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O'Keefe DS, Su SL, Bacich DJ, Horiguchi Y, Luo Y, Powell CT, Zandvliet D, Russell PJ, Molloy PL, Nowak NJ, Shows TB, Mullins C, Vonder Haar RA, Fair WR, Heston WD. Mapping, genomic organization and promoter analysis of the human prostate-specific membrane antigen gene. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1443:113-27. [PMID: 9838072 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a 100 kDa type II transmembrane protein with folate hydrolase and NAALAdase activity. PSMA is highly expressed in prostate cancer and the vasculature of most solid tumors, and is currently the target of a number of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. PSMA is also expressed in the brain, and is involved in conversion of the major neurotransmitter NAAG (N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamate) to NAA and free glutamate, the levels of which are disrupted in several neurological disorders including multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. To facilitate analysis of the role of PSMA in carcinoma we have determined the structural organization of the gene. The gene consists of 19 exons spanning approximately 60 kb of genomic DNA. A 1244 nt portion of the 5' region of the PSMA gene was able to drive the firefly luciferase reporter gene in prostate but not breast-derived cell lines. We have mapped the gene encoding PSMA to 11p11-p12, however a gene homologous, but not identical, to PSMA exists on chromosome 11q14. Analysis of sequence differences between non-coding regions of the two genes suggests duplication and divergence occurred 22 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S O'Keefe
- Urologic Oncology Research Laboratory, Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Division, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Box 334, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA
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52
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Halsted CH, Ling EH, Luthi-Carter R, Villanueva JA, Gardner JM, Coyle JT. Folylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase from pig jejunum. Molecular characterization and relation to glutamate carboxypeptidase II. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:20417-24. [PMID: 9685395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.32.20417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Jejunal folylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase hydrolyzes dietary folates prior to their intestinal absorption. The complete folylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase cDNA was isolated from a pig jejunal cDNA library using an amplified homologous probe incorporating primer sequences from prostate-specific membrane antigen, a protein capable of folate hydrolysis. The cDNA encodes a 751-amino acid polypeptide homologous to prostate-specific membrane antigen and rat brain N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase. PC3 transfectant membranes exhibited activities of folylpoly-gamma-carboxypeptidase and N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase, while immunoblots using monoclonal antibody to native folylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase identified a glycoprotein at 120 kDa and a polypeptide at 84 kDa. The kinetics of native folylpoly-gamma-carboxypeptidase were expressed in membranes of PC3 cells transfected with either pig folylpoly-gamma-carboxypeptidase or human prostate-specific membrane antigen. Folylpoly-gamma-carboxypeptidase transcripts were identified at 2.8 kilobase pairs in human and pig jejunum, human and rat brain, and human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Thus, pig folylpoly-gamma-carboxypeptidase, rat N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase, and human prostate-specific membrane antigen appear to represent varied expressions of the same gene in different species and tissues. The discovery of the jejunal folylpoly-gamma-carboxypeptidase gene provides a framework for future studies on relationships among these proteins and on the molecular regulation of intestinal folate absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Halsted
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Maraj
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, UK
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54
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Luthi-Carter R, Berger UV, Barczak AK, Enna M, Coyle JT. Isolation and expression of a rat brain cDNA encoding glutamate carboxypeptidase II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:3215-20. [PMID: 9501243 PMCID: PMC19722 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.6.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) hydrolyzes acidic peptides, such as the abundant neuropeptide N-acetyl-alpha-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate (NAAG), thereby generating glutamate. Previous cDNA cloning efforts have identified a candidate rat brain NAALADase partial cDNA, and Northern analyses have identified a family of related RNA species that are found only in brain and other NAALADase-expressing cells. In this report, we describe the cloning of a set of rat brain cDNAs that describe a full-length NAALADase mRNA. Transient transfection of a full-length cDNA into the PC3 cell line confers NAAG-hydrolyzing activity that is sensitive to the NAALADase inhibitors quisqualic acid and 2-(phosphonomethyl)glutaric acid. Northern hybridization detects the expression of three similar brain RNAs approximately 3,900, 3,000, and 2,800 nucleotides in length. In situ hybridization histochemistry shows that NAALADase-related mRNAs have an uneven regional distribution in rat brain and are expressed predominantly by astrocytes as demonstrated by their colocalization with the astrocyte-specific marker glial fibrillary acidic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Luthi-Carter
