51
|
Ludzia P, Akiyoshi B, Redfield C. 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments for the microtubule-binding domain of the kinetoplastid kinetochore protein KKT4 from Trypanosoma brucei. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2020; 14:309-315. [PMID: 32696260 PMCID: PMC7462909 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-020-09968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
KKT4 is a kinetoplastid-specific microtubule-binding kinetochore protein that lacks significant similarity to any known kinetochore or microtubule-binding proteins. Here we present the 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments for several fragments from the microtubule-binding domain of KKT4 (KKT4115-343) from Trypanosoma brucei. These assignments provide the starting point for detailed investigations of the structure, dynamics and interactions of the microtubule-binding region of KKT4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Ludzia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Bungo Akiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Christina Redfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Niazi Y, Thomsen H, Smolkova B, Vodickova L, Vodenkova S, Kroupa M, Vymetalkova V, Kazimirova A, Barancokova M, Volkovova K, Staruchova M, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Dusinska M, Musak L, Vodicka P, Hemminki K, Försti A. Impact of genetic polymorphisms in kinetochore and spindle assembly genes on chromosomal aberration frequency in healthy humans. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 858-860:503253. [PMID: 33198934 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability is a characteristic of a majority of human malignancies. Chromosomal instability is a common form of genomic instability that can be caused by defects in mitotic checkpoint genes. Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood are also indicative of genotoxic exposure and potential cancer risk. We evaluated associations between inherited genetic variants in 33 mitotic checkpoint genes and the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in the presence and absence of environmental genotoxic exposure. Associations with both chromosome and chromatid type of aberrations were evaluated in two cohorts of healthy individuals, namely an exposed and a reference group consisting of 607 and 866 individuals, respectively. Binary logistic and linear regression analyses were performed for the association studies. Bonferroni-corrected significant p-value was 5 × 10-4 for 99 tests based on the number of analyzed genes and phenotypes. In the reference group the most prominent associations were found with variants in CCNB1, a master regulator of mitosis, and in genes involved in kinetochore function, including CENPH and TEX14, whereas in the exposed group the main association was found with variants in TTK, also an important gene in kinetochore function. How the identified variants may affect the fidelity of mitotic checkpoint remains to be investigated, however, the present study suggests that genetic variation may partly explain interindividual variation in the formation of CAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Niazi
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hauke Thomsen
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; GeneWerk GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 6910, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bozena Smolkova
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Vodenkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kroupa
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vymetalkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kazimirova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Magdalena Barancokova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Volkovova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta Staruchova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine and University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine and University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Ludovit Musak
- Biomedical Center Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Malá Hora(4D), 03601, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asta Försti
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Ghodgaonkar-Steger M, Potocnjak M, Zimniak T, Fischböck-Halwachs J, Solis-Mezarino V, Singh S, Speljko T, Hagemann G, Drexler DJ, Witte G, Herzog F. C-Terminal Motifs of the MTW1 Complex Cooperatively Stabilize Outer Kinetochore Assembly in Budding Yeast. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108190. [PMID: 32997987 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are macromolecular protein assemblies at centromeres that mediate accurate chromosome segregation during cell division. The outer kinetochore KNL1SPC105, MIS12MTW1, and NDC80NDC80 complexes assemble the KMN network, which harbors the sites of microtubule binding and spindle assembly checkpoint signaling. The buildup of the KMN network that transmits microtubule pulling forces to budding yeast point centromeres is poorly understood. Here, we identify 225 inter-protein crosslinks by mass spectrometry on KMN complexes isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that delineate the KMN subunit connectivity for outer kinetochore assembly. C-Terminal motifs of Nsl1 and Mtw1 recruit the SPC105 complex through Kre28, and both motifs aid tethering of the NDC80 complex by the previously reported Dsn1 C terminus. We show that a hub of three C-terminal MTW1 subunit motifs mediates the cooperative stabilization of the KMN network, which is augmented by a direct NDC80-SPC105 association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medini Ghodgaonkar-Steger
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mia Potocnjak
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tomasz Zimniak
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Josef Fischböck-Halwachs
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Victor Solis-Mezarino
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvia Singh
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tea Speljko
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Götz Hagemann
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - David Jan Drexler
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Herzog
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Hoffmann S, Izquierdo HM, Gamba R, Chardon F, Dumont M, Keizer V, Hervé S, McNulty SM, Sullivan BA, Manel N, Fachinetti D. A genetic memory initiates the epigenetic loop necessary to preserve centromere position. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105505. [PMID: 32945564 PMCID: PMC7560200 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are built on repetitive DNA sequences (CenDNA) and a specific chromatin enriched with the histone H3 variant CENP‐A, the epigenetic mark that identifies centromere position. Here, we interrogate the importance of CenDNA in centromere specification by developing a system to rapidly remove and reactivate CENP‐A (CENP‐AOFF/ON). Using this system, we define the temporal cascade of events necessary to maintain centromere position. We unveil that CENP‐B bound to CenDNA provides memory for maintenance on human centromeres by promoting de novo CENP‐A deposition. Indeed, lack of CENP‐B favors neocentromere formation under selective pressure. Occasionally, CENP‐B triggers centromere re‐activation initiated by CENP‐C, but not CENP‐A, recruitment at both ectopic and native centromeres. This is then sufficient to initiate the CENP‐A‐based epigenetic loop. Finally, we identify a population of CENP‐A‐negative, CENP‐B/C‐positive resting CD4+ T cells capable to re‐express and reassembles CENP‐A upon cell cycle entry, demonstrating the physiological importance of the genetic memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Riccardo Gamba
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Florian Chardon
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marie Dumont
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Veer Keizer
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Solène Hervé
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Shannon M McNulty
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Beth A Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
N-Terminus Does Not Govern Protein Turnover of Schizosaccharomyces pombe CENP-A. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176175. [PMID: 32859127 PMCID: PMC7503380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromere integrity underlies an essential framework for precise chromosome segregation and epigenetic inheritance. Although centromeric DNA sequences vary among different organisms, all eukaryotic centromeres comprise a centromere-specific histone H3 variant, centromeric protein A (CENP-A), on which other centromeric proteins assemble into the kinetochore complex. This complex connects chromosomes to mitotic spindle microtubules to ensure accurate partitioning of the genome into daughter cells. Overexpression of CENP-A is associated with many cancers and is correlated with its mistargeting, forming extra-centromeric kinetochore structures. The mislocalization of CENP-A can be counteracted by proteolysis. The amino (N)-terminal domain (NTD) of CENP-A has been implicated in this regulation and shown to be dependent on the proline residues within this domain in Saccharomyces cerevisiae CENP-A, Cse4. We recently identified a proline-rich GRANT motif in the NTD of Schizosaccharomyces pombe CENP-A (SpCENP-A) that regulates the centromeric targeting of CENP-A via binding to the CENP-A chaperone Sim3. Here, we investigated whether the NTD is required to confer SpCENP-A turnover (i.e., counter stability) using various truncation mutants of SpCENP-A. We show that sequential truncation of the NTD did not improve the stability of the protein, indicating that the NTD of SpCENP-A does not drive turnover of the protein. Instead, we reproduced previous observations that heterochromatin integrity is important for SpCENP-A stability, and showed that this occurs in an NTD-independent manner. Cells bearing the null mutant of the histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase Clr4 (Δclr4), which have compromised constitutive heterochromatin integrity, showed reductions in the proportion of SpCENP-A in the chromatin-containing insoluble fraction of the cell extract, suggesting that heterochromatin may promote SpCENP-A chromatin incorporation. Thus, a disruption in heterochromatin may result in the delocalization of SpCENP-A from chromatin, thus exposing it to protein turnover. Taken together, we show that the NTD is not required to confer SpCENP-A protein turnover.
