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Chen Z, Tian R, She Z, Cai J, Li H. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:116-141. [PMID: 32156524 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is strongly associated with the presence of oxidative stress. Disturbances in lipid metabolism lead to hepatic lipid accumulation, which affects different reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and NADPH oxidase. Mitochondrial function adapts to NAFLD mainly through the downregulation of the electron transport chain (ETC) and the preserved or enhanced capacity of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, which stimulates ROS overproduction within different ETC components upstream of cytochrome c oxidase. However, non-ETC sources of ROS, in particular, fatty acid β-oxidation, appear to produce more ROS in hepatic metabolic diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and NADPH oxidase alterations are also associated with NAFLD, but the degree of their contribution to oxidative stress in NAFLD remains unclear. Increased ROS generation induces changes in insulin sensitivity and in the expression and activity of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Moreover, the interaction between redox signaling and innate immune signaling forms a complex network that regulates inflammatory responses. Based on the mechanistic view described above, this review summarizes the mechanisms that may account for the excessive production of ROS, the potential mechanistic roles of ROS that drive NAFLD progression, and therapeutic interventions that are related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Zhigang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
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Low Expression of Sirtuin 1 in the Dairy Cows with Mild Fatty Liver Alters Hepatic Lipid Metabolism. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040560. [PMID: 32230804 PMCID: PMC7222401 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD-dependent histone deacetylase, is involved in oxidative stress and lipid metabolism regulation. Limited studies exist regarding the role of SIRT1 in lipid metabolism disorder in periparturient dairy cows. This study explores the effect of hepatic steatosis on the expression of the SIRT1 gene and protein and the proteins encoded by the genes downstream to it, all of which are involved in lipid metabolism in the liver. Control cows (n = 6, parity 3.0 ± 2.0, milk production 28 ± 47 kg/d) and mild fatty liver cows (n = 6, parity 2.3 ± 1.5, milk production 20 ± 6 kg/d) were retrospectively selected based on liver triglycerides (TG) content (% wet liver). The present study indicates that low SIRT1 expression caused by hepatic steatosis promotes hepatic fatty acid synthesis and inhibits fatty acid β-oxidation. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it demonstrates that hepatic steatosis is associated with increased hepatic fatty acid synthesis, inhibited fatty acid β-oxidation and reduced lipid transport. Abstract Dairy cows usually experience negative energy balance coupled with an increased incidence of fatty liver during the periparturient period. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hepatic steatosis on the expression of the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), along with the target mRNA and protein expressions and activities related to lipid metabolism in liver tissue. Control cows (n = 6, parity 3.0 ± 2.0, milk production 28 ± 7 kg/d) and mild fatty liver cows (n = 6, parity 2.3 ± 1.5, milk production 20 ± 6 kg/d) were retrospectively selected based on liver triglycerides (TG) content (% wet liver). Compared with the control group, fatty liver cows had greater concentrations of cholesterol and TG along with the typically vacuolated appearance and greater lipid droplets in the liver. Furthermore, fatty liver cows had greater mRNA and protein abundance related to hepatic lipid synthesis proteins sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP-1c), long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL), acyl-CoA carbrolase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) and lipid transport proteins Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and microsomal TG transfer protein (MTTP) (p < 0.05). However, they had lower mRNA and protein abundance associated with fatty acid β-oxidation proteins SIRT1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor co-activator-1 (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α (PPARα), retinoid X receptor (RXRα), acyl-CoA 1 (ACO), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) and long- and medium-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenases (LCAD) (p < 0.05). Additionally, mRNA abundance and enzyme activity of enzymes copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) decreased and mRNA and protein abundance of p45 nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (p45 NF-E2)-related factor 1 (Nrf1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) decreased (p < 0.05). Lower enzyme activities of SIRT1, PGC-1α, Cu/Zn SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, SREBP-1c and Mn SOD (p < 0.05) and concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed in dairy cows with fatty liver. These results demonstrate that decreased SIRT1 associated with hepatic steatosis promotes hepatic fatty acid synthesis and inhibits fatty acid β-oxidation. Hence, SIRT1 may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of the fatty liver disease in dairy cows.
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Fang P, Sun Y, Gu X, Han L, Han S, Shang Y, Luan Z, Lu N, Ge R, Shi M, Zhang Z, Min W. San-Huang-Tang protects obesity/diabetes induced NAFLD by upregulating PGC-1α/PEPCK signaling in obese and galr1 knockout mice models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112483. [PMID: 31843573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE San-Huang-Tang (ST), a classic prescription, has been clinically used to cure diabetes and diabetes-associated metabolic disorders. Established studies have reported that ST can alleviate inflammation, obesity, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. AIM OF THE STUDY To the best of our knowledge, here, we reported for the first time the underlying mechanistic therapeutic efficacy of the ST against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in high-fat induced obese and galr1-deficient diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The obese and galr1-deficient mice were treated with ST at a dose of 10 g/kg every day for three weeks. Then food intake, body weight and insulin resistance indexes were measured. Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and plasma biochemical analyses were applied. RESULTS ST reduced food intake, body weight, blood glucose level and insulin resistance, improved glucose tolerance in obese and galr1-deficient mice. Mechanistically, we confirmed that ST protected against NAFLD through activation of PGC-1α and its downstream signaling pathways as shown by the attenuated hepatic adipogenesis and lipid accumulation, increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation, regulated plasma lipid parameters, and increased energy expenditure and metabolic function in fat and muscle. CONCLUSIONS Reduction in food intake produced by ST may contribute to the observed metabolic effects. Our findings strongly suggest that ST might be a potential novel therapeutic drug against obesity/diabetes-induced NAFLD and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China
| | - Yabin Sun
- Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China
| | - Xinru Gu
- Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China
| | - Long Han
- Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China
| | - Shiyu Han
- Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China
| | - Yizhi Shang
- Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China
| | - Zheqi Luan
- Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ran Ge
- Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China
| | - Mingyi Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Wen Min
- Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China.
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Song YF, Hogstrand C, Ling SC, Chen GH, Luo Z. Creb-Pgc1α pathway modulates the interaction between lipid droplets and mitochondria and influences high fat diet-induced changes of lipid metabolism in the liver and isolated hepatocytes of yellow catfish. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 80:108364. [PMID: 32199344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the crucial role of lipid droplets (LDs), mitochondria (MT) and their interactions in regulating lipid metabolism are well accepted, the mechanism of LDs-MT interactions in high fat diet (HFD)-induced changes of lipid metabolism remains unknown. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the mechanism of LDs-MT interactions in HFD-induced changes of lipid accumulation. We found that HFD not only up-regulated the expression of key proteins linked with TAG biosynthesis, but also increased the expression of proteins involved in lipolysis and fatty acid (FA) oxidation in LDs, including Rab32 (the only Rab protein associated with the MT). FA-induced LDs accumulation coincided with increased mitochondrial biogenesis, suggesting the potential LDs-MT interaction in hepatocytes after FA incubation. Also, FA incubation markedly increased the localization of Rab32 into LDs and MT, which confirmed the LDs-MT interaction and indicated the involvement of Rab32 in LDs-MT interaction following FA incubation. Inhibitors of Creb-Pgc1α pathway significantly blocked the localization of Rab32 into LDs and MT, and significantly reduced FA-induced LDs lipolysis by targeting Atgl and Plin5. Meanwhile, the FA-enhanced LDs accumulation, and mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and oxidation were also significantly repressed. These indicated the regulatory role of Creb-Pgc1α in Rab32-mediated LDs-MT interactions and lipolysis after FA incubation. Taken together, these results revealed a novel mechanism of HFD- and FA-induced LDs-MT interactions in regulating hepatic LDs lipolysis, which provided new insight into the crosstalk between LDs-MT interaction and their potential role in HFD-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Song
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Shi-Cheng Ling
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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55
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Fontecha-Barriuso M, Martin-Sanchez D, Martinez-Moreno JM, Monsalve M, Ramos AM, Sanchez-Niño MD, Ruiz-Ortega M, Ortiz A, Sanz AB. The Role of PGC-1α and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Kidney Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020347. [PMID: 32102312 PMCID: PMC7072614 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the fastest growing causes of death worldwide, emphasizing the need to develop novel therapeutic approaches. CKD predisposes to acute kidney injury (AKI) and AKI favors CKD progression. Mitochondrial derangements are common features of both AKI and CKD and mitochondria-targeting therapies are under study as nephroprotective agents. PGC-1α is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and an attractive therapeutic target. Low PGC-1α levels and decreased transcription of its gene targets have been observed in both preclinical AKI (nephrotoxic, endotoxemia, and ischemia-reperfusion) and in experimental and human CKD, most notably diabetic nephropathy. In mice, PGC-1α deficiency was associated with subclinical CKD and predisposition to AKI while PGC-1α overexpression in tubular cells protected from AKI of diverse causes. Several therapeutic strategies may increase kidney PGC-1α activity and have been successfully tested in animal models. These include AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, and anti-TWEAK antibodies. In conclusion, low PGC-1α activity appears to be a common feature of AKI and CKD and recent characterization of nephroprotective approaches that increase PGC-1α activity may pave the way for nephroprotective strategies potentially effective in both AKI and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fontecha-Barriuso
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Martin-Sanchez
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Manuel Martinez-Moreno
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Adrian Mario Ramos
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belen Sanz
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-550-48-00
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Sun X, Seidman JS, Zhao P, Troutman TD, Spann NJ, Que X, Zhou F, Liao Z, Pasillas M, Yang X, Magida JA, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Downes M, Evans RM, Saltiel AR, Tsimikas S, Glass CK, Witztum JL. Neutralization of Oxidized Phospholipids Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cell Metab 2020; 31:189-206.e8. [PMID: 31761566 PMCID: PMC7028360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), which arise due to oxidative stress, are proinflammatory and proatherogenic, but their roles in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are unknown. Here, we show that OxPLs accumulate in human and mouse NASH. Using a transgenic mouse that expresses a functional single-chain variable fragment of E06, a natural antibody that neutralizes OxPLs, we demonstrate the causal role of OxPLs in NASH. Targeting OxPLs in hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice improved multiple aspects of NASH, including steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, hepatocyte death, and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanistically, we found that OxPLs promote ROS accumulation to induce mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes. Neutralizing OxPLs in AMLN-diet-fed Ldlr-/- mice reduced oxidative stress, improved hepatic and adipose-tissue mitochondrial function, and fatty-acid oxidation. These results suggest targeting OxPLs may be an effective therapeutic strategy for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jason S Seidman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fangli Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhongji Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martina Pasillas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason A Magida
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Physical exercise and liver "fitness": Role of mitochondrial function and epigenetics-related mechanisms in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2019; 32:1-14. [PMID: 32029220 PMCID: PMC6931125 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern lifestyles, especially high-caloric intake and physical inactivity, contribute to the increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which becomes a significant health problem worldwide. Lifestyle changes, however, affect not only parental generation, but also their offspring, reinforcing the need for efficient preventive approaches to deal with this disease. This transgenerational influence of phenotypes dependent on parents (particularly maternal) behaviours may open additional research avenues. Despite persistent attempts to design an effective pharmacological therapy against NAFLD, physical activity, as a non-pharmacological approach, emerges as an exciting strategy. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we briefly review the effect of physical exercise on liver mitochondria adaptations in NAFLD, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial metabolism and transgenerational and epigenetic mechanisms in liver diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A deeper look into cellular mechanisms sheds a light on possible effects of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD through modulation of function and structure of particular organelles, namely mitochondria. Additionally, despite of increasing evidence regarding the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of different diseases, the role of microRNAs, DNA methylation, and histone modification in NAFLD pathogenesis still needs to be elucidated.
