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Roy N, Ohtani K, Hidaka Y, Amano Y, Matsuda Y, Mori K, Hwang I, Inoue N, Wakamiya N. Three pentraxins C-reactive protein, serum amyloid p component and pentraxin 3 mediate complement activation using Collectin CL-P1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:1-14. [PMID: 27864148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pentraxins (PTXs) are a superfamily of multifunctional conserved proteins involved in acute-phase responses. Recently, we have shown that collectin placenta 1 (CL-P1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) mediated complement activation and failed to form terminal complement complex (TCC) in normal serum conditions because of complement factor H inhibition. METHODS We used CL-P1 expressing CHO/ldlA7 cells to study the interaction with PTXs. Soluble type CL-P1 was used in an ELISA assay for the binding, C3 and TCC deposition experiments. Furthermore, we used our previously established CL-P1 expressing HEK293 cells for the C3 fragment and TCC deposition assay. RESULTS We demonstrated that CL-P1 also bound serum amyloid p component (SAP) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) to activate the classical pathway and the alternative pathway using factor B. CRP and PTX3 further amplified complement deposition by properdin. We found that CRP and PTX3 recruit CFH, whereas SAP recruits C4 binding protein on CL-P1 expressing cell surfaces to prevent the formation of TCC in normal serum conditions. In addition, depletion of CFH, C4BP and complement factor I (CFI) failed to prevent TCC formation both in ELISA and cell experiments. Furthermore, soluble complement receptor 1, an inhibitor of all complement pathways prevents PTX induced TCC formation. CONCLUSION Our current study hypothesizes that the interaction of pentraxins with CL-P1 is involved in complement activation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE CL-P1 might generally inhibit PTX induced complement activation and host damage to protect self-tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitai Roy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuki Ohtani
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hidaka
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Amano
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagano Red Cross Hospital, 5-22-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matsuda
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Mori
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Insu Hwang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Inoue
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Wakamiya
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
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Fornai F, Carrizzo A, Forte M, Ambrosio M, Damato A, Ferrucci M, Biagioni F, Busceti C, Puca AA, Vecchione C. The inflammatory protein Pentraxin 3 in cardiovascular disease. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2016; 13:25. [PMID: 27559355 PMCID: PMC4995820 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-016-0080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase protein Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) plays a non-redundant role as a soluble pattern recognition receptor for selected pathogens and it represents a rapid biomarker for primary local activation of innate immunity and inflammation. Recent evidence indicates that PTX3 exerts an important role in modulating the cardiovascular system in humans and experimental models. In particular, there are conflicting points concerning the effects of PTX3 in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) since several observations indicate a cardiovascular protective effect of PTX3 while others speculate that the increased plasma levels of PTX3 in subjects with CVD correlate with disease severity and with poor prognosis in elderly patients. In the present review, we discuss the multifaceted effects of PTX3 on the cardiovascular system focusing on its involvement in atherosclerosis, endothelial function, hypertension, myocardial infarction and angiogenesis. This may help to explain how the specific modulation of PTX3 such as the use of different dosing, time, and target organs could help to contain different vascular diseases. These opposite actions of PTX3 will be emphasized concerning the modulation of cardiovascular system where potential therapeutic implications of PTX3 in humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy ; I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Annibale A Puca
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Multimedica, Milan, Italy ; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, Baronissi, SA 84081 Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS Italy ; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, Baronissi, SA 84081 Italy
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53
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Doni A, D'Amico G, Morone D, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. Humoral innate immunity at the crossroad between microbe and matrix recognition: The role of PTX3 in tissue damage. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 61:31-40. [PMID: 27476448 PMCID: PMC5419421 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is involved in regulating inflammatory and tissue repair responses to injury. In particular, humoral innate immunity plays functions related to wound clearance from tissue debris, and regulation of macrophage and stromal cell activities. PTX3, a component of humoral innate immunity, orchestrates tissue repair by interacting with plasminogen and fibrin. Fluid-phase molecules of innate immunity interact with elements of the extracellular matrix, and some of the latter display opsonic activity against certain bacterial species. Thus, recognition of extracellular matrix and microbial components is a recurrent theme in the humoral arm of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Doni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Amico