Collapse
|
56
|
Chronic cadmium exposure causes oocyte meiotic arrest by disrupting spindle assembly checkpoint and maturation promoting factor. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:141-149. [PMID: 32574675 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a bioaccumulative heavy metal element with potential toxicity on the female reproductive system, but the exact molecular mechanisms have not yet been clearly defined. In this study, female mice were exposed to 0.5 mg/kg/day of CdCl2 for 60 consecutive days. We found that chronic Cd exposure significantly decreased the fecundity of female mice by affecting oocyte meiotic progression as indicated by disrupted spindle assembly, chromosome alignment and kinetochore-microtubule attachments, consequently resulting in aneuploid oocytes. Further studies showed that the periodic fluctuations of MPF activity and cyclin B1 expression were disturbed in Cd-exposed oocytes probably by affecting the spindle assembly checkpoint protein Bub3. In addition, Cd exposure induced oxidative stress as indicated by an increased level of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in oocytes, leading to oocyte quality deterioration. Taken together, these data suggest that Cd exposure causes disrupted molecular events of meiotic progression and deterioration of oocyte quality via oxidative stress, leading to decrease of female fertility.
Collapse
|
57
|
Ishii M, Akiyoshi B. Characterization of unconventional kinetochore kinases KKT10 and KKT19 in Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs240978. [PMID: 32184264 PMCID: PMC7197874 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore is a macromolecular protein complex that drives chromosome segregation in eukaryotes. Unlike most eukaryotes that have canonical kinetochore proteins, evolutionarily divergent kinetoplastids, such as Trypanosoma brucei, have unconventional kinetochore proteins. T. brucei also lacks a canonical spindle checkpoint system, and it therefore remains unknown how mitotic progression is regulated in this organism. Here, we characterized, in the procyclic form of T. brucei, two paralogous kinetochore proteins with a CLK-like kinase domain, KKT10 and KKT19, which localize at kinetochores in metaphase but disappear at the onset of anaphase. We found that these proteins are functionally redundant. Double knockdown of KKT10 and KKT19 led to a significant delay in the metaphase to anaphase transition. We also found that phosphorylation of two kinetochore proteins, KKT4 and KKT7, depended on KKT10 and KKT19 in vivo Finally, we showed that the N-terminal part of KKT7 directly interacts with KKT10 and that kinetochore localization of KKT10 depends not only on KKT7 but also on the KKT8 complex. Our results reveal that kinetochore localization of KKT10 and KKT19 is tightly controlled to regulate the metaphase to anaphase transition in T. bruceiThis article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Midori Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Bungo Akiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Takizawa Y, Ho CH, Tachiwana H, Matsunami H, Kobayashi W, Suzuki M, Arimura Y, Hori T, Fukagawa T, Ohi MD, Wolf M, Kurumizaka H. Cryo-EM Structures of Centromeric Tri-nucleosomes Containing a Central CENP-A Nucleosome. Structure 2020; 28:44-53.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
59
|
Zielinska AP, Bellou E, Sharma N, Frombach AS, Seres KB, Gruhn JR, Blayney M, Eckel H, Moltrecht R, Elder K, Hoffmann ER, Schuh M. Meiotic Kinetochores Fragment into Multiple Lobes upon Cohesin Loss in Aging Eggs. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3749-3765.e7. [PMID: 31679939 PMCID: PMC6868511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome segregation errors during female meiosis are a leading cause of pregnancy loss and human infertility. The segregation of chromosomes is driven by interactions between spindle microtubules and kinetochores. Kinetochores in mammalian oocytes are subjected to special challenges: they need to withstand microtubule pulling forces over multiple hours and are built on centromeric chromatin that in humans is decades old. In meiosis I, sister kinetochores are paired and oriented toward the same spindle pole. It is well established that they progressively separate from each other with advancing female age. However, whether aging also affects the internal architecture of centromeres and kinetochores is currently unclear. Here, we used super-resolution microscopy to study meiotic centromere and kinetochore organization in metaphase-II-arrested eggs from three mammalian species, including humans. We found that centromeric chromatin decompacts with advancing maternal age. Kinetochores built on decompacted centromeres frequently lost their integrity and fragmented into multiple lobes. Fragmentation extended across inner and outer kinetochore regions and affected over 30% of metaphase-II-arrested (MII) kinetochores in aged women and mice, making the lobular architecture a prominent feature of the female meiotic kinetochore. We demonstrate that a partial cohesin loss, as is known to occur in oocytes with advancing maternal age, is sufficient to trigger centromere decompaction and kinetochore fragmentation. Microtubule pulling forces further enhanced the fragmentation and shaped the arrangement of kinetochore lobes. Fragmented kinetochores were frequently abnormally attached to spindle microtubules, suggesting that kinetochore fragmentation could contribute to the maternal age effect in mammalian eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata P Zielinska
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Eirini Bellou
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Ninadini Sharma
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Ann-Sophie Frombach
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - K Bianka Seres
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany; Bourn Hall Clinic, High Street, Cambridge CB23 2TN, UK
| | - Jennifer R Gruhn
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | | | - Heike Eckel
- Kinderwunschzentrum, Kasseler Landstraße 25A, Göttingen 37081, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Moltrecht
- Kinderwunschzentrum, Kasseler Landstraße 25A, Göttingen 37081, Germany
| | - Kay Elder
- Bourn Hall Clinic, High Street, Cambridge CB23 2TN, UK
| | - Eva R Hoffmann
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Melina Schuh
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Qiu D, Li S, Guo L, Yuan R, Ou X. Rab24 functions in meiotic apparatus assembly and maturational progression in mouse oocyte. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2893-2901. [PMID: 31496367 PMCID: PMC6791699 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1660115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases have multiple regulatory functions in intracellular vesicle transport. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the roles of Rab proteins in mammalian oocytes. In this paper, we show the specific distribution pattern of Rab24 during mouse oocyte meiosis. Furthermore, we find that Rab24 depletion results in the failure of maturational progression in mouse oocytes. Notably, the frequency of meiotic apparatus abnormality is significantly increased in Rab24-depleted oocytes relative to controls. In addition, lagging chromosomes are readily observed in anaphase/telophase oocytes with Rab24 knockdown. In support of this, the depletion of Rab24 disturbs the kinetochore-microtubule attachments in oocytes, and contributes to the production of aneuploid eggs. Taken together, the results of this study identify Rab24 as a novel factor in the modulation of meiotic apparatus assembly and meiotic progression during mouse oocyte maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danhong Qiu
- Fertility Preservation Laboratory, Human Reproduction Medical Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sen Li
- Fertility Preservation Laboratory, Human Reproduction Medical Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Fertility Preservation Laboratory, Human Reproduction Medical Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiying Yuan
- Fertility Preservation Laboratory, Human Reproduction Medical Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghong Ou
- Fertility Preservation Laboratory, Human Reproduction Medical Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Shan F, Diwu Y, Yang X, Tu X. Expression and Interactions of Kinetoplastid Kinetochore Proteins (KKTs) from Trypanosoma brucei. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:860-868. [PMID: 31621553 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190723152359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Kinetochores are the macromolecular protein complex that drives
chromosome segregation by interacting with centromeric DNA and spindle microtubules in
eukaryotes. Kinetochores in well studied eukaryotes bind DNA through widely conserved
components like Centromere Protein (CENP)-A and bind microtubules through the Ndc80
complex. However, unconventional type of kinetochore proteins (KKT1-20) were identified in
evolutionarily divergent kinetoplastid species such as Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), indicating
that chromosome segregation is driven by a distinct set of proteins. KKT proteins are comprised of
sequential α-helixes that tend to form coiled-coil structures, which will further lead to
polymerization and misfolding of proteins, resulting in the formation of inclusion bodies.
Results and Conclusion:
We expressed and purified the stable KKT proteins with Maltose Binding
Protein (MBP) fusion tag in E. coli or Protein A tag in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293T
cells. Furthermore, we identified interactions among KKT proteins using yeast two-hybrid system.