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Simoes IC, Janikiewicz J, Bauer J, Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Kalinowski P, Dobrzyń A, Wolski A, Pronicki M, Zieniewicz K, Dobrzyń P, Krawczyk M, Zischka H, Wieckowski MR, Potes Y. Fat and Sugar-A Dangerous Duet. A Comparative Review on Metabolic Remodeling in Rodent Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2871. [PMID: 31771244 PMCID: PMC6950566 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disease in Western society and ranges from steatosis to steatohepatitis to end-stage liver disease such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms that are involved in the progression of steatosis to more severe liver damage in patients are not fully understood. A deeper investigation of NAFLD pathogenesis is possible due to the many different animal models developed recently. In this review, we present a comparative overview of the most common dietary NAFLD rodent models with respect to their metabolic phenotype and morphological manifestation. Moreover, we describe similarities and controversies concerning the effect of NAFLD-inducing diets on mitochondria as well as mitochondria-derived oxidative stress in the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines C.M. Simoes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Justyna Janikiewicz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Judith Bauer
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany; (J.B.); (H.Z.)
| | | | - Piotr Kalinowski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Andrzej Wolski
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Maciej Pronicki
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.-W.); (M.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Zieniewicz
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Paweł Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany; (J.B.); (H.Z.)
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yaiza Potes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
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Alteration of mitochondrial DNA homeostasis in drug-induced liver injury. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110916. [PMID: 31669601 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for 13 proteins involved in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process. In liver, genetic or acquired impairment of mtDNA homeostasis can reduce ATP output but also decrease fatty acid oxidation, thus leading to different hepatic lesions including massive necrosis and microvesicular steatosis. Hence, a severe impairment of mtDNA homeostasis can lead to liver failure and death. An increasing number of investigations report that some drugs can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) by altering mtDNA homeostasis. Some drugs such as ciprofloxacin, antiretroviral nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and tacrine can inhibit hepatic mtDNA replication, thus inducing mtDNA depletion. Drug-induced reduced mtDNA levels can also be the consequence of reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative damage to mtDNA, which triggers its degradation by mitochondrial nucleases. Such mechanism is suspected for acetaminophen and troglitazone. Other pharmaceuticals such as linezolid and tetracyclines can impair mtDNA translation, thus selectively reducing the synthesis of the 13 mtDNA-encoded proteins. Lastly, some drugs might alter the mtDNA methylation status but the pathophysiological consequences of such alteration are still unclear. Drug-induced impairment of mtDNA homeostasis is probably under-recognized since preclinical and post-marketing safety studies do not classically investigate mtDNA levels, mitochondrial protein synthesis and mtDNA oxidative damage.
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Léveillé M, Estall JL. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Transition from NASH to HCC. Metabolites 2019; 9:E233. [PMID: 31623280 PMCID: PMC6836234 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver constantly adapts to meet energy requirements of the whole body. Despite its remarkable adaptative capacity, prolonged exposure of liver cells to harmful environmental cues (such as diets rich in fat, sugar, and cholesterol) results in the development of chronic liver diseases (including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of these diseases is extremely complex, multifactorial, and poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction or maladaptation contributes to detrimental effects on hepatocyte bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and cell death leading to NASH and HCC. The present review highlights the potential contribution of altered mitochondria function to NASH-related HCC and discusses how agents targeting this organelle could provide interesting treatment strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Léveillé
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Cholesterol Prevents Hypoxia-Induced Hypoglycemia by Regulation of a Metabolic Ketogenic Shift. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5829357. [PMID: 31612075 PMCID: PMC6755303 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5829357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Blood cholesterol levels have been connected to high-altitude adaptation. In the present study, we treated mice with high-cholesterol diets following exposure to acute hypoxic stress and evaluated the effects of the diets on whole-body, liver glucose, and liver fat metabolism. For rapid cholesterol liver uptake, 6-week-old male C57BL/J6 mice were fed with high-cholesterol/cholic acid (CH) diet for 6 weeks and then were exposed to gradual oxygen level reduction for 1 h and hypoxia at 7% oxygen for additional 1 hour using a hypoxic chamber. Animals were than sacrificed, and metabolic markers were evaluated. Hypoxic treatment had a strong hypoglycemic effect that was completely blunted by CH treatment. Decreases in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis as well as an increase in ketone body formation were observed. Such changes indicate a metabolic shift from glucose to fat utilization due to activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase/AMPK axis in the CH-treated animals. Increased ketogenesis was also observed in vitro in hepatocytes after cholesterol treatment. In conclusion, our results show for the first time that cholesterol contributes to metabolic shift and adaptation to hypoxia in vivo and in vitro through induction of HIF-1α and iNOS expression.
