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Ripley D, Shoup B, Majewski A, Chegini N. Differential expression of interleukins IL-13 and IL-15 in normal ovarian tissue and ovarian carcinomas. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 92:761-8. [PMID: 14984938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the temporal and spatial expression of interleukins (IL)-13 and IL-15 in ovarian carcinoma compared to normal ovarian tissue. METHODS Quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Q-RT-PCR, ELISA and immunohistochemical analysis indicates that IL-13 and IL-15 mRNA and protein are expressed in normal ovary at various phases of the menstrual cycle with immunoreactive proteins detected in granulosa/theca and luteal cells and to a lesser extent in stromal cells and surface epithelial cells. Compared to normal ovary, ovarian carcinoma expresses elevated levels of IL-13 and IL-15 mRNA, with higher IL-13 expression in primary vs. metastatic tumors. IL-13 and IL-15 protein expression was also higher in the tumor tissues compared to ascites. In normal ovary, ovarian tumors and ascites, the ratio of IL-13/IL-15 favored IL-13. Immunoreactive IL-13 and IL-15 proteins were localized primarily in the tumor cells and infiltrated inflammatory cells with increased intensity with disease stage. CONCLUSION Normal ovary and ovarian tumors express IL-13 and IL-15 and pattern of their expression in carcinomas suggests that these cytokines may function in various ovarian cellular activities including inflammatory/immune responses that are integrated cellular events taking place in normal ovary and ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daylene Ripley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0294, USA
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52
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Kawakami M, Kawakami K, Puri RK. Interleukin-4-Pseudomonas exotoxin chimeric fusion protein for malignant glioma therapy. J Neurooncol 2004; 65:15-25. [PMID: 14649882 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026294416718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human malignant glioma cell lines, primary cell cultures, and tumor specimens derived from surgical samples have been shown to overexpress high-affinity receptors (R) for interleukin-4 (IL-4) in vitro and in situ. The significance of IL-4R expression on malignant glioma cells is still unclear. However, IL-4 has been reported to mediate functional effects in several solid tumor cell lines. These activities include inhibition of cell proliferation, regulation of adhesion molecules, and induction of signal transduction through the JAK/STAT pathway. To target IL-4Rs on tumor cells, we have produced a chimeric recombinant fusion protein consisting of a binding ligand, circularly permuted IL-4 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin. This molecule is termed IL4(38-37)-PE38KDEL, cpIL4-PE, or IL-4 cytotoxin. Recombinant cpIL4-PE is highly and specifically cytotoxic to glioma cell lines in vitro, while it is not cytotoxic or less cytotoxic to hematopoietic and normal brain cells. In a nude mouse model, cpIL4-PE showed significant antitumor activity and partial or complete regression of small or large established human glioblastoma tumors. Encouraging preclinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability studies lead to testing of this agent in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Based on these pilot studies, an extended Phase I/II clinical trial is currently ongoing to determine safety, tolerability, and efficacy of cpIL4-PE when injected stereotactically directly into the recurrent glioma by convection enhanced delivery. Preliminary clinical results suggest that cpIL4-PE can cause pronounced necrosis of recurrent glioma tumors without systemic toxicity. The central nervous system toxicities observed were attributed to the volume of infusion and/or nonspecific toxicity. Ongoing clinical trials will reveal antitumor activities of IL-4 cytotoxin in recurrent malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND D cyclins are essential for the progression of cells through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. There are three distinct D cyclins. Cyclin D1 has been shown to be expressed by many different types of cells but not by lymphocytes. Cyclins D2 and D3 have been found in lymphocytes. METHODS We used high-resolution enzymatic amplification staining technology in conjunction with flow cytometry and confocal microscopy and with immunoblotting to reassess the expression of the D cyclins in human lymphocytes. RESULTS Using high-resolution technology for flow cytometry, we found all three D cyclins in quiescent human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cyclin D1 was expressed in quiescent and activated cells at levels commensurate with those of actively proliferating tumor cell lines. Cyclin D1 was functional inasmuch as it was complexed with CDK4. In the quiescent cells, cyclin D1 was expressed in the cytoplasm but, after activation, was found in the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that lymphocytes express cyclin D1 and necessitate a reappraisal of the hypothesis that the D cyclins subsume redundant activities with tissue-specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, Case School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4943, USA.
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Yoshikawa M, Nakajima T, Tsukidate T, Matsumoto K, Iida M, Otori N, Haruna SI, Moriyama H, Saito H. TNF-α and IL-4 regulate expression of IL-13 receptor α2 on human fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 312:1248-55. [PMID: 14652008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two interleukin 13 receptors (IL-13Rs) have been identified as IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-13Ralpha2. IL-13Ralpha1 is composed of a heterodimer consisting of IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha) as a signaling subunit. In contrast, IL-13Ralpha2 is known as a decoy receptor for IL-13. In this study, we investigated the expression of IL-13Rs on human fibroblasts. IL-13Ralpha2 was significantly up-regulated after stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and/or IL-4. In contrast, IL-13Ralpha1 was constitutively detectable and was not up-regulated. After the induction of IL-13alpha2 by IL-4, STAT6 phosphorylation through IL-13Ralpha1 by IL-13 was inhibited. We also detected large intracellular pools of IL-13Ralpha2 in fibroblasts quantitatively. Furthermore, mobilization of the IL-13Ralpha2 protein stores from the cytoplasm to the cell surface was prevented by an inhibitor of protein transport, brefeldin-A. These results indicate that TNF-alpha and IL-4 synergistically up-regulate the expression of IL-13Ralpha2 decoy receptor on human fibroblasts by inducing gene expression and mobilizing intracellular receptors, and thus may down-regulate the IL-13 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Yoshikawa
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 3-35-31 Taishidou, Setagaya-ku, 154-8567, Tokyo, Japan
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Kaplan D. Enzymatic amplification staining for single cell analysis: applied to in situ hybridization. J Immunol Methods 2003; 283:1-7. [PMID: 14659894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Single cell analysis by flow cytometry is a powerful modality for analyzing the expression of a set of molecules. Nevertheless, the most significant deficiency of this technology has been the poor sensitivity of flow cytometry compared to other techniques such as immunoblotting. In order to address this deficiency, we have developed an enzymatic amplification system for flow cytometry that enhances the specific signal by 10-100-fold. Using enzymatic amplification staining (EAS), we and others have been able to assess the expression of molecules that could not be detected otherwise. In this review, we show the capability of this new technology to detect specific RNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Biomedical Research Building, Room 926, Cleveland, OH 44106-4943, USA.
