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Abstract
Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is a heterodimeric cytokine that functions to constrain T cell-mediated inflammation and plays an important role in immune homeostasis. Binding of IL-27 to cell surface receptors, IL-27Rα and gp130, results in activation of receptor-associated Janus Kinases and nuclear translocation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT3 transcription factors. Despite the emerging therapeutic importance of this cytokine axis in cancer and autoimmunity, a molecular blueprint of the IL-27 receptor signaling complex, and its relation to other gp130/IL-12 family cytokines, is currently unclear. We used cryogenic-electron microscopy to determine the quaternary structure of IL-27, composed of p28 and Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced 3 (Ebi3) subunits, bound to receptors, IL-27Rα and gp130. The resulting 3.47 Å resolution structure revealed a three-site assembly mechanism nucleated by the central p28 subunit of the cytokine. The overall topology and molecular details of this binding are reminiscent of IL-6 but distinct from related heterodimeric cytokines IL-12 and IL-23. These results indicate distinct receptor assembly mechanisms used by heterodimeric cytokines with important consequences for targeted agonism and antagonism of IL-27 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael A Caveney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Caleb R Glassman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Naotaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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Lay CS, Bridges A, Goulding J, Briddon SJ, Soloviev Z, Craggs PD, Hill SJ. Probing the binding of interleukin-23 to individual receptor components and the IL-23 heteromeric receptor complex in living cells using NanoBRET. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:19-29.e6. [PMID: 34038748 PMCID: PMC8790524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the host defense against pathogens but is also implicated in the development of several autoimmune disorders. The IL-23 receptor has become a key target for drug discovery, but the exact mechanism of the receptor ligand interaction remains poorly understood. In this study the affinities of IL-23 for its individual receptor components (IL23R and IL12Rβ1) and the heteromeric complex formed between them have been measured in living cells using NanoLuciferase-tagged full-length proteins. Here, we demonstrate that TAMRA-tagged IL-23 has a greater than 7-fold higher affinity for IL12Rβ1 than IL23R. However, in the presence of both receptor subunits, IL-23 affinity is increased more than three orders of magnitude to 27 pM. Furthermore, we show that IL-23 induces a potent change in the position of the N-terminal domains of the two receptor subunits, consistent with a conformational change in the heteromeric receptor structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Lay
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Angela Bridges
- Protein and Cellular Sciences, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Joelle Goulding
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Zoja Soloviev
- Protein and Cellular Sciences, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter D Craggs
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; GSK-Francis Crick Institute Linklabs, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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3
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Glassman CR, Mathiharan YK, Jude KM, Su L, Panova O, Lupardus PJ, Spangler JB, Ely LK, Thomas C, Skiniotis G, Garcia KC. Structural basis for IL-12 and IL-23 receptor sharing reveals a gateway for shaping actions on T versus NK cells. Cell 2021; 184:983-999.e24. [PMID: 33606986 PMCID: PMC7899134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23 are heterodimeric cytokines that are produced by antigen-presenting cells to regulate the activation and differentiation of lymphocytes, and they share IL-12Rβ1 as a receptor signaling subunit. We present a crystal structure of the quaternary IL-23 (IL-23p19/p40)/IL-23R/IL-12Rβ1 complex, together with cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) maps of the complete IL-12 (IL-12p35/p40)/IL-12Rβ2/IL-12Rβ1 and IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) complexes, which reveal "non-canonical" topologies where IL-12Rβ1 directly engages the common p40 subunit. We targeted the shared IL-12Rβ1/p40 interface to design a panel of IL-12 partial agonists that preserved interferon gamma (IFNγ) induction by CD8+ T cells but impaired cytokine production from natural killer (NK) cells in vitro. These cell-biased properties were recapitulated in vivo, where IL-12 partial agonists elicited anti-tumor immunity to MC-38 murine adenocarcinoma absent the NK-cell-mediated toxicity seen with wild-type IL-12. Thus, the structural mechanism of receptor sharing used by IL-12 family cytokines provides a protein interface blueprint for tuning this cytokine axis for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R Glassman
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yamuna Kalyani Mathiharan
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leon Su
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ouliana Panova
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrick J Lupardus
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jamie B Spangler
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lauren K Ely
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christoph Thomas