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Lee J, Park JS, Roh YS. Molecular insights into the role of mitochondria in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:935-946. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Pittala S, Krelin Y, Kuperman Y, Shoshan-Barmatz V. A Mitochondrial VDAC1-Based Peptide Greatly Suppresses Steatosis and NASH-Associated Pathologies in a Mouse Model. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1848-1862. [PMID: 31375359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are liver pathologies characterized by severe metabolic alterations due to fat accumulation that lead to liver damage, inflammation, and fibrosis. We demonstrate that the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1)-based peptide R-Tf-D-LP4 arrested steatosis and NASH progression, as produced by a high-fat diet (HFD-32) in a mouse model, and reversed liver pathology to a normal-like state. VDAC1, a multi-functional mitochondrial protein, regulates cellular metabolic and energetic functions and apoptosis and interacts with many proteins. R-Tf-D-LP4 treatment eliminated hepatocyte ballooning degeneration, inflammation, and liver fibrosis associated with steatosis, NASH, and hepatocarcinoma, and it restored liver pathology-associated enzyme and glucose levels. Peptide treatment affected carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, increasing the expression of enzymes and factors associated with fatty acid transport to mitochondria, enhancing β-oxidation and thermogenic processes, yet decreasing the expression of enzymes and regulators of fatty acid synthesis. The VDAC1-based peptide thus offers a promising therapeutic approach for steatosis and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Pittala
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yakov Krelin
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yael Kuperman
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Prieto I, Zambrano A, Laso J, Aranda A, Samper E, Monsalve M. Early induction of senescence and immortalization in PGC-1α-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 138:23-32. [PMID: 31029787 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Oxidative stress is known to induce early replicative senescence. Senescence has been proposed to work as a barrier to immortalization and tumor development. Here, we aimed to evaluate the impact of the loss of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α), a master regulator of oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, on replicative senescence and immortalization in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). RESULTS We found that primary MEFs lacking PGC-1α showed higher levels of ROS than wild-type MEFs at all cell passages tested. The elevated production of ROS was associated with higher levels of oxidative DNA damage and the increased formation of DNA double-strand breaks. Evaluation of the induction of DNA repair systems in response to γ-radiation indicated that the loss of PGC-1α also resulted in a small but significant reduction in their activity. DNA damage induced the early activation of senescence markers, including an increase in the number of β-galactosidase-positive cells, the induction of p53 phosphorylation, and the increase in p16 and p19 protein. These changes were, however, not sufficient to reduce proliferation rates of PGC-1α-deficient MEFs at any cell passage tested. Moreover, PGC-1α-deficient cells escaped replicative senescence. INNOVATION & CONCLUSION PGC-1α plays an important role in the control of cellular senescence and immortalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM). Arturo Duperier 4. 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Zambrano
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo km 2. 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Laso
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC). Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Aranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM). Arturo Duperier 4. 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Samper
- NIMGenetics, Genómica y Medicina S.L. Faraday, 7. 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM). Arturo Duperier 4. 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Salic K, Kleemann R, Wilkins-Port C, McNulty J, Verschuren L, Palmer M. Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibition with volixibat improves metabolic aspects and components of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218459. [PMID: 31233523 PMCID: PMC6590809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interruption of bile acid recirculation through inhibition of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) is a promising strategy to alleviate hepatic cholesterol accumulation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and improve the metabolic aspects of the disease. Potential disease-attenuating effects of the ASBT inhibitor volixibat (5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) were investigated in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice over 24 weeks. Plasma and fecal bile acid levels, plasma insulin, lipids, and liver enzymes were monitored. Final analyses included liver histology, intrahepatic lipids, mesenteric white adipose tissue mass, and liver gene profiling. Consistent with its mechanism of action, volixibat significantly increased the total amount of bile acid in feces. At the highest dose, volixibat significantly attenuated the HFD-induced increase in hepatocyte hypertrophy, hepatic triglyceride and cholesteryl ester levels, and mesenteric white adipose tissue deposition. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) was significantly lower in volixibat-treated mice than in the HFD controls. Gene profiling showed that volixibat reversed the inhibitory effect of the HFD on metabolic master regulators, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1β, insulin receptor, and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 2. Volixibat may have beneficial effects on physiological and metabolic aspects of NASH pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanita Salic
- TNO, Department of Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- TNO, Department of Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Wilkins-Port
- Shire LLC, now part of Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John McNulty
- Shire LLC, now part of Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lars Verschuren
- TNO, Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Melissa Palmer
- Shire LLC, now part of Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cloning and Expression Levels of TFAM and TFB2M Genes and their Correlation with Meat and Carcass Quality Traits in Jiaxing Black Pig. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The coding sequences (CDS) of TFAM and TFB2M genes from Jiaxing Black Pig (JBP) were first obtained by RT-PCR and DNA-seq in the present study. Sequence analyses showed that the TFAM gene contains a 741-bp CDS region encoding 246 amino acids sharing a 100% homology with the sequence on NCBI, while TFB2M gene contains a CDS region of 1176 bp encoding 391 amino acids with two missense mutations. The results of quantitative Real-Time PCR for TFAM and TFB2M revealed that transcripts of the genes were both presented at the highest levels in spleen tissue followed by liver tissue, while the least levels in longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM), and obviously the higher levels in two adipose tissues than those in LDM tissue (P<0.01). Meanwhile, a total of forty-two JBPs were employed in this experiment to investigate the effect of these two genes on the carcass, meat quality traits and flavor substances such as fatty acids, intramuscular fat (IMF) in LDM. As expected, some strong correlations of gene expression abundance of TFAM and TFB2M mRNA in particular tissues such as liver and LDM with carcass and meat quality traits including marbling score, as well as the content of saturated fatty acid (SFA), in JBP were found.
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Metabolic aspects in NAFLD, NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of PGC1 coactivators. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:160-174. [PMID: 30518830 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of hepatic metabolism are critical to the development of liver disease. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivators (PGC1s) are able to orchestrate, on a transcriptional level, different aspects of liver metabolism, such as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis. As modifications affecting both mitochondrial and lipid metabolism contribute to the initiation and/or progression of liver steatosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a link between disrupted PGC1 pathways and onset of these pathological conditions has been postulated. However, despite the large quantity of studies, the scenario is still not completely understood, and some issues remain controversial. Here, we discuss the roles of PGC1s in healthy liver and explore their contribution to the pathogenesis and future therapy of NASH and HCC.
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Shin SK, Cho HW, Song SE, Bae JH, Im SS, Hwang I, Ha H, Song DK. Ablation of catalase promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in diet-induced obese mice. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:829-843. [PMID: 30617744 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-02250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced endogenously can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic complications in various cell types by inducing oxidative stress. In the liver, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress affects the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although a link between both stresses and fatty liver diseases has been suggested, few studies have investigated the involvement of catalase in fatty liver pathogenesis. We examined whether catalase is associated with NAFLD, using catalase knockout (CKO) mice and the catalase-deficient human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Hepatic morphology analysis revealed that the fat accumulation was more prominent in high-fat diet (HFD) CKO mice compared to that in age-matched wild-type (WT) mice, and lipid peroxidation and H2O2 release were significantly elevated in CKO mice. Transmission electron micrographs indicated that the liver mitochondria from CKO mice tended to be more severely damaged than those in WT mice. Likewise, mitochondrial DNA copy number and cellular ATP concentrations were significantly lower in CKO mice. In fatty acid-treated HepG2 cells, knockdown of catalase accelerated cellular lipid accumulation and depressed mitochondrial biogenesis, which was recovered by co-treatment with N-acetyl cysteine or melatonin. This effect of antioxidant was also true in HFD-fed CKO mice, suppressing fatty liver development and improving hepatic mitochondrial function. Expression of ER stress marker proteins and hepatic fat deposition also increased in normal-diet, aged CKO mice compared to WT mice. These findings suggest that H2O2 production may be an important event triggering NAFLD and that catalase may be an attractive therapeutic target for preventing NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kyung Shin
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Cho
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Song
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Bae
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Inha Hwang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Women's University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Women's University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Dae-Kyu Song
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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Lee HJ, Yang SJ. Nicotinamide riboside regulates inflammation and mitochondrial markers in AML12 hepatocytes. Nutr Res Pract 2018; 13:3-10. [PMID: 30788050 PMCID: PMC6369115 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2019.13.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a type of vitamin B3 found in cow's milk and yeast-containing food products such as beer. Recent studies suggested that NR prevents hearing loss, high-fat diet-induced obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondrial myopathy. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of NR on inflammation and mitochondrial biogenesis in AML12 mouse hepatocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS A subset of hepatocytes was treated with palmitic acid (PA; 250 µM) for 48 h to induce hepatocyte steatosis. The hepatocytes were treated with NR (10 µM and 10 mM) for 24 h with and without PA. The cell viability and the levels of sirtuins, inflammatory markers, and mitochondrial markers were analyzed. RESULTS Cytotoxicity of NR was examined by PrestoBlue assay. Exposure to NR had no effect on cell viability or morphology. Gene expression of sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and Sirt3 was significantly upregulated by NR in PA-treated hepatocytes. However, Sirt1 activities were increased in hepatocytes treated with low-dose NR. Hepatic pro-inflammatory markers including tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were decreased in NR-treated cells. NR upregulated anti-inflammatory molecule adiponectin, and, tended to down-regulate hepatokine fetuin-A in PA-treated hepatocytes, suggesting its inverse regulation on these cytokines. NR increased levels of mitochondrial markers including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, uncoupling protein 2, transcription factor A, mitochondrial and mitochondrial DNA in PA-treated hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that NR attenuated hepatic inflammation and increased levels of mitochondrial markers in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jae Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarangro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarangro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01797, Korea
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Lopez MF, Zheng L, Miao J, Gali R, Gorski G, Hirschhorn JN. Disruption of the Igf2 gene alters hepatic lipid homeostasis and gene expression in the newborn mouse. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E735-E744. [PMID: 30016152 PMCID: PMC6293172 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00048.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Newborns with intrauterine growth-restriction are at increased risk of mortality and life-long comorbidities. Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF2) deficiency in humans, as well as in mice, leads to intrauterine growth restriction and decreased neonatal glycogen stores. The present study aims to further characterize the metabolic and transcriptional consequences of Igf2 deficiency in the newborn. We found that, despite being born significantly smaller than their wild-type ( Igf2+/+) littermates, brain size was preserved in Igf2 knockout ( Igf2-/-), consistent with nutritional deficiency. Histological and triglyceride analyses of newborn livers revealed that Igf2-/- mice are born with hepatic steatosis. Gene expression analysis in Igf2-/- newborn livers showed an alteration of genes known to be dysregulated in chronic caloric restriction, including the most upregulated gene, serine dehydratase. Multiple genes connected with lipid metabolism and/or hepatic steatosis were also upregulated. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis confirmed that the biological functions most altered in livers of Igf2-/- newborns are related to lipid metabolism, with the top upstream regulator predicted to be the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, a master regulator of hepatic lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis. Together, our data indicate that Igf2 deficiency leads to a newborn phenotype strongly reminiscent of nutritional deficiency, including growth retardation, increased brain/body weight ratio, hepatic steatosis, and characteristic changes in hepatic gene expression. We propose that in addition to its growth factor proliferating functions, Igf2 may also regulate growth by altering the expression of genes that control nutrient metabolism in the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Frances Lopez