The study provides an important basis for further better understanding of the structure and function
of KKT proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhen Shan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yating Diwu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoming Tu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Olukoga T, Fernández-Casañas M, Chan KL. Another string to the polo bow: a new mitotic role of PLK1 in centromere protection. Mol Cell Oncol 2019; 6:1658515. [PMID: 31692966 PMCID: PMC6816413 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2019.1658515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) plays a fundamental role in the spatiotemporal control of mitosis. Cells lacking PLK1 activity exhibit characteristic chromosome misalignment due to defects in microtubule-kinetochore organization and attachment. In our recently published paper, we uncover a new role for PLK1 in the preservation and maintenance of centromere integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomisin Olukoga
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Kok-Lung Chan
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Amin MA, Agarwal S, Varma D. Mapping the kinetochore MAP functions required for stabilizing microtubule attachments to chromosomes during metaphase. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:398-412. [PMID: 31454167 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In mitosis, faithful chromosome segregation is orchestrated by the dynamic interactions between the spindle microtubules (MTs) emanating from the opposite poles and the kinetochores of the chromosomes. However, the precise mechanism that coordinates the coupling of the kinetochore components to dynamic MTs has been a long-standing question. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate MT nucleation and dynamics, MT-mediated transport and MT cross-linking in cells. During mitosis, MAPs play an essential role not only in determining spindle length, position, and orientation but also in facilitating robust kinetochore-microtubule (kMT) attachments by linking the kinetochores to spindle MTs efficiently. The stability of MTs imparted by the MAPs is critical to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. This review primarily focuses on the specific function of nonmotor kinetochore MAPs, their recruitment to kinetochores and their MT-binding properties. We also attempt to synthesize and strengthen our understanding of how these MAPs work in coordination with the kinetochore-bound Ndc80 complex (the key component at the MT-binding interface in metaphase and anaphase) to establish stable kMT attachments and control accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Scelfo A, Fachinetti D. Keeping the Centromere under Control: A Promising Role for DNA Methylation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080912. [PMID: 31426433 PMCID: PMC6721688 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to maintain cell and organism homeostasis, the genetic material has to be faithfully and equally inherited through cell divisions while preserving its integrity. Centromeres play an essential task in this process; they are special sites on chromosomes where kinetochores form on repetitive DNA sequences to enable accurate chromosome segregation. Recent evidence suggests that centromeric DNA sequences, and epigenetic regulation of centromeres, have important roles in centromere physiology. In particular, DNA methylation is abundant at the centromere, and aberrant DNA methylation, observed in certain tumors, has been correlated to aneuploidy and genomic instability. In this review, we evaluate past and current insights on the relationship between centromere function and the DNA methylation pattern of its underlying sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scelfo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Daniele Fachinetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Gornik SG, Hu I, Lassadi I, Waller RF. The Biochemistry and Evolution of the Dinoflagellate Nucleus. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080245. [PMID: 31398798 PMCID: PMC6723414 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are known to possess a highly aberrant nucleus-the so-called dinokaryon-that exhibits a multitude of exceptional biological features. These include: (1) Permanently condensed chromosomes; (2) DNA in a cholesteric liquid crystalline state, (3) extremely large DNA content (up to 200 pg); and, perhaps most strikingly, (4) a deficit of histones-the canonical building blocks of all eukaryotic chromatin. Dinoflagellates belong to the Alveolata clade (dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates) and, therefore, the biological oddities observed in dinoflagellate nuclei are derived character states. Understanding the sequence of changes that led to the dinokaryon has been difficult in the past with poor resolution of dinoflagellate phylogeny. Moreover, lack of knowledge of their molecular composition has constrained our understanding of the molecular properties of these derived nuclei. However, recent advances in the resolution of the phylogeny of dinoflagellates, particularly of the early branching taxa; the realization that divergent histone genes are present; and the discovery of dinoflagellate-specific nuclear proteins that were acquired early in dinoflagellate evolution have all thrown new light nature and evolution of the dinokaryon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G Gornik
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Imen Lassadi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Ross F Waller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Zhang YJ, Sun YZ, Gao XH, Qi RQ. Integrated bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways in plaque psoriasis. Mol Med Rep 2019. [PMID: 31115544 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10241/html] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune‑mediated cutaneous disorder with a high incidence and prevalence. Patients with psoriasis may experience irritation, pain and psychological problems. The cause and underlying molecular etiology of psoriasis remains unknown. In an attempt to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of psoriasis, the gene expression profiles of 175 pairs of lesional and corresponding non‑lesional skin samples were downloaded from 5 data sets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Integrated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained with the use of R software. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were analyzed using the DAVID online analysis tool. The protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed on the STRING platform and hub genes were calculated with the use of Cytoscape software. Finally, GEO2R was used to determine the expression of the hub genes in scalp psoriasis. A total of 373 genes from the 5 data sets were identified as DEGs, including 277 upregulated and 96 downregulated genes. GO analysis revealed that immune responses and epidermal differentiation/development were the most enriched terms in biological processes, extracellular space/matrix was the most enriched term in cellular components, and endopeptidase inhibitor activity was the most enriched term in molecular functions. In the KEGG pathway enrichment, DEGs were mainly enriched in the metabolic and viral infection‑associated pathways. A total of 17 hub genes were calculated, including CSK2, CDC45, MCM10, SPC25, NDC80, NUF2, AURKA, CENPE, RRM2, DLGP5, HMMR, TTK, IFIT1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI27 and ISG20, among which interferon‑α‑inducible genes were revealed to display a similar expression pattern as that obtained in scalp psoriasis. This comprehensive bioinformatic re‑analysis of GEO data provides new insights on the molecular pathogenesis of psoriasis and the identification of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Abstract
Mistakes in the process of cell division can lead to the loss, gain or rearrangement of chromosomes. Significant chromosomal abnormalities are usually lethal to the cells and cause spontaneous miscarriages. However, in some cases, defects in the spindle assembly checkpoint lead to severe diseases, such as cancer and birth and development defects, including Down's syndrome. The timely and accurate control of chromosome segregation in mitosis relies on the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), an evolutionary conserved, self-regulated signalling system present in higher organisms. The spindle assembly checkpoint is orchestrated by dynamic interactions between spindle microtubules and the kinetochore , a multiprotein complex that constitutes the site for attachment of chromosomes to microtubule polymers to pull sister chromatids apart during cell division. This chapter discusses the current molecular understanding of the essential, highly dynamic molecular interactions underpinning spindle assembly checkpoint signalling and how the complex choreography of interactions can be coordinated in time and space to finely regulate the process. The potential of targeting this signalling pathway to interfere with the abnormal segregation of chromosomes, which occurs in diverse malignancies and the new opportunities that recent technological developments are opening up for a deeper understanding of the spindle assembly checkpoint are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Etemad B, Vertesy A, Kuijt TEF, Sacristan C, van Oudenaarden A, Kops GJPL. Spindle checkpoint silencing at kinetochores with submaximal microtubule occupancy. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.231589. [PMID: 31138679 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures proper chromosome segregation by monitoring kinetochore-microtubule interactions. SAC proteins are shed from kinetochores once stable attachments are achieved. Human kinetochores consist of hundreds of SAC protein recruitment modules and bind up to 20 microtubules, raising the question of how the SAC responds to intermediate attachment states. We show that one protein module ('RZZS-MAD1-MAD2') of the SAC is removed from kinetochores at low microtubule occupancy and remains absent at higher occupancies, while another module ('BUB1-BUBR1') is retained at substantial levels irrespective of attachment states. These behaviours reflect different silencing mechanisms: while BUB1 displacement is almost fully dependent on MPS1 inactivation, MAD1 (also known as MAD1L1) displacement is not. Artificially tuning the affinity of kinetochores for microtubules further shows that ∼50% occupancy is sufficient to shed MAD2 and silence the SAC. Kinetochores thus respond as a single unit to shut down SAC signalling at submaximal occupancy states, but retain one SAC module. This may ensure continued SAC silencing on kinetochores with fluctuating occupancy states while maintaining the ability for fast SAC re-activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Etemad
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Abel Vertesy
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Timo E F Kuijt
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Sacristan
