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The Effect of Carbohydrate Ingestion Following Eccentric Resistance Exercise on AKT/mTOR and ERK Pathways: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:664-670. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the acute effects of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion following a bout of maximal eccentric resistance exercise on key anabolic kinases of mammalian target of rapamycin and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. The authors’ hypothesis was that the activation of anabolic signaling pathways known to be upregulated by resistance exercise would be further stimulated by the physiological hyperinsulinemia resulting from CHO supplementation. Methods: Ten resistance-trained men were randomized in a crossover, double-blind, placebo (PLA)-controlled manner to ingest either a noncaloric PLA or 3 g/kg of CHO beverage throughout recovery from resistance exercise. Muscle biopsies were collected at rest, immediately after a single bout of intense lower body resistance exercise, and after 3 hr of recovery. Results: CHO ingestion elevated plasma glucose and insulin concentrations throughout recovery compared with PLA ingestion. The ERK pathway (phosphorylation of ERK1/2 [Thr202/Tyr204], RSK [Ser380], and p70S6K [Thr421/Ser424]) was markedly activated immediately after resistance exercise, without any effect of CHO supplementation. The phosphorylation state of AKT (Thr308) was unchanged postexercise in the PLA trial and increased at 3 hr of recovery above resting with ingestion of CHO compared with PLA. Despite stimulating-marked phosphorylation of AKT, CHO ingestion did not enhance resistance exercise–induced phosphorylation of p70S6K (Thr389) and rpS6 (Ser235/236 and Ser240/244). Conclusion: CHO supplementation after resistance exercise and hyperinsulinemia does not influence the ERK pathway nor the mTORC1 target p70S6K and its downstream proteins, despite the increased AKT phosphorylation.
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Yadav S, Bhagat SD, Gupta A, Samaiya A, Srivastava A, Shukla S. Dietary-phytochemical mediated reversion of cancer-specific splicing inhibits Warburg effect in head and neck cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1031. [PMID: 31675998 PMCID: PMC6823945 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deregulated alternative splicing of key glycolytic enzyme, Pyruvate Kinase muscle isoenzyme (PKM) is implicated in metabolic adaptation of cancer cells. The splicing switch from normal PKM1 to cancer-specific PKM2 isoform allows the cancer cells to meet their energy and biosynthetic demands, thereby facilitating the cancer cells growth. We have investigated the largely unexplored epigenetic mechanism of PKM splicing switch in head and neck cancer (HNC) cells. Considering the reversible nature of epigenetic marks, we have also examined the utility of dietary-phytochemical in reverting the splicing switch from PKM2 to PKM1 isoform and thereby inhibition of HNC tumorigenesis. METHODS We present HNC-patients samples, showing the splicing-switch from PKM1-isoform to PKM2-isoform analyzed via immunoblotting and qRT-PCR. We performed methylated-DNA-immunoprecipitation to examine the DNA methylation level and chromatin-immunoprecipitation to assess the BORIS (Brother of Regulator of Imprinted Sites) recruitment and polII enrichment. The effect of dietary-phytochemical on the activity of denovo-DNA-methyltransferase-3b (DNMT3B) was detected by DNA-methyltransferase-activity assay. We also analyzed the Warburg effect and growth inhibition using lactate, glucose uptake assay, invasion assay, cell proliferation, and apoptosis assay. The global change in transcriptome upon dietary-phytochemical treatment was assayed using Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 (HTA2.0). RESULTS Here, we report the role of DNA-methylation mediated recruitment of the BORIS at exon-10 of PKM-gene regulating the alternative-splicing to generate the PKM2-splice-isoform in HNC. Notably, the reversal of Warburg effect was achieved by employing a dietary-phytochemical, which inhibits the DNMT3B, resulting in the reduced DNA-methylation at exon-10 and hence, PKM-splicing switch from cancer-specific PKM2 to normal PKM1. Global-transcriptome-analysis of dietary-phytochemical-treated cells revealed its effect on alternative splicing of various genes involved in HNC. CONCLUSION This study identifies the epigenetic mechanism of PKM-splicing switch in HNC and reports the role of dietary-phytochemical in reverting the splicing switch from cancer-specific PKM2 to normal PKM1-isoform and hence the reduced Warburg effect and growth inhibition of HNC. We envisage that this approach can provide an effective way to modulate cancer-specific-splicing and thereby aid in the treatment of HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Yadav
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Somnath D Bhagat
- Dept of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Amit Gupta
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Atul Samaiya
- Bansal Hospital, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462016, India
| | - Aasheesh Srivastava
- Dept of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India.
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Kearney AL, Cooke KC, Norris DM, Zadoorian A, Krycer JR, Fazakerley DJ, Burchfield JG, James DE. Serine 474 phosphorylation is essential for maximal Akt2 kinase activity in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16729-16739. [PMID: 31548312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ser/Thr protein kinase Akt regulates essential biological processes such as cell survival, growth, and metabolism. Upon growth factor stimulation, Akt is phosphorylated at Ser474; however, how this phosphorylation contributes to Akt activation remains controversial. Previous studies, which induced loss of Ser474 phosphorylation by ablating its upstream kinase mTORC2, have implicated Ser474 phosphorylation as a driver of Akt substrate specificity. Here we directly studied the role of Akt2 Ser474 phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by preventing Ser474 phosphorylation without perturbing mTORC2 activity. This was achieved by utilizing a chemical genetics approach, where ectopically expressed S474A Akt2 was engineered with a W80A mutation to confer resistance to the Akt inhibitor MK2206, and thus allow its activation independent of endogenous Akt. We found that insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of four bona fide Akt substrates (TSC2, PRAS40, FOXO1/3a, and AS160) was reduced by ∼50% in the absence of Ser474 phosphorylation. Accordingly, insulin-stimulated mTORC1 activation, protein synthesis, FOXO nuclear exclusion, GLUT4 translocation, and glucose uptake were attenuated upon loss of Ser474 phosphorylation. We propose a model where Ser474 phosphorylation is required for maximal Akt2 kinase activity in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Kearney
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Kristen C Cooke
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Dougall M Norris
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Armella Zadoorian
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - James R Krycer
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - James G Burchfield
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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PKCα is required for Akt-mTORC1 activation in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with EGFR mutation. Oncogene 2019; 38:7311-7328. [PMID: 31420605 PMCID: PMC6883150 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutational activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a major player in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC patients with constitutively active EGFR mutations (mEGFR) eventually develop drug resistance against EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs); therefore, better understandings of key components of mEGFR signaling are required. Here, we initially observed aberrantly high expression of protein kinase Cα (PKCα) in lung adenocarcinomas, especially those with mEGFR, and proceeded to examine the role of PKCα in the regulation of the signaling pathways downstream of mutant EGFR (mtEGFR). The results showed that NSCLC cell lines with constitutively active EGFR mutations tend to have very or moderately high PKCα levels. Furthermore, PKCα was constitutively activated in HCC827 and H4006 cells which have an EGFR deletion mutation in exon 19. Interestingly, mtEGFR was not required for the induction of PKCα at protein and message levels, suggesting that the increased levels of PKCα are due to independent selection. Whereas, mtEGFR activity was required for robust activation of PKCα. Loss of functions studies revealed that the NSCLC cells rely heavily on PKCα for the activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway. Unexpectedly, the results demonstrated that PKCα was required for activation of Akt upstream of mTOR but only in cells with the mtEGFR and with the increased expression of PKCα. Functionally, inhibition of PKCα in HCC827 led to caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and a significant decrease in cell survival in response to cellular stress induced by serum starvation. In summary, the results identified important roles of PKCα in regulating mTORC1 activity in lung cancer cells, whereby a primary switching occurs from PKCα-independent to PKCα-dependent signaling in the presence of mEGFR. The results present PKCα as a potential synergistic target of personalized treatment for NSCLC with constitutively active mutant forms of EGFR and constitutively active PKCα.