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research , Boston, Massachusetts
- Endocrine Division, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lingyun Zheng
- Endocrine Division, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ji Miao
- Endocrine Division, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reddy Gali
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
- The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center and Countway Library of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grzegorz Gorski
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research , Boston, Massachusetts
- Endocrine Division, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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Dornas W, Glaise D, Bodin A, Sharanek A, Burban A, Le Guillou D, Robert S, Dutertre S, Aninat C, Corlu A, Lagente V. Endotoxin regulates matrix genes increasing reactive oxygen species generation by intercellular communication between palmitate-treated hepatocyte and stellate cell. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:122-133. [PMID: 30191979 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that gut-derived bacterial endotoxins contribute in the progression of simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, although the mechanism(s) remains inaccurate to date. As hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a pivotal role in the accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to collagen deposition, fibrosis, and perpetuation of inflammatory response, an in vitro model was developed to investigate the crosstalk between HSC and hepatocytes (human hepatoma cell) pretreated with palmitate. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated HSC with phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/NF-κB pathway, while several important pro-inflammatory cytokines were upregulated in the presence of hepatocyte-HSC. Concurrently, fibrosis-related genes were regulated by palmitate and the inflammatory effect of endotoxin where cells were more exposed or sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS). This interaction was accompanied by increased expression of the mitochondrial master regulator, proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator alpha, and a cytoprotective effect of the agent N-acetylcysteine suppressing ROS production, transforming growth factor-β1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. In summary, our results demonstrate that pro-inflammatory mediators LPS-induced promote ECM rearrangement in hepatic cells transcriptionally committed to the regulation of genes encoding enzymes for fatty acid metabolism in light of differences that might require an alternative therapeutic approach targeting ROS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska Dornas
- Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1241, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Denise Glaise
- Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1241, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Aude Bodin
- Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1241, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Ahmad Sharanek
- Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1241, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Audrey Burban
- Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1241, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Dounia Le Guillou
- Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1241, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Sacha Robert
- Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1241, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Stephanie Dutertre
- Microscopy Rennes Imaging Center UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018, Biosit, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Caroline Aninat
- Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1241, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Anne Corlu
- Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1241, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Lagente
- Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1241, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
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Mogalli R, Matsukawa T, Shimomura O, Isoda H, Ohkohchi N. Cyanidin-3-glucoside enhances mitochondrial function and biogenesis in a human hepatocyte cell line. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1519-1528. [PMID: 30155610 PMCID: PMC6269359 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as one of the primary factors contributing to liver diseases. Pathways that control mitochondrial biogenesis are potential therapeutic targets for the amelioration of hepatocyte dysfunction and liver disease. Research on natural pharmacological agents that ameliorate liver diseases has intensified over the last two decades. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3g), a dietary flavonoid compound extracted from a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, reportedly has several beneficial health effects. In this study, we used an adult human hepatoma cell line (HuH7) to investigate the effects of the Cy3g polyphenolic compound on mitochondrial function and biogenesis in vitro. An increase in intracellular mitochondrial reductase levels was observed after treatment with Cy3g, but cytotoxicity was not induced. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production were increased following Cy3g treatment. Cy3g treatment also resulted in a dose- and time-dependent upregulation of the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), a transcription factor considered a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. Additionally, the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which plays a key role in deacetylating PGC-1α, was also increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cy3g treatment also increased the expression of downstream PGC-1α genes, nuclear respiratory factor 1 and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). Our results suggest that Cy3g has potential as a hepatoprotective therapeutic agent that enhances mitochondrial function and biogenesis in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Mogalli
- Department of Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsukawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Osamu Shimomura
- Department of Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
- Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ohkohchi
- Department of Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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73
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Balampanis K, Chasapi A, Kourea E, Tanoglidi A, Hatziagelaki E, Lambadiari V, Dimitriadis G, Lambrou GI, Kalfarentzos F, Melachrinou M, Sotiropoulou-Bonikou G. Inter-tissue expression patterns of the key metabolic biomarker PGC-1α in severely obese individuals: Implication in obesity-induced disease. Hellenic J Cardiol 2018; 60:282-293. [PMID: 30138744 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PGC-1α is already known as a significant regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism. Our study focuses on the role of PGC1α in morbid obesity, in five different tissues, collected from 50 severely obese patients during planned bariatric surgery. METHODS The investigated tissues included subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), skeletal muscle (SM), extramyocellular adipose tissue (EMAT) and liver. PGC1α expression was investigated with immunohistochemistry and evaluated with microscopy. RESULTS Our findings highlighted significant positive inter-tissue correlations regarding PGC-1α expression between several tissue pairs (VAT-SAT, VAT-SM, VAT-EMAT, SAT-SM, SAT-EMAT, SM-EMAT). Moreover, we found significant negative correlations between PGC1α expression in VAT with CD68 expression in skeletal muscle and EMAT, implying a possible protective role of PGC1α against obesity-induced inflammation. CONCLUSION Unmasking the inter-tissue communication networks regarding PGC-1α expression in morbid obesity, will give more insight into its significant role in obesity-induced diseases. PGC1α could potentially represent a future preventive and therapeutic target against obesity-induced disease, probably through enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Balampanis
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit and Diabetes Center, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Rimini 1, Haidari, 12462 Athens, Greece.
| | - Athina Chasapi
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - Eleni Kourea
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - Anna Tanoglidi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Akademiska University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Erifili Hatziagelaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit and Diabetes Center, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Rimini 1, Haidari, 12462 Athens, Greece.
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit and Diabetes Center, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Rimini 1, Haidari, 12462 Athens, Greece.
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit and Diabetes Center, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Rimini 1, Haidari, 12462 Athens, Greece.
| | - George I Lambrou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Choremeio Research Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Thivon & Levadeias 8, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Fotios Kalfarentzos
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - Maria Melachrinou
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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Miura Y, Matsui S, Miyata N, Harada K, Kikkawa Y, Ohmuraya M, Araki K, Tsurusaki S, Okochi H, Goda N, Miyajima A, Tanaka M. Differential expression of Lutheran/BCAM regulates biliary tissue remodeling in ductular reaction during liver regeneration. eLife 2018; 7:36572. [PMID: 30059007 PMCID: PMC6107333 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Under chronic or severe liver injury, liver progenitor cells (LPCs) of biliary origin are known to expand and contribute to the regeneration of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. This regeneration process is called ductular reaction (DR), which is accompanied by dynamic remodeling of biliary tissue. Although the DR shows apparently distinct mode of biliary extension depending on the type of liver injury, the key regulatory mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that Lutheran (Lu)/Basal cell adhesion molecule (BCAM) regulates the morphogenesis of DR depending on liver disease models. Lu+ and Lu- biliary cells isolated from injured liver exhibit opposite phenotypes in cell motility and duct formation capacities in vitro. By overexpression of Lu, Lu- biliary cells acquire the phenotype of Lu+ biliary cells. Lu-deficient mice showed severe defects in DR. Our findings reveal a critical role of Lu in the control of phenotypic heterogeneity of DR in distinct liver disease models. Bile is a green to yellow liquid that the body uses to break down and digest fatty molecules. The substance is produced by the liver, and then it is collected and transported to the small bowel by a series of tubes known as the bile duct. When the liver is damaged, the ‘biliary’ cells that line the duct orchestrate the repair of the organ. In fact, the duct often reorganizes itself differently depending on the type of disease the liver is experiencing. For example, the biliary cells can form thin tube-like structures that deeply invade liver tissues, or they can grow into several robust pipes near the existing bile duct. However, it remains largely unknown which protein – or proteins – drive these different types of remodeling. Miura et al. find that, in mice, the biliary cells which invade an injured liver have a large amount of a protein called Lutheran at their surface, but that the cells that form robust ducts do not. This protein helps a cell attach to its surroundings. In addition, the biliary cells can adopt different types of repairing behaviors depending on the amount of Lutheran in their environment. Further experiments show that it is difficult for genetically modified mice without the protein to reshape their bile duct after liver injury. Finally, Miura et al. also detect Lutheran in the remodeling livers of patients with liver disease. Taken together, these results suggest that Lutheran plays an important role in tailoring the repairing roles of the biliary cells to a particular disease. The next step would be to clarify how different liver conditions coordinate the amount of Lutheran in biliary cells to create the right type of remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Miura
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsui
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Miyata
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yamato Kikkawa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsurusaki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okochi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Goda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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75
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Development of NASH in Obese Mice is Confounded by Adipose Tissue Increase in Inflammatory NOV and Oxidative Stress. Int J Hepatol 2018; 2018:3484107. [PMID: 30057822 PMCID: PMC6051135 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3484107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the consequence of insulin resistance, fatty acid accumulation, oxidative stress, and lipotoxicity. We hypothesize that an increase in the inflammatory adipokine NOV decreases antioxidant Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1) levels in adipose and hepatic tissue, resulting in the development of NASH in obese mice. METHODS Mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) and obese animals were administered an HO-1 inducer with or without an inhibitor of HO activity to examine levels of adipose-derived NOV and possible links between increased synthesis of inflammatory adipokines and hepatic pathology. RESULTS NASH mice displayed decreased HO-1 levels and HO activity, increased levels of hepatic heme, NOV, MMP2, hepcidin, and increased NAS scores and hepatic fibrosis. Increased HO-1 levels are associated with a decrease in NOV, improved hepatic NAS score, ameliorated fibrosis, and increases in mitochondrial integrity and insulin receptor phosphorylation. Adipose tissue function is disrupted in obesity as evidenced by an increase in proinflammatory molecules such as NOV and a decrease in adiponectin. Importantly, increased HO-1 levels are associated with a decrease of NOV, increased adiponectin levels, and increased levels of thermogenic and mitochondrial signaling associated genes in adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the metabolic abnormalities in NASH are driven by decreased levels of hepatic HO-1 that is associated with an increase in the adipose-derived proinflammatory adipokine NOV in our obese mouse model of NASH. Concurrently, induction of HO-1 provides protection against insulin resistance as seen by increased insulin receptor phosphorylation. Pharmacological increases in HO-1 associated with decreases in NOV may offer a potential therapeutic approach in preventing fibrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the development of NASH.