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Diego Morone
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy; Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy
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Coulson-Thomas VJ, Lauer ME, Soleman S, Zhao C, Hascall VC, Day AJ, Fawcett JW. Tumor Necrosis Factor-stimulated Gene-6 (TSG-6) Is Constitutively Expressed in Adult Central Nervous System (CNS) and Associated with Astrocyte-mediated Glial Scar Formation following Spinal Cord Injury. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19939-52. [PMID: 27435674 PMCID: PMC5025681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.710673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) binds to hyaluronan and can reorganize/stabilize its structure, also enhancing the binding of this glycosaminoglycan to its cell surface receptor, CD44. TSG-6 is rapidly up-regulated in response to inflammatory cytokines protecting tissues from the damaging effects of inflammation. Despite TSG-6 treatment having been shown to improve outcomes in an experimental model of traumatic brain injury, TSG-6 expression has not been extensively studied in the central nervous system (CNS). We hereby analyzed the expression profile of TSG-6 in the developing CNS and following injury. We show that TSG-6 is expressed in the rat CNS by GFAP(+) and CD44(+) astrocytes, solely in the mature brain and spinal cord, and is not present during the development of the CNS. TSG-6(-/-) mice present a reduced number of GFAP(+) astrocytes when compared with the littermate TSG-6(+/-) mice. TSG-6 expression is drastically up-regulated after injury, and the TSG-6 protein is present within the glial scar, potentially coordinating and stabilizing the formation of this hyaluronan-rich matrix. This study shows that TSG-6 is expressed in the CNS, suggesting a role for TSG-6 in astrocyte activation and tissue repair. We hypothesize that within this context TSG-6 could participate in the formation of the glial scar and confer anti-inflammatory properties. Further studies are required to elucidate the therapeutic potential of targeting TSG-6 after CNS injury to promote its protective effects while reducing the inhibitory properties of the glial scar in axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien J Coulson-Thomas
- From the John Van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, The E. D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom,
| | - Mark E Lauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Sara Soleman
- From the John Van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, The E. D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - James W Fawcett
- From the John Van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, The E. D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom,
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Cappuzzello C, Doni A, Dander E, Pasqualini F, Nebuloni M, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A, Biondi A, Garlanda C, D'Amico G. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived PTX3 Promotes Wound Healing via Fibrin Remodeling. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:293-300. [PMID: 26763449 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can promote wound healing in different clinical settings, the underlying mechanism of MSC-mediated tissue repair has yet to be determined. Because a nonredundant role of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in tissue repair and remodeling has been recently described, here we sought to determine whether MSC-derived PTX3 might play a role in wound healing. Using a murine model of skin repair, we found that Ptx3-deficient (Ptx3(-/-)) MSCs delayed wound closure and reduced granulation tissue formation compared with wt MSCs. At day 2, confocal microscopy revealed a dramatic reduction in green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Ptx3(-/-) MSCs recruited to the wound, where they appeared to be not only poorly organized in bundles but also scattered in the extracellular matrix. These findings were further confirmed by quantitative biochemical analysis of GFP content in wound extracts. Furthermore, Ptx3(-/-) MSC-treated skins displayed increased levels of fibrin and lower levels of D-dimer, suggesting delayed fibrin-rich matrix remodeling compared with control skins. Consistently, both pericellular fibrinolysis and migration through fibrin were found to be severely affected in Ptx3(-/-) MSCs. Overall, our findings identify an essential role of MSC-derived PTX3 in wound repair underscoring the beneficial potential of MSC-based therapy in the management of intractable wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cappuzzello
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Doni
- IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Erica Dander
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Fabio Pasqualini
- IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Nebuloni
- Pathology Unit, L. Sacco Department of Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Biondi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Amico