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Merarchi M, Jung YY, Fan L, Sethi G, Ahn KS. A Brief Overview of the Antitumoral Actions of Leelamine. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7030053. [PMID: 31330969 PMCID: PMC6783843 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last couple of decades, natural products, either applied singly or in conjunction with other cancer therapies including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, have allowed us to combat different types of human cancers through the inhibition of their initiation and progression. The principal sources of these useful compounds are isolated from plants that were described in traditional medicines for their curative potential. Leelamine, derived from the bark of pine trees, was previously reported as having a weak agonistic effect on cannabinoid receptors and limited inhibitory effects on pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs). It has been reported to possess a strong lysosomotropic property; this feature enables its assembly inside the acidic compartments within a cell, such as lysosomes, which may eventually hinder endocytosis. In this review, we briefly highlight the varied antineoplastic actions of leelamine that have found implications in pharmacological research, and the numerous intracellular targets affected by this agent that can effectively negate the oncogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Merarchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Young Yun Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Lu Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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Alowaidi F, Hashimi SM, Alqurashi N, Wood SA, Wei MQ. Cripto-1 overexpression in U87 glioblastoma cells activates MAPK, focal adhesion and ErbB pathways. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:3399-3406. [PMID: 31452820 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering the underlying signalling pathways that control cancer cells is crucial for understanding their biology and to develop therapeutic regimens. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Cripto-1 on pathways controlling glioblastoma (GBM) cell function. To this end, changes in protein phosphorylation in cells overexpressing Cripto-1 were analysed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis tool, as well as the Uniprot resource to identify the functions of Cripto-1-dependent phosphorylated proteins. This revealed that proteins affected by Cripto-1 overexpression are involved in multiple signalling pathways. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), focal adhesion (FA) and ErbB pathways were found to be enriched by Cripto-1 overexpression with 35, 27 and 24% of pathway proteins phosphorylated, respectively. These pathways control important cellular processes in cancer cells that correlate with the observed functional changes described in earlier studies. More specifically, Cripto-1 may regulate MAPK cellular proliferation and survival pathways by activating epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR; Ser1070) or fibroblast GFR1 (Tyr654). Its effect on cellular proliferation and survival could be mediated through Src (Tyr418), FA kinase (FAK; Tyr396), p130CAS (Tyr410), c-Jun (Ser63), Paxillin (PXN; Tyr118) and BCL2 (Thr69) of the FA pathway. Cripto-1 may also control cellular motility and invasion by activating Src (Tyr418), FAK (Tyr396) and PXN (Tyr118) of the FA pathway. However, Cripto-1 regulation of cellular invasion and migration might be not limited to the FA pathway, it may also control these cellular mechanisms through signalling via EGFR (Ser1070)/Her2 (Tyr877) to mediate the Src (Tyr418) and FAK (Tyr396) cascade activation of the ErbB signalling pathway. Angiogenesis could be mediated by Cripto-1 by activating c-Jun (Ser63) through EGFR (Ser1070)/Her2 (Tyr877) of the ErbB pathway. To conclude, the present study has augmented and enriched our current knowledge on the crucial roles that Cripto-1 may play in controlling different cellular mechanisms in GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Alowaidi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine and University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed M Hashimi
- Department of Basic Science, Biology Unit, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Alqurashi
- Department of Basic Science, Biology Unit, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen A Wood
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Ming Q Wei
- Division of Molecular and Gene Therapies, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Screening of Inhibitory Effects of Polyphenols on Akt-Phosphorylation in Endothelial Cells and Determination of Structure-Activity Features. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060219. [PMID: 31195734 PMCID: PMC6627700 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols exert beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, their mechanism of action remains largely unknown. Endothelial Akt-kinase plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in T2DM and therefore the modulation of its activity is of interest. This work aimed to characterize effects of structurally different polyphenols on Akt-phosphorylation (pAkt) in endothelial cells (Ea.hy926) and to describe structure-activity features. A comprehensive screening via ELISA quantified the effects of 44 polyphenols (10 µM) on pAkt Ser473. The most pronounced inhibitors were luteolin (44 ± 18%), quercetin (36 ± 8%), urolithin A (35 ± 12%), apigenin, fisetin, and resveratrol; (p < 0.01). The results were confirmed by Western blotting and complemented with corresponding experiments in HUVEC cells. A strong positive and statistically significant correlation between the mean inhibitory effects of the tested polyphenols on both Akt-residues Ser473 and Thr308 (r = 0.9478, p = 0.0003) was determined by immunoblotting. Interestingly, the structural characteristics favoring pAkt inhibition partially differed from structural features enhancing the compounds’ antioxidant activity. The present study is the first to quantitatively compare the influence of polyphenols from nine different structural subclasses on pAkt in endothelial cells. These effects might be advantageous in certain T2DM-complications involving over-activation of the Akt-pathway. The suggested molecular mode of action of polyphenols involving Akt-inhibition contributes to understanding their effects on the cellular level.
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Ahmad B, Khan S, Nabi G, Gamallat Y, Su P, Jamalat Y, Duan P, Yao L. Natural gypenosides: targeting cancer through different molecular pathways. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:2287-2297. [PMID: 31114315 PMCID: PMC6497488 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s185232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The second foremost cause of mortality around the word is cancer. Conventional therapies, such as radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy have limited accessibility owing to secondary resistance. Therefore, convenient, safe, and nonresistant drugs are urgently needed. Plant-derived natural products have attracted considerable interest owing to their high efficacy, low toxicity, and convenience. Gypenosides (Gyp) inhibit invasion, migration, metastasis, and proliferation and induce apoptosis in different cancers, including oral, lung, colorectal, hepatocellular, and leukemic cancers through different molecular pathways. This review summarizes Gyp studies on cancer to serve as a reference for further research and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Ahmad
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Health Products of Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, People's Republic of China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, People's Republic of China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Health Products of Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province/Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, School of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaser Gamallat
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Su
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazeed Jamalat
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Duan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Health Products of Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province/Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, School of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Health Products of Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province/Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, School of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, People's Republic of China
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Pozo K, Zahler S, Ishimatsu K, Carter AM, Telange R, Tan C, Wang S, Pfragner R, Fujimoto J, Grubbs EG, Takahashi M, Oltmann SC, Bibb JA. Preclinical characterization of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-based targeted therapies for neuroendocrine thyroid cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37662-37675. [PMID: 30701022 PMCID: PMC6340867 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a slow growing neuroendocrine (NE) tumor for which few treatment options are available. Its incidence is rising and mortality rates have remained unchanged for decades. Increasing the repertoire of available treatments is thus crucial to manage MTC progression. Scarcity of patient samples and of relevant animal models are two challenges that have limited the development of effective non-surgical treatments. Here we use a clinically accurate mouse model of MTC to assess the effects and mode of action of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) Vandetanib, one of only two drugs currently available to treat MTC. Effects on tumor progression, histopathology, and tumorigenic signaling were evaluated. Vandetanib blocked MTC growth through an anti-angiogenic mechanism. Furthermore, Vandetanib had an apparent anti-angiogenic effect in a patient MTC sample. Vandetanib displayed minimal anti-proliferative effects in vivo and in human and mouse MTC tumor-derived cells. Based on these results, we evaluated the second-generation TKI, Nintedanib, alone and in combination with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, Romidepsin, as potential alternative treatments to Vandetanib. Nintedanib showed an anti-angiogenic effect while Romidepsin decreased proliferation. Mechanistically, TKIs attenuated RET-, VEGFR2- and PI3K/AKT/FOXO signaling cascades. Nintedanib alone or in combination with Romidepsin, but not Vandetanib, inhibited mTOR signaling suggesting Nintedanib may have broader anti-cancer applicability. These findings validate the MTC mouse model as a clinically relevant platform for preclinical drug testing and reveal the modes of action and limitations of TKI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Pozo
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Keisuke Ishimatsu
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Angela M Carter
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rahul Telange
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shuaijun Wang
- Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Roswitha Pfragner
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gardner Grubbs
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sarah C Oltmann
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James A Bibb
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Nie X, Su Z, Yan R, Yan A, Qiu S, Zhou Y. MicroRNA-562 negatively regulated c-MET/AKT pathway in the growth of glioblastoma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 12:41-49. [PMID: 30613151 PMCID: PMC6306063 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s186701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA-562 (miR-562) has been found to possess anti-cancer function in certain tumors. However, the function of miR-562 in glioblastoma (GBM) is still not fully understood. Purpose The aim at present study is to analyze the function of miR-562 and its possible target in GBM cells. Patients and methods In the present study, a total of 80 GBM samples and 16 adjacent noncancerous tissues were used to examine the expression of miR-562 and c-MET. In order to gain a deep insight into the molecular network of miR-562 and c-MET in GBM, the miR-562 mimic and inhibitor were transfected into two GBM cell lines (U251 and U87), respectively. Meanwhile, lentiviral vector was used to mediate overexpression of c-MET. Cell proliferation was examined via Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. Meanwhile, cell apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V-FTTC/PI staining assay. Results Our results indicated that the level of miR-562 was downregulated in GBM tissues and the expression of c-MET was upregulated in tumors. Cell proliferation analysis indicated that miR-562 was an anti-proliferation effector in GBM cells. Moreover, cell apoptosis analysis suggested the pro-apoptosis function of miR-562 in GBM cells. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that miR-562 negatively regulated the c-MET/AKT signal pathway. In addition, caspase-3 might also serve as another target for miR-562 in GBM cells. This research not only obtained a deep understanding of miR-562 but also provided evidence in terms of developing new prognostic biomarker for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China,
| | - Zhongzhou Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China,
| | - Renfu Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China,
| | - Ai Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China,
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China,
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China,
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Carvedilol suppresses malignant proliferation of mammary epithelial cells through inhibition of the ROS‑mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:811-818. [PMID: 30483797 PMCID: PMC6312993 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oncogenic mutations through direct interaction with DNA. Carvedilol (CAR) exhibits antioxidative activity, and pre-clinical studies have identified that CAR may prevent malignant transformation in certain carcinogenic models. This suggests that CAR may be a potential agent in cancer prevention. In the present study, non-cancerous MCF-10A cells were used as a model to investigate the chemopreventive effect of CAR on benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-induced cellular carcinogenesis. It was identified that CAR had the ability to eliminate BaP-induced ROS production and subsequent DNA damage. CAR/BaP activated the ROS-mediated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)Thr308 signaling pathway, whereas the effectors of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and p53Ser15, served important functions in the BaP/CAR-mediated MCF10A cellular transformation. The results of the present study indicated that CAR may be a novel chemopreventive agent, notably in the prevention of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. The antioxidant effects of CAR may contribute to its chemopreventive activity.
