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Adams JW, Cugola FR, Muotri AR. Brain Organoids as Tools for Modeling Human Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:365-375. [PMID: 31389776 PMCID: PMC6863377 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00005.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids recapitulate in vitro the specific stages of in vivo human brain development, thus offering an innovative tool by which to model human neurodevelopmental disease. We review here how brain organoids have been used to study neurodevelopmental disease and consider their potential for both technological advancement and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Adams
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, California
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Fernanda R Cugola
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, California
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, California
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52
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FOXG1-Related Syndrome: From Clinical to Molecular Genetics and Pathogenic Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174176. [PMID: 31454984 PMCID: PMC6747066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with mutations in forkhead box G1 (FOXG1) belong to a distinct clinical entity, termed “FOXG1-related encephalopathy”. There are two clinical phenotypes/syndromes identified in FOXG1-related encephalopathy, duplications and deletions/intragenic mutations. In children with deletions or intragenic mutations of FOXG1, the recognized clinical features include microcephaly, developmental delay, severe cognitive disabilities, early-onset dyskinesia and hyperkinetic movements, stereotypies, epilepsy, and cerebral malformation. In contrast, children with duplications of FOXG1 are typically normocephalic and have normal brain magnetic resonance imaging. They also have different clinical characteristics in terms of epilepsy, movement disorders, and neurodevelopment compared with children with deletions or intragenic mutations. FOXG1 is a transcriptional factor. It is expressed mainly in the telencephalon and plays a pleiotropic role in the development of the brain. It is a key player in development and territorial specification of the anterior brain. In addition, it maintains the expansion of the neural proliferating pool, and also regulates the pace of neocortical neuronogenic progression. It also facilitates cortical layer and corpus callosum formation. Furthermore, it promotes dendrite elongation and maintains neural plasticity, including dendritic arborization and spine densities in mature neurons. In this review, we summarize the clinical features, molecular genetics, and possible pathogenesis of FOXG1-related syndrome.
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53
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Genetic mechanisms of regression in autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:208-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wong LC, Wu YT, Hsu CJ, Weng WC, Tsai WC, Lee WT. Cognition and Evolution of Movement Disorders of FOXG1-Related Syndrome. Front Neurol 2019; 10:641. [PMID: 31316448 PMCID: PMC6611493 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXG1-related syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental encephalopathy characterized by early onset hyperkinetic movement disorders, absent language, autistic features, epilepsy, and severe cognitive impairment. However, detailed evaluation of cognition and evolution of movement disorders over time have not been clearly described before. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing in a cohort with unknown severe encephalopathy and movement disorders, with/without autistic behaviors. We identified FOXG1 mutations in three patients. One of them had a novel mutation that has not been described before. The neuropsychological test by Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) showed severe psychomotor impairments in all patients. There were uneven cognitive abilities in terms of verbal and non-verbal cognitive domains in all of them, with approximately 2 months differences. Gross motor skills and expressive language were more severely affected than the other domains in all the patients. All individuals had early onset hyperkinetic movement disorders. The movement disorders in one of our patients changed from predominantly hyperkinetic in early childhood to more hypokinetic in adolescence with the development of dystonia. To the best of our knowledge, this evolution had never been described before. In conclusion, individuals with FOXG1-related syndrome may show clinical progression from hyperkinetic to hypokinetic features over time. There were also uneven cognitive abilities in verbal and non-verbal cognitive domains. The FOXG1 mutation should be considered in individuals with a history of hyperkinetic movements, microcephaly, and uneven cognitive abilities with characteristic brain images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Chin Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tzu Wu
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jui Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital YangMing Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Che Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Tso Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Han L, Chen M, Wang Y, Wu H, Quan Y, Bai T, Li K, Duan G, Gao Y, Hu Z, Xia K, Guo H. Pathogenic missense mutation pattern of forkhead box genes in neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00789. [PMID: 31199603 PMCID: PMC6625093 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are a family of transcription factors. Mutations of three FOX genes, including FOXP1, FOXP2, and FOXG1, have been reported in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). However, due to the lack of site‐specific statistical significance, the pathogenicity of missense mutations of these genes is difficult to determine. Methods DNA and RNA were extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes. The mutation was detected by single‐molecule molecular