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
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Magrini E, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. The Dual Complexity of PTX3 in Health and Disease: A Balancing Act? Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:497-510. [PMID: 27179743 PMCID: PMC5414840 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The humoral arm of innate immunity is complex and includes various molecules that serve as markers of inflammation with complementary characteristics, such as the short pentraxins C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P (SAP) and the long pentraxin PTX3. There is a growing amount of evidence – including mouse and human genetics – that suggests that PTX3 is essential in conferring host resistance against selected pathogens and, moreover, that it plays a dual antagonistic role in the regulation of inflammation. Dissection of such a yin-and-yang role of pentraxins in immunity and inflammation is timely and significant as it may pave the way for better clinical exploitation against various diseases. The long pentraxin PTX3 is an essential component of humoral innate immunity and plays a role in the regulation of inflammation. PTX3 has complex effects on the vasculature, including an interaction with the angiogenic growth factor FGF2 and the regulation of vessel wall tone. By modulating complement-driven inflammation, PTX3 acts as an oncosuppressor gene in mice and selected human tumors. By interacting with provisional matrix components, PTX3 contributes to the orchestration of wound healing and tissue repair/remodeling. PTX3 and the related pentraxins C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P (SAP) can exert dual roles in inflammation and antimicrobial resistance, by either exerting a protective function or amplifying tissue damage. Dissection of the yin–yang role of pentraxins in immunopathology may pave the way towards better exploitation of these molecules as envisaged disease markers and candidate therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Magrini
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy; Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy
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57
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Shindo A, Maki T, Mandeville ET, Liang AC, Egawa N, Itoh K, Itoh N, Borlongan M, Holder JC, Chuang TT, McNeish JD, Tomimoto H, Lok J, Lo EH, Arai K. Astrocyte-Derived Pentraxin 3 Supports Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Under Acute Phase of Stroke. Stroke 2016; 47:1094-100. [PMID: 26965847 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.012133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is released on inflammatory responses in many organs. However, roles of PTX3 in brain are still mostly unknown. Here we asked whether and how PTX3 contributes to blood-brain barrier dysfunction during the acute phase of ischemic stroke. METHODS In vivo, spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. At day 3, brains were analyzed to evaluate the cellular origin of PTX3 expression. Correlations with blood-brain barrier breakdown were assessed by IgG staining. In vitro, rat primary astrocytes and rat brain endothelial RBE.4 cells were cultured to study the role of astrocyte-derived PTX3 on vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated endothelial permeability. RESULTS During the acute phase of stroke, reactive astrocytes in the peri-infarct area expressed PTX3. There was negative correlation between gradients of IgG leakage and PTX3-positive astrocytes. Cell culture experiments showed that astrocyte-conditioned media increased levels of tight junction proteins and reduced endothelial permeability under normal conditions. Removing PTX3 from astrocyte-conditioned media by immunoprecipitation increased endothelial permeability. PTX3 strongly bound vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro and was able to decrease vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial permeability. CONCLUSIONS Astrocytes in peri-infarct areas upregulate PTX3, which may support blood-brain barrier integrity by regulating vascular endothelial growth factor-related mechanisms. This response in astrocytes may comprise a compensatory mechanism for maintaining blood-brain barrier function after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shindo
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Takakuni Maki
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Emiri T Mandeville
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Anna C Liang
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Naohiro Egawa
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Kanako Itoh
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Naoki Itoh
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Mia Borlongan
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Julie C Holder
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Tsu Tshen Chuang
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - John D McNeish
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Josephine Lok
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Eng H Lo
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.)
| | - Ken Arai
- From the Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology (A.S., T.M., E.T.M., A.C.L., N.E., K.I., N.I., M.B., J.L., E.H.L., K.A.) and Pediatrics (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston; Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, United Kingdom (J.C.H., T.T.C., J.D.M.); and Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (A.S., H.T.).