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Dong S, Pang X, Sun H, Yuan C, Mu C, Zheng S. TRIM37 targets AKT in the growth of lung cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:7935-7945. [PMID: 30510432 PMCID: PMC6231437 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s183303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TRIM37 is an ubiquitin E3 ligase. Growing evidence has demonstrated the high value of TRIM37 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of certain cancers. However, the biological function of TRIM37 in lung cancer is still unknown. Materials and methods In order to gain a deep insight into the function of TRIM37 in lung cancer cells, in the present study lentiviral vector was used to mediate RNA interference and overexpression of TRIM37 in lung cancer cells (H292, H358, and H1299). In addition, a specific AKT inhibitor LY294002 was utilized to examine the correlation between the expression of TRIM37 and AKT. Results TRIM37 acts as a positive regulator of cell proliferation in lung cancer cells. Moreover, cell apoptosis analyses showed the antiapoptosis function of TRIM37, which was mainly dependent on the regulation of BCL2 and BAX. Our results also indicated that AKT might be a target of TRIM37 in lung cancer cells. Conclusion This research not only helps in understanding the molecular mechanisms of TRIM37 in detail but also provides evidence to develop novel biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunluan Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyong Mu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shiying Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, People's Republic of China,
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Yao Y, Chang X, Wang D, Ma H, Wang H, Zhang H, Li C, Wang J. Roles of ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in testes of hypothyroid rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1214-1224. [PMID: 30542605 PMCID: PMC6240896 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00122g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of the thyroid hormone (TH) could impair testicular function, but its mechanism is still rudimentary. This study aims to explore the roles of estrogen receptor (ER α, β) and G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways in apoptosis in testes of hypothyroidism rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (C), low-(L) and high-hypothyroidism (H) groups [1 mL per 100 g BW per day normal saline, 0.001% and 0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU), respectively] by intragastrical gavage for 60 days. The levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum were measured. Expressions of ERα, ERβ and GPR30, pathway related protein expressions of ERK1/2 and PI3 K/AKT and apoptosis were detected in testicular homogenates. The results showed that T3 and T4 levels were decreased, and the TSH level was increased significantly in the H group. Protein expressions of ERα, ERβ and GPR30 decreased significantly in the H group. Significantly decreased protein expressions of p-ERK1/2, p-PI3K p85, p-AKT Ser473, Ras, p-Raf-1 Ser259, p-Raf-1 Ser338 and cyclin D1 in L and H groups as well PI3K p85, p-AKT and Thr308 in the H group were observed. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the Bad protein expression in L and H groups. In addition, there was a significant increase in the expression of Bax/Bcl-2, caspase 9 and cleaved caspase 3 and a significant decrease in the total caspase 3 protein expression in the H group. These results suggested that ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways could be suppressed by hypothyroidism via inhibiting the expressions of ERs and could finally induce apoptosis in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueli Yao
- Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , 730000 , China . ; Tel: +86-931-8915010
| | - Xiaoru Chang
- Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , 730000 , China . ; Tel: +86-931-8915010
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , 730000 , China . ; Tel: +86-931-8915010
| | - Haitao Ma
- Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , 730000 , China . ; Tel: +86-931-8915010
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Gynecology , Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital , Lanzhou , 730050 , China
| | - Haojun Zhang
- Department of Hospital Infection , Gansu Provincial Hospital , Lanzhou , 730000 , China
| | - Chengyun Li
- Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , 730000 , China . ; Tel: +86-931-8915010
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , 730000 , China . ; Tel: +86-931-8915010
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Enhancing TFEB-Mediated Cellular Degradation Pathways by the mTORC1 Inhibitor Quercetin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5073420. [PMID: 30510622 PMCID: PMC6230393 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5073420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways mediated by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) play key roles in aging and age-related diseases. As a downstream protein of mTOR, transcription factor EB (TFEB) controls lysosome biogenesis and cellular trafficking, processes that are essential for the functions of phagocytic cells like the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In the current study, we show that a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, quercetin, promoted TFEB nuclear translocation and enhanced its transcriptional activity in cultured RPE cells. Activated TFEB facilitated degradation of phagocytosed photoreceptor outer segments. Quercetin is a direct inhibitor of mTOR but did not influence the activity of Akt at the tested concentration range. Our data suggest that the dietary compound quercetin can have beneficial roles in neuronal tissues by improving the functions of the TFEB-lysosome axis and enhancing the capacities of cellular degradation and self-renewal.
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65
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Suber TL, Nikolli I, O'Brien ME, Londino J, Zhao J, Chen K, Mallampalli RK, Zhao Y. FBXO17 promotes cell proliferation through activation of Akt in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Respir Res 2018; 19:206. [PMID: 30359271 PMCID: PMC6203195 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, mediated in part, by ubiquitin E3 ligases, is critical in regulating cellular processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. FBXO17 was recently identified as an F-box protein that targets glycogen synthase kinase-3β to the E3 ubiquitin ligase protein complex for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Here, we identified that in several lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, FBXO17 cellular protein was detected at relatively high levels, as was expression in a subset of lung cancers. Hence, we investigated the effects of FBXO17 on cell proliferation. METHODS Single cell RNA sequencing analysis was performed on a resection of a non-small cell lung carcinoma tumor to examine FBXO17 expression. Multiple lung cancer cell lines were immunoblotted, and The Cancer Genome Atlas was analyzed to determine if FBXO17 expression was amplified in a subset of lung cancers. A549 cells were transfected with empty vector or FBXO17-V5 plasmid and immunoblotted for Akt pathway mediators including PDK1, ERK1/2, ribosomal protein S6, and CREB. Cell proliferation and viability were analyzed by trypan blue exclusion, BrdU incorporation and an MTS-based fluorometric assay. Studies were also performed after transfecting with sifbxo17. Samples were used in an RNA microarray analysis to evaluate pathways affected by reduced FBXO17 gene expression. RESULTS We observed that overexpression of FBXO17 increased A549 cell proliferation coupled with Akt activation. Ectopically expressed FBXO17 also increased ERK1/2 kinase activation and increased phosphorylation of RPS6, a downstream target of mTOR. We also observed an increased number of cells in S-phase and increased metabolic activity of lung epithelial cells expressing FBXO17. FBXO17 knockdown reduced Akt Ser 473 phosphorylation approaching statistical significance with no effect on Thr 308. However, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, cellular metabolic activity, and overall cell numbers were reduced. When we analyzed RNA profiles of A549 cells with reduced FBXO17 expression, we observed downregulation of several genes associated with cell proliferation and metabolism. CONCLUSIONS These data support a role for FBXO17 abundance, when left unchecked, in regulating cell proliferation and survival through modulation of Akt and ERK kinase activation. The data raise a potential role for the F-box subunit in modulating tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomeka L Suber
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ina Nikolli
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Michael E O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - James Londino
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kong Chen
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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66
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A Recombinant Affinity Reagent Specific for a Phosphoepitope of Akt1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113305. [PMID: 30355958 PMCID: PMC6274716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine-protein kinase, Akt1, plays an important part in mammalian cell growth, proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, and becomes activated through phosphorylation. To monitor phosphorylation of threonine 308 in Akt1, we developed a recombinant phosphothreonine-binding domain (pTBD) that is highly selective for the Akt1 phosphopeptide. A phage-display library of variants of the Forkhead-associated 1 (FHA1) domain of yeast Rad53p was screened by affinity selection to the phosphopeptide, 301-KDGATMKpTFCGTPEY-315, and yielded 12 binding clones. The strongest binders have equilibrium dissociation constants of 160–180 nanomolar and are phosphothreonine-specific in binding. The specificity of one Akt1-pTBD was compared to commercially available polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) generated against the same phosphopeptide. The Akt1-pTBD was either equal to or better than three pAbs in detecting the Akt1 pT308 phosphopeptide in ELISAs.
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67
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Vellanki SH, Cruz RGB, Jahns H, Hudson L, Sette G, Eramo A, Hopkins AM. Natural compound Tetrocarcin-A downregulates Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A in conjunction with HER2 and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins and inhibits tumor cell growth. Cancer Lett 2018; 440-441:23-34. [PMID: 30312728 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the tight junction protein Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A (JAM-A) has been linked to aggressive disease in breast and other cancers, but JAM-targeting drugs remain elusive. Screening of a natural compound library identified the antibiotic Tetrocarcin-A as a novel downregulator of JAM-A and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) protein expression in breast cancer cells. Lysosomal inhibition partially rescued the downregulation of JAM-A and HER2 caused by Tetrocarcin-A, and attenuated its cytotoxic activity. Tetrocarcin-A treatment or JAM-A silencing reduced AKT and ERK phosphorylation, inhibited c-FOS phosphorylation at Threonine-232 (its transcriptional regulation site), inhibited nuclear localization of c-FOS, and downregulated expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP). This was accompanied by Tetrocarcin-A-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis. To begin evaluating the potential clinical relevance of our findings, we extended our studies to other models. Encouragingly, Tetrocarcin-A downregulated JAM-A expression and caused cytotoxicity in primary breast cells and lung cancer stem cells, and inhibited the growth of xenografts in a semi-in vivo model involving invasion across the chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane. Taken together, our data suggest that Tetrocarcin-A warrants future evaluation as a novel cancer therapeutic by virtue of its ability to downregulate JAM-A expression, reduce tumorigenic signaling and induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo G B Cruz
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hanne Jahns
- Pathobiology Section, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lance Hudson
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giovanni Sette
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Eramo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ann M Hopkins
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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68
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Molecular Targets Modulated by Fangchinoline in Tumor Cells and Preclinical Models. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102538. [PMID: 30301146 PMCID: PMC6222742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress made during the last few decades in the treatment options for cancer, compounds isolated from Mother Nature remain the mainstay for therapy of various malignancies. Fangchinoline, initially isolated from the dried root of Stephaniae tetrandrine, has been found to exhibit diverse pharmacological effects including significant anticancer activities both in tumor cell lines and selected preclinical models. This alkaloid appears to act by modulating the activation of various important oncogenic molecules involved in tumorigenesis leading to a significant decrease in aberrant proliferation, survival and metastasis of tumor cells. This mini-review briefly describes the potential effects of fangchinoline on important hallmarks of cancer and highlights the molecular targets modulated by this alkaloid in various tumor cell lines and preclinical models.
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69
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Kiss K, Regős E, Rada K, Firneisz G, Baghy K, Kovalszky I. Chronic Hyperglycaemia Induced Alterations of Hepatic Stellate Cells Differ from the Effect of TGFB1, and Point toward Metabolic Stress. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 26:291-299. [PMID: 30109568 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The deleterious effect of hyperglycemia on the biology of the liver is supported by clinical evidence. It can promote the development of fatty liver, liver fibrosis, even liver cancer as complication of diabetes mellitus. As liver fibrosis is the consequence of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, the questions were addressed whether alterations induced by high glucose concentration are directly related to TGFB1 effect, or other mechanisms are activated. In order to obtain information on the response of HSC for high glucose, LX-2 cells (an immortalized human HSC cell lineage) were cultured in 15.3 mM glucose containing medium for 21 days. The effect of glucose was compared to that of TGFB1. Our data revealed that chronic exposure of high glucose concentration initiated profound alteration of LX-2 cells and the effect is different from those observed upon interaction with TGFB1. Whereas TGFB1 induced the production of extracellular matrix proteins, high glucose exposure resulted in decreased MMP2 activity, retardation of type I collagen in the endoplasmic reticulum, with decreased pS6 expression, pointing to development of endoplasmic stress and sequestration of p21CIP1/WAF1 in the cytoplasm which can promote the proliferation of LX2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Kiss
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Eszter Regős
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Rada
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Gábor Firneisz
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utcA 46, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 46. Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Baghy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary.
