in the Courtroom: Exploring the Effects of Mortality Salience on Legal Decision Making. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1037/1076-8971.11.3.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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81
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Gurstelle EB, Heinzen TE, Makarec K, De Oliveira JL, Holle C, Campbell EM. Helping Students in Introductory Psychology Process Terrorist Attacks. PSYCHOLOGY LEARNING AND TEACHING-PLAT 2004. [DOI: 10.2304/plat.2003.3.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Terrorist attacks, such as the one that occurred on September 11, 2001 in the US, create an opportunity for psychology faculty to explore with students both the psychological aftermaths of a disaster and the psychological factors associated with terrorism. This article briefly reviews the literature on previous campus response to war and tragedy and then presents ways to integrate illustrations from the psychology of terrorism and victim response with the standard introductory psychology curriculum, as well as some advanced courses, as a method of helping students (and educators) to progressively process a terrorist attack. In practice, we took topics found in introductory psychology textbooks and developed ways to embed discussion, teach psychological principles, understand terrorism and promote healing while moving forward with and maintaining the integrity of the curriculum.
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82
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Abstract
A worldview (or “world view”) is a set of assumptions about physical and social reality that may have powerful effects on cognition and behavior. Lacking a comprehensive model or formal theory up to now, the construct has been underused. This article advances theory by addressing these gaps. Worldview is defined. Major approaches to worldview are critically reviewed. Lines of evidence are described regarding worldview as a justifiable construct in psychology. Worldviews are distinguished from schemas. A collated model of a worldview's component dimensions is described. An integrated theory of worldview function is outlined, relating worldview to personality traits, motivation, affect, cognition, behavior, and culture. A worldview research agenda is outlined for personality and social psychology (including positive and peace psychology).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Koltko-Rivera
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University
- Research Department, Professional Services Group, Inc., Winter Park, Florida
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83
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Greenberg J, Martens A, Jonas E, Eisenstadt D, Pyszczynski T, Solomon S. Psychological defense in anticipation of anxiety: eliminating the potential for anxiety eliminates the effect of mortality salience on worldview defense. Psychol Sci 2003; 14:516-9. [PMID: 12930486 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.03454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of research has shown that when people are reminded of their mortality, their defense of their cultural worldview intensifies. Although some psychological defenses seem to be instigated by negative affective responses to threat, mortality salience does not appear to arouse such affect. Terror management theory posits that the potential to experience anxiety, rather than the actual experience of anxiety, underlies these effects of mortality salience. If this is correct, then mortality-salience effects should be reduced when participants believe they are not capable of reacting to the reminder of mortality with anxiety. In a test of this hypothesis, participants consumed a placebo purported to either block anxiety or enhance memory. Then we manipulated mortality salience, and participants evaluated pro- and anti-American essays as a measure of worldview defense. Although mortality salience intensified worldview defense in the memory-enhancer condition, this effect was completely eliminated in the anxiety-blocker condition. The results suggest that some psychological defenses serve to avert the experience of anxiety rather than to ameliorate actually experienced anxiety.
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