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Rajkovic I, Denes A, Allan SM, Pinteaux E. Emerging roles of the acute phase protein pentraxin-3 during central nervous system disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 292:27-33. [PMID: 26943955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is an acute phase protein (APP) and a member of the long pentraxin family that is recognised for its role in peripheral immunity and vascular inflammation in response to injury, infection and diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer and respiratory disease. Systemic levels of PTX3 are highly elevated in these conditions, and PTX3 is now recognised as a new biomarker of disease risk and progression. There is extensive evidence demonstrating that central nervous system (CNS) disorders are primarily characterised by central activation of innate immunity, as well as activation of a potent peripheral acute phase response (APR) that influences central inflammation and contributes to poor outcome. PTX3 has been recently recognised to play important roles in CNS disorders, having both detrimental and neuroprotective effects. The present review aims to give an up-to-date account of the emerging roles of PTX3 in CNS disorders, and to provide a critical comparison between peripheral and central actions of PTX3 in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Rajkovic
- Faculty of Life Sciences, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Adam Denes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest H-1450, Hungary
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Life Sciences, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Fornai F, Carrizzo A, Ferrucci M, Damato A, Biagioni F, Gaglione A, Puca AA, Vecchione C. Brain diseases and tumorigenesis: The good and bad cops of pentraxin3. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 69:70-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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60
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Barr T, Girke T, Sureshchandra S, Nguyen C, Grant K, Messaoudi I. Alcohol Consumption Modulates Host Defense in Rhesus Macaques by Altering Gene Expression in Circulating Leukocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:182-95. [PMID: 26621857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that chronic alcohol use disorder leads to increased susceptibility to several viral and bacterial infections, whereas moderate alcohol consumption decreases the incidence of colds and improves immune responses to some pathogens. In line with these observations, we recently showed that heavy ethanol intake (average blood ethanol concentrations > 80 mg/dl) suppressed, whereas moderate alcohol consumption (blood ethanol concentrations < 50 mg/dl) enhanced, T and B cell responses to modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination in a nonhuman primate model of voluntary ethanol consumption. To uncover the molecular basis for impaired immunity with heavy alcohol consumption and enhanced immune response with moderate alcohol consumption, we performed a transcriptome analysis using PBMCs isolated on day 7 post-modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination, the earliest time point at which we detected differences in T cell and Ab responses. Overall, chronic heavy alcohol consumption reduced the expression of immune genes involved in response to infection and wound healing and increased the expression of genes associated with the development of lung inflammatory disease and cancer. In contrast, chronic moderate alcohol consumption upregulated the expression of genes involved in immune response and reduced the expression of genes involved in cancer. To uncover mechanisms underlying the alterations in PBMC transcriptomes, we profiled the expression of microRNAs within the same samples. Chronic heavy ethanol consumption altered the levels of several microRNAs involved in cancer and immunity and known to regulate the expression of mRNAs differentially expressed in our data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Barr
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Thomas Girke
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521; and
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Christina Nguyen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Kathleen Grant
- Division of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521;
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Salmeron K, Aihara T, Redondo-Castro E, Pinteaux E, Bix G. IL-1alpha induces angiogenesis in brain endothelial cells in vitro: implications for brain angiogenesis after acute injury. J Neurochem 2015; 136:573-80. [PMID: 26546397 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major contributor to neuronal injury and is associated with poor outcome after acute brain injury such as stroke. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 is a critical regulator of cerebrovascular inflammation after ischemic injury, mainly through action of both of its isoforms, IL-1α and IL-1β, at the brain endothelium. In contrast, the differential action of these ligands on endothelial activation and post-stroke angiogenesis is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that IL-1α is chronically elevated in the brain after experimental stroke suggesting that it is present during post-stroke angiogenic periods. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL-1α is a potent mediator of endothelial activation and inducer of angiogenic markers in endothelial cells in vitro. Using brain endothelial cell lines, we found that IL-1α was significantly more potent than IL-1β at inducing endothelial cell activation, as measured by expression of the pro-angiogenic chemokine CXCL-1. IL-1α also induced strong expression of the angiogenic mediator IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, IL-1α induced significant proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, and promoted formation of tube-like structures that are established key hallmarks of angiogenesis in vitro. Finally, all of those responses were blocked by the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). In conclusion, our data highlights a potential new role for IL-1 in brain repair mechanisms and identifies IL-1α as a potential new therapy to promote post-stroke angiogenesis. Inflammation is a major contributor to neuronal injury and is associated with poor outcome after neurotrauma. We demonstrate that cytokine IL-1α is chronically elevated in the brain after experimental stroke suggesting that it is present chronically post-stroke. We demonstrate that IL-1α is a potent mediator of endothelial activation and inducer of angiogenic markers in endothelial cells. Our data highlights a new role for IL-1 in brain repair mechanisms and identifies IL-1α as a potential therapy to promote post-stroke angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Salmeron
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Takuma Aihara
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Gregory Bix
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Serum pentraxin-3 levels in acute stroke: No association with stroke prognosis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:616-20. [PMID: 26546709 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is the leading cause of serious disability. Estimating severity of the disease and early risk assessment is crucial. Several studies have been carried on and several biomarkers have been proposed in the literature for risk assessment and to estimate the stroke prognosis. In this study we assessed the association of predictors such as patient age, gender, stroke volume and NIHS scores on prognosis of stroke event. We investigated whether the serum pentraxin-3 levels are linked with stroke prognosis. METHODS Forty-four stroke patients without cardiovascular risk factors were included in this study. Initial NIHS scores, stroke volumes, serum pentraxin-3 levels and the data regarding the risk factors were collected in the first and seventh days of event. Association of predictors with final NIHS scores were investigated using multivariate regression model. RESULTS Initial NIHS score, initial and final stroke volumes were independently associated with final NIHS score whereas serum pentraxin-3 levels, whether acquired at the first or seventh day of stroke, were not associated with final NIHS score. CONCLUSIONS In stroke patients without cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary and infectious diseases, serum pentraxin-3 levels are not associated with stroke prognosis.
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63
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Yildirim N, Yigitturk G, Sahingoz Yildirim AG, Akdemir A, İlgen O, Yeniel O, Ergenoglu M, Erbas O. Octreotide protects ovary against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: Evaluation of histological and biochemical parameters. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Yildirim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Gurkan Yigitturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | | | - Ali Akdemir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Orkun İlgen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Ozgur Yeniel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Mete Ergenoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Ege University; Izmir Turkey
| | - Oytun Erbas
- Department of Physiology; Bilim University; Istanbul Turkey
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64
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Closed head injury in an age-related Alzheimer mouse model leads to an altered neuroinflammatory response and persistent cognitive impairment. J Neurosci 2015; 35:6554-69. [PMID: 25904805 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0291-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have associated increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related clinical symptoms with a medical history of head injury. Currently, little is known about pathophysiology mechanisms linked to this association. Persistent neuroinflammation is one outcome observed in patients after a single head injury. Neuroinflammation is also present early in relevant brain regions during AD pathology progression. In addition, previous mechanistic studies in animal models link neuroinflammation as a contributor to neuropathology and cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury (TBI) or AD-related models. Therefore, we explored the potential interplay of neuroinflammatory responses in TBI and AD by analysis of the temporal neuroinflammatory changes after TBI in an AD model, the APP/PS1 knock-in (KI) mouse. Discrete temporal aspects of astrocyte, cytokine, and chemokine responses in the injured KI mice were delayed compared with the injured wild-type mice, with a peak neuroinflammatory response in the injured KI mice occurring at 7 d after injury. The neuroinflammatory responses were more persistent in the injured KI mice, leading to a chronic neuroinflammation. At late time points after injury, KI mice exhibited a significant impairment in radial arm water maze performance compared with sham KI mice or injured wild-type mice. Intervention with a small-molecule experimental therapeutic (MW151) that selectively attenuates proinflammatory cytokine production yielded improved cognitive behavior outcomes, consistent with a link between neuroinflammatory responses and altered risk for AD-associated pathology changes with head injury.