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Campbell PS, Mavingire N, Khan S, Rowland LK, Wooten JV, Opoku-Agyeman A, Guevara A, Soto U, Cavalli F, Loaiza-Pérez AI, Nagaraj G, Denham LJ, Adeoye O, Jenkins BD, Davis MB, Schiff R, Brantley EJ. AhR ligand aminoflavone suppresses α6-integrin-Src-Akt signaling to attenuate tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:108-121. [PMID: 30076704 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
More than 40% of patients with luminal breast cancer treated with endocrine therapy agent tamoxifen demonstrate resistance. Emerging evidence suggests tumor initiating cells (TICs) and aberrant activation of Src and Akt signaling drive tamoxifen resistance and relapse. We previously demonstrated that aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand aminoflavone (AF) inhibits the expression of TIC gene α6-integrin and disrupts mammospheres derived from tamoxifen-sensitive breast cancer cells. In the current study, we hypothesize that tamoxifen-resistant (TamR) cells exhibit higher levels of α6-integrin than tamoxifen-sensitive cells and that AF inhibits the growth of TamR cells by suppressing α6-integrin-Src-Akt signaling. In support of our hypothesis, TamR cells and associated mammospheres were found to exhibit elevated α6-integrin expression compared with their tamoxifen-sensitive counterparts. Furthermore, tumor sections from patients who relapsed on tamoxifen showed enhanced α6-integrin expression. Gene expression profiling from the TCGA database further revealed that basal-like breast cancer samples, known to be largely unresponsive to tamoxifen, demonstrated higher α6-integrin levels than luminal breast cancer samples. Importantly, AF reduced TamR cell viability and disrupted TamR mammospheres while concomitantly reducing α6-integrin messenger RNA and protein levels. In addition, AF and small interfering RNA against α6-integrin blocked tamoxifen-stimulated proliferation of TamR MCF-7 cells and further sensitized these cells to tamoxifen. Moreover, AF reduced Src and Akt signaling activation in TamR MCF-7 cells. Our findings suggest elevated α6-integrin expression is associated with tamoxifen resistance and AF suppresses α6-integrin-Src-Akt signaling activation to confer activity against TamR breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petreena S Campbell
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Nicole Mavingire
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Salma Khan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Leah K Rowland
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jonathan V Wooten
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Anna Opoku-Agyeman
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Ashley Guevara
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Ubaldo Soto
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Fiorella Cavalli
- Área de Investigaciónes, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo," Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Irene Loaiza-Pérez
- Área de Investigaciónes, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo," Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gayathri Nagaraj
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Laura J Denham
- Department of Pathology, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Olayemi Adeoye
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California
| | - Brittany D Jenkins
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Melissa B Davis
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Eileen J Brantley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California
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Okazaki T, Tamai K, Shibuya R, Nakamura M, Mochizuki M, Yamaguchi K, Abe J, Takahashi S, Sato I, Kudo A, Okada Y, Satoh K. Periostin is a negative prognostic factor and promotes cancer cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31187-31199. [PMID: 30131847 PMCID: PMC6101292 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periostin is a matricellular protein that is secreted by fibroblasts and interacts with various cell-surface integrin molecules. Although periostin is known to support tumor development in human malignancies, little is known about its effect on lung-cancer progression. We here demonstrate that periostin is a negative prognostic factor that increases tumor proliferation through ERK signaling in non-small cell lung carcinoma. We classified 189 clinical specimens from patients with non-small cell lung-cancer according to high or low periostin expression, and found a better prognosis for patients with low rather than high periostin, even in cases of advanced-stage cancer. In a syngenic implantation model, murine Ex3LL lung-cancer cells formed smaller tumor nodules in periostin−/− mice than in periostin+/+ mice, both at the primary site and at metastatic lung sites. An in vitro proliferation assay showed that stimulation with recombinant periostin increased Ex3LL-cell proliferation. We also found that periostin promotes ERK phosphorylation, but not Akt or FAK activation. These findings suggest that periostin represents a potential target in lung-cancer tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Okazaki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Rie Shibuya
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Mao Nakamura
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Mai Mochizuki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Satomi Takahashi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Department of Pathology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Akira Kudo
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
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72
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Nteeba J, Ganesan S, Madden JA, Dickson MJ, Keating AF. Progressive obesity alters ovarian insulin, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, and chemical metabolism signaling pathways and potentiates ovotoxicity induced by phosphoramide mustard in mice. Biol Reprod 2018; 96:478-490. [PMID: 28203716 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.143818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying obesity-associated reproductive impairment are ill defined. Hyperinsulinemia is a metabolic perturbation often observed in obese subjects. Insulin activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, which regulates ovarian folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, and xenobiotic metabolism. The impact of progressive obesity on ovarian genes encoding mRNA involved in insulin-mediated PI3K signaling and xenobiotic biotransformation [insulin receptor (Insr), insulin receptor substrate 1 (Irs1), 2 (Irs2), and 3 (Irs3); kit ligand (Kitlg), stem cell growth factor receptor (Kit), protein kinase B (AKT) alpha (Akt1), beta (Akt2), forkhead transcription factor (FOXO) subfamily 1 (Foxo1), and subfamily 3 (Foxo3a), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (Ephx1), cytochrome P450 family 2, subfamily E, polypeptide 1 (Cyp2e1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) class Pi (Gstp1) and class mu 1 (Gstm1)] was determined in normal wild-type nonagouti (a/a; lean) and lethal yellow mice (KK.CG-Ay/J; obese) at 6, 12, 18, or 24 weeks of age. At 6 weeks, ovaries from obese mice had increased (P < 0.05) Insr and Irs3 but decreased (P < 0.05) Kitlg, Foxo1, and Cyp2e1 mRNA levels. Interestingly, at 12 weeks, an increase (P < 0.05) in Kitlg and Kit mRNA, pIRS1Ser302, pAKTThr308, EPHX1, and GSTP1 protein level was observed due to obesity, while Cyp2e1 mRNA and protein were reduced. A phosphoramide mustard (PM) challenge increased (P < 0.05) ovarian EPHX1 protein abundance in lean but not obese females. In addition, lung tissue from PM-exposed animals had increased (P < 0.05) EPHX1 protein with no impact of obesity thereon. Taken together, progressive obesity affected ovarian signaling pathways potentially involved in obesity-associated reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Nteeba
- Department of Animal Science, 2356 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, 2356 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jill A Madden
- Department of Animal Science, 2356 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mackenzie J Dickson
- Department of Animal Science, 2356 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, 2356 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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73
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Blair TA, Moore SF, Walsh TG, Hutchinson JL, Durrant TN, Anderson KE, Poole AW, Hers I. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110α negatively regulates thrombopoietin-mediated platelet activation and thrombus formation. Cell Signal 2018; 50:111-120. [PMID: 29793021 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) plays an important role in platelet function and contributes to platelet hyperreactivity induced by elevated levels of circulating peptide hormones, including thrombopoietin (TPO). Previous work established an important role for the PI3K isoform; p110β in platelet function, however the role of p110α is still largely unexplored. Here we sought to investigate the role of p110α in TPO-mediated hyperactivity by using a conditional p110α knockout (KO) murine model in conjunction with platelet functional assays. We found that TPO-mediated enhancement of collagen-related peptide (CRP-XL)-induced platelet aggregation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) secretion were significantly increased in p110α KO platelets. Furthermore, TPO-mediated enhancement of thrombus formation by p110α KO platelets was elevated over wild-type (WT) platelets, suggesting that p110α negatively regulates TPO-mediated priming of platelet function. The enhancements were not due to increased flow through the PI3K pathway as phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) formation and phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) were comparable between WT and p110α KO platelets. In contrast, extracellular responsive kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and thromboxane (TxA2) formation were significantly enhanced in p110α KO platelets, both of which were blocked by the MEK inhibitor PD184352, whereas the p38 MAPK inhibitor VX-702 and p110α inhibitor PIK-75 had no effect. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) blocked the enhancement of thrombus formation by TPO in both WT and p110α KO mice. Together, these results demonstrate that p110α negatively regulates TPO-mediated enhancement of platelet function by restricting ERK phosphorylation and TxA2 synthesis in a manner independent of its kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Blair
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - S F Moore
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - T G Walsh
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J L Hutchinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - T N Durrant
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - K E Anderson
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A W Poole
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - I Hers
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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74
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Balasuriya N, Kunkel MT, Liu X, Biggar KK, Li SSC, Newton AC, O'Donoghue P. Genetic code expansion and live cell imaging reveal that Thr-308 phosphorylation is irreplaceable and sufficient for Akt1 activity. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10744-10756. [PMID: 29773654 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) is a pivotal signal transducer for growth and survival. Growth factor stimulation leads to Akt phosphorylation at two regulatory sites (Thr-308 and Ser-473), acutely activating Akt signaling. Delineating the exact role of each regulatory site is, however, technically challenging and has remained elusive. Here, we used genetic code expansion to produce site-specifically phosphorylated Akt1 to dissect the contribution of each regulatory site to Akt1 activity. We achieved recombinant production of full-length Akt1 containing site-specific pThr and pSer residues for the first time. Our analysis of Akt1 site-specifically phosphorylated at either or both sites revealed that phosphorylation at both sites increases the apparent catalytic rate 1500-fold relative to unphosphorylated Akt1, an increase attributable primarily to phosphorylation at Thr-308. Live imaging of COS-7 cells confirmed that phosphorylation of Thr-308, but not Ser-473, is required for cellular activation of Akt. We found in vitro and in the cell that pThr-308 function cannot be mimicked with acidic residues, nor could unphosphorylated Thr-308 be mimicked by an Ala mutation. An Akt1 variant with pSer-308 achieved only partial enzymatic and cellular signaling activity, revealing a critical interaction between the γ-methyl group of pThr-308 and Cys-310 in the Akt1 active site. Thus, pThr-308 is necessary and sufficient to stimulate Akt signaling in cells, and the common use of phosphomimetics is not appropriate for studying the biology of Akt signaling. Our data also indicate that pThr-308 should be regarded as the primary diagnostic marker of Akt activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya T Kunkel
