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Nomura S, Endo-Umeda K, Aoyama A, Makishima M, Hashimoto Y, Ishikawa M. Styrylphenylphthalimides as Novel Transrepression-Selective Liver X Receptor (LXR) Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:902-7. [PMID: 26288691 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory effects of liver X receptor (LXR) ligands are thought to be largely due to LXR-mediated transrepression, whereas side effects are caused by activation of LXR-responsive gene expression (transactivation). Therefore, selective LXR modulators that preferentially exhibit transrepression activity should exhibit anti-inflammatory properties with fewer side effects. Here, we synthesized a series of styrylphenylphthalimide analogues and evaluated their structure-activity relationships focusing on LXRs-transactivating-agonistic/antagonistic activities and transrepressional activity. Among the compounds examined, 17l showed potent LXR-transrepressional activity with high selectivity over transactivating activity and did not show characteristic side effects of LXR-transactivating agonists in cells. This representative compound, 17l, was confirmed to have LXR-dependent transrepressional activity and to bind directly to LXRβ. Compound 17l should be useful not only as a chemical tool for studying the biological functions of LXRs transrepression but also as a candidate for a safer agent to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nomura
- Institute
of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kaori Endo-Umeda
- Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Atsushi Aoyama
- Institute
of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute
of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Minoru Ishikawa
- Institute
of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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52
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Baker AH, Watt J, Huang CK, Gerstenfeld LC, Schlezinger JJ. Tributyltin engages multiple nuclear receptor pathways and suppresses osteogenesis in bone marrow multipotent stromal cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1156-66. [PMID: 25932594 DOI: 10.1021/tx500433r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organotins are members of the environmental obesogen class of contaminants because they activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), the essential regulator of adipogenesis. Exposure to thiazolidinediones (PPARγ ligands used to treat type 2 diabetes) is associated with increased fractures. Diminished bone quality likely results from PPARγ's role in promoting adipogenesis while suppressing osteogenesis of bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC). We hypothesized that tributyltin (TBT) would be a potent modifier of BM-MSC differentiation and a negative regulator of bone formation. Organotins interact with both PPARγ and retinoid X receptors (RXR), suggesting that they activate multiple nuclear receptor pathways. To investigate the role of RXR in the actions of TBT, the effects of PPARγ (rosiglitazone) and RXR (bexarotene, LG100268) agonists were compared to the effects of TBT in BMS2 cells and primary mouse BM-MSC cultures. In BMS2 cells, TBT induced the expression of Fabp4, Abca1, and Tgm2 in an RXR-dependent manner. All agonists suppressed osteogenesis in primary mouse BM-MSC cultures, based on decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and expression of osteoblast-related genes. While rosiglitazone and TBT strongly activated adipogenesis, based on lipid accumulation and expression of adipocyte-related genes, the RXR agonists did not. Extending these analyses to other RXR heterodimers showed that TBT and the RXR agonists activated the liver X receptor pathway, whereas rosiglitazone did not. Application of either a PPARγ antagonist (T0070907) or an RXR antagonist (HX531) significantly reduced rosiglitazone-induced suppression of bone nodule formation. Only the RXR antagonist significantly reduced LG100268- and TBT-induced bone suppression. The RXR antagonist also inhibited LG100268- and TBT-induced expression of Abca1, an LXR target gene, in primary BM-MSC cultures. These results provide novel evidence that TBT activates multiple nuclear receptor pathways in BM-MSCs, activation of RXR is sufficient to suppress osteogenesis, and TBT suppresses osteogenesis largely through its direct interaction with RXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia H Baker
- †Department of Medicine and §Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, ‡Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - James Watt
- †Department of Medicine and §Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, ‡Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Cassie K Huang
- †Department of Medicine and §Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, ‡Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Louis C Gerstenfeld
- †Department of Medicine and §Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, ‡Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Jennifer J Schlezinger
- †Department of Medicine and §Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, ‡Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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53
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Red bayberry extract prevents high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in C57BL/6 mice. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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54
