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Wade BE, Zhao J, Ma J, Hart CM, Sutliff RL. Hypoxia-induced alterations in the lung ubiquitin proteasome system during pulmonary hypertension pathogenesis. Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045894018788267. [PMID: 29927354 PMCID: PMC6146334 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018788267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a clinical disorder characterized by sustained
increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure that can lead to right
ventricular (RV) hypertrophy and ultimately RV failure and death. The molecular
pathogenesis of PH remains incompletely defined, and existing treatments are
associated with suboptimal outcomes and persistent morbidity and mortality.
Reports have suggested a role for the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in PH,
but the extent of UPS-mediated non-proteolytic protein alterations during PH
pathogenesis has not been previously defined. To further examine UPS
alterations, the current study employed C57BL/6J mice exposed to normoxia or
hypoxia for 3 weeks. Lung protein ubiquitination was evaluated by mass
spectrometry to identify differentially ubiquitinated proteins relative to
normoxic controls. Hypoxia stimulated differential ubiquitination of 198
peptides within 131 proteins (p < 0.05). These proteins were
screened to identify candidates within pathways involved in PH pathogenesis.
Some 51.9% of the differentially ubiquitinated proteins were implicated in at
least one known pathway contributing to PH pathogenesis, and 13% were involved
in three or more PH pathways. Anxa2, App, Jak1, Lmna, Pdcd6ip, Prkch1, and Ywhah
were identified as mediators in PH pathways that undergo differential
ubiquitination during PH pathogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study
to report global changes in protein ubiquitination in the lung during PH
pathogenesis. These findings suggest signaling nodes that are dynamically
regulated by the UPS during PH pathogenesis. Further exploration of these
differentially ubiquitinated proteins and related pathways can provide new
insights into the role of the UPS in PH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy E Wade
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans' Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Jingru Zhao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans' Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans' Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - C Michael Hart
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans' Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans' Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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52
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Cox LAT. Biological mechanisms of non-linear dose-response for respirable mineral fibers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 361:137-144. [PMID: 29932955 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sufficiently high and prolonged inhalation exposures to some respirable elongated mineral particles (REMPs), notably including amphibole asbestos fibers, can increase risk of inflammation-mediated diseases including malignant mesothelioma, pleural diseases, fibrosis, and lung cancer. Chronic inflammation involves ongoing activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which enables immune cells to produce potent proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (in particular, mitochondrial ROS) contribute to NRLP3 activation via a well-elucidated mechanism involving oxidation of reduced thioredoxin and association of thioredoxin-interacting protein with NLRP3. Lysosomal destabilization, efflux of cytosolic potassium ions and influx of calcium ions, signals from damaged mitochondria, both translational and post-translational controls, and prion-like polymerization have increasingly clear roles in regulating NLRP3 activation. As the molecular biology of inflammation-mediated responses to REMP exposure becomes clearer, a practical question looms: What do these mechanisms imply for the shape of the dose-response function relating exposure concentrations and durations for EMPs to risk of pathological responses? Dose-response thresholds or threshold-like nonlinearities can arise from (a) Cooperativity in assembly of supramolecular signaling complexes; (b) Positive feedback loops and bistability in regulatory networks; (c) Overwhelming of defensive barriers maintaining homeostasis; and (d) Damage thresholds, as in lysosome destabilization-induced activation of NLRP3. Each of these mechanisms holds for NLRP3 activation in response to stimuli such as REMP exposures. It is therefore timely to consider the implications of these advances in biological understanding for human health risk assessment with dose-response thresholds.