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Vallardi G, Cordeiro MH, Saurin AT. A Kinase-Phosphatase Network that Regulates Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments and the SAC. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 56:457-484. [PMID: 28840249 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The KMN network (for KNL1, MIS12 and NDC80 complexes) is a hub for signalling at the outer kinetochore. It integrates the activities of two kinases (MPS1 and Aurora B) and two phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A-B56) to regulate kinetochore-microtubule attachments and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). We will first discuss each of these enzymes separately, to describe how they are regulated at kinetochores and why this is important for their primary function in controlling either microtubule attachments or the SAC. We will then discuss why inhibiting any one of them individually produces secondary effects on all the others. This cross-talk may help to explain why all enzymes have been linked to both processes, even though the direct evidence suggests they each control only one. This chapter therefore describes how a network of kinases and phosphatases work together to regulate two key mitotic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vallardi
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Marilia Henriques Cordeiro
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Adrian Thomas Saurin
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Fischböck-Halwachs J, Singh S, Potocnjak M, Hagemann G, Solis-Mezarino V, Woike S, Ghodgaonkar-Steger M, Weissmann F, Gallego LD, Rojas J, Andreani J, Köhler A, Herzog F. The COMA complex interacts with Cse4 and positions Sli15/Ipl1 at the budding yeast inner kinetochore. eLife 2019; 8:42879. [PMID: 31112132 PMCID: PMC6546395 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are macromolecular protein complexes at centromeres that ensure accurate chromosome segregation by attaching chromosomes to spindle microtubules and integrating safeguard mechanisms. The inner kinetochore is assembled on CENP-A nucleosomes and has been implicated in establishing a kinetochore-associated pool of Aurora B kinase, a chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) subunit, which is essential for chromosome biorientation. By performing crosslink-guided in vitro reconstitution of budding yeast kinetochore complexes we showed that the Ame1/Okp1CENP-U/Q heterodimer, which forms the COMA complex with Ctf19/Mcm21CENP-P/O, selectively bound Cse4CENP-A nucleosomes through the Cse4 N-terminus. The Sli15/Ipl1INCENP/Aurora-B core-CPC interacted with COMA in vitro through the Ctf19 C-terminus whose deletion affected chromosome segregation fidelity in Sli15 wild-type cells. Tethering Sli15 to Ame1/Okp1 rescued synthetic lethality upon Ctf19 depletion in a Sli15 centromere-targeting deficient mutant. This study shows molecular characteristics of the point-centromere kinetochore architecture and suggests a role for the Ctf19 C-terminus in mediating CPC-binding and accurate chromosome segregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Fischböck-Halwachs
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvia Singh
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mia Potocnjak
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Götz Hagemann
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Victor Solis-Mezarino
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Woike
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Medini Ghodgaonkar-Steger
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Weissmann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura D Gallego
- Max F Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julie Rojas
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jessica Andreani
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alwin Köhler
- Max F Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Herzog
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Zhang YJ, Sun YZ, Gao XH, Qi RQ. Integrated bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways in plaque psoriasis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:225-235. [PMID: 31115544 PMCID: PMC6580009 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated cutaneous disorder with a high incidence and prevalence. Patients with psoriasis may experience irritation, pain and psychological problems. The cause and underlying molecular etiology of psoriasis remains unknown. In an attempt to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of psoriasis, the gene expression profiles of 175 pairs of lesional and corresponding non-lesional skin samples were downloaded from 5 data sets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Integrated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained with the use of R software. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were analyzed using the DAVID online analysis tool. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed on the STRING platform and hub genes were calculated with the use of Cytoscape software. Finally, GEO2R was used to determine the expression of the hub genes in scalp psoriasis. A total of 373 genes from the 5 data sets were identified as DEGs, including 277 upregulated and 96 downregulated genes. GO analysis revealed that immune responses and epidermal differentiation/development were the most enriched terms in biological processes, extracellular space/matrix was the most enriched term in cellular components, and endopeptidase inhibitor activity was the most enriched term in molecular functions. In the KEGG pathway enrichment, DEGs were mainly enriched in the metabolic and viral infection-associated pathways. A total of 17 hub genes were calculated, including CSK2, CDC45, MCM10, SPC25, NDC80, NUF2, AURKA, CENPE, RRM2, DLGP5, HMMR, TTK, IFIT1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI27 and ISG20, among which interferon-α-inducible genes were revealed to display a similar expression pattern as that obtained in scalp psoriasis. This comprehensive bioinformatic re-analysis of GEO data provides new insights on the molecular pathogenesis of psoriasis and the identification of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Remnant L, Booth DG, Vargiu G, Spanos C, Kerr ARW, Earnshaw WC. In vitro BioID: mapping the CENP-A microenvironment with high temporal and spatial resolution. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1314-1325. [PMID: 30892990 PMCID: PMC6724601 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere is located at the primary constriction of condensed chromosomes where it acts as a platform regulating chromosome segregation. The histone H3 variant CENP-A is the foundation for kinetochore formation. CENP-A directs the formation of a highly dynamic molecular neighborhood whose temporal characterization during mitosis remains a challenge due to limitations in available techniques. BioID is a method that exploits a “promiscuous” biotin ligase (BirA118R or BirA*) to identify proteins within close proximity to a fusion protein of interest. As originally described, cells expressing BirA* fusions were exposed to high biotin concentrations for 24 h during which the ligase transferred activated biotin (BioAmp) to other proteins within the immediate vicinity. The protein neighborhood could then be characterized by streptavidin-based purification and mass spectrometry. Here we describe a further development to this technique, allowing CENP-A interactors to be characterized within only a few minutes, in an in vitro reaction in lysed cells whose physiological progression is “frozen.” This approach, termed in vitro BioID (ivBioID), has the potential to study the molecular neighborhood of any structural protein whose interactions change either during the cell cycle or in response to other changes in cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Remnant
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and
| | - Daniel G Booth
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and.,Centre for Brain Discovery Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Giulia Vargiu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and
| | - Christos Spanos
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and
| | - Alastair R W Kerr
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Yu KW, Zhong N, Xiao Y, She ZY. Mechanisms of kinesin-7 CENP-E in kinetochore-microtubule capture and chromosome alignment during cell division. Biol Cell 2019; 111:143-160. [PMID: 30784092 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201800082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome congression is essential for faithful chromosome segregation and genomic stability in cell division. Centromere-associated protein E (CENP-E), a plus-end-directed kinesin motor, is required for congression of pole-proximal chromosomes in metaphase. CENP-E accumulates at the outer plate of kinetochores and mediates the kinetochore-microtubule capture. CENP-E also transports the chromosomes along spindle microtubules towards the equatorial plate. CENP-E interacts with Bub1-related kinase, Aurora B and core kinetochore components during kinetochore-microtubule attachment. In this review, we introduce the structures and mechanochemistry of kinesin-7 CENP-E. We highlight the complicated interactions between CENP-E and partner proteins during chromosome congression. We summarise the detailed roles and mechanisms of CENP-E in mitosis and meiosis, including the kinetochore-microtubule capture, chromosome congression/alignment in metaphase and the regulation of spindle assembly checkpoint. We also shed a light on the roles of CENP-E in tumourigenesis and CENP-E's specific inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wei Yu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics/Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Ning Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics/Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics/Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Zhen-Yu She
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics/Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Multiple phosphorylations control recruitment of the KMN network onto kinetochores. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:1378-1388. [PMID: 30420662 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To establish a functional kinetochore, the constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) forms a foundation on the centromere and recruits the KMN network, which directly binds to spindle microtubules. The CENP-C and CENP-T pathways in the CCAN recruit the KMN network to kinetochores, independently. The CENP-C pathway has been considered the major scaffold for the KMN network in vertebrate CCAN. However, we demonstrate that it is mainly the CENP-T pathway that recruits the KMN network onto the kinetochores and that CENP-T-KMN interactions are essential in chicken DT40 cells. By contrast, less Ndc80 binds to the CENP-C pathway in mitosis and the Mis12-CENP-C association is decreased during mitotic progression, which is consistent with the finding that the Mis12 complex-CENP-C binding is dispensable for cell viability. Furthermore, we find that multiple phosphoregulations of CENP-T and the Mis12 complex make the CENP-T pathway dominant. These results provide key insights into kinetochore dynamics during mitotic progression.