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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55
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Shneider BL, Thevananther S, Moyer MS, Walters HC, Rinaldo P, Devarajan P, Sun AQ, Dawson PA, Ananthanarayanan M. Cloning and characterization of a novel peptidase from rat and human ileum. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:31006-15. [PMID: 9388249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.49.31006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel 100-kDa ileal brush border membrane protein (I100) has been purified by anionic glycocholate affinity chromatography. Polyclonal antibodies raised against this protein were utilized to clone and characterize I100 in rats. A partial length human I100 cDNA was identified by hybridization screening. In the rat, the I100 protein is a 746-amino acid glycosylated (calculated core molecular mass of 80 kDa) type II integral membrane protein found on the apical surface of ileal villus enterocytes. Its 2.6-kilobase mRNA is expressed in distal small intestine in rats and in humans. The I100 cDNA is homologous to but distinct from human prostate-specific membrane antigen and rat brain N-acetylaspartylglutamate peptidase. It is expressed on both the basolateral and apical surfaces of stably transfected Madin Darby canine kidney cells. Analysis of these stably transfected Madin Darby canine kidney cells and I100 immunoprecipitates of rat ileal brush border membrane vesicles reveals that it has dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity. Future invesitgations will need to determine the exact substrate specificity of this novel peptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Shneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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56
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Gomella LG, Raj GV, Moreno JG. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction for Prostate Specific Antigen in the Management of Prostate Cancer. J Urol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)64472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard G. Gomella
- Department of Urology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ganesh V. Raj
- Department of Urology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jose G. Moreno
- Department of Urology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In an effort to discover new prostate-specific antigens (PSAs) to enhance our understanding of the functions and behavior of the prostate and the complex processes involved in prostate tumor progression, the structure and function of the PSM antigen has been elucidated. METHODS The PSM antigen was recognized using the 7E11-C5.3 monoclonal antibody, generated against the LNCaP human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line. The PSM cDNA was isolated by PCR, using tryptic peptides of immunoprecipitated PSM to design degenerate primers. RESULTS The prostate specific membrane antigen (PSM) is a 100 KD glycoprotein which appears to be a type II integral membrane protein. The protein and cDNA have been extensively characterized and the findings reviewed in the report. CONCLUSIONS PSM, a new prostate antigen is valuable as a marker for hematogenous micro-metastatic tumor dissemination as detected in RT-PCR assays of peripheral blood. PSM has many properties that may be potentially useful as a molecular target in monoclonal antibody directed strategies of tumor imaging and therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- DNA, Complementary
- Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II
- Humans
- Male
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Fair
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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58
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Rawlings ND, Barrett AJ. Structure of membrane glutamate carboxypeptidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1339:247-52. [PMID: 9187245 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(97)00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane glutamate carboxypeptidase (mGCP) hydrolyses pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamates, methotrexate tri-gamma-glutamate and N-acetyl-aspartyl-alpha-glutamate. The enzyme is thought to be required for intestinal uptake of folate, for the resistance of some tumours to methotrexate, and for the metabolism of N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate, an abundant neuropeptide. It has recently been reported that mGCP is a protein also known as prostate-specific membrane antigen, homologous with transferrin receptor. This allows us to predict the domain structure of mGCP. Moreover, we have been able to assign the catalytic domain of mGCP to peptidase family M28, which contains cocatalytic zinc metallopeptidases. On the basis of the known structure of an aminopeptidase in family M28, we predict that Asp377, Asp387, Glu425, Asp453 and His553 are ligands of two atoms of zinc bound in the catalytic site of mGCP, and suggest that the aminopeptidases of Vibrio and Streptomyces can serve as valuable models in the design of inhibitors for this medically important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Rawlings