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Gómez-Fernández P, Lopez de Lapuente Portilla A, Astobiza I, Mena J, Urtasun A, Altmann V, Matesanz F, Otaegui D, Urcelay E, Antigüedad A, Malhotra S, Montalban X, Castillo-Triviño T, Espino-Paisán L, Aktas O, Buttmann M, Chan A, Fontaine B, Gourraud PA, Hecker M, Hoffjan S, Kubisch C, Kümpfel T, Luessi F, Zettl UK, Zipp F, Alloza I, Comabella M, Lill CM, Vandenbroeck K. The Rare IL22RA2 Signal Peptide Coding Variant rs28385692 Decreases Secretion of IL-22BP Isoform-1, -2 and -3 and Is Associated with Risk for Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010175. [PMID: 31936765 PMCID: PMC7017210 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL22RA2 locus is associated with risk for multiple sclerosis (MS) but causative variants are yet to be determined. In a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) screen of this locus in a Basque population, rs28385692, a rare coding variant substituting Leu for Pro at position 16 emerged significantly (p = 0.02). This variant is located in the signal peptide (SP) shared by the three secreted protein isoforms produced by IL22RA2 (IL-22 binding protein-1(IL-22BPi1), IL-22BPi2 and IL-22BPi3). Genotyping was extended to a Europe-wide case-control dataset and yielded high significance in the full dataset (p = 3.17 × 10-4). Importantly, logistic regression analyses conditioning on the main known MS-associated SNP at this locus, rs17066096, revealed that this association was independent from the primary association signal in the full case-control dataset. In silico analysis predicted both disruption of the alpha helix of the H-region of the SP and decreased hydrophobicity of this region, ultimately affecting the SP cleavage site. We tested the effect of the p.Leu16Pro variant on the secretion of IL-22BPi1, IL-22BPi2 and IL-22BPi3 and observed that the Pro16 risk allele significantly lowers secretion levels of each of the isoforms to around 50%-60% in comparison to the Leu16 reference allele. Thus, our study suggests that genetically coded decreased levels of IL-22BP isoforms are associated with augmented risk for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Gómez-Fernández
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.-F.); (A.L.d.L.P.); (I.A.); (J.M.); (A.U.); (I.A.)
| | - Aitzkoa Lopez de Lapuente Portilla
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.-F.); (A.L.d.L.P.); (I.A.); (J.M.); (A.U.); (I.A.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ianire Astobiza
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.-F.); (A.L.d.L.P.); (I.A.); (J.M.); (A.U.); (I.A.)
| | - Jorge Mena
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.-F.); (A.L.d.L.P.); (I.A.); (J.M.); (A.U.); (I.A.)
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Andoni Urtasun
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.-F.); (A.L.d.L.P.); (I.A.); (J.M.); (A.U.); (I.A.)
| | - Vivian Altmann
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Lübeck Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23552 Lübeck, Germany; (V.A.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Fuencisla Matesanz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, 18002 Granada, Spain;
| | - David Otaegui
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, Paseo Doctor Begiristain, s/n, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (D.O.); (T.C.-T.)
| | - Elena Urcelay
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, 28014 Madrid, Spain; (E.U.); (L.E.-P.)
| | | | - Sunny Malhotra
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.); (X.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.); (X.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Tamara Castillo-Triviño
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, Paseo Doctor Begiristain, s/n, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (D.O.); (T.C.-T.)
| | - Laura Espino-Paisán
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, 28014 Madrid, Spain; (E.U.); (L.E.-P.)
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Mathias Buttmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, Caritas Hospital, 97980 Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3011 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Bertrand Fontaine
- INSERM, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), UMR 974 and Neuro-Myology Service, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Pierre-Antoine Gourraud
- Nantes Université, CHU, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ATIP-Avenir, Equipe 5, 44093 Nantes, France;
- CHU de Nantes, INSERM, CIC 1413, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire 11: Santé Publique, Clinique des données, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Michael Hecker
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.H.); (U.K.Z.)
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80333 Munich, Germany;
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55116 Mainz, Germany; (F.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Uwe K. Zettl
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.H.); (U.K.Z.)
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55116 Mainz, Germany; (F.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Iraide Alloza
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.-F.); (A.L.d.L.P.); (I.A.); (J.M.); (A.U.); (I.A.)
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.); (X.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Christina M. Lill
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Lübeck Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23552 Lübeck, Germany; (V.A.); (C.M.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55116 Mainz, Germany; (F.L.); (F.Z.)
- Section for Translational Surgical Oncology and Biobanking, Department of Surgery, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23552 Lübeck, Germany
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London SW71, UK
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.-F.); (A.L.d.L.P.); (I.A.); (J.M.); (A.U.); (I.A.)