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76
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Núñez K, Thevenot P, Alfadhli A, Cohen A. Complement Activation in Liver Transplantation: Role of Donor Macrosteatosis and Implications in Delayed Graft Function. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061750. [PMID: 29899265 PMCID: PMC6032339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system anchors the innate inflammatory response by triggering both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses against pathogens. The complement system also plays a critical role in sterile tissue injury by responding to damage-associated molecular patterns. The degree and duration of complement activation may be a critical variable controlling the balance between regenerative and destructive inflammation following sterile injury. Recent studies in kidney transplantation suggest that aberrant complement activation may play a significant role in delayed graft function following transplantation, confirming results obtained from rodent models of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Deactivating the complement cascade through targeting anaphylatoxins (C3a/C5a) might be an effective clinical strategy to dampen reperfusion injury and reduce delayed graft function in liver transplantation. Targeting the complement cascade may be critical in donor livers with mild to moderate steatosis, where elevated lipid burden amplifies stress responses and increases hepatocyte turnover. Steatosis-driven complement activation in the donor liver may also have implications in rejection and thrombolytic complications following transplantation. This review focuses on the roles of complement activation in liver I/R injury, strategies to target complement activation in liver I/R, and potential opportunities to translate these strategies to transplanting donor livers with mild to moderate steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Núñez
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
| | - Paul Thevenot
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
| | - Abeer Alfadhli
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
| | - Ari Cohen
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
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77
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Liu Y, Song A, Yang X, Zhen Y, Chen W, Yang L, Wang C, Ma H. Farnesoid X receptor agonist decreases lipid accumulation by promoting hepatic fatty acid oxidation in db/db mice. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1723-1731. [PMID: 29901078 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of type‑2 diabetes and its complications is associated with lipid metabolism disorder. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has an important role in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. However, the underlying mechanism of this remains unclear. The present study investigated the role of fexaramine (Fex), an FXR agonist, on lipid metabolism. For this purpose, 6‑week‑old db/db mice were treated with Fex for 8 weeks via oral gavage and db/db mice treated with corn oil were used as controls. Body weight and food intake were monitored daily and bi‑weekly, respectively. A glucose tolerance test was performed during the final week of feeding. Blood samples were obtained for the analysis of lipids and enzymes related to hepatic function, and liver tissues were analyzed by histology and molecular examination. The results indicated that serum and liver triglyceride levels were decreased in db/db mice administered with Fex. Fewer small lipid droplets were observed in the liver. Small heterodimer partner (SHP), a downstream gene of FXR, was upregulated following Fex treatment. The mRNA and protein expression of genes associated with fatty acid oxidation [acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1α (CPT1‑α) and peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑coactivator‑1α] was also increased. Additionally, the expression of AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) was also increased. However, the expression of sterol‑regulatory element binding protein‑1c and fatty acid synthase, which are associated with fatty acid synthesis, was not significantly different. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that activation of FXR and its downstream gene SHP may induce the AMPK‑ACC‑CPT1‑α signaling pathway, which promotes fatty acids oxidation, ultimately achieving its lipid‑lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - An Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Zhen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Linquan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
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Borrelli A, Bonelli P, Tuccillo FM, Goldfine ID, Evans JL, Buonaguro FM, Mancini A. Role of gut microbiota and oxidative stress in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to hepatocarcinoma: Current and innovative therapeutic approaches. Redox Biol 2018; 15:467-479. [PMID: 29413959 PMCID: PMC5975181 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common chronic liver disease in industrialized countries. NAFLD progresses through the inflammatory phase of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to fibrosis and cirrhosis, with some cases developing liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver biopsy remains the gold standard approach to a definitive diagnosis of NAFLD and the distinction between simple steatosis and NASH. The pathogenesis of NASH is still not clear. Several theories have been proposed ranging from the "Two Hit Theory" to the "Multiple Hit Theory". However, the general consensus is that the gut microbiota, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage play key roles in the pathogenesis of NASH. The interaction between the gut epithelia and some commensal bacteria induces the rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The main goal of any therapy addressing NASH is to reverse or prevent progression to liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. This problem represents the first "Achilles' heel" of the new molecules being evaluated in most ongoing clinical trials. The second is the inability of these molecules to reach the mitochondria, the primary sites of energy production and ROS generation. Recently, a variety of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment approaches for NASH have been evaluated including vitamin E, the thiazolidinediones, and novel molecules related to NASH pathogenesis (including obeticholic acid and elafibranor). Recently, a new isoform of human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was isolated and obtained in a synthetic recombinant form designated rMnSOD. This protein has been shown to be a powerful antioxidant capable of mediating ROS dismutation, penetrating biological barriers via its uncleaved leader peptide, and reducing portal hypertension and fibrosis in rats affected by liver cirrhosis. Based on these distinctive characteristics, it can be hypothesized that this novel recombinant protein (rMnSOD) potentially represents a new and highly efficient adjuvant therapy to counteract the progression from NASH to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Borrelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Bonelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Franca Maria Tuccillo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Franco Maria Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Aldo Mancini
- Leadhexa Biotechnologies Inc., Belvedere, CA, USA
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79
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Protection by different classes of dietary polyphenols against palmitic acid-induced steatosis, nitro-oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in HepG2 hepatocytes. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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80
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Simões ICM, Fontes A, Pinton P, Zischka H, Wieckowski MR. Mitochondria in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:93-99. [PMID: 29288054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NAFLD is a common disease in Western society and ranges from steatosis to steatohepatitis and to end-stage liver disease. The molecular mechanisms that cause the progression of steatosis to severe liver damage are not fully understood. One suggested mechanism involves the oxidation of biomolecules by mitochondrial ROS which initiates a vicious cycle of exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction and increased hepatocellular oxidative damage. This may ultimately pave the way for hepatic inflammation and liver failure. This review updates our current understanding of mitochondria-derived oxidative stress in the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C M Simões
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Biedersteiner Straße 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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81
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Sánchez-Ramos C, Prieto I, Tierrez A, Laso J, Valdecantos MP, Bartrons R, Roselló-Catafau J, Monsalve M. PGC-1α Downregulation in Steatotic Liver Enhances Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Impairs Ischemic Preconditioning. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:1332-1346. [PMID: 28269997 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Liver steatosis is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels together with enhanced sensitivity to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and limited response to preconditioning protocols. Here, we sought to determine whether the downregulation in the steatotic liver of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α), a master regulator of mitochondrial metabolism and ROS that is known to play a role in liver metabolic control, could be responsible for the sensitivity of the steatotic liver to ischemic damage. RESULTS PGC-1α was induced in normal liver after exposure to an IR protocol, which was concomitant with an increase in the levels of antioxidant proteins. By contrast, its induction was severely blunted in the steatotic liver, resulting in a modest induction of antioxidant proteins. Livers of PGC-1α-/- mice on a chow diet were normal, but they exhibited an enhanced sensitivity to IR injury and also a lack of response to ischemic preconditioning (IPC), a phenotype that recapitulated the features of the steatotic liver in terms of liver damage, although the inflammatory response differed between both models. Utilizing an in vitro model of IPC, we found that PGC-1α expression was downregulated in hepatic cells cultured at 1% O2; whereas it was induced after reoxygenation (3% O2), and it was responsible for the recovery of antioxidant gene expression after the ischemic period. Innovation & Conclusion: PGC-1α plays an important role in the protection against IR injury in the liver, which is likely associated with its capacity to induce antioxidant gene expression. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1332-1346.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio Prieto
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Tierrez
- 2 Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Laso
- 2 Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) , Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pilar Valdecantos
- 3 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem) , ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Bartrons
- 4 Unitat de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Campus de Bellvitge, IDIBELL-Universitat de Barcelona , Hospitalet, Spain
| | - Joan Roselló-Catafau
- 5 Experimental Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (CSIC) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Monsalve
- 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
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Luo X, Liao R, Hanley KL, Zhu HH, Malo KN, Hernandez C, Wei X, Varki NM, Alderson N, Chu C, Li S, Fan J, Loomba R, Qiu SJ, Feng GS. Dual Shp2 and Pten Deficiencies Promote Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Genesis of Liver Tumor-Initiating Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2979-2993. [PMID: 27974211 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of liver tumorigenesis is underscored by the recently observed anti-oncogenic effects of oncoproteins, although the mechanisms are unclear. Shp2/Ptpn11 is a proto-oncogene in hematopoietic cells and antagonizes the effect of tumor suppressor Pten in leukemogenesis. In contrast, we show here cooperative functions of Shp2 and Pten in suppressing hepatocarcinogenesis. Ablating both Shp2 and Pten in hepatocytes induced early-onset non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and promoted genesis of liver tumor-initiating cells likely due to augmented cJun expression/activation and elevated ROS and inflammation in the hepatic microenvironment. Inhibiting cJun partially suppressed NASH-driven liver tumorigenesis without improving NASH. SHP2 and PTEN deficiencies were detected in liver cancer patients with poor prognosis. These data depict a mechanism of hepato-oncogenesis and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rui Liao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Kaisa L Hanley