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NS1 Protein of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A Virus Inhibits Porcine NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Interleukin-1 Beta Production by Suppressing ASC Ubiquitination. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00022-18. [PMID: 29386291 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00022-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome represents a molecular platform for innate immune regulation and controls proinflammatory cytokine production. The NLRP3 inflammasome is comprised of NLRP3, ASC, and procaspase-1. When the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated, it causes ASC speck formation and caspase-1 activation, resulting in the maturation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The NLRP3 inflammasome is regulated at multiple levels, with one level being posttranslational modification. Interestingly, ubiquitination of ASC has been reported to be indispensable for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Influenza A virus (IAV) infection induces NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1β secretion, which contributes to the host antiviral defense. However, IAVs have evolved multiple antagonizing mechanisms, one of which is executed by viral NS1 protein to suppress the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this study, we compared IL-1β production in porcine alveolar macrophages in response to IAV infection and found that the 2009 pandemic H1N1 induced less IL-1β than swine influenza viruses (SIVs). Further study revealed that the NS1 C terminus of pandemic H1N1 but not that of SIV was able to significantly inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production. This inhibitory function was attributed to impaired ASC speck formation and suppression of ASC ubiquitination. Moreover, we identified two target lysine residues, K110 and K140, which are essential for both porcine ASC ubiquitination and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production. These results revealed a novel mechanism by which the NS1 protein of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation.IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in the production of IL-1β, which contributes to the host innate immune response. ASC, an adaptor protein of NLRP3, forms specks that are critical for inflammasome activation. Here, we report that the NS1 C terminus of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 has functions to suppress porcine IL-1β production by inhibiting ASC speck formation and ASC ubiquitination. Furthermore, the ubiquitination sites on porcine ASC were identified. The information gained here may contribute to an in-depth understanding of porcine inflammasome activation and regulation in response to different IAVs, helping to further enhance our knowledge of innate immune responses to influenza virus infection in pigs.
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Virreira Winter S, Zychlinsky A. The bacterial pigment pyocyanin inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome through intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4893-4900. [PMID: 29414783 PMCID: PMC5880120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic complexes that mature and secrete the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and induce pyroptosis. The NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains–containing protein 3) inflammasome detects many pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have been implicated in its activation. The phenazine pyocyanin (PCN) is a virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and generates superoxide in cells. Here we report that PCN inhibits IL-1β and IL-18 release and pyroptosis upon NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages by preventing speck formation and Caspase-1 maturation. Of note, PCN did not regulate the AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) or NLRC4 inflammasomes or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion. Imaging of the fluorescent glutathione redox potential sensor Grx1-roGFP2 indicated that PCN provokes cytosolic and nuclear but not mitochondrial redox changes. PCN-induced intracellular ROS/RNS inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome posttranslationally, and hydrogen peroxide or peroxynitrite alone were sufficient to block its activation. We propose that cytosolic ROS/RNS inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome and that PCN's anti-inflammatory activity may help P. aeruginosa evade immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Kattah MG, Malynn BA, Ma A. Ubiquitin-Modifying Enzymes and Regulation of the Inflammasome. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3471-3485. [PMID: 29031697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-modifying enzymes play critical roles in a wide variety of intracellular signaling pathways. Inflammatory signaling cascades downstream of TNF, TLR agonists, antigen receptor cross-linking, and cytokine receptors, all rely on ubiquitination events to direct subsequent immune responses. In the past several years, inflammasome activation and subsequent signal transduction have emerged as an excellent example of how ubiquitin signals control inflammatory responses. Inflammasomes are multiprotein signaling complexes that ultimately lead to caspase activation and release of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members, IL-1β and IL-18. Inflammasome activation is critical for the host's defense against pathogens, but dysregulation of inflammasomes may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Ultimately, understanding how various ubiquitin interacting proteins control inflammatory signaling cascades could provide new pathways for therapeutic intervention. Here we review specific ubiquitin-modifying enzymes and ubiquitination events that orchestrate inflammatory responses, with an emphasis on the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kattah
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0358, USA
| | - Barbara A Malynn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0358, USA
| | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0358, USA.