Collapse
|
75
|
Vicente-Blázquez A, González M, Álvarez R, Del Mazo S, Medarde M, Peláez R. Antitubulin sulfonamides: The successful combination of an established drug class and a multifaceted target. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:775-830. [PMID: 30362234 DOI: 10.1002/med.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin, the microtubules and their dynamic behavior are amongst the most successful antitumor, antifungal, antiparasitic, and herbicidal drug targets. Sulfonamides are exemplary drugs with applications in the clinic, in veterinary and in the agrochemical industry. This review summarizes the actual state and recent progress of both fields looking from the double point of view of the target and its drugs, with special focus onto the structural aspects. The article starts with a brief description of tubulin structure and its dynamic assembly and disassembly into microtubules and other polymers. Posttranslational modifications and the many cellular means of regulating and modulating tubulin's biology are briefly presented in the tubulin code. Next, the structurally characterized drug binding sites, their occupying drugs and the effects they induce are described, emphasizing on the structural requirements for high potency, selectivity, and low toxicity. The second part starts with a summary of the favorable and highly tunable combination of physical-chemical and biological properties that render sulfonamides a prototypical example of privileged scaffolds with representatives in many therapeutic areas. A complete description of tubulin-binding sulfonamides is provided, covering the different species and drug sites. Some of the antimitotic sulfonamides have met with very successful applications and others less so, thus illustrating the advances, limitations, and future perspectives of the field. All of them combine in a mechanism of action and a clinical outcome that conform efficient drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Vicente-Blázquez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Myriam González
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sara Del Mazo
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Medarde
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Barra V, Fachinetti D. The dark side of centromeres: types, causes and consequences of structural abnormalities implicating centromeric DNA. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4340. [PMID: 30337534 PMCID: PMC6194107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are the chromosomal domains required to ensure faithful transmission of the genome during cell division. They have a central role in preventing aneuploidy, by orchestrating the assembly of several components required for chromosome separation. However, centromeres also adopt a complex structure that makes them susceptible to being sites of chromosome rearrangements. Therefore, preservation of centromere integrity is a difficult, but important task for the cell. In this review, we discuss how centromeres could potentially be a source of genome instability and how centromere aberrations and rearrangements are linked with human diseases such as cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Barra
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - D Fachinetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Zhao Z, Li C, Song B, Sun J, Fu X, Yang F, Wang H, Yan B. pH low insertion peptide mediated cell division cycle-associated protein 1 -siRNA transportation for prostatic cancer therapy targeted to the tumor microenvironment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1761-1767. [PMID: 30131247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common malignancy in male urinary system. Cell division cycle-associated protein 1 (CDCA1) is expressed highly in many cancer cells. Yet, whether CDCA1 play an important role in PCa progression is uncertain. pH low insertion peptide (pHLIP), a PH-induced transmembrane structure, can pass through the cell membrane into intracellular in an acidic environment. In this study, we try to confirm the expression status of CDCA1 in the PCa patients' tissues and PCa cell line. In addition, to make the CDCA1-siRNA efficiently targeting the PCa cells, pHLIP and CDCA1-siRNA were combined with disulfide bond to become effector molecules. By the characteristics of the pHLIP allosteric occurring in cancer tissue acidic microenvironment, CDCA1-siRNA may be transported specificity into prostatic cancer cells and released in the cytoplasm. The interference effect of the effector molecules on the CDCA1 was detected in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that CDCA1 was highly expressed in PCa cell line and human PCa clinical samples. Knock down CDCA1 significantly inhibit the growth and promote the apoptosis of prostatic cancer cells. In the intracellular translocation experiment, CDCA1-siRNA could be delivered into cytoplasma at pH 6.2, but not at pH 7.4. In the in vivo test, the tumor size was reduced obviously in the NOD/SCID mice treated with pHLIP-CDCA1-siRNA compared to the CDCA1-siRNA and the bioluminescent signal of Cy5-pHLIP-CDCA1-siRNA was focused detected in the tumor site. Our findings indicated that CDCA1 might be a very key molecule regulating survival and proliferation of PCa. pHLIP-CDCA1-siRNA might be a promising targeting therapy for PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhining Zhao
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China; Clinical Laboratory, 451 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 269 Friendship East Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Changyu Li
- Hainan Cancer Hospital, No.6 West 4th Changbin Street, Haikou, HaiNan, 570100, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China
| | - Jinbo Sun
- Department of Urology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xiaoliang Fu
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China.
| | - Bo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Li C, Diao F, Qiu D, Jiang M, Li X, Han L, Li L, Hou X, Ge J, Ou X, Liu J, Wang Q. Histone methyltransferase SETD2 is required for meiotic maturation in mouse oocyte. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:661-668. [PMID: 30078214 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Feiyang Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Danhong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Manxi Jiang
- Fertility Preservation Laboratory, Human Reproduction Medical Center Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- College of Animal Science & Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Longsen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xiaojing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Juan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xianghong Ou
- Fertility Preservation Laboratory, Human Reproduction Medical Center Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital Guangzhou China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Luo Y, Ahmad E, Liu ST. MAD1: Kinetochore Receptors and Catalytic Mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:51. [PMID: 29868582 PMCID: PMC5949338 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic checkpoint monitors kinetochore-microtubule attachment, delays anaphase onset and prevents aneuploidy when unattached or tensionless kinetochores are present in cells. Mitotic arrest deficiency 1 (MAD1) is one of the evolutionarily conserved core mitotic checkpoint proteins. MAD1 forms a cell cycle independent complex with MAD2 through its MAD2 interaction motif (MIM) in the middle region. Such a complex is enriched at unattached kinetochores and functions as an unusual catalyst to promote conformational change of additional MAD2 molecules, constituting a crucial signal amplifying mechanism for the mitotic checkpoint. Only MAD2 in its active conformation can be assembled with BUBR1 and CDC20 to form the Mitotic Checkpoint Complex (MCC), which is a potent inhibitor of anaphase onset. Recent research has shed light on how MAD1 is recruited to unattached kinetochores, and how it carries out its catalytic activity. Here we review these advances and discuss their implications for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Ejaz Ahmad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Song-Tao Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Ghanti D, Patra S, Chowdhury D. Molecular force spectroscopy of kinetochore-microtubule attachment in silico: Mechanical signatures of an unusual catch bond and collective effects. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:052414. [PMID: 29906871 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.052414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of the lifetime of attachments formed by a single microtubule (MT) with a single kinetochore (kt) in vitro under force-clamp conditions had earlier revealed a catch-bond-like behavior. In the past, the physical origin of this apparently counterintuitive phenomenon was traced to the nature of the force dependence of the (de)polymerization kinetics of the MTs. Here, first the same model MT-kt attachment is subjected to external tension that increases linearly with time until rupture occurs. In our force-ramp experiments in silico, the model displays the well known "mechanical signatures" of a catch bond probed by molecular force spectroscopy. Exploiting this evidence, we have further strengthened the analogy between MT-kt attachments and common ligand-receptor bonds in spite of the crucial differences in their underlying physical mechanisms. We then extend the formalism to model the stochastic kinetics of an attachment formed by a bundle of multiple parallel microtubules with a single kt considering the effect of rebinding under force-clamp and force-ramp conditions. From numerical studies of the model we predict the trends of variation of the mean lifetime and mean rupture force with the increasing number of MTs in the bundle. Both the mean lifetime and the mean rupture force display nontrivial nonlinear dependence on the maximum number of MTs that can attach simultaneously to the same kt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipanwita Ghanti