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Wu AH, Low WC. Molecular cloning of the rat IL-13 alpha 2 receptor cDNA and its expression in rat tissues. J Neurooncol 2003; 59:99-105. [PMID: 12241113 DOI: 10.1023/a:1019690120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin 13 alpha 2 receptor (IL-13Ralpha2) is highly expressed in human glioma cells. As a consequence this receptor has been proposed as a potential target for immunotherapeutic approaches for treating brain tumors. In developing animal models that may utilize the IL-13Ralpha2 receptor as an immunotherapeutic target, only the murine gene sequence has thus far been elucidated. The purpose of the present study, therefore, was to determine the gene sequence and tissue distribution of IL-13Ralpha2 in the rat. A search of the NCBI expressed sequence tag (EST) database with human and mouse IL-13Ralpha2 gene sequences identified a rat EST with high homology to the human and mouse IL-13Ralpha2 conserved region. Based on the sequence information, a 1917 bp rat IL-13Ralpha2 cDNA was cloned using the 5' and 3' RACE PCR technique. The cloned rat IL-13Ralpha2 cDNA contains a full-length 1158 bp open reading frame. The deduced protein is 91.2% and 54.2% homologous to mouse and human IL- 13Ralpha2, respectively, at the amino acid level. Analysis shows that the rat IL-13Ralpha2 is structurally conserved and similar to human and mouse. It has a very short cytoplasmic domain, an extracellular domain containing an N-terminal fibronectin type III domain, four putative N-glycosylation sites, and a growth factor and cytokine receptor family motif WSEWS. Using RT-PCR techniques, the mRNA of rat IL-13Ralpha2 was detected in rat brain, spleen, liver, thymus, stomach, testis, and three rat glioblastoma cell lines C6, A15A5 and 9L. The cloning of rat IL-13Ralpha2 may be helpful to establish a rat model for IL-13Ralpha2 related glioma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Hua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Chiaramonte MG, Mentink-Kane M, Jacobson BA, Cheever AW, Whitters MJ, Goad MEP, Wong A, Collins M, Donaldson DD, Grusby MJ, Wynn TA. Regulation and function of the interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 during a T helper cell type 2-dominant immune response. J Exp Med 2003; 197:687-701. [PMID: 12642601 PMCID: PMC2193852 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly polarized type 2 cytokine responses can be harmful and even lethal to the host if they are too vigorous or persist too long. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms that down-regulate these reactions. Interleukin (IL)-13 has emerged as a central mediator of T helper cell (Th)2-dominant immune responses, exhibiting a diverse array of functional activities including regulation of airway hyperreactivity, resistance to nematode parasites, and tissue remodeling and fibrosis. Here, we show that IL-13 receptor (R)alpha2 is a critical down-regulatory factor of IL-13-mediated tissue fibrosis induced by the parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni. IL-13Ralpha2 expression was induced after the onset of the fibrotic response, IL-10, IL-13, and Stat6 dependent, and inhibited by the Th1-inducing adjuvant IL-12. Strikingly, schistosome-infected C57BL/6 and BALB/c IL-13Ralpha2-deficient mice showed a marked exacerbation in hepatic fibrosis, despite displaying no change in granuloma size, tissue eosinophilia, or mastocytosis. Fibrosis increased despite the fact that IL-13 levels decreased significantly in the liver and serum. Importantly, pathology was prevented when IL-13Ralpha2-deficient mice were treated with a soluble IL-13Ralpha2-Fc construct, formally demonstrating that their exacerbated fibrotic response was due to heightened IL-13 activity. Together, these studies illustrate the central role played by the IL-13Ralpha2 in the down-regulation of a chronic and pathogenic Th2-mediated immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Humans
- Interleukin-13/immunology
- Interleukin-13/physiology
- Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/parasitology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-13
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Schistosoma mansoni/immunology
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/pathology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica G Chiaramonte
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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58
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N J McKenzie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom.
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Kaplan D. Enzymatic amplification staining for cell surface antigens. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CYTOMETRY 2003; Chapter 6:Unit 6.14. [PMID: 18770778 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0614s23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Many molecules of biological significance function at very low levels and are difficult to detect with the standard staining procedures for flow cytometric analysis. This unit describes a technology for cell staining that enhances the specific fluorescence signal by as much as 100-fold. The system is based on the enzyme-catalyzed deposition of a tagged molecule. Enzymatic amplification staining is qualitatively different from the inclusion of additional layers of binding molecules because background fluorescence levels are not increased along with the specific signal. The technique is compatible with multicolor staining. An alternate protocol explains the performance of multiple amplifications on the same cell population by adding a peroxide incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kaplan
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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