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Impact of kinins in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:94-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tang SCW, Lai KN. The pathogenic role of the renal proximal tubular cell in diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:3049-56. [PMID: 22734110 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that the renal proximal tubular epithelial cell (PTEC) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Microalbuminuria that intensifies over time to overt proteinuria, a hallmark of DN, is already known to activate the PTEC to induce tubulointerstitial inflammation. In addition to proteins, a number of diabetic substrates including high glucose per se, advanced glycation end-products and their carbonyl intermediates, angiotensin II, and ultrafiltered growth factors activate a number of signaling pathways including nuclear factor kappa B, protein kinase C, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 and the generation of reactive oxygen species, to culminate in tubular cell hypertrophy and the accumulation in the interstitium of a repertoire of chemokines, cytokines, growth factors and adhesion molecules capable of orchestrating further inflammation and fibrosis. More recently, the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) in PTECs have been implicated in this process. While in vitro data suggest that the KKS contributes to the progression of DN, there are conflicting in vivo results on its precise role, which may in part be strain-dependent. On the other hand, there are both in vitro and in vivo data to suggest a role for both TLR2 and TLR4 in DN. In this review, we offer a critical appraisal of the events linking the participation of the PTEC to the pathogenesis of DN, which we believe may be collectively termed diabetic tubulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney C W Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Blaes N, Pécher C, Mehrenberger M, Cellier E, Praddaude F, Chevalier J, Tack I, Couture R, Girolami JP. Bradykinin inhibits high glucose- and growth factor-induced collagen synthesis in mesangial cells through the B2-kinin receptor. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F293-303. [PMID: 22573379 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00437.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesangial matrix expansion is an early lesion leading to glomeruloclerosis and chronic renal diseases. A beneficial effect is achieved with angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), which also favor bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor (B2R) activation. To define the underlying mechanism, we hypothesized that B2R activation could be a negative regulator of collagen synthesis in mesangial cells (MC). We investigated the effect of BK on collagen synthesis and signaling in MC. Inflammation was evaluated by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. BK inhibited collagen I and IV synthesis stimulated by high glucose, epithelial growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) but did not alter ICAM-1. Inhibition of collagen synthesis was B2R but not B1R mediated. PKC or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors mimicked the BK effect. B2R activation inhibited TGF-β- and EGF-induced Erk1/2, Smad2/3, Akt S473, and EGFR phosphorylation. A phosphatase inhibitor prevented BK effects. The in vivo impact of B2R on mesangial matrix expansion was assessed in streptozotocin-diabetic rodents. Deletion of B2R increased mesangial matrix expansion and albuminuria in diabetic mice. In diabetic rats, matrix expansion and albuminuria were prevented by ACEI but not by ACEI and B2R antagonist cotreatment. Consistently, the lowered BK content of diabetic glomeruli was restored by ACEI. In conclusion, deficient B2R activation aggravated mesangial matrix expansion in diabetic rodents whereas B2R activation reduced MC collagen synthesis by a mechanism targeting Erk1/2 and Akt, common pathways activated by EGF and TGF-β. Taken together, the data support the hypothesis of an antifibrosing effect of B2R activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Blaes
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex. France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) constitutes a complex multienzyme cascade that produces several bioactive kinin peptides and their derivatives including bradykinin. In addition to the classical notion of the KKS as a potent vasodilator and a mediator of inflammatory responses, recent studies suggest a link between the KKS and oxidative stress. A number of established mouse models with altered levels of KKS components opened the way to evaluate precise functions of the KKS. Here we review recent findings on the role of the KKS in cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney diseases, and discuss potential benefits of KKS activation in these diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Deletion of both B1R and B2R in a diabetic mouse model exacerbates its renal phenotypes, suggesting that the KKS exerts protective effects on diabetic nephropathy by suppressing oxidative stress, presumably via nitric oxide and prostaglandins. SUMMARY Accumulating evidence has highlighted the importance of the KKS as a protective system against oxidative stress and organ damage in the heart and kidney. The activation of the KKS by angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors and vasopeptidase inhibitors is likely to be beneficial in senescence-associated cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney diseases.