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Gao L, Wang Y, Li Y, Dong Y, Yang A, Zhang J, Li F, Zhang R. Genome-wide expression profiling analysis to identify key genes in the anti-HIV mechanism of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1199-1209. [PMID: 29508932 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses were performed to explore the key biomarkers in response to HIV infection of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of HIV infected individuals were analyzed and the GEO database (GSE6740) was screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HIV infected CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Gene Ontology enrichment, KEGG pathway analyses, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were performed to identify the key pathway and core proteins in anti-HIV virus process of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Finally, we analyzed the expressions of key proteins in HIV-infected T cells (GSE6740 dataset) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) (GSE511 dataset). 1) CD4+ T cells counts and ratio of CD4+ /CD8+ T cells decreased while CD8+ T cells counts increased in HIV positive individuals; 2) 517 DEGs were found in HIV infected CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at acute and chronic stage with the criterial of P-value <0.05 and fold change (FC) ≥2; 3) In acute HIV infection, type 1 interferon (IFN-1) pathway might played a critical role in response to HIV infection of T cells. The main biological processes of the DEGs were response to virus and defense response to virus. At chronic stage, ISG15 protein, in conjunction with IFN-1 pathway might play key roles in anti-HIV responses of CD4+ T cells; and 4) The expression of ISG15 increased in both T cells and PBMCs after HIV infection. Gene expression profile of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells changed significantly in HIV infection, in which ISG15 gene may play a central role in activating the natural antiviral process of immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Gao
- Medicine College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Wang
- Department of Urology, Yangling Demonstration Zone Hospital, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Medicine College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ya Dong
- Medicine College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Aimin Yang
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.,School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Fengying Li
- Immunization Department of Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xianyang, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Rongqiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Hoischen C, Yavas S, Wohland T, Diekmann S. CENP-C/H/I/K/M/T/W/N/L and hMis12 but not CENP-S/X participate in complex formation in the nucleoplasm of living human interphase cells outside centromeres. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192572. [PMID: 29509805 PMCID: PMC5839545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochore proteins assemble onto centromeric chromatin and regulate DNA segregation during cell division. The inner kinetochore proteins bind centromeres while most outer kinetochore proteins assemble at centromeres during mitosis, connecting the complex to microtubules. Here, we measured the co-migration between protein pairs of the constitutive centromere associated network (CCAN) and hMis12 complexes by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) in the nucleoplasm outside centromeres in living human interphase cells. FCCS is a method that can tell if in living cells two differently fluorescently labelled molecules migrate independently, or co-migrate and thus are part of one and the same soluble complex. We also determined the apparent dissociation constants (Kd) of the hetero-dimers CENP-T/W and CENP-S/X. We measured co-migration between CENP-K and CENP-T as well as between CENP-M and CENP-T but not between CENP-T/W and CENP-S/X. Furthermore, CENP-C co-migrated with CENP-H, and CENP-K with CENP-N as well as with CENP-L. Thus, in the nucleoplasm outside centromeres, a large fraction of the CENP-H/I/K/M proteins interact with CENP-C, CENP-N/L and CENP-T/W but not with CENP-S/X. Our FCCS analysis of the Mis12 complex showed that hMis12, Nsl1, Dsn1 and Nnf1 also form a complex outside centromeres of which at least hMis12 associated with the CENP-C/H/I/K/M/T/W/N/L complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hoischen
- Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Friz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Sibel Yavas
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Centre of Bioimaging Sciences, Lee Wee Kheng Buildung, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Centre of Bioimaging Sciences, Lee Wee Kheng Buildung, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephan Diekmann
- Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Friz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Spc24 is required for meiotic kinetochore-microtubule attachment and production of euploid eggs. Oncotarget 2018; 7:71987-71997. [PMID: 27713128 PMCID: PMC5342138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes are particularly error prone in chromosome segregation during two successive meiotic divisions. The proper kinetochore-microtubule attachment is a prerequisite for faithful chromosome segregation during meiosis. Here, we report that Spc24 localizes at the kinetochores during mouse oocyte meiosis. Depletion of Spc24 using specific siRNA injection caused defective kinetochore-microtubule attachments and chromosome misalignment, and accelerated the first meiosis by abrogating the kinetochore recruitment of spindle assembly checkpoint protein Mad2, leading to a high incidence of aneuploidy. Thus, Spc24 plays an important role in genomic stability maintenance during oocyte meiotic maturation.
Collapse
|
84
|
Feitosa WB, Hwang K, Morris PL. Temporal and SUMO-specific SUMOylation contribute to the dynamics of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and spindle integrity during mouse oocyte meiosis. Dev Biol 2018; 434:278-291. [PMID: 29269218 PMCID: PMC5805567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian meiosis, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is essential during cell cycle progression. In oocyte maturation, PLK1 expression is well characterized but timing of posttranslational modifications regulating its activity and subcellular localization are less clear. Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) posttranslational modifier proteins have been detected in mammalian gametes but their precise function during gametogenesis is largely unknown. In the present paper we report for mouse oocytes that both PLK1 and phosphorylated PLK1 undergo SUMOylation in meiosis II (MII) oocytes using immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation and in vitro SUMOylation assays. At MII, PLK1 is phosphorylated at threonine-210 and serine-137. MII oocyte PLK1 and phosphorylated PLK1 undergo SUMOylation by SUMO-1, -2 and -3 as shown by individual in vitro assays. Using these assays, forms of phosphorylated PLK1 normalized to PLK1 increased significantly and correlated with SUMOylated PLK1 levels. During meiotic progression and maturation, SUMO-1-SUMOylation of PLK1 is involved in spindle formation whereas SUMO-2/3-SUMOylation may regulate PLK1 activity at kinetochore-spindle attachment sites. Microtubule integrity is required for PLK1 localization with SUMO-1 but not with SUMO-2/3. Inhibition of SUMOylation disrupts proper meiotic bipolar spindle organization and spindle-kinetochore attachment. The data show that both temporal and SUMO-specific-SUMOylation play important roles in orchestrating functional dynamics of PLK1 during mouse oocyte meiosis, including subcellular compartmentalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weber Beringui Feitosa
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - KeumSil Hwang
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Patricia L Morris
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Molecular model of the mitochondrial genome segregation machinery in Trypanosoma brucei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1809-E1818. [PMID: 29434039 PMCID: PMC5828607 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716582115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial genome replication and segregation are essential processes in most eukaryotic cells. While replication has been studied in some detail, much less is known about the molecular machinery required to distribute the replicated genomes. Using superresolution microscopy in combination with molecular biology and biochemistry, we show in which order the segregation machinery is assembled and that it is likely assembled de novo rather than in a semiconservative fashion in the single-celled parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial genome itself is not required for assembly to occur. It seems that the physical connection of the mitochondrial genome to cytoskeletal elements is a conserved feature in most eukaryotes; however, the molecular components are highly diverse. In almost all eukaryotes, mitochondria maintain their own genome. Despite the discovery more than 50 y ago, still very little is known about how the genome is correctly segregated during cell division. The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei contains a single mitochondrion with a singular genome, the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). Electron microscopy studies revealed the tripartite attachment complex (TAC) to physically connect the kDNA to the basal body of the flagellum and to ensure correct segregation of the mitochondrial genome via the basal bodies movement, during the cell cycle. Using superresolution microscopy, we precisely localize each of the currently known TAC components. We demonstrate that the TAC is assembled in a hierarchical order from the base of the flagellum toward the mitochondrial genome and that the assembly is not dependent on the kDNA itself. Based on the biochemical analysis, the TAC consists of several nonoverlapping subcomplexes, suggesting an overall size of the TAC exceeding 2.8 mDa. We furthermore demonstrate that the TAC is required for correct mitochondrial organelle positioning but not for organelle biogenesis or segregation.