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra C Newton
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Patrick O'Donoghue
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and .,Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada and
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75
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Huang L, Liu J, Zhang XO, Sibley K, Najjar SM, Lee MM, Wu Q. Inhibition of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 enhances hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10884-10894. [PMID: 29773653 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) regulates gene expression either transcriptionally by symmetric dimethylation of arginine residues on histones H4R3, H3R8, and H2AR3 or at the posttranslational level by methylation of nonhistone target proteins. Although emerging evidence suggests that PRMT5 functions as an oncogene, its role in metabolic diseases is not well-defined. We investigated the role of PRMT5 in promoting high-fat-induced hepatic steatosis. A high-fat diet up-regulated PRMT5 levels in the liver but not in other metabolically relevant tissues such as skeletal muscle or white and brown adipose tissue. This was associated with repression of master transcription regulators involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. In contrast, lentiviral short hairpin RNA-mediated reduction of PRMT5 significantly decreased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling in mouse AML12 liver cells. PRMT5 knockdown or knockout decreased basal AKT phosphorylation but boosted the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PGC-1α with a concomitant increase in mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, by overexpressing an exogenous WT or enzyme-dead mutant PRMT5 or by inhibiting PRMT5 enzymatic activity with a small-molecule inhibitor, we demonstrated that the enzymatic activity of PRMT5 is required for regulation of PPARα and PGC-1α expression and mitochondrial biogenesis. Our results suggest that targeting PRMT5 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Jehnan Liu
- the Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Xiao-Ou Zhang
- the Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Katelyn Sibley
- the Department of Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, and
| | - Sonia M Najjar
- the Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Mary M Lee
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655,
| | - Qiong Wu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655,
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76
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Chakraborty A. The inositol pyrophosphate pathway in health and diseases. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1203-1227. [PMID: 29282838 PMCID: PMC6383672 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates (IPPs) are present in organisms ranging from plants, slime moulds and fungi to mammals. Distinct classes of kinases generate different forms of energetic diphosphate-containing IPPs from inositol phosphates (IPs). Conversely, polyphosphate phosphohydrolase enzymes dephosphorylate IPPs to regenerate the respective IPs. IPPs and/or their metabolizing enzymes regulate various cell biological processes by modulating many proteins via diverse mechanisms. In the last decade, extensive research has been conducted in mammalian systems, particularly in knockout mouse models of relevant enzymes. Results obtained from these studies suggest impacts of the IPP pathway on organ development, especially of brain and testis. Conversely, deletion of specific enzymes in the pathway protects mice from various diseases such as diet-induced obesity (DIO), type-2 diabetes (T2D), fatty liver, bacterial infection, thromboembolism, cancer metastasis and aging. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of the same class of enzymes in mice validates the therapeutic importance of this pathway in cardio-metabolic diseases. This review critically analyses these findings and summarizes the significance of the IPP pathway in mammalian health and diseases. It also evaluates benefits and risks of targeting this pathway in disease therapies. Finally, future directions of mammalian IPP research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anutosh Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, U.S.A
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77
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Fei L, Ma Y, Zhang M, Liu X, Luo Y, Wang C, Zhang H, Zhang W, Han Y. RACK1 promotes lung cancer cell growth via an MCM7/RACK1/ Akt signaling complex. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40501-40513. [PMID: 28465488 PMCID: PMC5522230 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MCM7, a member of the miniature chromosome maintenance (MCM) protein family, is crucial for the initiation of DNA replication and proliferation in eukaryotic cells. In this report, we demonstrate that RACK1 regulates cell growth and cell cycle progression in human non-small-cell lung cancer by mediating MCM7 phosphorylation through an MCM7/RACK1/Akt signaling complex. RACK1 functions as a central scaffold that brings Akt into physical proximity with MCM7. Overexpression of RACK1 increases interactions between Akt and MCM7 and promotes Akt-dependent MCM7 phosphorylation, which in turn increases MCM7 binding to chromatin and MCM complex formation. Together, these changes promote DNA replication and cell proliferation. Our findings reveal a novel signaling pathway that regulates growth in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangru Fei
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yinan Ma
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Jining, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Wenzhu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yuchen Han
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
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78
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Szymonowicz K, Oeck S, Malewicz NM, Jendrossek V. New Insights into Protein Kinase B/Akt Signaling: Role of Localized Akt Activation and Compartment-Specific Target Proteins for the Cellular Radiation Response. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030078. [PMID: 29562639 PMCID: PMC5876653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations driving aberrant activation of the survival kinase Protein Kinase B (Akt) are observed with high frequency during malignant transformation and cancer progression. Oncogenic gene mutations coding for the upstream regulators or Akt, e.g., growth factor receptors, RAS and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), or for one of the three Akt isoforms as well as loss of the tumor suppressor Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog on Chromosome Ten (PTEN) lead to constitutive activation of Akt. By activating Akt, these genetic alterations not only promote growth, proliferation and malignant behavior of cancer cells by phosphorylation of various downstream signaling molecules and signaling nodes but can also contribute to chemo- and radioresistance in many types of tumors. Here we review current knowledge on the mechanisms dictating Akt’s activation and target selection including the involvement of miRNAs and with focus on compartmentalization of the signaling network. Moreover, we discuss recent advances in the cross-talk with DNA damage response highlighting nuclear Akt target proteins with potential involvement in the regulation of DNA double strand break repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Szymonowicz
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Oeck
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany.
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Nathalie M Malewicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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79
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NDRG2 suppresses proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of esophageal cancer cells through regulating the AKT/XIAP signaling pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29530788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) has recently revealed as a candidate tumor suppressor gene. To inhibit tumor growth and decrease morbidity of esophageal cancer (EC), this study aims to test the hypothesis that the upregulation of NDRG2 may suppress proliferation, invasion, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of EC cells by regulating the AKT/XIAP signaling pathway. Immunohistochemistry was conducted for the identification of NDRG2, protein kinase B (p-AKT), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in EC tissues. To identify the regulatory mechanism of NDRG2 on the AKT/XIAP signaling pathway and EMT in EC, over-expressed lentiviral vector and shRNA were applied for up-regulating and interfering NDRG2 expression, and a series of determinations on the biological behavior of EC cells were performed to validate this regulation action. The results of immunohistochemistry showed NDRG2 was lowly expressed in EC tissues while p-AKT and XIAP are highly expressed. Over-expression of NDRG2 suppresses the proteins related to AKT/XIAP signaling pathway and EMT. Besides, a series of determinations shows the proliferation, migration and invasion of TE-13 cells were suppressed by over-expressed NDRG2, while the cell cycle progression was blocked and cell apoptosis was promoted. And in vivo experiment also demonstrated NDRG2 could inhibit tumor growth. Our findings demonstrate over-expression of NDRG2 works as tumor suppressive role in EC through its effects on inhibition of cell migration, invasion, and EMT by inhibiting the AKT/XIAP signaling pathway.
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80
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Yoshioka Y, Suzuki T, Matsuo Y, Nakakido M, Tsurita G, Simone C, Watanabe T, Dohmae N, Nakamura Y, Hamamoto R. SMYD3-mediated lysine methylation in the PH domain is critical for activation of AKT1. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75023-75037. [PMID: 27626683 PMCID: PMC5342720 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AKT1 is a cytosolic serine/threonine kinase that is overexpressed in various types of cancer and has a central role in human tumorigenesis. Although it is known that AKT1 is post-translationally modified in various ways including phosphorylation and ubiquitination, methylation has not been reported so far. Here we demonstrate that the protein lysine methyltransferase SMYD3 methylates lysine 14 in the PH domain of AKT1 both in vitro and in vivo. Lysine 14-substituted AKT1 shows significantly lower levels of phosphorylation at threonine 308 than wild-type AKT1, and knockdown of SMYD3 as well as treatment with a SMYD3 inhibitor significantly attenuates this phosphorylation in cancer cells. Furthermore, substitution of lysine 14 diminishes the plasma membrane accumulation of AKT1, and cancer cells overexpressing lysine 14-substiuted AKT1 shows lower growth rate than those overexpressing wild-type AKT1. These results imply that SMYD3-mediated methylation of AKT1 at lysine 14 is essential for AKT1 activation and that SMYD3-mediated AKT1 methylation appears to be a good target for development of anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Yoshioka
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, MC2115 Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yo Matsuo
- OncoTherapy Science, Inc., Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, MC2115 Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Giichiro Tsurita
- Department of Surgery, IMSUT Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Toshiaki Watanabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, MC2115 Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, MC2115 Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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81