inversion probe‐based targeted sequencing, and the variant was validated by Sanger sequencing. Real‐time quantitative PCR and western blot were performed to assay the expression of the mRNA and protein. To assess the pattern of disorder‐related missense mutations of NDD‐related FOX genes, we manually curated de novo and inherited missense or inframeshift variants within FOXP1, FOXP2, and FOXG1 that co‐segregated with phenotypes in NDDs. All variants were annotated by ANNOVAR. Results We detected a novel de novo missense mutation (NM_001244815: c.G1444A, p.E482K) of FOXP1 in a patient with intellectual disability and severe speech delay. Real‐time PCR and western blot revealed a dramatic reduction of mRNA and protein expression in patient‐derived lymphocytes, indicating a loss‐of‐function mechanism. We observed that the majority of the de novo or transmitted missense variants were located in the FOX domains, and 95% were classified as pathogenic mutations. However, 10 variants were located outside of the FOX domain and were classified as likely pathogenic or variants of uncertain significance. Conclusion Our study shows the pathogenicity of missense and inframeshift variants of NDD‐related FOX genes, which is important for clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling. Functional analysis is needed to determine the pathogenicity of the variants with uncertain clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Han
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meilin Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yazhe Wang
- Center of Children Psychology and Behavior, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huidan Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingting Quan
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Bai
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kuokuo Li
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiqin Duan
- Center of Children Psychology and Behavior, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Child Psychobehavioural Rehabilitation Department, Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research, Central South University, Changsha, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligences Technology (CEBSIT), Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Pringsheim M, Mitter D, Schröder S, Warthemann R, Plümacher K, Kluger G, Baethmann M, Bast T, Braun S, Büttel HM, Conover E, Courage C, Datta AN, Eger A, Grebe TA, Hasse-Wittmer A, Heruth M, Höft K, Kaindl AM, Karch S, Kautzky T, Korenke GC, Kruse B, Lutz RE, Omran H, Patzer S, Philippi H, Ramsey K, Rating T, Rieß A, Schimmel M, Westman R, Zech FM, Zirn B, Ulmke PA, Sokpor G, Tuoc T, Leha A, Staudt M, Brockmann K. Structural brain anomalies in patients with FOXG1 syndrome and in Foxg1+/- mice. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:655-668. [PMID: 31019990 PMCID: PMC6469254 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective FOXG1 syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder associated with heterozygous FOXG1 variants or chromosomal microaberrations in 14q12. The study aimed at assessing the scope of structural cerebral anomalies revealed by neuroimaging to delineate the genotype and neuroimaging phenotype associations. Methods We compiled 34 patients with a heterozygous (likely) pathogenic FOXG1 variant. Qualitative assessment of cerebral anomalies was performed by standardized re-analysis of all 34 MRI data sets. Statistical analysis of genetic, clinical and neuroimaging data were performed. We quantified clinical and neuroimaging phenotypes using severity scores. Telencephalic phenotypes of adult Foxg1+/- mice were examined using immunohistological stainings followed by quantitative evaluation of structural anomalies. Results Characteristic neuroimaging features included corpus callosum anomalies (82%), thickening of the fornix (74%), simplified gyral pattern (56%), enlargement of inner CSF spaces (44%), hypoplasia of basal ganglia (38%), and hypoplasia of frontal lobes (29%). We observed a marked, filiform thinning of the rostrum as recurrent highly typical pattern of corpus callosum anomaly in combination with distinct thickening of the fornix as a characteristic feature. Thickening of the fornices was not reported previously in FOXG1 syndrome. Simplified gyral pattern occurred significantly more frequently in patients with early truncating variants. Higher clinical severity scores were significantly associated with higher neuroimaging severity scores. Modeling of Foxg1 heterozygosity in mouse brain recapitulated the associated abnormal cerebral morphology phenotypes, including the striking enlargement of the fornix. Interpretation Combination of specific corpus callosum anomalies with simplified gyral pattern and hyperplasia of the fornices is highly characteristic for FOXG1 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Pringsheim
- Klinik für Neuropädiatrie und Neurologische Rehabilitation Epilepsiezentrum für Kinder und Jugendliche Schön Klinik Vogtareuth Vogtareuth Germany.,Research Institute "Rehabilitation, Transition, Rehabilitation" Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria
| | - Diana Mitter
- Institute of Human Genetics University of Leipzig Medical Center Leipzig Germany
| | - Simone Schröder
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Center for Children with Developmental Disabilities and Severe Chronic Disorders University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Rita Warthemann
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Center for Children with Developmental Disabilities and Severe Chronic Disorders University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Kim Plümacher
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Center for Children with Developmental Disabilities and Severe Chronic Disorders University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Gerhard Kluger
- Klinik für Neuropädiatrie und Neurologische Rehabilitation Epilepsiezentrum für Kinder und Jugendliche Schön Klinik Vogtareuth Vogtareuth Germany.,Research Institute "Rehabilitation, Transition, Rehabilitation" Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria
| | | | - Thomas Bast