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56
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Londino JD, Gulick DL, Lear TB, Suber TL, Weathington NM, Masa LS, Chen BB, Mallampalli RK. Post-translational modification of the interferon-gamma receptor alters its stability and signaling. Biochem J 2017; 474:3543-3557. [PMID: 28883123 PMCID: PMC5967388 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The IFN gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1) binds IFN-γ and activates gene transcription pathways crucial for controlling bacterial and viral infections. Although decreases in IFNGR1 surface levels have been demonstrated to inhibit IFN-γ signaling, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms controlling receptor stability. Here, we show in epithelial and monocytic cell lines that IFNGR1 displays K48 polyubiquitination, is proteasomally degraded, and harbors three ubiquitin acceptor sites at K277, K279, and K285. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) destabilized IFNGR1 while overexpression of GSK3β increased receptor stability. We identified critical serine and threonine residues juxtaposed to ubiquitin acceptor sites that impacted IFNGR1 stability. In CRISPR-Cas9 IFNGR1 generated knockout cell lines, cellular expression of IFNGR1 plasmids encoding ubiquitin acceptor site mutations demonstrated significantly impaired STAT1 phosphorylation and decreased STAT1-dependent gene induction. Thus, IFNGR1 undergoes rapid site-specific polyubiquitination, a process modulated by GSK3β. Ubiquitination appears to be necessary for efficient IFNGR1-dependent gamma gene induction and represents a relatively uncharacterized regulatory mechanism for this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Londino
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Dexter L Gulick
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Travis B Lear
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Tomeka L Suber
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Nathaniel M Weathington
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Luke S Masa
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Bill B Chen
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
- Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
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57
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Shil NK, Pokharel SM, Bose S. Inflammasome Activation by Paramyxoviruses. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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58
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Bednash JS, Weathington N, Londino J, Rojas M, Gulick DL, Fort R, Han S, McKelvey AC, Chen BB, Mallampalli RK. Targeting the deubiquitinase STAMBP inhibits NALP7 inflammasome activity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15203. [PMID: 28492230 PMCID: PMC5437278 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes regulate innate immune responses by facilitating maturation of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 7 (NALP7) is one inflammasome constituent, but little is known about its cellular handling. Here we show a mechanism for NALP7 protein stabilization and activation of the inflammasome by Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonism with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the synthetic acylated lipopeptide Pam3CSK4. NALP7 is constitutively ubiquitinated and recruited to the endolysosome for degradation. With TLR ligation, the deubiquitinase enzyme, STAM-binding protein (STAMBP) impedes NALP7 trafficking to lysosomes to increase NALP7 abundance. STAMBP deubiquitinates NALP7 and STAMBP knockdown abrogates LPS or Pam3CSK4-induced increases in NALP7 protein. A small-molecule inhibitor of STAMBP deubiquitinase activity, BC-1471, decreases NALP7 protein levels and suppresses IL-1β release after TLR agonism. These findings describe a unique pathway of inflammasome regulation with the identification of STAMBP as a potential therapeutic target to reduce pro-inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Bednash
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Nathaniel Weathington
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - James Londino
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Dexter L Gulick
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Robert Fort
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - SeungHye Han
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Alison C McKelvey
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Bill B Chen
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore, NW 628, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, USA
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Rao Y, Wan Q, Yang C, Su J. Grass Carp Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology 2 Serves As a Negative Regulator in Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I- and Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5-Mediated Antiviral Signaling in Resting State and Early Stage of Grass Carp Reovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:352. [PMID: 28396670 PMCID: PMC5366347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2) is a key component of RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). However, the lack of the caspase recruitment domains (CARDs) results in its controversial functional performance as a negative or positive regulator in antiviral responses. Especially, no sufficient evidence uncovers the functional mechanisms of LGP2 in RLR signaling pathways in teleost. Here, negative regulation mechanism of LGP2 in certain situations in retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-mediated antiviral responses was identified in Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney cells. LGP2 overexpression inhibits synthesis and phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3/7 (IRF3/7), and mRNA levels and promoter activities of IFNs and NF-κBs in resting state and early phase of grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection. Knockdown of LGP2 obtains opposite effects. Luciferase report assay indicates that LGP2 works at the upstream of RIG-I and MDA5. LGP2 binds to RIG-I and MDA5 with diverse domain preference and which is independent of GCRV infection. Furthermore, LGP2 restrains K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I and MDA5 in various degrees. These differences result in disparate repressive mechanisms of LGP2 to RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated signal activations of IFN-β promoter stimulator 1 and mediator of IRF3 activation. Interestingly, LGP2 also inhibits K48-linked RIG-I and MDA5 ubiquitination to suppress proteins degradation, which guarantees the basal protein levels for subsequently rapid signal activation. All these results reveal a mechanism that LGP2 functions as a suppressor in RLR signaling pathways to maintain cellular homeostasis in resting state and early phase during GCRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Rao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Quanyuan Wan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Chunrong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Jianguo Su