Collapse
|
86
|
Qiu D, Hou X, Han L, Li X, Ge J, Wang Q. Sirt2-BubR1 acetylation pathway mediates the effects of advanced maternal age on oocyte quality. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12698. [PMID: 29067790 PMCID: PMC5770883 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of Sirt2 protein is reduced in oocytes from aged mice, while exogenous expression of Sirt2 could ameliorate the maternal age-associated meiotic defects. To date, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we confirmed that specific depletion of Sirt2 disrupts maturational progression and spindle/chromosome organization in mouse oocytes, with compromised kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Candidate screening revealed that acetylation state of lysine 243 on BubR1 (BubR1-K243, an integral part of the spindle assembly checkpoint complex) functions during oocyte meiosis, and acetylation-mimetic mutant BubR1-K243Q results in the very similar phenotypes as Sirt2-knockdown oocytes. Furthermore, we found that nonacetylatable-mimetic mutant BubR1-K243R partly prevents the meiotic deficits in oocytes depleted of Sirt2. Importantly, BubR1-K243R overexpression in oocytes derived from aged mice markedly suppresses spindle/chromosome anomalies and thereupon lowers the incidence of aneuploid eggs. In sum, our data suggest that Sirt2-dependent BubR1 deacetylation involves in the regulation of meiotic apparatus in normal oocytes and mediates the effects of advanced maternal age on oocyte quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danhong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaojing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Longsen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- College of Animal Science & TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Juan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Leber V, Nans A, Singleton MR. Structural basis for assembly of the CBF3 kinetochore complex. EMBO J 2018; 37:269-281. [PMID: 29212814 PMCID: PMC5771398 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosomes contain a specialised region known as the centromere, which forms the platform for kinetochore assembly and microtubule attachment. The centromere is distinguished by the presence of nucleosomes containing the histone H3 variant, CENP-A. In budding yeast, centromere establishment begins with the recognition of a specific DNA sequence by the CBF3 complex. This in turn facilitates CENP-ACse4 nucleosome deposition and kinetochore assembly. Here, we describe a 3.6 Å single-particle cryo-EM reconstruction of the core CBF3 complex, incorporating the sequence-specific DNA-binding protein Cep3 together with regulatory subunits Ctf13 and Skp1. This provides the first structural data on Ctf13, defining it as an F-box protein of the leucine-rich-repeat family, and demonstrates how a novel F-box-mediated interaction between Ctf13 and Skp1 is responsible for initial assembly of the CBF3 complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Leber
- Structural Biology of Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Martin R Singleton
- Structural Biology of Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Hindriksen S, Lens SMA, Hadders MA. The Ins and Outs of Aurora B Inner Centromere Localization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:112. [PMID: 29312936 PMCID: PMC5743930 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Error-free chromosome segregation is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity during cell division. Aurora B, the enzymatic subunit of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC), plays a crucial role in this process. In early mitosis Aurora B localizes predominantly to the inner centromere, a specialized region of chromatin that lies at the crossroads between the inter-kinetochore and inter-sister chromatid axes. Two evolutionarily conserved histone kinases, Haspin and Bub1, control the positioning of the CPC at the inner centromere and this location is thought to be crucial for the CPC to function. However, recent studies sketch a subtler picture, in which not all functions of the CPC require strict confinement to the inner centromere. In this review we discuss the molecular pathways that direct Aurora B to the inner centromere and deliberate if and why this specific localization is important for Aurora B function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Hindriksen
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Susanne M A Lens
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael A Hadders
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Amin MA, Varma D. Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286472 DOI: 10.3791/56513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of the various regulatory events of the cell cycle in a phase-dependent manner provides a clear understanding about cell growth and division. The synchronization of cell populations at specific stages of the cell cycle has been found to be very useful in such experimental endeavors. Synchronization of cells by treatment with chemicals that are relatively less toxic can be advantageous over the use of pharmacological inhibitory drugs for the study of consequent cell cycle events and to obtain specific enrichment of selected mitotic stages. Here, we describe the protocol for synchronizing human cells at different stages of the cell cycle, including both in S phase and M phase with a double thymidine block and release procedure for studying the functionality of mitotic proteins in chromosome alignment and segregation. This protocol has been extremely useful for studying the mitotic roles of multifunctional proteins which possess established interphase functions. In our case, the mitotic role of Cdt1, a protein critical for replication origin licensing in G1 phase, can be studied effectively only when G2/M-specific Cdt1 can be depleted. We describe the detailed protocol for depletion of G2/M-specific Cdt1 using double thymidine synchronization. We also explain the protocol of cell fixation, and live cell imaging using high resolution confocal microscopy after thymidine release. The method is also useful for analyzing the function of mitotic proteins under both physiological and perturbed conditions such as for Hec1, a component of the Ndc80 complex, as it enables one to obtain large sample sizes of mitotic cells for fixed and live cell analysis as we show here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University;
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Valverde R, Ingram J, Harrison SC. Conserved Tetramer Junction in the Kinetochore Ndc80 Complex. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1915-1922. [PMID: 27851957 PMCID: PMC5131873 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterotetrameric Ndc80 complex establishes connectivity along the principal longitudinal axis of a kinetochore. Its two heterodimeric subcomplexes, each with a globular end and a coiled-coil shaft, connect end-to-end to create a ∼600 Å long rod spanning the gap from centromere-proximal structures to spindle microtubules. Neither subcomplex has a known function on its own, but the heterotetrameric organization and the characteristics of the junction are conserved from yeast to man. We have determined crystal structures of two shortened ("dwarf") Ndc80 complexes that contain the full tetramer junction and both globular ends. The junction connects two α-helical coiled coils through regions of four-chain and three-chain overlap. The complexity of its structure depends on interactions among conserved amino-acid residues, suggesting a binding site for additional cellular factor(s) not yet identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Valverde
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica Ingram
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Barsegov V, Ross JL, Dima RI. Dynamics of microtubules: highlights of recent computational and experimental investigations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:433003. [PMID: 28812545 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are found in most eukaryotic cells, with homologs in eubacteria and archea, and they have functional roles in mitosis, cell motility, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape. Numerous efforts have been expended over the last two decades to characterize the interactions between microtubules and the wide variety of microtubule associated proteins that control their dynamic behavior in cells resulting in microtubules being assembled and disassembled where and when they are required by the cell. We present the main findings regarding microtubule polymerization and depolymerization and review recent work about the molecular motors that modulate microtubule dynamics by inducing either microtubule depolymerization or severing. We also discuss the main experimental and computational approaches used to quantify the thermodynamics and mechanics of microtubule filaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeri Barsegov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Kinetochore-microtubule interactions in chromosome segregation: lessons from yeast and mammalian cells. Biochem J 2017; 474:3559-3577. [PMID: 29046344 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome congression and segregation require robust yet dynamic attachment of the kinetochore with the spindle microtubules. Force generated at the kinetochore-microtubule interface plays a vital role to drive the attachment, as it is required to move chromosomes and to provide signal to sense correct attachments. To understand the mechanisms underlying these processes, it is critical to describe how the force is generated and how the molecules at the kinetochore-microtubule interface are organized and assembled to withstand the force and respond to it. Research in the past few years or so has revealed interesting insights into the structural organization and architecture of kinetochore proteins that couple kinetochore attachment to the spindle microtubules. Interestingly, despite diversities in the molecular players and their modes of action, there appears to be architectural similarity of the kinetochore-coupling machines in lower to higher eukaryotes. The present review focuses on the most recent advances in understanding of the molecular and structural aspects of kinetochore-microtubule interaction based on the studies in yeast and vertebrate cells.