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Helen He Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kirsten N Malo
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carolyn Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, NAFLD Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xufu Wei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Nissi M Varki
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nazilla Alderson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Catherine Chu
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuangwei Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, NAFLD Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuang-Jian Qiu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Vecchione G, Grasselli E, Cioffi F, Baldini F, Oliveira PJ, Sardão VA, Cortese K, Lanni A, Voci A, Portincasa P, Vergani L. The Nutraceutic Silybin Counteracts Excess Lipid Accumulation and Ongoing Oxidative Stress in an In Vitro Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression. Front Nutr 2017; 4:42. [PMID: 28971098 PMCID: PMC5609553 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), are major consequences of hepatic lipid overload, which can contribute to progression of NAFLD to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Also, mitochondria are involved in the NAFLD pathogenesis for their role in hepatic lipid metabolism. Definitive treatments for NAFLD/NASH are lacking so far. Silybin, the extract of the milk thistle seeds, has previously shown beneficial effects in NAFLD. Sequential exposure of hepatocytes to high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs) and TNFα resulted in fat overload and oxidative stress, which mimic in vitro the progression of NAFLD from simple steatosis (SS) to steatohepatitis (SH). The exposure to 50 µM silybin for 24 h reduced fat accumulation in the model of NAFLD progression. The in vitro progression of NAFLD from SS to SH resulted in reduced hepatocyte viability, increased apoptosis and oxidative stress, reduction in lipid droplet size, and up-regulation of IκB kinase β-interacting protein and adipose triglyceride lipase expressions. The direct action of silybin on SS or SH cells and the underlying mechanisms were assessed. Beneficial action of silybin was sustained by changes in expression/activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and enzymes for FA oxidation. Moreover, silybin counteracted the FA-induced mitochondrial damage by acting on complementary pathways: (i) increased the mitochondrial size and improved the mitochondrial cristae organization; (ii) stimulated mitochondrial FA oxidation; (iii) reduced basal and maximal respiration and ATP production in SH cells; (iv) stimulated ATP production in SS cells; and (v) rescued the FA-induced apoptotic signals and oxidative stress in SH cells. We provide new insights about the direct protective effects of the nutraceutic silybin on hepatocytes mimicking in vitro NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vecchione
- DISTAV, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Grasselli
- DISTAV, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Cioffi
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Francesca Baldini
- DISTAV, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vilma A Sardão
- Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Katia Cortese
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Adriana Voci
- DISTAV, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Vergani
- DISTAV, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
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84
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Barroso WA, Victorino VJ, Jeremias IC, Petroni RC, Ariga SKK, Salles TA, Barbeiro DF, de Lima TM, de Souza HP. High-fat diet inhibits PGC-1α suppressive effect on NFκB signaling in hepatocytes. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1891-1900. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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85
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Prieto I, Monsalve M. ROS homeostasis, a key determinant in liver ischemic-preconditioning. Redox Biol 2017; 12:1020-1025. [PMID: 28511345 PMCID: PMC5430574 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are key mediators of ischemia-reperfusion injury but also required for the induction of the stress response that limits tissue injury and underlies the protection provided by ischemic-preconditioning protocols. Liver steatosis is an important risk factor for liver transplant failure. Liver steatosis is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive mitochondrial ROS production. Studies aiming at decreasing the sensibility of the steatotic liver to ischemia-reperfusion injury using pre-conditioning protocols, have shown that the steatotic liver has a reduced capacity to respond to these protocols. Recent studies indicate that these effects are related to a reduced capacity of the steatotic liver to respond to elevated ROS levels following reperfusion by inducing a compensatory response. This failure to respond to ROS is associated with reduced levels of antioxidants, mitochondrial damage, hepatocyte cell death, activation of the immune system and induction of pro-fibrotic mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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86
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Lin HC, Ho MY, Tsen CM, Huang CC, Wu CC, Huang YJ, Hsiao IL, Chuang CY. From the Cover: Comparative Proteomics Reveals Silver Nanoparticles Alter Fatty Acid Metabolism and Amyloid Beta Clearance for Neuronal Apoptosis in a Triple Cell Coculture Model of the Blood–Brain Barrier. Toxicol Sci 2017; 158:151-163. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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87
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Spahis S, Delvin E, Borys JM, Levy E. Oxidative Stress as a Critical Factor in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Pathogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:519-541. [PMID: 27452109 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by liver triacylglycerol build-up, has been growing in the global world in concert with the raised prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipemia. Redox imbalance has been suggested to be highly relevant to NAFLD pathogenesis. Recent Advances: As a major health problem, NAFLD progresses to the more severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) condition and predisposes susceptible individuals to liver and cardiovascular disease. Although NAFLD represents the predominant cause of chronic liver disorders, the mechanisms of its development and progression remain incompletely understood, even if various scientific groups ascribed them to the occurrence of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and apoptosis. Nevertheless, oxidative stress (OxS) more and more appears as the most important pathological event during NAFLD development and the hallmark between simple steatosis and NASH manifestation. CRITICAL ISSUES The purpose of this article is to summarize recent developments in the understanding of NAFLD, essentially focusing on OxS as a major pathogenetic mechanism. Various attempts to translate reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging by antioxidants into experimental and clinical studies have yielded mostly encouraging results. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although augmented concentrations of ROS and faulty antioxidant defense have been associated to NAFLD and related complications, mechanisms of action and proofs of principle should be highlighted to support the causative role of OxS and to translate its concept into the clinic. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 519-541.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schohraya Spahis
- 1 GI-Nutrition Unit, Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- 1 GI-Nutrition Unit, Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Emile Levy
- 1 GI-Nutrition Unit, Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,4 EPODE International Network , Paris, France
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88
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Karise I, Ornellas F, Barbosa-da-Silva S, Matsuura C, Del Sol M, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Liver and Metformin: Lessons of a fructose diet in mice. BIOCHIMIE OPEN 2017; 4:19-30. [PMID: 29450137 PMCID: PMC5801827 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies show that the continuous consumption of fructose can lead to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis. We aimed to investigate the role of Metformin in an animal model of liver injury caused by fructose intake, focusing on the molecular markers of lipogenesis, beta-oxidation, and antioxidant defenses. Male three months old C57BL/6 mice were divided into control group (C) and fructose group (F, 47% fructose), maintained for ten weeks. After, the groups received Metformin or vehicle for a further eight weeks: control (C), control + Metformin (CM), fructose (F), and fructose + Metformin (FM). Fructose resulted in hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and lower insulin sensitivity in association with higher mRNA levels of proteins linked with de novo lipogenesis and increased lipid peroxidation. Fructose diminished mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, and of proteins responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis. Metformin reduced de novo lipogenesis and increased the expression of proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby increasing beta-oxidation and decreasing lipid peroxidation. Also, Metformin upregulated the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, providing a defense against increased reactive oxygen species generation. Therefore, a significant reduction in triglyceride accumulation in the liver, steatosis and lipid peroxidation was observed in the FM group. In conclusion, fructose increases de novo lipogenesis, reduces the antioxidant defenses, and diminishes mitochondrial biogenesis. After an extended period of fructose intake, Metformin treatment, even in continuing the fructose intake, can reverse, at least partially, the liver injury and prevents NAFLD progression to more severe states. Fructose increases lipogenesis and lipid peroxidation, reduces the antioxidant defenses, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Metformin mechanism of action remains partially understood and controversial. Metformin can reverse the liver injury preventing the progression to more severe states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Karise
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ornellas
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandra Barbosa-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matsuura
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariano Del Sol
- Doctoral Programing on Morphological Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Doctoral Programing on Morphological Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carlos A Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Doctoral Programing on Morphological Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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89
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Besse-Patin A, Léveillé M, Oropeza D, Nguyen BN, Prat A, Estall JL. Estrogen Signals Through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Coactivator 1α to Reduce Oxidative Damage Associated With Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:243-256. [PMID: 27658772 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inefficient fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria and increased oxidative damage are features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In rodent models and patients with NAFLD, hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARG) coactivator 1α (PPARGC1A or PGC1A) is inversely correlated with liver fat and disease severity. A common polymorphism in this gene (rs8192678, encoding Gly482Ser) has been associated with NAFLD. We investigated whether reduced expression of PGC1A contributes to development of NAFLD using mouse models, primary hepatocytes, and human cell lines. METHODS HepG2 cells were transfected with variants of PPARGC1A and protein and messenger RNA levels were measured. Mice with liver-specific hemizygous or homozygous disruption of Ppargc1a (Ppargc1af/+Alb-cre+/0 and Ppargc1af/f Alb-cre+/0 mice, respectively) were fed regular chow (control) or a high-fat diet supplemented with 30% d-fructose in drinking water (obesogenic diet) for 25-33 weeks. Liver tissues were analyzed by histology and by immunoblotting. Primary hepatocytes were analyzed for insulin signaling, reactive oxygen species, and estrogen response. Luciferase reporter expression was measured in transfected H2.35 cells expressing an estrogen receptor reporter gene, estrogen receptor 1, and/or PGC1A/B. RESULTS The serine 482 variant of the human PGC1A protein had a shorter half-life than the glycine 482 variant when expressed in HepG2 cells. Liver tissues from mice with liver-specific hemizygous disruption of Ppargc1a placed on an obesogenic diet expressed increased markers of inflammation and fibrosis and decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes compared with the Ppargc1a+/+ on the same diet. Oxidative damage was observed in livers from Ppargc1af/+Alb-cre+/0 mice of each sex, in a cell-autonomous manner, but was greater in livers from the female mice. Expression of PGC1A in H2.35 cells coactivated estrogen receptor 1 and was required for estrogen-dependent expression of genes that encode antioxidant proteins. These findings could account for the increased liver damage observed in female Ppargc1af/+Alb-cre+/0 mice; while, compensatory increases in PPARG coactivator 1β could prevent oxidative damage associated with complete loss of PGC1A expression in Ppargc1af/fAlb-cre+/0 female mice. CONCLUSIONS In mice, loss of estrogen signaling contributes to oxidative damage caused by low levels of PGC1A in liver, exacerbating steatohepatitis associated with diets high in fructose and fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurèle Besse-Patin