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Chhabra Y, Wong HY, Nikolajsen LF, Steinocher H, Papadopulos A, Tunny KA, Meunier FA, Smith AG, Kragelund BB, Brooks AJ, Waters MJ. A growth hormone receptor SNP promotes lung cancer by impairment of SOCS2-mediated degradation. Oncogene 2018; 37:489-501. [PMID: 28967904 PMCID: PMC5799715 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both humans and mice lacking functional growth hormone (GH) receptors are known to be resistant to cancer. Further, autocrine GH has been reported to act as a cancer promoter. Here we present the first example of a variant of the GH receptor (GHR) associated with cancer promotion, in this case lung cancer. We show that the GHRP495T variant located in the receptor intracellular domain is able to prolong the GH signal in vitro using stably expressing mouse pro-B-cell and human lung cell lines. This is relevant because GH secretion is pulsatile, and extending the signal duration makes it resemble autocrine GH action. Signal duration for the activated GHR is primarily controlled by suppressor of cytokine signalling 2 (SOCS2), the substrate recognition component of the E3 protein ligase responsible for ubiquitinylation and degradation of the GHR. SOCS2 is induced by a GH pulse and we show that SOCS2 binding to the GHR is impaired by a threonine substitution at Pro 495. This results in decreased internalisation and degradation of the receptor evident in TIRF microscopy and by measurement of mature (surface) receptor expression. Mutational analysis showed that the residue at position 495 impairs SOCS2 binding only when a threonine is present, consistent with interference with the adjacent Thr494. The latter is key for SOCS2 binding, together with nearby Tyr487, which must be phosphorylated for SOCS2 binding. We also undertook nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy approach for structural comparison of the SOCS2 binding scaffold Ile455-Ser588, and concluded that this single substitution has altered the structure of the SOCS2 binding site. Importantly, we find that lung BEAS-2B cells expressing GHRP495T display increased expression of transcripts associated with tumour proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastases (TWIST1, SNAI2, EGFR, MYC and CCND1) at 2 h after a GH pulse. This is consistent with prolonged GH signalling acting to promote cancer progression in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chhabra
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - H Y Wong
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - L F Nikolajsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Steinocher
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Papadopulos
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K A Tunny
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - F A Meunier
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A G Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - B B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A J Brooks
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - M J Waters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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82
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Chen HY, Lin LT, Wang ML, Lee SH, Tsai ML, Tsai CC, Liu WH, Chen TC, Yang YP, Lee YY, Chang YL, Huang PI, Chen YW, Lo WL, Chiou SH, Chen MT. Musashi-1 regulates AKT-derived IL-6 autocrinal/paracrinal malignancy and chemoresistance in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42485-42501. [PMID: 27285760 PMCID: PMC5173150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is one of the most lethal human malignant brain tumors with high risks of recurrence and poor treatment outcomes. The RNA-binding protein Musashi-1 (MSI1) is a marker of neural stem/progenitor cells. Recent study showed that high expression level of MSI1 positively correlates with advanced grade of GBM, where MSI1 increases the growth of GBM. Herein, we explore the roles of MSI1 as well as the underlying mechanisms in the regulation of drug resistance and tumorigenesis of GBM cells. Our results demonstrated that overexpression of MSI1 effectively protected GBM cells from drug-induced apoptosis through down-regulating pro-apoptotic genes; whereas inhibition of AKT withdrew the MSI1-induced anti-apoptosis and cell survival. We further showed that MSI1 robustly promoted the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, which was governed by AKT activity. Autonomously, the secreted IL-6 enhanced AKT activity in an autocrine/paracrine manner, forming a positive feedback regulatory loop with the MSI1-AKT pathway. Our results conclusively demonstrated a novel drug resistance mechanism in GBM cells that MSI1 inhibits drug-induced apoptosis through AKT/IL6 regulatory circuit. MSI1 regulates both cellular signaling and tumor-microenvironmental cytokine secretion to create an intra- and intercellular niche for GBM to survive from chemo-drug attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yun Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Ting Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Lien Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsien Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Long Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Tsai
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chien Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yen Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-I Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Lo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Teh Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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83
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Comprehensive Analysis of Cancer-Proteogenome to Identify Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis and Prognosis of Cancer. Proteomes 2017; 5:proteomes5040028. [PMID: 29068423 PMCID: PMC5748563 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past century, our understanding of cancer diagnosis and treatment has been based on a monogenic approach, and as a consequence our knowledge of the clinical genetic underpinnings of cancer is incomplete. Since the completion of the human genome in 2003, it has steered us into therapeutic target discovery, enabling us to mine the genome using cutting edge proteogenomics tools. A number of novel and promising cancer targets have emerged from the genome project for diagnostics, therapeutics, and prognostic markers, which are being used to monitor response to cancer treatment. The heterogeneous nature of cancer has hindered progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms that lead to abnormal cellular growth. Since, the start of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the International Genome consortium projects, there has been tremendous progress in genome sequencing and immense numbers of cancer genomes have been completed, and this approach has transformed our understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancers. By employing Genomics and proteomics technologies, an immense amount of genomic data is being generated on clinical tumors, which has transformed the cancer landscape and has the potential to transform cancer diagnosis and prognosis. A complete molecular view of the cancer landscape is necessary for understanding the underlying mechanisms of cancer initiation to improve diagnosis and prognosis, which ultimately will lead to personalized treatment. Interestingly, cancer proteome analysis has also allowed us to identify biomarkers to monitor drug and radiation resistance in patients undergoing cancer treatment. Further, TCGA-funded studies have allowed for the genomic and transcriptomic characterization of targeted cancers, this analysis aiding the development of targeted therapies for highly lethal malignancy. High-throughput technologies, such as complete proteome, epigenome, protein-protein interaction, and pharmacogenomics data, are indispensable to glean into the cancer genome and proteome and these approaches have generated multidimensional universal studies of genes and proteins (OMICS) data which has the potential to facilitate precision medicine. However, due to slow progress in computational technologies, the translation of big omics data into their clinical aspects have been slow. In this review, attempts have been made to describe the role of high-throughput genomic and proteomic technologies in identifying a panel of biomarkers which could be used for the early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.
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84
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PRAS40 Connects Microenvironmental Stress Signaling to Exosome-Mediated Secretion. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00171-17. [PMID: 28674187 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00171-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted exosomes carrying lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids conduct cell-cell communications within the microenvironment of both physiological and pathological conditions. Exosome secretion is triggered by extracellular or intracellular stress signals. Little is known, however, about the signal transduction between stress cues and exosome secretion. To identify the linker protein, we took advantage of a unique finding in human keratinocytes. In these cells, although transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) share the same EGF receptor and previously indistinguishable intracellular signaling networks, only TGF-α stimulation causes exosome-mediated secretion. However, deduction of EGF-activated pathways from TGFα-activated pathways in the same cells allowed us to identify the proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40) as the unique downstream effector of TGF-α but not EGF signaling via threonine 308-phosphorylated Akt. PRAS40 knockdown (KD) or PRAS40 dominant-negative (DN) mutant overexpression blocks not only TGF-α- but also hypoxia- and H2O2-induced exosome secretion in a variety of normal and tumor cells. Site-directed mutagenesis and gene rescue studies show that Akt-mediated activation of PRAS40 via threonine 246 phosphorylation is both necessary and sufficient to cause exosome secretion without affecting the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi pathway. Identification of PRAS40 as a linker protein paves the way for understanding how stress regulates exosome secretion under pathophysiological conditions.
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85
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Abstract
We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9-mediated genomic modification to investigate B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling in cell lines of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Three manipulations that altered BCR genes without affecting surface BCR levels showed that BCR signaling differs between the germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype, which is insensitive to Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibition by ibrutinib, and the activated B-cell (ABC) subtype. Replacing antigen-binding BCR regions had no effect on BCR signaling in GCB-DLBCL lines, reflecting this subtype's exclusive use of tonic BCR signaling. Conversely, Y188F mutation in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif of CD79A inhibited tonic BCR signaling in GCB-DLBCL lines but did not affect their calcium flux after BCR cross-linking or the proliferation of otherwise-unmodified ABC-DLBCL lines. CD79A-GFP fusion showed BCR clustering or diffuse distribution, respectively, in lines of ABC and GCB subtypes. Tonic BCR signaling acts principally to activate AKT, and forced activation of AKT rescued GCB-DLBCL lines from knockout (KO) of the BCR or 2 mediators of tonic BCR signaling, SYK and CD19. The magnitude and importance of tonic BCR signaling to proliferation and size of GCB-DLBCL lines, shown by the effect of BCR KO, was highly variable; in contrast, pan-AKT KO was uniformly toxic. This discrepancy was explained by finding that BCR KO-induced changes in AKT activity (measured by gene expression, CXCR4 level, and a fluorescent reporter) correlated with changes in proliferation and with baseline BCR surface density. PTEN protein expression and BCR surface density may influence clinical response to therapeutic inhibition of tonic BCR signaling in DLBCL.
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86
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Hu J, Li G, Liu L, Wang Y, Li X, Gong J. AF1q Mediates Tumor Progression in Colorectal Cancer by Regulating AKT Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050987. [PMID: 28475127 PMCID: PMC5454900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The up-regulation of ALL1-fused gene from chromosome 1q (AF1q) is commonly seen in aggressive hematologic malignancies as well as in several solid tumor tissues. However, its expression and intrinsic function in human colorectal cancer (CRC) remains largely undefined. To explore the role of AF1q in human CRC progression, AF1q expression was analyzed in human CRC tissue samples and CRC cell lines. Clinical specimens revealed that AF1q was up-regulated in human CRC tissues, and that this up-regulation was associated with tumor metastasis and late tumor, lymph node, metastasis (TNM) stage. AF1q knockdown by shRNA inhibited tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro, as well as tumorigenesis and liver metastasis in vivo, whereas these effects were reversed following AF1q overexpression. These AF1q-mediated effects were modulated by the protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, and inhibition of AKT signaling attenuated AF1q-induced tumor promotion. Thus, AF1q contributes to CRC tumorigenesis and progression through the activation of the AKT signaling pathway. AF1q might therefore serve as a promising new target in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Hu
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Guodong Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Yatao Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jianping Gong
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China.