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the major cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Although the renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors have a beneficial effect on diabetic nephropathy independently of their effects on blood pressure and plasma angiotensin II levels. This suggests that the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is also involved in the disease. To study the role of the KKS in diabetic nephropathy, mice lacking either the bradykinin B1 receptor (B1R) or the bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) have been commonly used. However, because absence of either receptor causes enhanced expression of the other, it is difficult to determine the precise functions of each receptor. This difficulty has recently been overcome by comparing mice lacking both receptors with mice lacking each receptor. Deletion of both B1R and B2R reduces nitric oxide (NO) production and aggravates renal diabetic phenotypes, relevant to either lack of B1R or B2R, demonstrating that both B1R and B2R exert protective effects on diabetic nephropathy presumably via NO. Here, we review previous epidemiological and experimental studies, and discuss novel insights regarding the therapeutic implications of the importance of the KKS in averting diabetic nephropathy.
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Zaritsky JJ, Kalantar-Zadeh K. The crossroad of RAAS modulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress in dialysis patients: light at the end of the tunnel? J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:189-91. [PMID: 22241894 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011121208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Akita mice have type 1 diabetes mellitus caused by a spontaneous point mutation in the Ins2 gene which leads to misfolding of insulin, resulting in pancreatic β-cell failure. Akita mice develop pronounced and sustained hyperglycemia, high levels of albuminuria, and consistent histopathological changes, suggesting that these mice may be suitable as an experimental platform for modeling diabetic nephropathy. One key feature of diabetic kidney disease in Akita mice is that the severity of renal injury is significantly influenced by genetic background. In this chapter, we describe the Akita model and present some of the experimental studies utilizing Akita mice as a model of type 1 diabetes. For example, deficiency in bradykinin receptors, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, or angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 leads to development of functionally and structurally more advanced diabetic nephropathy in these mice, while ketogenic diet has been shown to reverse kidney injury associated with diabetes. This chapter also describes the application of 24-h urine collections from mice for careful measurement of urinary albumin excretion.
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Konvalinka A, Scholey JW, Diamandis EP. Searching for new biomarkers of renal diseases through proteomics. Clin Chem 2011; 58:353-65. [PMID: 21980170 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.165969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technological advances have resulted in a renaissance of proteomic studies directed at finding markers of disease progression, diagnosis, or responsiveness to therapy. Renal diseases are ideally suited for such research, given that urine is an easily accessible biofluid and its protein content is derived mainly from the kidney. Current renal prognostic markers have limited value, and renal biopsy remains the sole method for establishing a diagnosis. Mass spectrometry instruments, which can detect thousands of proteins at nanomolar (or even femtomolar) concentrations, may be expected to allow the discovery of improved markers of progression, diagnosis, or treatment responsiveness. CONTENT In this review we describe the strengths and limitations of proteomic methods and the drawbacks of existing biomarkers, and provide an overview of opportunities in the field. We also highlight several proteomic studies of biomarkers of renal diseases selected from the plethora of studies performed. SUMMARY It is clear that the field of proteomics has not yet fulfilled its promise. However, ongoing efforts to standardize sample collection and preparation, improve study designs, perform multicenter validations, and create joint industry-regulatory bodies offer promise for the recognition of novel molecules that could change clinical nephrology forever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Konvalinka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Additive renoprotective effects of B2-kinin receptor blocker and PPAR-γ agonist in uninephrectomized db/db mice. J Transl Med 2011; 91:1351-62. [PMID: 21537328 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that the bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) blocker icatibant (Icat) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist rosiglitazone (Ros) exerted anti-inflammatory effects in renal tubular cells exposed to a diabetic milieu. This study aims to explore whether these effects can be translated to an experimental model of type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN). db/db mice and their nondiabetic db/m littermates underwent sham operation or uninephrectomy (Unx) at 10 weeks and received vehicle (Veh), metformin (Met), Icat, Ros, or Icat plus Ros for 8 weeks before killing. Among the db/db group with Unx, mice that received Icat or Ros had significantly lower serum creatinine and albuminuria, which was further reduced when Icat and Ros were given in combination. These beneficial effects were not observed in the Met group that achieved similar glycemic control as Ros-treated animals. Likewise, the severity of reactive glomerular and proximal tubular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial injury, cortical F4/80 and α-smooth muscle actin immunostaining, and CCL-2, ICAM-1 and TGF-β overexpression were all attenuated by Icat and Ros, and these effects were enhanced when both agents were combined. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the proximal tubular expression of CCL-2 (inflammation) and TGF-β (fibrosis). Treatment with Icat was associated with decreased B2R, but increased, B1R expression, which was exaggerated in Unx animals. At the signaling level, Icat and Ros reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and STAT1 activation, respectively. Our results suggest a deleterious role of the kallikrein-kinin system in murine-accelerated DN, which can be ameliorated by the B2R blocker Icat and enhanced by the addition of Ros. This calls for further evaluation of this novel therapeutic approach in more animal models of diabetic nephropathy.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Vasculitis is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease, characterized by inflammation in and around vessel walls leading to perturbed vessel patency and tissue damage. Many different organs may be involved. In this review, pathogenetic mechanisms of vasculitis are discussed, with special reference to activation of the kinin system. Mechanisms of kinin system activation are described, ultimately leading to release of kinins from high molecular weight kininogen. These vasoactive peptides promote inflammation. CONCLUSION Kinin system activation during vasculitis promotes inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Kinin B1 receptor enhances the oxidative stress in a rat model of insulin resistance: outcome in hypertension, allodynia and metabolic complications. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12622. [PMID: 20830306 PMCID: PMC2935380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kinin B1 receptor (B1R) is induced by the oxidative stress in models of diabetes mellitus. This study aims at determining whether B1R activation could perpetuate the oxidative stress which leads to diabetic complications. Methods and Findings Young Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with 10% D-Glucose or tap water (controls) for 8–12 weeks. A selective B1R antagonist (SSR240612) was administered acutely (3–30 mg/kg) or daily for a period of 7 days (10 mg/kg) and the impact was measured on systolic blood pressure, allodynia, protein and/or mRNA B1R expression, aortic superoxide anion (O2•−) production and expression of superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase. SSR240612 reduced dose-dependently (3–30 mg/kg) high blood pressure in 12-week glucose-fed rats, but had no effect in controls. Eight-week glucose-fed rats exhibited insulin resistance (HOMA index), hypertension, tactile and cold allodynia and significant increases of plasma levels of glucose and insulin. This was associated with higher aortic levels of O2•−, NADPH oxidase activity, MnSOD and catalase expression. All these abnormalities including B1R overexpression (spinal cord, aorta, liver and gastrocnemius muscle) were normalized by the prolonged treatment with SSR240612. The production of O2•− in the aorta of glucose-fed rats was also measured in the presence and absence of inhibitors (10–100 µM) of NADPH oxidase (apocynin), xanthine oxidase (allopurinol) or nitric oxide synthase (L-NAME) with and without Sar[D-Phe8]des-Arg9-BK (20 µM; B1R agonist). Data show that the greater aortic O2•− production induced by the B1R agonist was blocked only by apocynin. Conclusions Activation of kinin B1R increased O2•− through the activation of NADPH oxidase in the vasculature. Prolonged blockade of B1R restored cardiovascular, sensory and metabolic abnormalities by reducing oxidative stress and B1R gene expression in this model.
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Lack of both bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors enhances nephropathy, neuropathy, and bone mineral loss in Akita diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10190-5. [PMID: 20479236 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005144107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An insertion polymorphism of the angiotensin-I converting enzyme gene (ACE) is common in humans and the higher expressing allele is associated with an increased risk of diabetic complications. The ACE polymorphism does not significantly affect blood pressure or angiotensin II levels, suggesting that the kallikrein-kinin system partly mediates the effects of the polymorphism. We have therefore explored the influence of lack of both bradykinin receptors (B1R and B2R) on diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and osteopathy in male mice heterozygous for the Akita diabetogenic mutation in the insulin 2 gene (Ins2). We find that all of the detrimental phenotypes observed in Akita diabetes are enhanced by lack of both B1R and B2R, including urinary albumin excretion, glomerulosclerosis, glomerular basement membrane thickening, mitochondrial DNA deletions, reduction of nerve conduction velocities and of heat sensation, and bone mineral loss. Absence of the bradykinin receptors also enhances the diabetes-associated increases in plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, mitochondrial DNA deletions, and renal expression of fibrogenic genes, including transforming growth factor beta1, connective tissue growth factor, and endothelin-1. Thus, lack of B1R and B2R exacerbates diabetic complications. The enhanced renal injury in diabetic mice caused by lack of B1R and B2R may be mediated by a combination of increases in oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA damage and over expression of fibrogenic genes.