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Léveillé
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Oropeza
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bich N Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Montreal Health Network, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
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90
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Bozic M, Guzmán C, Benet M, Sánchez-Campos S, García-Monzón C, Gari E, Gatius S, Valdivielso JM, Jover R. Hepatocyte vitamin D receptor regulates lipid metabolism and mediates experimental diet-induced steatosis. J Hepatol 2016; 65:748-757. [PMID: 27245430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is still incompletely understood. Several nuclear receptors play a role in liver lipid metabolism and can promote hepatosteatosis, but the possible role of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in NAFLD has not been investigated. METHODS The expression of liver VDR was investigated in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice on a high fat diet, in wild-type mice on methionine and choline deficient diet and in NAFLD patients with hepatosteatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The relevance of VDR was assessed in apoE(-/-) mice by deletion of VDR or paricalcitol treatment and in human HepG2 cells by VDR transfection or silencing. The role of VDR in fibrosis was also determined in VDR knockout mice (VDR(-/-)) treated with thioacetamide. RESULTS Expression of liver VDR was markedly induced in two mouse models of NAFLD, as well as in patients with hepatosteatosis, but decreased in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. VDR deletion in high fat diet-fed apoE(-/-) mice protected against fatty liver, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and caused a decrease in taurine-conjugated bile acids, but did not influence fibrosis by thioacetamide. apoE(-/-)VDR(-/-) mouse livers showed decreased gene expression of CD36, DGAT2, C/EBPα and FGF21, and increased expression of PNPLA2, LIPIN1 and PGC1α. Treatment of apoE(-/-) mice on high fat diet with paricalcitol had modest opposite effects on steatosis and gene expression. Finally, this set of genes showed concordant responses when VDR was overexpressed or silenced in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Induced hepatocyte VDR in NAFLD regulates key hepatic lipid metabolism genes and promotes high fat diet-associated liver steatosis. Therapeutic inhibition of liver VDR may reverse steatosis in early NAFLD. LAY SUMMARY The amount of vitamin D receptor is induced early in the livers of mice and humans when they develop non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. If the gene for the vitamin D receptor is deleted, hepatic lipid metabolism changes and mice do not accumulate fat in the liver. We conclude that the vitamin D receptor can contribute to the fatty liver disease promoted by a high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Bozic
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | - Carla Guzmán
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Benet
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Spain; CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Spain
| | - Carmelo García-Monzón
- Liver Research Unit, Hospital Santa Cristina, IIS Princesa, Madrid, Spain; CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Spain
| | - Eloi Gari
- Dep. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Gatius
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, HUAV, IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Ramiro Jover
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Spain; Dep. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Spain.
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Köhn-Gaone J, Dwyer BJ, Grzelak CA, Miller G, Shackel NA, Ramm GA, McCaughan GW, Elsegood CL, Olynyk JK, Tirnitz-Parker JE. Divergent Inflammatory, Fibrogenic, and Liver Progenitor Cell Dynamics in Two Common Mouse Models of Chronic Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1762-1774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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92
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Aharoni-Simon M, Shumiatcher R, Yeung A, Shih AZL, Dolinsky VW, Doucette CA, Luciani DS. Bcl-2 Regulates Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling and a Redox-Sensitive Mitochondrial Proton Leak in Mouse Pancreatic β-Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2270-81. [PMID: 27070098 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In pancreatic β-cells, controlling the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical to counter oxidative stress, dysfunction and death under nutrient excess. Moreover, the fine-tuning of ROS and redox balance is important in the regulation of normal β-cell physiology. We recently demonstrated that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, in addition to promoting survival, suppress β-cell glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the nonapoptotic roles of endogenous Bcl-2 extend to the regulation of β-cell ROS and redox balance. We exposed mouse islet cells and MIN6 cells to the Bcl-2/Bcl-xL antagonist Compound 6 and the Bcl-2-specific antagonist ABT-199 and evaluated ROS levels, Ca(2+) responses, respiratory control, superoxide dismutase activity and cell death. Both acute glucose stimulation and the inhibition of endogenous Bcl-2 progressively increased peroxides and stimulated superoxide dismutase activity in mouse islets. Importantly, conditional β-cell knockout of Bcl-2 amplified glucose-induced formation of peroxides. Bcl-2 antagonism also induced a mitochondrial proton leak that was prevented by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine and, therefore, secondary to redox changes. We further established that the proton leak was independent of uncoupling protein 2 but partly mediated by the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Acutely, inhibitor-induced peroxides promoted Ca(2+) influx, whereas under prolonged Bcl inhibition, the elevated ROS was required for induction of β-cell apoptosis. In conclusion, our data reveal that endogenous Bcl-2 modulates moment-to-moment ROS signaling and suppresses a redox-regulated mitochondrial proton leak in β-cells. These noncanonical roles of Bcl-2 may be important for β-cell function and survival under conditions of high metabolic demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Aharoni-Simon
- Department of Surgery (M.A.-S., R.S., A.Y., A.Z.L.S., D.S.L.), Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.W.D.) and Department of Physiology (C.A.D.), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
| | - Rose Shumiatcher
- Department of Surgery (M.A.-S., R.S., A.Y., A.Z.L.S., D.S.L.), Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.W.D.) and Department of Physiology (C.A.D.), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
| | - Anthony Yeung
- Department of Surgery (M.A.-S., R.S., A.Y., A.Z.L.S., D.S.L.), Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.W.D.) and Department of Physiology (C.A.D.), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
| | - Alexis Z L Shih
- Department of Surgery (M.A.-S., R.S., A.Y., A.Z.L.S., D.S.L.), Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.W.D.) and Department of Physiology (C.A.D.), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
| | - Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Surgery (M.A.-S., R.S., A.Y., A.Z.L.S., D.S.L.), Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.W.D.) and Department of Physiology (C.A.D.), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
| | - Christine A Doucette
- Department of Surgery (M.A.-S., R.S., A.Y., A.Z.L.S., D.S.L.), Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.W.D.) and Department of Physiology (C.A.D.), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
| | - Dan S Luciani
- Department of Surgery (M.A.-S., R.S., A.Y., A.Z.L.S., D.S.L.), Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.W.D.) and Department of Physiology (C.A.D.), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
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Tripathy S, Chapman JD, Han CY, Hogarth CA, Arnold SLM, Onken J, Kent T, Goodlett DR, Isoherranen N. All-Trans-Retinoic Acid Enhances Mitochondrial Function in Models of Human Liver. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:560-74. [PMID: 26921399 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.103697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is the active metabolite of vitamin A. The liver is the main storage organ of vitamin A, but activation of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in mouse liver and in human liver cell lines has also been shown. AlthoughatRA treatment improves mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle in rodents, its role in modulating mitochondrial function in the liver is controversial, and little data are available regarding the human liver. The aim of this study was to determine whetheratRA regulates hepatic mitochondrial activity.atRA treatment increased the mRNA and protein expression of multiple components of mitochondrialβ-oxidation, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and respiratory chain. Additionally,atRA increased mitochondrial biogenesis in human hepatocytes and in HepG2 cells with and without lipid loading based on peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1αand 1βand nuclear respiratory factor 1 mRNA and mitochondrial DNA quantification.atRA also increasedβ-oxidation and ATP production in HepG2 cells and in human hepatocytes. Knockdown studies of RARα, RARβ, and PPARδrevealed that the enhancement of mitochondrial biogenesis andβ-oxidation byatRA requires peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta. In vivo in mice,atRA treatment increased mitochondrial biogenesis markers after an overnight fast. Inhibition ofatRA metabolism by talarozole, a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 26 specific inhibitor, increased the effects ofatRA on mitochondrial biogenesis markers in HepG2 cells and in vivo in mice. These studies show thatatRA regulates mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism and that increasingatRA concentrations in human liver via CYP26 inhibition may increase mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acidβ-oxidation and provide therapeutic benefit in diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Tripathy
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - John D Chapman
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Chang Y Han
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Cathryn A Hogarth
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Jennifer Onken
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Travis Kent
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - David R Goodlett
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
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94