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65
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Doni A, Musso T, Morone D, Bastone A, Zambelli V, Sironi M, Castagnoli C, Cambieri I, Stravalaci M, Pasqualini F, Laface I, Valentino S, Tartari S, Ponzetta A, Maina V, Barbieri SS, Tremoli E, Catapano AL, Norata GD, Bottazzi B, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. An acidic microenvironment sets the humoral pattern recognition molecule PTX3 in a tissue repair mode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:905-25. [PMID: 25964372 PMCID: PMC4451130 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Doni et al. use four tissue damage models in mice and find that the fluid phase pattern recognition molecule pentraxin 3 (PTX3) plays a role in tissue remodeling and repair. PTX3 binds fibrinogen/fibrin and plasminogen at an acidic pH within tissues. Mice deficient in PTX3 present defects in fibrin deposition, clot formation, collagen deposition, and macrophage-mediated fibrinolysis. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a fluid-phase pattern recognition molecule and a key component of the humoral arm of innate immunity. In four different models of tissue damage in mice, PTX3 deficiency was associated with increased fibrin deposition and persistence, and thicker clots, followed by increased collagen deposition, when compared with controls. Ptx3-deficient macrophages showed defective pericellular fibrinolysis in vitro. PTX3-bound fibrinogen/fibrin and plasminogen at acidic pH and increased plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis. The second exon-encoded N-terminal domain of PTX3 recapitulated the activity of the intact molecule. Thus, a prototypic component of humoral innate immunity, PTX3, plays a nonredundant role in the orchestration of tissue repair and remodeling. Tissue acidification resulting from metabolic adaptation during tissue repair sets PTX3 in a tissue remodeling and repair mode, suggesting that matrix and microbial recognition are common, ancestral features of the humoral arm of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Doni
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Musso
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Diego Morone
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Bastone
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmachology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Vanessa Zambelli
- Department of Health Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
| | - Marina Sironi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Castagnoli
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Unit and Skin Bank, Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico (CTO) Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Irene Cambieri
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Unit and Skin Bank, Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico (CTO) Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Stravalaci
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmachology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Pasqualini
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Laface
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Valentino
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Tartari
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ponzetta
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Virginia Maina
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elena Tremoli
- IRCCS - Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy IRCCS - Multimedica, 20099 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy Società Italiana per lo Studio della Arteriosclerosi (SISA) Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy Humanitas University, 20089 Milan, Italy
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66
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Rodriguez-Grande B, Varghese L, Molina-Holgado F, Rajkovic O, Garlanda C, Denes A, Pinteaux E. Pentraxin 3 mediates neurogenesis and angiogenesis after cerebral ischaemia. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:15. [PMID: 25616391 PMCID: PMC4308938 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute phase protein pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a new biomarker of stroke severity and is a key regulator of oedema resolution and glial responses after cerebral ischaemia, emerging as a possible target for brain repair after stroke. Neurogenesis and angiogenesis are essential events in post-stroke recovery. Here, we investigated for the first time the role of PTX3 in neurogenesis and angiogenesis after stroke. METHODS PTX3 knockout (KO) or wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to experimental cerebral ischaemia (induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo)). Poststroke neurogenesis was assessed by nestin, doublecortin (DCX) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunostaining, whereas angiogenesis was assessed by BrdU, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and PECAM-1 immunostaining. In vitro neurogenesis and angiogenesis assays were carried out on neurospheres derived from WT or interleukin-1β (IL-1β) KO mice, and mouse endothelial cell line bEnd.5 respectively. Behavioural function was assessed in WT and PTX3 KO mice using open-field, motor and Y-maze tests. RESULTS Neurogenesis was significantly reduced in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus of PTX3 KO mice, compared to WT mice, 6 days after MCAo. In addition, recombinant PTX3 was neurogenic in vitro when added to neurospheres, which was mediated by IL-1β. In vivo poststroke angiogenesis was significantly reduced in PTX3 KO mice compared to WT mice 14 days after MCAo, as revealed by reduced vascular density, less newly formed blood vessels and decreased expression of VEGFR2. In vitro, recombinant PTX3 induced marked endothelial cellular proliferation and promoted formation of tube-like structures of endothelial cell line bEnd.5. Finally, a lack of PTX3 potentiated motor deficits 14 days after MCAo. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PTX3 mediates neurogenesis and angiogenesis and contributes to functional recovery after stroke, highlighting a key role of PTX3 as a mediator of brain repair and suggesting that PTX3 could be used as a new target for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Life Sciences, A,V, Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Maung R, Hoefer MM, Sanchez AB, Sejbuk NE, Medders KE, Desai MK, Catalan IC, Dowling CC, de Rozieres CM, Garden GA, Russo R, Roberts AJ, Williams R, Kaul M. CCR5 knockout prevents neuronal injury and behavioral impairment induced in a transgenic mouse model by a CXCR4-using HIV-1 glycoprotein 120. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1895-910. [PMID: 25031461 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, including HIV-1-associated dementia. In this study, we show that genetic ablation of CCR5 prevents microglial activation and neuronal damage in a transgenic model of HIV-associated brain injury induced by a CXCR4-using viral envelope gp120. The CCR5 knockout (KO) also rescues spatial learning and memory in gp120-transgenic mice. However, the CCR5KO does not abrogate astrocytosis, indicating it can occur independently from neuronal injury and behavioral impairment. To characterize further the neuroprotective effect of CCR5 deficiency we performed a genome-wide gene expression analysis of brains from HIVgp120tg mice expressing or lacking CCR5 and nontransgenic controls. A comparison with a human brain microarray study reveals that brains of HIVgp120tg mice and HIV patients with neurocognitive impairment share numerous differentially regulated genes. Furthermore, brains of CCR5 wild-type and CCR5KO gp120tg mice express markers of an innate immune response. One of the most significantly upregulated factors is the acute phase protein lipocalin-2 (LCN2). Using cerebrocortical cell cultures, we find that LCN2 is neurotoxic in a CCR5-dependent fashion, whereas inhibition of CCR5 alone is not sufficient to abrogate neurotoxicity of a CXCR4-using gp120. However, the combination of pharmacologic CCR5 blockade and LCN2 protects neurons from toxicity of a CXCR4-using gp120, thus recapitulating the finding in CCR5-deficient gp120tg mouse brain. Our study provides evidence for an indirect pathologic role of CCR5 and a novel protective effect of LCN2 in combination with inhibition of CCR5 in HIV-associated brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Maung
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Melanie M Hoefer
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ana B Sanchez
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Natalia E Sejbuk
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kathryn E Medders
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Maya K Desai
- Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Irene C Catalan
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Cari C Dowling
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Cyrus M de Rozieres
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Gwenn A Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Rossella Russo
- Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Pharmacobiology, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Roy Williams
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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68
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Daigo K, Mantovani A, Bottazzi B. The yin-yang of long pentraxin PTX3 in inflammation and immunity. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:38-43. [PMID: 24792672 PMCID: PMC7112810 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CRP and PTX3 are prototypical short and long pentraxin respectively. They are both soluble pattern recognition molecule involved in the innate immune and inflammatory response. PTX3 but not CRP is conserved in mouse and men and gene-modified mice help in the understanding of the biological properties. Protective and detrimental roles are exerted by PTX3.
Pentraxins are a family of multimeric proteins characterized by the presence of a pentraxin signature in their C-terminus region. Based on the primary structure, pentraxins are divided into short and long pentraxin: C-reactive protein (CRP) is the prototype of the short pentraxin subfamily while pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is the prototypic long pentraxin. Despite these two molecules exert similar fundamental actions in the regulation of innate immune and inflammatory responses, several differences exist between CRP and PTX3, including gene organization, protein oligomerization and expression pattern. The pathophysiological roles of PTX3 have been investigated using genetically modified mice since PTX3 gene organization and regulation are well conserved between mouse and human. Such in vivo studies figured out that PTX3 mainly have host-protective effects, even if it could also exert negative effects under certain pathophysiologic conditions. Here we will review the general properties of CRP and PTX3, emphasizing the differences between the two molecules and the regulatory functions exerted by PTX3 in innate immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Daigo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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