Collapse
|
93
|
Salas-Pino S, Gallardo P, Barrales RR, Braun S, Daga RR. The fission yeast nucleoporin Alm1 is required for proteasomal degradation of kinetochore components. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3591-3608. [PMID: 28974540 PMCID: PMC5674884 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TPR nucleoporins form the nuclear pore complex basket. The fission yeast TPR Alm1 is required for localization of the proteasome to the nuclear envelope, which is in turn required for kinetochore homeostasis and proper chromosome segregation. Kinetochores (KTs) are large multiprotein complexes that constitute the interface between centromeric chromatin and the mitotic spindle during chromosome segregation. In spite of their essential role, little is known about how centromeres and KTs are assembled and how their precise stoichiometry is regulated. In this study, we show that the nuclear pore basket component Alm1 is required to maintain both the proteasome and its anchor, Cut8, at the nuclear envelope, which in turn regulates proteostasis of certain inner KT components. Consistently, alm1-deleted cells show increased levels of KT proteins, including CENP-CCnp3, spindle assembly checkpoint activation, and chromosome segregation defects. Our data demonstrate a novel function of the nucleoporin Alm1 in proteasome localization required for KT homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salas-Pino
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucia, Seville, Spain
| | - Paola Gallardo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucia, Seville, Spain
| | - Ramón R Barrales
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martiensried, Germany
| | - Sigurd Braun
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martiensried, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rafael R Daga
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucia, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Li X, Liu X, Gao M, Han L, Qiu D, Wang H, Xiong B, Sun SC, Liu H, Gu L. HDAC3 promotes meiotic apparatus assembly in mouse oocytes by modulating tubulin acetylation. Development 2017; 144:3789-3797. [PMID: 28935703 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been shown to deacetylate numerous cellular substrates that govern a wide array of biological processes. HDAC3, a member of the Class I HDACs, is a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein. However, its roles in meiotic oocytes are not known. In the present study, we find that mouse oocytes depleted of HDAC3 are unable to completely progress through meiosis, and are blocked at metaphase I. These HDAC3 knockdown oocytes show spindle/chromosome organization failure, with severely impaired kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Consistent with this, the level of BubR1, a central component of the spindle assembly checkpoint, at kinetochores is dramatically increased in metaphase oocytes following HDAC3 depletion. Knockdown and overexpression experiments reveal that HDAC3 modulates the acetylation status of α-tubulin in mouse oocytes. Importantly, the deacetylation mimetic mutant tubulin-K40R can partly rescue the defective phenotypes of HDAC3 knockdown oocytes. Our data support a model whereby HDAC3, through deacetylating tubulin, promotes microtubule stability and the establishment of kinetochore-microtubule interaction, consequently ensuring proper spindle morphology, accurate chromosome movement and orderly meiotic progression during oocyte maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Min Gao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Longsen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166 Nanjing, China
| | - Danhong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166 Nanjing, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166 Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Gu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Zhang M, Miao Y, Chen Q, Cai M, Dong W, Dai X, Lu Y, Zhou C, Cui Z, Xiong B. BaP exposure causes oocyte meiotic arrest and fertilization failure to weaken female fertility. FASEB J 2017; 32:342-352. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700514r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mianqun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Yilong Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Meng Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Wenkang Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Xiaoxin Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Yajuan Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Changyin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Zhaokang Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Bo Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Makrantoni V, Ciesiolka A, Lawless C, Fernius J, Marston A, Lydall D, Stark MJR. A Functional Link Between Bir1 and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ctf19 Kinetochore Complex Revealed Through Quantitative Fitness Analysis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:3203-3215. [PMID: 28754723 PMCID: PMC5592945 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is a key regulator of eukaryotic cell division, consisting of the protein kinase Aurora B/Ipl1 in association with its activator (INCENP/Sli15) and two additional proteins (Survivin/Bir1 and Borealin/Nbl1). Here, we report a genome-wide genetic interaction screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the bir1-17 mutant, identifying through quantitative fitness analysis deletion mutations that act as enhancers and suppressors. Gene knockouts affecting the Ctf19 kinetochore complex were identified as the strongest enhancers of bir1-17, while mutations affecting the large ribosomal subunit or the mRNA nonsense-mediated decay pathway caused strong phenotypic suppression. Thus, cells lacking a functional Ctf19 complex become highly dependent on Bir1 function and vice versa. The negative genetic interaction profiles of bir1-17 and the cohesin mutant mcd1-1 showed considerable overlap, underlining the strong functional connection between sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome biorientation. Loss of some Ctf19 components, such as Iml3 or Chl4, impacted differentially on bir1-17 compared with mutations affecting other CPC components: despite the synthetic lethality shown by either iml3∆ or chl4∆ in combination with bir1-17, neither gene knockout showed any genetic interaction with either ipl1-321 or sli15-3 Our data therefore imply a specific functional connection between the Ctf19 complex and Bir1 that is not shared with Ipl1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Makrantoni
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Adam Ciesiolka
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Conor Lawless
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Josefin Fernius
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Adele Marston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - David Lydall
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Michael J R Stark
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
The unconventional kinetoplastid kinetochore: from discovery toward functional understanding. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1201-1217. [PMID: 27911702 PMCID: PMC5095916 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore is the macromolecular protein complex that drives chromosome segregation in eukaryotes. Its most fundamental function is to connect centromeric DNA to dynamic spindle microtubules. Studies in popular model eukaryotes have shown that centromere protein (CENP)-A is critical for DNA-binding, whereas the Ndc80 complex is essential for microtubule-binding. Given their conservation in diverse eukaryotes, it was widely believed that all eukaryotes would utilize these components to make up a core of the kinetochore. However, a recent study identified an unconventional type of kinetochore in evolutionarily distant kinetoplastid species, showing that chromosome segregation can be achieved using a distinct set of proteins. Here, I review the discovery of the two kinetochore systems and discuss how their studies contribute to a better understanding of the eukaryotic chromosome segregation machinery.
Collapse
|
98
|
Using human artificial chromosomes to study centromere assembly and function. Chromosoma 2017; 126:559-575. [DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
99
|
van Hooff JJ, Tromer E, van Wijk LM, Snel B, Kops GJ. Evolutionary dynamics of the kinetochore network in eukaryotes as revealed by comparative genomics. EMBO Rep 2017. [PMID: 28642229 PMCID: PMC5579357 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During eukaryotic cell division, the sister chromatids of duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart by microtubules, which connect via kinetochores. The kinetochore is a multiprotein structure that links centromeres to microtubules, and that emits molecular signals in order to safeguard the equal distribution of duplicated chromosomes over daughter cells. Although microtubule‐mediated chromosome segregation is evolutionary conserved, kinetochore compositions seem to have diverged. To systematically inventory kinetochore diversity and to reconstruct its evolution, we determined orthologs of 70 kinetochore proteins in 90 phylogenetically diverse eukaryotes. The resulting ortholog sets imply that the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) possessed a complex kinetochore and highlight that current‐day kinetochores differ substantially. These kinetochores diverged through gene loss, duplication, and, less frequently, invention and displacement. Various kinetochore components co‐evolved with one another, albeit in different manners. These co‐evolutionary patterns improve our understanding of kinetochore function and evolution, which we illustrated with the RZZ complex, TRIP13, the MCC, and some nuclear pore proteins. The extensive diversity of kinetochore compositions in eukaryotes poses numerous questions regarding evolutionary flexibility of essential cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Je van Hooff
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Tromer
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leny M van Wijk
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Snel
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Jpl Kops
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, The Netherlands .,Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Hattersley N, Cheerambathur D, Moyle M, Stefanutti M, Richardson A, Lee KY, Dumont J, Oegema K, Desai A. A Nucleoporin Docks Protein Phosphatase 1 to Direct Meiotic Chromosome Segregation and Nuclear Assembly. Dev Cell 2017; 38:463-77. [PMID: 27623381 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During M-phase entry in metazoans with open mitosis, the concerted action of mitotic kinases disassembles nuclei and promotes assembly of kinetochores-the primary microtubule attachment sites on chromosomes. At M-phase exit, these major changes in cellular architecture must be reversed. Here, we show that the conserved kinetochore-localized nucleoporin MEL-28/ELYS docks the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1c) to direct kinetochore disassembly-dependent chromosome segregation during oocyte meiosis I and nuclear assembly during the transition from M phase to interphase. During oocyte meiosis I, MEL-28-PP1c disassembles kinetochores in a timely manner to promote elongation of the acentrosomal spindles that segregate homologous chromosomes. During nuclear assembly, MEL-28 recruits PP1c to the periphery of decondensed chromatin, where it directs formation of a functional nuclear compartment. Thus, a pool of phosphatase activity associated with a kinetochore-localized nucleoporin contributes to two key events that occur during M-phase exit in metazoans: kinetochore disassembly and nuclear reassembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Hattersley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA
| | - Dhanya Cheerambathur
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA
| | - Mark Moyle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA
| | - Marine Stefanutti
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Amelia Richardson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA
| | - Kian-Yong Lee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA
| | - Julien Dumont
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Karen Oegema
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA.
| |
Collapse
|