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Fletcher EL, Phipps JA, Ward MM, Vessey KA, Wilkinson-Berka JL. The renin-angiotensin system in retinal health and disease: Its influence on neurons, glia and the vasculature. Prog Retin Eye Res 2010; 29:284-311. [PMID: 20380890 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Renin-Angiotensin System is classically recognized for its role in the control of systemic blood pressure. However, the retina is recognized to have all the components necessary for angiotensin II formation, suggestive of a role for Angiotensin II in the retina that is independent of the systemic circulation. The most well described effects of Angiotensin II are on the retinal vasculature, with roles in vasoconstriction and angiogenesis. However, it is now emerging that Angiotensin II has roles in modulation of retinal function, possibly in regulating GABAergic amacrine cells. In addition, Angiotensin II is likely to have effects on glia. Angiotensin II has also been implicated in retinal vascular diseases such as Retinopathy of Prematurity and diabetic retinopathty, and more recently actions in choroidal neovascularizaiton and glaucoma have also emerged. The mechanisms by which Angiotensin II promotes angiogensis in retinal vascular diseases is indicative of the complexity of the RAS and the variety of cell types that it effects. Indeed, these diseases are not purely characterized by direct effects of Angiotensin II on the vasculature. In retinopathy of prematurity, for example, blockade of AT1 receptors prevents pathological angiogenesis, but also promotes revascularization of avascular regions of the retina. The primary site of action of Angiotensin II in this disease may be on retinal glia, rather than the vasculature. Indeed, blockade of AT1 receptors prevents glial loss and promotes the re-establishment of normal vessel growth. Blockade of RAS as a treatment for preventing the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy has also emerged based on a series of studies in animal models showing that blockade of the RAS prevents the development of a variety of vascular and neuronal deficits in this disease. Importantly these effects may be independent of actions on systemic blood pressure. This has culminated recently with the completion of several large multi-centre clinical trials that showed that blockade of the RAS may be of benefit in some at risk patients with diabetes. With the emergence of novel compounds targeting different aspects of the RAS even more effective ways of blocking the RAS may be possible in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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64
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Almeida SS, Barros CC, Moraes MR, Russo FJ, Haro AS, Rosa TS, Alves MF, Pesquero JB, Carmona AK, Bacurau RFP, Araújo RC. Plasma Kallikrein and Angiotensin I-converting enzyme N- and C-terminal domain activities are modulated by the insertion/deletion polymorphism. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:139-43. [PMID: 20064660 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is recognized as one of the main effector molecules involved in blood pressure regulation. In the last few years some polymorphisms of ACE such as the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism have been described, but their physiologic relevance is poorly understood. In addition, few studies investigated if the specific activity of ACE domain is related to the I/D polymorphism and if it can affect other systems. The aim of this study was to establish a biochemical and functional characterization of the I/D polymorphism and correlate this with the corresponding ACE activity. For this purpose, 119 male brazilian army recruits were genotyped and their ACE plasma activities evaluated from the C- and N-terminal catalytic domains using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides, specific for the C-domain (Abz-LFK(Dnp)OH), N-domain (Abz-SDK(Dnp)P-OH) and both C- and N-domains (Abz-FRK(Dnp)P-OH). Plasma kallikrein activity was measured using Z-Phe-Arg-AMC as substrate and inhibited by selective plasma kallikrein inhibitor (PKSI). Some physiological parameters previously described related to the I/D polymorphism such as handgrip strength, blood pressure, heart rate and BMI were also evaluated. The genotype distribution was II n=27, ID n=64 and DD n=28. Total plasma ACE activity of both domains in II individuals was significantly lower in comparison to ID and DD. This pattern was also observed for C- and N-domain activities. Difference between ID and DD subjects was observed only with the N-domain specific substrate. Blood pressure, heart rate, handgrip strength and BMI were similar among the genotypes. This polymorphism also affected the plasma kallikrein activity and DD group presents high activity level. Thus, our data demonstrate that the I/D ACE polymorphism affects differently both ACE domains without effects on handgrip strength. Moreover, this polymorphism influences the kallikrein-kinin system of normotensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Almeida
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Bourdet B, Pécher C, Minville V, Jaafar A, Allard J, Blaes N, Girolami JP, Tack I. Distribution and expression of B2-kinin receptor on human leukocyte subsets in young adults and elderly using flow cytometry. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:155-61. [PMID: 20045189 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system has been investigated in many experimental models. Dysregulations of the KKS are likely to be involved in pathologies such as inflammation, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Previous works on the human KKS mostly rely on gene polymorphism and mRNA expression. In order to assess the KKS in human at the protein level, we have developed an approach based on flow cytometric analysis of leukocytes. Whole blood samples were collected and erythrocytes were lysed. Permeabilised leukocytes were incubated with anti-B2R (IgG2b), anti-IgG2b-PE, anti-CD3-PerCP (lymphocytes) and anti-CD14-APC (monocytes) antibodies. FACScalibur analyzed fluorescence intensities. Results were expressed as per cent of B2R-positive cells in each leukocyte subset and as B2R fluorescence intensity per positive cell. Detection of the B2R protein by this methodology was validated by (i) correlation with Western blotting using two different B2R antibodies, (ii) BK-induced Erk activation, (iii) B2R mRNA expression. The methodology was then applied to evaluate variations of B2R expression in a population including young healthy, elderly healthy, and elderly treated hypertensive men and women. In the young healthy subjects, B2R distribution was: monocytes>polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)>lymphocytes and no difference with gender was observed. Moreover, no difference was observed on PMN B2R expression. B2R expression remained unchanged in the elderly healthy or hypertensive men. By contrast, monocytes and lymphocytes B2R expressions were decreased in the elderly healthy women. Finally, FACS analysis of B2R expression on leukocytes subsets provides single cell quantification of B2R expression allowing comparison of cellular sub-populations. This approach provides a new efficient tool to investigate B2R profiling of immune system in pathological states.