- Department of Immunology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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59
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Israeli RS, Grob M, Fair WR. Prostate-specific membrane antigen and other prostatic tumor markers on the horizon. Urol Clin North Am 1997; 24:439-50. [PMID: 9126242 DOI: 10.1016/s0094-0143(05)70391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The PSM antigen is an exciting new molecule with many potentially valuable applications. Further research with PSM may help us to elucidate the complex process of prostatic neoplasia better. Current avenues of research with PSM include the generation of new and improved monoclonal antibodies targeting different portions of PSM and PSM', which may improve the results of imaging and targeting prostate cancer. Gene therapy using the PSM promoter to drive prostate-specific expression of various cytokines and other factors is another exciting potential application deserving of attention, and refinement of serum PSM assays may greatly add to the present array of diagnostic modalities offered to patients with suspected prostate cancer. Thus, PSM is a potentially valuable addition to our armamentarium of prostate markers. Additionally, a host of other potential markers to increase our understanding of the complex biology of the normal and malignant prostate are on the horizon. Just how far away that horizon is awaits further basic and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Israeli
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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60
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Su SL, Heston WD, Perrotti M, Cookson MS, Stroumbakis N, Huyrk R, Edwards E, Brander B, Coke J, Soloway S, Lewis A, Fair WR, Perroti M. Evaluating neoadjuvant therapy effectiveness on systemic disease: use of a prostatic-specific membrane reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Urology 1997; 49:95-101. [PMID: 9123743 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(97)00175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An on-going study at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center assessed the effectiveness of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) prior to surgical removal of the prostate. In this report, we evaluate the effectiveness of ADT on systemic disease by monitoring the presence or absence of circulating prostatic epithelial cells using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for prostatic-specific membrane antigen (PSM). METHODS PSM RT-PCR was performed on a total of 38 prostate cancer patients. There were 12 pT2 patients in the ADT group and 10 patients in the control pT2 group and 5 pT3 patients in the ADT group and 11 pT3 patients in the control group. RESULTS For pT2 patients, 2 of the 12 patients (17%) were positive for circulating prostatic cells during androgen deprivation therapy but before radical retroprostatectomy (RRP). Within a 6-month period after RRP, 3 of 12 patients (25%) were positive. For the period between the 7th and 12th month after RRP, 6 of 12 patients (50%) were positive. For the period 12-36 months after RRP, 2 of the 12 patients (17%) remained positive for circulating prostatic cells. In contrast, the pT2 control group had higher positive rates in comparable periods: 4 of 10 patients (40%) were positive prior to surgery; 6 of 10 patients (60%) were positive during the 6 months following surgery. For the period between the 7th and 12th month following surgery, 4 of 7 patients (57%) were positive for PSM. Finally, 3 of 6 patients (50%) were positive for the period longer than 12 months. Regarding patients who have extraprostatic disease (stage pT3), the ADT group had a lower rate of circulating PSM positive cells. Before RRP and during androgen deprivation therapy, 1 out of 5 patients (20%) in the ADT group were positive as compared to 4 out of 11 patients for the control group. Within a 6-month period after RRP, the ADT group had 4 out of 9 (44%) patients positive for PSM as compared to 9 of 11 (82%) for the control group. For the period between the 7th and 12th months postsurgery, 1 of 5 patients (20%) of the ADT group were positive as compared to 4 of 7 (57%) of the control patients. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that patients with pT2 and pT3 lesions who receive neoadjuvant ADT are less likely to have circulating tumor cells detected compared to a control group both prior to and after surgery. In addition, irrespective of ADT or control group, there were increases in the detection of circulating tumor cells in the period after RRP, and this rise gradually decreased, suggesting that surgical manipulation may cause hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells and that ADT reduces such dissemination of tumor cells. Overall, these results indicate that the use of neoadjuvant ADT decreases the number of circulating prostatic cells. These data represent the initial results of an on-going study. As additional patients are added to the studies, attempts to correlate PSM positivity and serum PSA values postoperatively, recurrence, and margin positivity will be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Su
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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