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87
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Lv D, Guo L, Zhang T, Huang L. PRAS40 signaling in tumor. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69076-69085. [PMID: 28978182 PMCID: PMC5620322 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40) is a substrate of Akt and a component of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Locating at the crossroad of the PI3K/Akt pathway and the mTOR pathway, PRAS40 is phosphorylated by growth factors or other stimuli, and regulates the activation of these signaling pathways in turn. PRAS40 plays an important role in metabolic disorders and multiple cancers, and the phosphorylation of PRAS40 is often associated with the tumor progression of melanoma, prostate cancer, etc. PRAS40 promotes tumorigenesis by deregulating cellular proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, metastasis, etc. Herein, we provide an overview on current understandings of PRAS40 signaling in the tumor formation and progression, which suggests that PRAS40 or phospho-PRAS40 could become a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Lianying Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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88
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Abstract
PI3K/AKT signalling is commonly disrupted in human cancers, with AKT being a central component of the pathway, influencing multiple processes that are directly involved in tumourigenesis. Targeting AKT is therefore a highly attractive anti-cancer strategy with multiple AKT inhibitors now in various stages of clinical development. In this review, we summarise the role and regulation of AKT signalling in normal cellular physiology. We highlight the mechanisms by which AKT signalling can be hyperactivated in cancers and discuss the past, present and future clinical strategies for AKT inhibition in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Udai Banerji
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK; The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
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89
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Bi C, Zhang X, Lu T, Zhang X, Wang X, Meng B, Zhang H, Wang P, Vose JM, Chan WC, McKeithan TW, Fu K. Inhibition of 4EBP phosphorylation mediates the cytotoxic effect of mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase inhibitors in aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Haematologica 2017; 102:755-764. [PMID: 28104700 PMCID: PMC5395116 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.159160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 is a central integrator of nutrient and growth factor inputs that controls cell growth in eukaryotes. The second generation of mTOR kinase inhibitors (TORKi), directly targeting the mTOR catalytic site, are more effective than rapamycin and its analogs in cancer treatment, particularly in inducing apoptosis. However, the mechanism underlying the cytotoxic effect of TORKi remains elusive. Herein, we demonstrate that TORKi-induced apoptosis is predominantly dependent on the loss of mTOR complex 1-mediated 4EBP activation. Knocking out RICTOR, a key component of mTOR complex 2, or inhibiting p70S6K has little effect on TORKi-induced apoptosis. Conversely, increasing the eIF4E:4EBP ratio by either overexpressing eIF4E or knocking out 4EBP1/2 protects lymphoma cells from TORKi-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, downregulation of MCL1 expression plays an important role in TORKi-induced apoptosis, whereas BCL-2 overexpression confers resistance to TORKi treatment. We further show that the therapeutic effect of TORKi in aggressive B-cell lymphomas can be predicted by BH3 profiling, and improved by combining it with pro-apoptotic drugs, especially BCL-2 inhibitors, both in vitro and in vivo Taken together, the study herein provides mechanistic insight into TORKi cytotoxicity and identified a potential way to optimize its efficacy in the clinical treatment of aggressive B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Bi
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Hematology Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Hematology Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ting Lu
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Hematology Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Hematology Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xianhuo Wang
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Hematology Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,The Sino-US Lymphoma Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Research Center, China
| | - Bin Meng
- The Sino-US Lymphoma Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Research Center, China
| | - Huilai Zhang
- The Sino-US Lymphoma Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Research Center, China
| | - Ping Wang
- The Sino-US Lymphoma Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Research Center, China
| | - Julie M Vose
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Hematology Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wing C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Kai Fu
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Hematology Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA .,The Sino-US Lymphoma Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Research Center, China
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90
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Shen XF, Huang P, Fox DA, Lin Y, Zhao ZH, Wang W, Wang JY, Liu XQ, Chen JY, Luo WJ. Adult lead exposure increases blood-retinal permeability: A risk factor for retinal vascular disease. Neurotoxicology 2016; 57:145-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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91
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Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor miR-3151 contributes to Chinese chronic lymphocytic leukemia by constitutive activation of MADD/ERK and PIK3R2/AKT signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44422-36. [PMID: 26517243 PMCID: PMC4792566 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that miR-3151, localized to a GWAS-identified chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) risk locus (8q22.3), is a tumor suppressor miRNA silenced by promoter DNA methylation in CLL. The promoter of miR-3151 was methylated in 5/7 (71%) CLL cell lines, 30/98 (31%) diagnostic primary samples, but not normal controls. Methylation of miR-3151 correlated inversely with expression. Treatment with 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine led to promoter demethylation and miR-3151 re-expression. Luciferase assay confirmed MAP-kinase activating death domain (MADD) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 2 (PIK3R2) as direct targets of miR-3151. Moreover, restoration of miR-3151 resulted in inhibition of cellular proliferation and enhanced apoptosis, repression of MADD and PIK3R2, downregulation of MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling, and repression of MCL1. Lastly, miR-3151 methylation was significantly associated with methylation of miR-203 and miR-34b/c in primary CLL samples. Therefore, this study showed that miR-3151 is a tumor suppressive miRNA frequently hypermethylated and hence silenced in CLL. miR-3151 silencing by DNA methylation protected CLL cells from apoptosis through over-expression of its direct targets MADD and PIK3R2, hence constitutive activation of MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling respectively, and consequently over-expression of MCL1.
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92
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Treindl F, Ruprecht B, Beiter Y, Schultz S, Döttinger A, Staebler A, Joos TO, Kling S, Poetz O, Fehm T, Neubauer H, Kuster B, Templin MF. A bead-based western for high-throughput cellular signal transduction analyses. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12852. [PMID: 27659302 PMCID: PMC5036152 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissecting cellular signalling requires the analysis of large number of proteins. The DigiWest approach we describe here transfers the western blot to a bead-based microarray platform. By combining gel-based protein separation with immobilization on microspheres, hundreds of replicas of the initial blot are created, thus enabling the comprehensive analysis of limited material, such as cells collected by laser capture microdissection, and extending traditional western blotting to reach proteomic scales. The combination of molecular weight resolution, sensitivity and signal linearity on an automated platform enables the rapid quantification of hundreds of specific proteins and protein modifications in complex samples. This high-throughput western blot approach allowed us to identify and characterize alterations in cellular signal transduction that occur during the development of resistance to the kinase inhibitor Lapatinib, revealing major changes in the activation state of Ephrin-mediated signalling and a central role for p53-controlled processes. Dissecting cellular signalling requires the analysis of large numbers of proteins. Here the authors describe DigiWest, a high-throughput protein detection method that combines the concept of western and widely-used bead array systems that allows rapid quantification of hundreds of specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridolin Treindl
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ruprecht
- Chair for Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Yvonne Beiter
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Silke Schultz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anette Döttinger
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Annette Staebler
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas O Joos
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Simon Kling
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Poetz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair for Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center (BayBioMS), Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Markus F Templin
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
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93
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Figueiredo VC, Roberts LA, Markworth JF, Barnett MPG, Coombes JS, Raastad T, Peake JM, Cameron-Smith D. Impact of resistance exercise on ribosome biogenesis is acutely regulated by post-exercise recovery strategies. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/2/e12670. [PMID: 26818586 PMCID: PMC4760384 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle hypertrophy occurs following increased protein synthesis, which requires activation of the ribosomal complex. Additionally, increased translational capacity via elevated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis has also been implicated in resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The time course of ribosome biogenesis following resistance exercise (RE) and the impact exerted by differing recovery strategies remains unknown. In the present study, the activation of transcriptional regulators, the expression levels of pre-rRNA, and mature rRNA components were measured through 48 h after a single-bout RE. In addition, the effects of either low-intensity cycling (active recovery, ACT) or a cold-water immersion (CWI) recovery strategy were compared. Nine male subjects performed two bouts of high-load RE randomized to be followed by 10 min of either ACT or CWI. Muscle biopsies were collected before RE and at 2, 24, and 48 h after RE. RE increased the phosphorylation of the p38-MNK1-eIF4E axis, an effect only evident with ACT recovery. Downstream, cyclin D1 protein, total eIF4E, upstream binding factor 1 (UBF1), and c-Myc proteins were all increased only after RE with ACT. This corresponded with elevated abundance of the pre-rRNAs (45S, ITS-28S, ITS-5.8S, and ETS-18S) from 24 h after RE with ACT. In conclusion, coordinated upstream signaling and activation of transcriptional factors stimulated pre-rRNA expression after RE. CWI, as a recovery strategy, markedly blunted these events, suggesting that suppressed ribosome biogenesis may be one factor contributing to the impaired hypertrophic response observed when CWI is used regularly after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Llion A Roberts
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James F Markworth
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew P G Barnett
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan M Peake
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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94
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Kimani SG, Kumar S, Davra V, Chang YJ, Kasikara C, Geng K, Tsou WI, Wang S, Hoque M, Boháč A, Lewis-Antes A, De Lorenzo MS, Kotenko SV, Birge RB. Normalization of TAM post-receptor signaling reveals a cell invasive signature for Axl tyrosine kinase. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:19. [PMID: 27595981 PMCID: PMC5011882 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAMs) are a family of three conserved receptor tyrosine kinases that have pleiotropic roles in innate immunity and homeostasis and when overexpressed in cancer cells can drive tumorigenesis. Methods In the present study, we engineered EGFR/TAM chimeric receptors (EGFR/Tyro3, EGFR/Axl, and EGF/Mertk) with the goals to interrogate post-receptor functions of TAMs, and query whether TAMs have unique or overlapping post-receptor activation profiles. Stable expression of EGFR/TAMs in EGFR-deficient CHO cells afforded robust EGF inducible TAM receptor phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling. Results Using a series of unbiased screening approaches, that include kinome-view analysis, phosphor-arrays, RNAseq/GSEA analysis, as well as cell biological and in vivo readouts, we provide evidence that each TAM has unique post-receptor signaling platforms and identify an intrinsic role for Axl that impinges on cell motility and invasion compared to Tyro3 and Mertk. Conclusion These studies demonstrate that TAM show unique post-receptor signatures that impinge on distinct gene expression profiles and tumorigenic outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-016-0142-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley G Kimani
- Rutgers, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Rutgers, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Viralkumar Davra
- Rutgers, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Yun-Juan Chang
- Rutgers, Biomedical and Health Sciences, OIT/High Performance and Research Computing, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Canan Kasikara
- Rutgers, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Ke Geng
- Rutgers, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Wen-I Tsou
- Rutgers, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Shenyan Wang
- Rutgers, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Mainul Hoque
- Rutgers, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Genomics Research Program, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Andrej Boháč
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Biomagi, Ltd, Mamateyova 26, 851 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anita Lewis-Antes
- Rutgers, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Mariana S De Lorenzo
- Rutgers, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Sergei V Kotenko
- Rutgers, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Rutgers, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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95