- Epilepsiezentrum Kork Kehl-Kork Germany.,Medical Faculty University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Sarah Braun
- Asklepios Children's Hospital St. Augustin Germany
| | | | - Elizabeth Conover
- Department of Genetic Medicine Munroe Meyer Institute University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - Carolina Courage
- Division of Human Genetics Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital University of Bern Bern Switzerland.,The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Alexandre N Datta
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine University of Basel Children's Hospital Basel Switzerland
| | - Angelika Eger
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum Leipzig (Frühe Hilfe Leipzig) Leipzig Germany
| | - Theresa A Grebe
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism Phoenix Children's Hospital Phoenix Arizona USA
| | | | - Marion Heruth
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin Sana Kliniken Leipziger Land Borna Germany
| | - Karen Höft
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin Klinikum Magdeburg gGmbH Magdeburg Germany
| | - Angela M Kaindl
- Klinik für Pädiatrie m.S. Neurologie Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum Institut für Zell- und Neurobiologie Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Stephanie Karch
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | | | - Georg C Korenke
- Klinik für Neuropädiatrie und angeborene Stoffwechselerkrankungen Elisabeth Kinderkrankenhaus Klinikum Oldenburg Germany
| | - Bernd Kruse
- Neuropediatric Department Helios-Klinikum Hildesheim Hildesheim Germany
| | - Richard E Lutz
- Department of Genetic Medicine Munroe Meyer Institute University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics University Children's Hospital Muenster Muenster Germany
| | - Steffi Patzer
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin Krankenhaus St. Elisabeth und St. Barbara Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Heike Philippi
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum Frankfurt Mitte Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Keri Ramsey
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders Translational Genomics Research Institute Phoenix Arizona USA
| | - Tina Rating
- Sozialpädiatrisches Institut Klinikum Bremen-Mitte Bremen Germany
| | - Angelika Rieß
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und angewandte Genomik Universitätsklinikum Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Mareike Schimmel
- Children's Hospital Section of Neuropaediatrics Klinikum Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Rachel Westman
- Children's Specialty Center St. Luke's Children's Hospital Boise Idaho USA
| | - Frank-Martin Zech
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin St. Vincenz-Krankenhaus Paderborn Paderborn Germany
| | - Birgit Zirn
- Genetic Counselling and Diagnostic, genetikum Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| | - Pauline A Ulmke
- Institute of Neuroanatomy University Medical Center Georg August University Göttingen Germany
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute of Neuroanatomy University Medical Center Georg August University Göttingen Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute of Neuroanatomy University Medical Center Georg August University Göttingen Germany
| | - Andreas Leha
- 'Core Facility Medical Biometry and Statistical Bioinformatics' Department of Medical Statistics University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Martin Staudt
- Klinik für Neuropädiatrie und Neurologische Rehabilitation Epilepsiezentrum für Kinder und Jugendliche Schön Klinik Vogtareuth Vogtareuth Germany
| | - Knut Brockmann
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Center for Children with Developmental Disabilities and Severe Chronic Disorders University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
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Zhu W, Zhang B, Li M, Mo F, Mi T, Wu Y, Teng Z, Zhou Q, Li W, Hu B. Precisely controlling endogenous protein dosage in hPSCs and derivatives to model FOXG1 syndrome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:928. [PMID: 30804331 PMCID: PMC6389984 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dosage of key regulators impinge on developmental disorders such as FOXG1 syndrome. Since neither knock-out nor knock-down strategy assures flexible and precise protein abundance control, to study hypomorphic or haploinsufficiency expression remains challenging. We develop a system in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) using CRISPR/Cas9 and SMASh technology, with which we can target endogenous proteins for precise dosage control in hPSCs and at multiple stages of neural differentiation. We also reveal FOXG1 dose-dependently affect the cellular constitution of human brain, with 60% mildly affect GABAergic interneuron development while 30% thresholds the production of MGE derived neurons. Abnormal interneuron differentiation accounts for various neurological defects such as epilepsy or seizures, which stimulates future innovative cures of FOXG1 syndrome. By means of its robustness and easiness, dosage-control of proteins in hPSCs and their derivatives will update the understanding and treatment of additional diseases caused by abnormal protein dosage. Altered dosage of developmental regulators such as transcription factors can result in disorders, such as FOXG1 syndrome. Here, the authors demonstrate the utility of SMASh technology for modulating protein dosage by modeling FOXG1 syndrome using human pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and neural organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingwei Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoqian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Vegas N, Cavallin M, Maillard C, Boddaert N, Toulouse J, Schaefer E, Lerman-Sagie T, Lev D, Magalie B, Moutton S, Haan E, Isidor B, Heron D, Milh M, Rondeau S, Michot C, Valence S, Wagner S, Hully M, Mignot C, Masurel A, Datta A, Odent S, Nizon M, Lazaro L, Vincent M, Cogné B, Guerrot AM, Arpin S, Pedespan JM, Caubel I, Pontier B, Troude B, Rivier F, Philippe C, Bienvenu T, Spitz MA, Bery A, Bahi-Buisson N. Delineating FOXG1 syndrome: From congenital microcephaly to hyperkinetic encephalopathy. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2018; 4:e281. [PMID: 30533527 PMCID: PMC6244024 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective To provide new insights into the FOXG1-related clinical and imaging phenotypes and refine the phenotype-genotype correlation in FOXG1 syndrome. Methods We analyzed the clinical and imaging phenotypes of a cohort of 45 patients with a pathogenic or likely pathogenic FOXG1 variant and performed phenotype-genotype correlations. Results A total of 37 FOXG1 different heterozygous mutations were identified, of which 18 are novel. We described a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental phenotypes, characterized by severe postnatal microcephaly and developmental delay accompanied by a hyperkinetic movement disorder, stereotypes and sleep disorders, and epileptic seizures. Our data highlighted 3 patterns of gyration, including frontal pachygyria in younger patients (26.7%), moderate simplified gyration (24.4%) and mildly simplified or normal gyration (48.9%), corpus callosum hypogenesis mostly in its frontal part, combined with moderate-to-severe myelination delay that improved and normalized with age. Frameshift and nonsense mutations in the N-terminus of FOXG1, which are the most common mutation types, show the most severe clinical features and MRI anomalies. However, patients with recurrent frameshift mutations c.460dupG and c.256dupC had variable clinical and imaging presentations. Conclusions These findings have implications for genetic counseling, providing evidence that N-terminal mutations and large deletions lead to more severe FOXG1 syndrome, although genotype-phenotype correlations are not necessarily straightforward in recurrent mutations. Together, these analyses support the view that FOXG1 syndrome is a specific disorder characterized by frontal pachygyria and delayed myelination in its most severe form and hypogenetic corpus callosum in its milder form.
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Reuter CM, Brimble E, DeFilippo C, Dries AM, Enns GM, Ashley EA, Bernstein JA, Fisher PG, Wheeler MT. A New Approach to Rare Diseases of Children: The Undiagnosed Diseases Network. J Pediatr 2018; 196:291-297.e2. [PMID: 29331327 PMCID: PMC5924635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe M. Reuter
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elise Brimble
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Colette DeFilippo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,Stanford Children’s Health, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Annika M. Dries
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Gregory M. Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Euan A. Ashley
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Bernstein
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,Stanford Children’s Health, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Paul Graham Fisher
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Matthew T. Wheeler
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Caporali C, Signorini S, De Giorgis V, Pichiecchio A, Zuffardi O, Orcesi S. Early-onset movement disorder as diagnostic marker in genetic syndromes: Three cases of FOXG1-related syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018; 22:336-339. [PMID: 29396177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
FOXG1-related syndrome is a developmental encephalopathy with a high phenotypic variability. A movement disorder presenting at onset is one of the main features, along with microcephaly and severe psychomotor delay without regression. Specific brain MRI findings facilitate the diagnosis. We report three cases of FOXG1-related syndrome, focusing on clinical onset, brain MRI and evolution over time in order to identify common features despite the three different underlying genotypes (14q12 deletion including the FOXG1 gene, FOXG1 intragenic mutation, 14q12 deletion including PRKD1 and a region regulating FOXG1 expression). In conclusion, we stress the importance of considering genetic syndromes in the differential diagnosis of early-onset movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Caporali
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina De Giorgis
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Pichiecchio
- Neuroradiology Department, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Orcesi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Hyperkinetic movement disorders can manifest alone or as part of complex phenotypes. In the era of next-generation sequencing (NGS), the list of monogenic complex movement disorders is rapidly growing. This review will explore the main features of these newly identified conditions. Recent Findings Mutations in ADCY5 and PDE10A have been identified as important causes of childhood-onset dyskinesias and KMT2B mutations as one of the most frequent causes of complex dystonia in children. The delineation of the phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in ATP1A3, FOXG1, GNAO1, GRIN1, FRRS1L, and TBC1D24 is revealing an expanding genetic overlap between epileptic encephalopathies, developmental delay/intellectual disability, and hyperkinetic movement disorders,. Summary Thanks to NGS, the etiology of several complex hyperkinetic movement disorders has been elucidated. Importantly, NGS is changing the way clinicians diagnose these complex conditions. Shared molecular pathways, involved in early stages of brain development and normal synaptic transmission, underlie basal ganglia dysfunction, epilepsy, and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Carecchio
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via L. Temolo 4, 20126, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20131, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, PhD Programme in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Milan Bicocca University, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Niccolò E Mencacci
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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