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
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60
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Zhuang X, Chen Z, He C, Wang L, Zhou R, Yan D, Ge B. Modulation of host signaling in the inflammatory response by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence proteins. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:237-244. [PMID: 27796284 PMCID: PMC5360883 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully infect host cells and evade the host immune response, a type III secretion system (T3SS) is commonly used by enteric bacterial pathogens such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Recent findings have revealed that various effectors are injected into host cells through the T3SS and exert an inhibitory effect on inflammatory signaling pathways, subverting the immune responses to these pathogens. Here we review recent studies aimed at addressing the modulation of several important inflammatory signaling pathways modulated by EPEC effector proteins, such as the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which provides insight into the unfinished work in this unexplored field and helps to identify novel positions in inflammatory signaling networks for EPEC effectors.Cellular & Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 31 October 2016; doi:10.1038/cmi.2016.52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zijuan Chen
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenxi He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruixue Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dapeng Yan
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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61
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Zhang X, Qin J, Zou J, Lv Z, Tan B, Shi J, Zhao Y, Ren H, Liu M, Qian M, Du B. Extracellular ADP facilitates monocyte recruitment in bacterial infection via ERK signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 15:58-73. [PMID: 27867196 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most prominent clinical drug targets for the inhibition of platelet aggregation, P2Y12 and P2Y13 have been found to be highly expressed in both platelets and macrophages. However, the roles and function of P2Y12/13 in the regulation of macrophage-mediated innate immune responses remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), the endogenous ligand of P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2Y13, was released both in E. coli-infected mice and from macrophages treated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Pam3CSK4. Furthermore, the expression of P2Y13 was clearly increased in both LPS-treated macrophages and tuberculosis patients. ADP protected mice from E. coli 0111-induced peritonitis by recruiting more macrophages to the infected sites. Consistent with this, ADP and ADP-treated cell culture medium attracted more macrophages in the transwell assay by enhancing the expression of MCP-1. Nevertheless, P2Y1 is dispensable for ADP-mediated protection against bacterial infection. However, either P2Y12/P2Y13 deficiency or blocking the downstream signaling of P2Y12/P2Y13 blocked the ADP-mediated immune response and allowed more bacteria to persist in the infected mice. Furthermore, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation was clearly increased by ADP, and this type of activation could be blocked by either forskolin or analogs of cyclic AMP (cAMP) (for example, 8-bromo-cAMP). Accordingly, ADP-induced MCP-1 production and protection against bacterial infection could also be reduced by U0126, forskolin and 8-bromo-cAMP. Overall, our study reveals a relationship between danger signals and innate immune responses, which suggests the potential therapeutic significance of ADP-mediated purinergic signaling in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juliang Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyan Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangsheng Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binghe Tan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jueping Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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62
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Li J, Chai QY, Liu CH. The ubiquitin system: a critical regulator of innate immunity and pathogen-host interactions. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:560-76. [PMID: 27524111 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin system comprises enzymes that are responsible for ubiquitination and deubiquitination, as well as ubiquitin receptors that are capable of recognizing and deciphering the ubiquitin code, which act in coordination to regulate almost all host cellular processes, including host-pathogen interactions. In response to pathogen infection, the host innate immune system launches an array of distinct antimicrobial activities encompassing inflammatory signaling, phagosomal maturation, autophagy and apoptosis, all of which are fine-tuned by the ubiquitin system to eradicate the invading pathogens and to reduce concomitant host damage. By contrast, pathogens have evolved a cohort of exquisite strategies to evade host innate immunity by usurping the ubiquitin system for their own benefits. Here, we present recent advances regarding the ubiquitin system-mediated modulation of host-pathogen interplay, with a specific focus on host innate immune defenses and bacterial pathogen immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi-Yao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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