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Basse AL, Dixen K, Yadav R, Tygesen MP, Qvortrup K, Kristiansen K, Quistorff B, Gupta R, Wang J, Hansen JB. Global gene expression profiling of brown to white adipose tissue transformation in sheep reveals novel transcriptional components linked to adipose remodeling. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:215. [PMID: 25887780 PMCID: PMC4407871 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large mammals are capable of thermoregulation shortly after birth due to the presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT). The majority of BAT disappears after birth and is replaced by white adipose tissue (WAT). RESULTS We analyzed the postnatal transformation of adipose in sheep with a time course study of the perirenal adipose depot. We observed changes in tissue morphology, gene expression and metabolism within the first two weeks of postnatal life consistent with the expected transition from BAT to WAT. The transformation was characterized by massively decreased mitochondrial abundance and down-regulation of gene expression related to mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation. Global gene expression profiling demonstrated that the time points grouped into three phases: a brown adipose phase, a transition phase and a white adipose phase. Between the brown adipose and the transition phase 170 genes were differentially expressed, and 717 genes were differentially expressed between the transition and the white adipose phase. Thirty-eight genes were shared among the two sets of differentially expressed genes. We identified a number of regulated transcription factors, including NR1H3, MYC, KLF4, ESR1, RELA and BCL6, which were linked to the overall changes in gene expression during the adipose tissue remodeling. Finally, the perirenal adipose tissue expressed both brown and brite/beige adipocyte marker genes at birth, the expression of which changed substantially over time. CONCLUSIONS Using global gene expression profiling of the postnatal BAT to WAT transformation in sheep, we provide novel insight into adipose tissue plasticity in a large mammal, including identification of novel transcriptional components linked to adipose tissue remodeling. Moreover, our data set provides a useful resource for further studies in adipose tissue plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid L Basse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Karen Dixen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Malin P Tygesen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Klaus Qvortrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Bjørn Quistorff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
- Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Jacob B Hansen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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55
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Murphy AJ, Yvan-Charvet L. Adipose modulation of ABCG1 uncovers an intimate link between sphingomyelin and triglyceride storage. Diabetes 2015; 64:689-92. [PMID: 25713191 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Murphy
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1065, Centre Mediterranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
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56
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Lanthier N, Leclercq IA. Adipose tissues as endocrine target organs. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 28:545-58. [PMID: 25194174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the context of obesity, white adipocyte hypertrophy and adipose tissue macrophage infiltration result in the production of pro-inflammatory adipocytokines inducing insulin resistance locally but also in distant organs and contributing to low grade inflammatory status associated with the metabolic syndrome. Visceral adipose tissue is believed to play a prominent role. Brown and beige adipose tissues are capable of energy dissipation, but also of cytokine production and their role in dysmetabolic syndrome is emerging. This review focuses on metabolic and inflammatory changes in these adipose depots and contribution to metabolic syndrome. Also we will review surgical and pharmacological procedures to target adiposity as therapeutic interventions to treat obesity-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lanthier
- Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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57
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Sahini N, Borlak J. Recent insights into the molecular pathophysiology of lipid droplet formation in hepatocytes. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 54:86-112. [PMID: 24607340 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Triacyglycerols are a major energy reserve of the body and are normally stored in adipose tissue as lipid droplets (LDs). The liver, however, stores energy as glycogen and digested triglycerides in the form of fatty acids. In stressed condition such as obesity, imbalanced nutrition and drug induced liver injury hepatocytes accumulate excess lipids in the form of LDs whose prolonged storage leads to disease conditions most notably non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fatty liver disease has become a major health burden with more than 90% of obese, nearly 70% of overweight and about 25% of normal weight patients being affected. Notably, research in recent years has shown LD as highly dynamic organelles for maintaining lipid homeostasis through fat storage, protein sorting and other molecular events studied in adipocytes and other cells of living organisms. This review focuses on the molecular events of LD formation in hepatocytes and the importance of cross talk between different cell types and their signalling in NAFLD as to provide a perspective on molecular mechanisms as well as possibilities for different therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishika Sahini
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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58
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Huang C. Natural modulators of liver X receptors. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2014; 12:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(14)60013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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59