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Zhang Z, Amorosa LF, Coyle SM, Macor MA, Birnbaum MJ, Lee LY, Haimovich B. Insulin-Dependent Regulation of mTORC2-Akt-FoxO Suppresses TLR4 Signaling in Human Leukocytes: Relevance to Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:2224-34. [PMID: 27207509 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte signaling in patients with systemic insulin resistance is largely unexplored. We recently discovered the presence of multiple Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling intermediates in leukocytes from patients with type 2 diabetes or acute insulin resistance associated with cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. We extend this work to show that in addition to matrix metalloproteinase 9, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, and cleaved AMPKα, patient leukocytes also express IRS-1 phosphorylated on Ser(312), Akt phosphorylated on Thr(308), and elevated TLR4 expression. Similar signaling intermediates were detected in leukocytes and neutrophils treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a ligand of TLR4, in vitro. In contrast, insulin, but not LPS, induced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2)-dependent phosphorylation of Akt on Ser(473) and FoxO1/O3a on Thr(24/32) in leukocytes and neutrophils. Insulin suppressed LPS-induced responses in a dose- and time-dependent manner. AS1842856, a FoxO1 inhibitor, also suppressed TLR4 signaling. We propose that insulin is a homeostatic regulator of leukocyte responses to LPS/TLR4 and that the signaling intermediates expressed in leukocytes of patients with type 2 diabetes indicate TLR4 signaling dominance and deficient insulin signaling. The data suggest that insulin suppresses LPS/TLR4 signals in leukocytes through the mTORC2-Akt-FoxO signaling axis. Better understanding of leukocyte signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes may shed new light on disease causation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Louis F Amorosa
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Susette M Coyle
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Marie A Macor
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Leonard Y Lee
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Beatrice Haimovich
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
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96
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Qin Y, Roszik J, Chattopadhyay C, Hashimoto Y, Liu C, Cooper ZA, Wargo JA, Hwu P, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm EA. Hypoxia-Driven Mechanism of Vemurafenib Resistance in Melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2442-2454. [PMID: 27458138 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is molecularly and structurally heterogeneous, with some tumor cells existing under hypoxic conditions. Our cell growth assays showed that under controlled hypoxic conditions, BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells rapidly became resistant to vemurafenib. By employing both a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid model and a two-dimensional (2D) hypoxic culture system to model hypoxia in vivo, we identified upregulation of HGF/MET signaling as a major mechanism associated with vemurafenib resistance as compared with 2D standard tissue culture in ambient air. We further confirmed that the upregulation of HGF/MET signaling was evident in drug-resistant melanoma patient tissues and mouse xenografts. Pharmacologic inhibition of the c-Met/Akt pathway restored the sensitivity of melanoma spheroids or 2D hypoxic cultures to vemurafenib. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2442-54. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qin
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandrani Chattopadhyay
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuuri Hashimoto
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chengwen Liu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zachary A Cooper
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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97
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Cao J, Heijkants RC, Jochemsen AG, Dogrusöz M, de Lange MJ, van der Velden PA, van der Burg SH, Jager MJ, Verdijk RM. Targeting of the MAPK and AKT pathways in conjunctival melanoma shows potential synergy. Oncotarget 2016; 8:58021-58036. [PMID: 28938534 PMCID: PMC5601630 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Conjunctival melanoma (CM) is a rare but lethal form of cancer. Similar to cutaneous melanoma, CM frequently carries activating mutations in BRAF and NRAS. We studied whether CM as well as conjunctival benign and premalignant melanocytic lesions express targets in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT pathways, and whether specific inhibitors can suppress CM growth in vitro. METHODS 131 conjunctival lesions obtained from 129 patients were collected. The presence of BRAF V600E mutation and expression of phosphorylated (p)-ERK and p-AKT were assessed by immunohistochemistry. We studied cell proliferation, phosphorylation, cell cycling and apoptosis in three CM cell lines using two BRAF inhibitors (Vemurafenib and Dabrafenib), a MEK inhibitor (MEK162) and an AKT inhibitor (MK2206). RESULTS The BRAF V600E mutation was present in 19% of nevi and 26% of melanomas, but not in primary acquired melanosis (PAM). Nuclear and cytoplasmic p-ERK and p-AKT were expressed in all conjunctival lesions. Both BRAF inhibitors suppressed growth of both BRAF mutant CM cell lines, but only one induced cell death. MEK162 and MK2206 inhibited proliferation of CM cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the combination of these two drugs led to synergistic growth inhibition and cell death in all CM cell lines. CONCLUSION ERK and AKT are constitutively activated in conjunctival nevi, PAM and melanoma. While BRAF inhibitors prohibited cell growth, they were not always cytotoxic. Combining MEK and AKT inhibitors led to more growth inhibition and cell death in CM cells. The combination may benefit patients suffering from metastatic conjunctival melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Renier C Heijkants
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aart G Jochemsen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mehmet Dogrusöz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J de Lange
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Verdijk
- Department of Pathology, Section Ophthalmic Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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98
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Mercer PF, Woodcock HV, Eley JD, Platé M, Sulikowski MG, Durrenberger PF, Franklin L, Nanthakumar CB, Man Y, Genovese F, McAnulty RJ, Yang S, Maher TM, Nicholson AG, Blanchard AD, Marshall RP, Lukey PT, Chambers RC. Exploration of a potent PI3 kinase/mTOR inhibitor as a novel anti-fibrotic agent in IPF. Thorax 2016; 71:701-11. [PMID: 27103349 PMCID: PMC4975851 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most rapidly progressive and fatal of all fibrotic conditions with no curative therapies. Common pathomechanisms between IPF and cancer are increasingly recognised, including dysfunctional pan-PI3 kinase (PI3K) signalling as a driver of aberrant proliferative responses. GSK2126458 is a novel, potent, PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor which has recently completed phase I trials in the oncology setting. Our aim was to establish a scientific and dosing framework for PI3K inhibition with this agent in IPF at a clinically developable dose. Methods We explored evidence for pathway signalling in IPF lung tissue and examined the potency of GSK2126458 in fibroblast functional assays and precision-cut IPF lung tissue. We further explored the potential of IPF patient-derived bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells to serve as pharmacodynamic biosensors to monitor GSK2126458 target engagement within the lung. Results We provide evidence for PI3K pathway activation in fibrotic foci, the cardinal lesions in IPF. GSK2126458 inhibited PI3K signalling and functional responses in IPF-derived lung fibroblasts, inhibiting Akt phosphorylation in IPF lung tissue and BAL derived cells with comparable potency. Integration of these data with GSK2126458 pharmacokinetic data from clinical trials in cancer enabled modelling of an optimal dosing regimen for patients with IPF. Conclusions Our data define PI3K as a promising therapeutic target in IPF and provide a scientific and dosing framework for progressing GSK2126458 to clinical testing in this disease setting. A proof-of-mechanism trial of this agent is currently underway. Trial registration number NCT01725139, pre-clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Mercer
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah V Woodcock
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica D Eley
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Manuela Platé
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michal G Sulikowski
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pascal F Durrenberger
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Linda Franklin
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yim Man
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | | | - Robin J McAnulty
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andy D Blanchard
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Richard P Marshall
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Pauline T Lukey
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
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99
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Zhang Y, Gong XG, Wang ZZ, Sun HM, Guo ZY, Hu JH, Ma L, Li P, Chen NH. Overexpression of DJ-1/PARK7, the Parkinson's disease-related protein, improves mitochondrial function via Akt phosphorylation on threonine 308 in dopaminergic neuron-like cells. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1379-88. [PMID: 26913805 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
DJ-1/PARK7, the Parkinson's disease-related protein, plays an important role in mitochondrial function. However, the mechanisms by which DJ-1 affects mitochondrial function are not fully understood. Akt is a promoter of neuron survival and is partly involved in the neurodegenerative process. This research aimed at investigating a possible relationship between DJ-1 and Akt signalling in regulating mitochondrial function in the dopaminergic neuron-like cells SH-SY5Y and PC-12. Overexpression of DJ-1 was firstly validated at both the transcriptional and translational levels after transit transfection with plasmid pcDNA3-Flag-DJ-1. Confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that overexpression of DJ-1 increased the mitochondrial mass, but did not disrupt the mitochondrial morphology. In addition, mitochondrial complex I activity was raised in DJ-1-overexpressing cells, and this rise occurred with an increase in cellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate content. Moreover, immunoblotting demonstrated that the levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and the total Akt were not altered in DJ-1-overexpressing cells, and nor was the Akt phosphorylation on serine 473 changed. By contrast, Akt phosphorylation on threonine 308 was significantly augmented by overexpression of DJ-1, and the expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, a downstream effector of Akt, was suppressed. In summary, these results suggest that overexpression of DJ-1 improves the mitochondrial function, at least in part, through a mechanism involving Akt phosphorylation on threonine 308.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 North 3rd Ring Eastern Road, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiao-Gang Gong
- Department of Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 North 3rd Ring Eastern Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 North 3rd Ring Eastern Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 North 3rd Ring Eastern Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jing-Hong Hu
- Center for Scientific Research, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 North 3rd Ring Eastern Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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100
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Crosbie PAJ, Crosbie EJ, Aspinall-O'Dea M, Walker M, Harrison R, Pernemalm M, Shah R, Joseph L, Booton R, Pierce A, Whetton AD. ERK and AKT phosphorylation status in lung cancer and emphysema using nanocapillary isoelectric focusing. BMJ Open Respir Res 2016; 3:e000114. [PMID: 26918193 PMCID: PMC4762086 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2015-000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emphysema is an independent risk factor for the development of lung cancer in smokers. Activation of oncogenic signalling proteins AKT and ERK by phosphorylation has an established role in the development of lung cancer and has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of emphysema. The aim of this study was to compare the protein level and phosphorylation status of AKT and ERK in paired lung cancer and emphysema tissue using a highly sensitive phosphoprotein analysis approach. METHODS An antibody-based, nanocapillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) assay was used to determine the relative quantities and phosphorylation status of AKT and ERK in tumour and matched lung tissue from patients, with or without evidence of emphysema, undergoing curative resection for non-small cell lung cancer. RESULTS 20 patients with adenocarcinoma (n=9) or squamous cell carcinoma (n=11) of the lung were included (mean age 67.3 years (SD 7.5, range 47-80 years)), 12 were men and all were current (n=10) or former smokers (n=10). Paired macroscopically normal lung tissue was either histologically normal (n=7) or showed emphysema (n=13). Total and phosphorylated AKT levels were fourfold (p=0.0001) and fivefold (p=0.001) higher in tumour compared with matched lung, respectively. There was no correlation with tumour histology, stage or differentiation; however, total AKT signal in tumour was significantly correlated with fluorodeoxyglucose avidity on positron emission tomography-CT scan (r=0.53, p=0.035). Total ERK was not differentially expressed, but doubly phosphorylated (activated) ERK was threefold higher in emphysema (23.5%, SD 9.2) than either matched tumour (8.8%, SD 8.6) or normal lung tissue (8.3%, SD 9.0) and correlated with the histological severity of emphysema (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS cIEF offers opportunities for quantifying subtle shifts in the phosphorylation status of oncoproteins in nanogram amounts of lung tissue. ERK activation is a feature of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A J Crosbie
- North West Lung Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK; Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Emma J Crosbie
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital , Manchester , UK
| | - Mark Aspinall-O'Dea
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory , University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , Manchester , UK
| | - Michael Walker
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory , University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , Manchester , UK
| | - Rebecca Harrison
- Manchester Medical School, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Maria Pernemalm
- Department of Oncology and Pathology , Karolinska Institutet, SciLifeLab , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Rajesh Shah
- Department of Thoracic Surgery , University Hospital of South Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Leena Joseph
- Department of Pathology , University Hospital of South Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Richard Booton
- North West Lung Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Andrew Pierce
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory , University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , Manchester , UK
| | - Anthony D Whetton
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory , University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , Manchester , UK
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