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Savvatis K, Westermann D, Schultheiss HP, Tschöpe C. Kinins in cardiac inflammation and regeneration: insights from ischemic and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:119-25. [PMID: 20036002 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is a system of vasoactive peptides, the kinins, involved in different aspects of remodeling, inflammation and angiogenesis. Kinins mediate their actions through two receptors, B1R and B2R. It is increasingly recognized that the KKS is involved in the inflammatory processes of the heart. Evidence shows that the B2R is beneficial in myocardial diseases, protecting from inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis, while B1R shows a proinflammatory character contributing to the disease progression by increasing the production of cytokines and stimulating the migration of immune cells. Furthermore, novel important actions of the KKS and its receptors contribute to neovascularization and recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells in ischemic areas and endothelial dysfunction. The kinin receptors could therefore constitute potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of myocardial ischemia and diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Savvatis
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Cardiology and Pneumonology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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Alaynick WA, Way JM, Wilson SA, Benson WG, Pei L, Downes M, Yu R, Jonker JW, Holt JA, Rajpal DK, Li H, Stuart J, McPherson R, Remlinger KS, Chang CY, McDonnell DP, Evans RM, Billin AN. ERRgamma regulates cardiac, gastric, and renal potassium homeostasis. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 24:299-309. [PMID: 19965931 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy production by oxidative metabolism in kidney, stomach, and heart, is primarily expended in establishing ion gradients to drive renal electrolyte homeostasis, gastric acid secretion, and cardiac muscle contraction, respectively. In addition to orchestrating transcriptional control of oxidative metabolism, the orphan nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRgamma), coordinates expression of genes central to ion homeostasis in oxidative tissues. Renal, gastric, and cardiac tissues subjected to genomic analysis of expression in perinatal ERRgamma null mice revealed a characteristic dysregulation of genes involved in transport processes, exemplified by the voltage-gated potassium channel, Kcne2. Consistently, ERRgamma null animals die during the first 72 h of life with elevated serum potassium, reductions in key gastric acid production markers, and cardiac arrhythmia with prolonged QT intervals. In addition, we find altered expression of several genes associated with hypertension in ERRgamma null mice. These findings suggest a potential role for genetic polymorphisms at the ERRgamma locus and ERRgamma modulators in the etiology and treatment of renal, gastric, and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Alaynick
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Brosius FC, Alpers CE, Bottinger EP, Breyer MD, Coffman TM, Gurley SB, Harris RC, Kakoki M, Kretzler M, Leiter EH, Levi M, McIndoe RA, Sharma K, Smithies O, Susztak K, Takahashi N, Takahashi T. Mouse models of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:2503-12. [PMID: 19729434 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009070721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of ESRD worldwide. Despite its prevalence, a lack of reliable animal models that mimic human disease has delayed the identification of specific factors that cause or predict diabetic nephropathy. The Animal Models of Diabetic Complications Consortium (AMDCC) was created in 2001 by the National Institutes of Health to develop and characterize models of diabetic nephropathy and other complications. This interim report and our online supplement detail the progress made toward that goal, specifically in the development and testing of murine models. Updates are provided on validation criteria for early and advanced diabetic nephropathy, phenotyping methods, the effect of background strain on nephropathy, current best models of diabetic nephropathy, negative models, and views of future directions. AMDCC investigators and other investigators in the field have yet to validate a complete murine model of human diabetic kidney disease. Nonetheless, the critical analysis of existing murine models substantially enhances our understanding of this disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Brosius
- University of Michigan,1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0680, USA.
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