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Dib L, Bugge A, Collins S. LXRα fuels fatty acid-stimulated oxygen consumption in white adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:247-57. [PMID: 24259533 PMCID: PMC3886663 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m043422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors known for their role in hepatic cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Though highly expressed in fat, the role of LXR in this tissue is not well characterized. We generated adipose tissue LXRα knockout (ATaKO) mice and showed that these mice gain more weight and fat mass on a high-fat diet compared with wild-type controls. White adipose tissue (WAT) accretion in ATaKO mice results from both a decrease in WAT lipolytic and oxidative capacities. This was demonstrated by decreased expression of the β2- and β3-adrenergic receptors, reduced level of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase, and lower oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) in WAT of ATaKO mice. Furthermore, LXR activation in vivo and in vitro led to decreased adipocyte size in WAT and increased glycerol release from primary adipocytes, respectively, with a concomitant increase in OCR in both models. Our findings show that absence of LXRα in adipose tissue results in elevated adiposity through a decrease in WAT oxidation, secondary to attenuated FA availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Dib
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Anne Bugge
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Sheila Collins
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
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60
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Mališová L, Kováčová Z, Koc M, Kračmerová J, Štich V, Rossmeislová L. Ursodeoxycholic acid but not tauroursodeoxycholic acid inhibits proliferation and differentiation of human subcutaneous adipocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82086. [PMID: 24312631 PMCID: PMC3849437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress of endoplasmic reticulum (ERS) is one of the molecular triggers of adipocyte dysfunction and chronic low inflammation accompanying obesity. ERS can be alleviated by chemical chaperones from the family of bile acids (BAs). Thus, two BAs currently used to treat cholestasis, ursodeoxycholic and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA and TUDCA), could potentially lessen adverse metabolic effects of obesity. Nevertheless, BAs effects on human adipose cells are mostly unknown. They could regulate gene expression through pathways different from their chaperone function, namely through activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5, G-coupled receptor. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze effects of UDCA and TUDCA on human preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes derived from paired samples of two distinct subcutaneous adipose tissue depots, abdominal and gluteal. While TUDCA did not alter proliferation of cells from either depot, UDCA exerted strong anti-proliferative effect. In differentiated adipocytes, acute exposition to neither TUDCA nor UDCA was able to reduce effect of ERS stressor tunicamycin. However, exposure of cells to UDCA during whole differentiation process decreased expression of ERS markers. At the same time however, UDCA profoundly inhibited adipogenic conversion of cells. UDCA abolished expression of PPARγ and lipogenic enzymes already in the early phases of adipogenesis. This anti-adipogenic effect of UDCA was not dependent on FXR or TGR5 activation, but could be related to ability of UDCA to sustain the activation of ERK1/2 previously linked with PPARγ inactivation. Finally, neither BAs did lower expression of chemokines inducible by TLR4 pathway, when UDCA enhanced their expression in gluteal adipocytes. Therefore while TUDCA has neutral effect on human preadipocytes and adipocytes, the therapeutic use of UDCA different from treating cholestatic diseases should be considered with caution because UDCA alters functions of human adipose cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mališová
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Zuzana Kováčová
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Michal Koc
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Jana Kračmerová
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Vladimír Štich
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Lenka Rossmeislová
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- INSERM, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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61
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Wang Q, Dong Z, Liu X, Song X, Song Q, Shang Q, Jiang Y, Guo C, Zhang L. Programmed cell death-4 deficiency prevents diet-induced obesity, adipose tissue inflammation, and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2013; 62:4132-43. [PMID: 23990362 PMCID: PMC3837052 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-4 (PDCD4), a selective protein translation inhibitor, has shown proinflammatory effect in some inflammatory diseases, but its roles in obesity remain unestablished. This study aims to investigate the effects of PDCD4 on obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Surprisingly, high-fat diet (HFD)-fed PDCD4-deficient (PDCD4(-/-)) mice exhibited an absolutely lean phenotype together with improved insulin sensitivity. Compared with wild-type obese mice, HFD-fed PDCD4(-/-) mice showed higher energy expenditure, lower epididymal fat weight, and reduced macrophage infiltration inflammatory cytokine secretion in white adipose tissue (WAT). Alleviated hepatic steatosis along with decreased plasma levels of triglyceride and cholesterol was also observed in these mice. Importantly, PDCD4 appeared to disturb lipid metabolism via inhibiting the expression of liver X receptor (LXR)-α, a master modulator of lipid homeostasis, which was elevated in HFD-fed PDCD4(-/-) mice accompanied by upregulation of its target genes and relieved endoplasmic reticulum stress in WAT. These data demonstrate that PDCD4 deficiency protects mice against diet-induced obesity, WAT inflammation, and insulin resistance through restoring the expression of LXR-α, thereby proposing PDCD4 as a potential target for treating obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong, China
- Corresponding authors: Qun Wang, , and Lining Zhang,
| | - Zhaojing Dong
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Xianglan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Xingguo Song
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Qiang Song
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Chest Hospital, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Qianwen Shang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Lining Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong, China
- Corresponding authors: Qun Wang, , and Lining Zhang,
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