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Chen CC, Lee TY, Kwok CF, Hsu YP, Shih KC, Lin YJ, Ho LT. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 mediates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance by increasing forkhead box O1 activity in a mouse model of obesity. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:743-54. [PMID: 26847930 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic glucose production is promoted by forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) under conditions of insulin resistance. The overactivity of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) partly causes increased liver fat deposits and metabolic dysfunction in obese rodents by decreasing mitochondrial function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of FoxO1 in CB1R-mediated insulin resistance through the dysregulation of mitochondrial function in the livers of mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. For this purpose, male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to groups and either fed a standard diet (STD), a HFD, or a HFD with 1-week treatment of the CB1R inverse agonist, AM251, at 1 or 5 mg/kg. For in vitro experiments, AML12 hepatocytes were incubated with FoxO1 siRNA prior to challenge with arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA) or a high concentration of free fatty acids (HFFA). Plasma parameters were analyzed using colorimetric methods. Liver histopathology and hepatic status markers were examined. The HFD-fed mice exhibited an increase in CB1R levels in the liver. Moreover, in response to increased hepatic oxidative stress, the HFD-fed mice also displayed hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction, as indicated by the decreased mRNA levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) and citrate synthase. On the contrary, these effects in the HFD-fed mice were reversed by treatment with 5 mg/kg AM251. The administration of AM251 suppressed the induction of FoxO1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression in the livers of the mice fed a HFD by enhancing the phosphorylation of insulin signaling cascades thus, further lowering the high level of the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‑IR) index. In our in vitro experiments, transfection with FoxO1 siRNA prevented the HFFA- and ACEA-induced decrease in the gene expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related factors, and abrogated the HFFA- and ACEA-induced increase in PEPCK and G6Pase expression. Taken together, our findings suggest that the anti-insulin resistance effect of AM251, which leads to an improvement of mitochondrial function in hepatic steatosis, is mediated through FoxO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chang Chen
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzung-Yan Lee
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Fai Kwok
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Pei Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuang-Chung Shih
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yan-Jie Lin
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Low-Tone Ho
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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95
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Sheldon RD, Blaize AN, Fletcher JA, Pearson KJ, Donkin S, Newcomer SC, Rector RS. Gestational exercise protects adult male offspring from high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis. J Hepatol 2016; 64:171-8. [PMID: 26325536 PMCID: PMC4691424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mounting evidence indicates that maternal exercise confers protection to adult offspring against various diseases. Here we hypothesized that maternal exercise during gestation would reduce high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis in adult rat offspring. METHODS Following conception, pregnant dams were divided into either voluntary wheel running exercise (GE) or wheel-locked sedentary (GS) groups throughout gestation (days 4-21). Post-weaning, offspring received either normal chow diet (CD; 10% fat, 70% carbohydrate, 20% protein) or HFD (45% fat, 35% carbohydrate, and 20% protein) until sacrificed at 4- or 8-months of age. RESULTS GE did not affect offspring birth weight or litter size. HFD feeding in offspring increased weight gain, body fat percentage, and glucose tolerance test area under the curve (GTT-AUC). Male offspring from GE dams had reduced body fat percentage across all ages (p<0.05). In addition, 8-month male offspring from GE dams were protected against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, which was associated with increased markers of hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α and TFAM), autophagic potential (ATG12:ATG5 conjugation) and hepatic triacylglycerol secretion (MTTP). CONCLUSIONS The current study provides the first evidence that gestational exercise can reduce susceptibility to HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in adult male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Sheldon
- Department of Nutrution and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
,Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - A. Nicole Blaize
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Justin A. Fletcher
- Department of Nutrution and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
,Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Kevin J. Pearson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Shawn Donkin
- Department of Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Sean C. Newcomer
- Department of Kinesiology, California State - San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA.
| | - R. Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrution and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
,Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
,Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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96
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akihiko Ohshige
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Hirofumi Uto
- Center for Digestive and Liver Diseases, Miyazaki Medical Center Hospital
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97
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Shin S, Upadhyay N, Greenbaum LE, Kaestner KH. Ablation of Foxl1-Cre-labeled hepatic progenitor cells and their descendants impairs recovery of mice from liver injury. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:192-202.e3. [PMID: 25286440 PMCID: PMC4387775 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Foxl1(+) hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) differentiate into cholangiocytes and hepatocytes after liver injury. We investigated the requirement for Foxl1(+) HPCs in recovery from liver injury in mice. METHODS We developed mice in which we could trace and delete Foxl1-expressing HPCs and their descendants (Foxl1-Cre;Rosa(YFP/iDTR)-inducible diphtheria toxin receptor [iDTR] mice). Foxl1-Cre-negative mice were used as controls. Liver damage was induced in male mice by placing them on choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diets for 15 days; mice then were placed on normal diets and allowed to recover. Liver damage was induced in female mice by placing them on 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-containing diets, followed by a recovery period. Some mice were given injections of diphtheria toxin during the recovery phase to delete Foxl1-Cre-marked HPCs and their descendants. Livers were collected from all mice and analyzed by immunofluorescence, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and histologic analyses. RESULTS Foxl1-Cre-marked HPCs were required for the development of cholangiocytes and hepatocytes in livers after CDE diet-induced injury. A smaller percentage of yellow fluorescent protein-positive (YFP(+)) hepatocytes contained markers of oxidative stress, DNA damage, or cell death than YFP-negative hepatocytes, indicating that YFP(+) hepatocytes are newly formed cells. Injection of diphtheria toxin deleted YFP(+) cells from Foxl1-Cre;Rosa(YFP/iDTR) mice and prevented the resolution of hepatic steatosis. In mice recovering from DDC diet-induced injury, most cholangiocytes arose from Foxl1-Cre-marked HPCs. Deletion of YFP(+) cells did not alter levels of markers of liver injury or liver function. CONCLUSIONS Based on studies of Foxl1-Cre;Rosa(YFP/iDTR) mice, Foxl1(+) HPCs and/or their descendants are required for the development of cholangiocytes and hepatocytes in liver after CDE diet-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soona Shin
- Department of Genetics and Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Naman Upadhyay
- Department of Genetics and Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Linda E Greenbaum
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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98
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Anavi S, Ni Z, Tirosh O, Fedorova M. Steatosis-induced proteins adducts with lipid peroxidation products and nuclear electrophilic stress in hepatocytes. Redox Biol 2014; 4:158-68. [PMID: 25560244 PMCID: PMC4309854 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that fatty livers are particularly more susceptible to several pathological conditions, including hepatic inflammation, cirrhosis and liver cancer. However the exact mechanism of such susceptibility is still largely obscure. The current study aimed to elucidate the effect of hepatocytes lipid accumulation on the nuclear electrophilic stress. Accumulation of intracellular lipids was significantly increased in HepG2 cells incubated with fatty acid (FA) complex (1 mM, 2:1 oleic and palmitic acids). In FA-treated cells, lipid droplets were localized around the nucleus and seemed to induce mechanical force, leading to the disruption of the nucleus morphology. Level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly increased in FA-loaded cells and was further augmented by treatment with moderate stressor (CoCl2). Increased ROS resulted in formation of reactive carbonyls (aldehydes and ketones, derived from lipid peroxidation) with a strong perinuclear accumulation. Mass-spectroscopy analysis indicated that lipid accumulation per-se can results in modification of nuclear protein by reactive lipid peroxidation products (oxoLPP). 235 Modified proteins involved in transcription regulation, splicing, protein synthesis and degradation, DNA repair and lipid metabolism were identified uniquely in FA-treated cells. These findings suggest that steatosis can affect nuclear redox state, and induce modifications of nuclear proteins by reactive oxoLPP accumulated in the perinuclear space upon FA-treatment. Effects of fatty acids on modification of nuclear proteins in hepatocytes was studied. Lipid accumulation was associated with abnormal nuclear morphology. Lipid accumulation promoted mitochondrial activity and enhanced ROS generation. Nuclear proteins were modified by lipid peroxidation products. Data suggest nuclear stress as a mechanism for fatty liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Anavi
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zhixu Ni
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Oren Tirosh
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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99
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Takaki A, Kawai D, Yamamoto K. Molecular mechanisms and new treatment strategies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7352-79. [PMID: 24786095 PMCID: PMC4057677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in which most patients exhibit non-progressive, non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) attributable to simple steatosis. Multiple hits, including genetic differences, fat accumulation, insulin resistance and intestinal microbiota changes, account for the progression of NASH. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, which induces adipokine secretion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress at the cellular level, which in turn induces hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Among these factors, gut microbiota are acknowledged as having an important role in initiating this multifactorial disease. Oxidative stress is considered to be a key contributor in the progression from NAFL to NASH. Macrophage infiltration is apparent in NAFL and NASH, while T-cell infiltration is apparent in NASH. Although several clinical trials have shown that antioxidative therapy with vitamin E can effectively control hepatitis pathology in the short term, the long-term effects remain obscure and have often proved to be ineffective in many other diseases. Several long-term antioxidant protocols have failed to reduce mortality. New treatment modalities that incorporate current understanding of NAFLD molecular pathogenesis must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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100
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An Intimate Relationship between ROS and Insulin Signalling: Implications for Antioxidant Treatment of Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:519153. [PMID: 24672550 PMCID: PMC3944655 DOI: 10.1155/2014/519153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress damages multiple cellular components including DNA, lipids, and proteins and has been linked to pathological alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission, resulting from nutrient overload and mitochondrial dysfunction, is thought to be a principal mediator in NAFLD progression, particularly toward the development of hepatic insulin resistance. In the context of insulin signalling, ROS has a dual role, as both a facilitator and inhibitor of the insulin signalling cascade. ROS mediate these effects through redox modifications of cysteine residues affecting phosphatase enzyme activity, stress-sensitive kinases, and metabolic sensors. This review highlights the intricate relationship between redox-sensitive proteins and insulin signalling in the context of fatty liver disease, and to a larger extent, the importance of reactive oxygen species as primary signalling molecules in metabolically active cells.
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