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-946182622 (ext. 844748)
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Gómez-Fernández P, Urtasun A, Astobiza I, Mena J, Alloza I, Vandenbroeck K. Pharmacological Targeting of the ER-Resident Chaperones GRP94 or Cyclophilin B Induces Secretion of IL-22 Binding Protein Isoform-1 (IL-22BPi1). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102440. [PMID: 31108847 PMCID: PMC6566634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the three interleukin-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) isoforms produced by the human IL22RA2 gene, IL-22BPi2 and IL-22BPi3 are capable of neutralizing IL-22. The longest isoform, IL-22BPi1, does not bind IL-22, is poorly secreted, and its retention within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is associated with induction of an unfolded protein response (UPR). Therapeutic modulation of IL-22BPi2 and IL-22BPi3 production may be beneficial in IL-22-dependent disorders. Recently, we identified the ER chaperones GRP94 and cyclophilin B in the interactomes of both IL-22BPi1 and IL-22BPi2. In this study, we investigated whether secretion of the IL-22BP isoforms could be modulated by pharmacological targeting of GRP94 and cyclophilin B, either by means of geldanamycin, that binds to the ADP/ATP pocket shared by HSP90 paralogs, or by cyclosporin A, which causes depletion of ER cyclophilin B levels through secretion. We found that geldanamycin and its analogs did not influence secretion of IL-22BPi2 or IL-22BPi3, but significantly enhanced intracellular and secreted levels of IL-22BPi1. The secreted protein was heterogeneously glycosylated, with both high-mannose and complex-type glycoforms present. In addition, cyclosporine A augmented the secretion of IL-22BPi1 and reduced that of IL-22BPi2 and IL-22BPi3. Our data indicate that the ATPase activity of GRP94 and cyclophilin B are instrumental in ER sequestration and degradation of IL-22BPi1, and that blocking these factors mobilizes IL-22BPi1 toward the secretory route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Gómez-Fernández
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48490 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Andoni Urtasun
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48490 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Ianire Astobiza
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48490 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Jorge Mena
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48490 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Iraide Alloza
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48490 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48490 Leioa, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
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Gómez-Fernández P, Urtasun A, Paton AW, Paton JC, Borrego F, Dersh D, Argon Y, Alloza I, Vandenbroeck K. Long Interleukin-22 Binding Protein Isoform-1 Is an Intracellular Activator of the Unfolded Protein Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2934. [PMID: 30619294 PMCID: PMC6302113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human IL22RA2 gene co-produces three protein isoforms in dendritic cells [IL-22 binding protein isoform-1 (IL-22BPi1), IL-22BPi2, and IL-22BPi3]. Two of these, IL-22BPi2 and IL-22BPi3, are capable of neutralizing the biological activity of IL-22. The function of IL-22BPi1, which differs from IL-22BPi2 through an in-frame 32-amino acid insertion provided by an alternatively spliced exon, remains unknown. Using transfected human cell lines, we demonstrate that IL-22BPi1 is secreted detectably, but at much lower levels than IL-22BPi2, and unlike IL-22BPi2 and IL-22BPi3, is largely retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As opposed to IL-22BPi2 and IL-22BPi3, IL-22BPi1 is incapable of neutralizing or binding to IL-22 measured in bioassay or assembly-induced IL-22 co-folding assay. We performed interactome analysis to disclose the mechanism underlying the poor secretion of IL-22BPi1 and identified GRP78, GRP94, GRP170, and calnexin as main interactors. Structure-function analysis revealed that, like IL-22BPi2, IL-22BPi1 binds to the substrate-binding domain of GRP78 as well as to the middle domain of GRP94. Ectopic expression of wild-type GRP78 enhanced, and ATPase-defective GRP94 mutant decreased, secretion of both IL-22BPi1 and IL-22BPi2, while neither of both affected IL-22BPi3 secretion. Thus, IL-22BPi1 and IL-22BPi2 are bona fide clients of the ER chaperones GRP78 and GRP94. However, only IL-22BPi1 activates an unfolded protein response (UPR) resulting in increased protein levels of GRP78 and GRP94. Cloning of the IL22RA2 alternatively spliced exon into an unrelated cytokine, IL-2, bestowed similar characteristics on the resulting protein. We also found that CD14++/CD16+ intermediate monocytes produced a higher level of IL22RA2 mRNA than classical and non-classical monocytes, but this difference disappeared in immature dendritic cells (moDC) derived thereof. Upon silencing of IL22RA2 expression in moDC, GRP78 levels were significantly reduced, suggesting that native IL22RA2 expression naturally contributes to upregulating GRP78 levels in these cells. The IL22RA2 alternatively spliced exon was reported to be recruited through a single mutation in the proto-splice site of a Long Terminal Repeat retrotransposon sequence in the ape lineage. Our work suggests that positive selection of IL-22BPi1 was not driven by IL-22 antagonism as in the case of IL-22BPi2 and IL-22BPi3, but by capacity for induction of an UPR response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Gómez-Fernández
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Andoni Urtasun
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Adrienne W. Paton
- Research for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - James C. Paton
- Research for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Basque Center for Transfusion and Human Tissues, Galdakao, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Devin Dersh
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yair Argon
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Iraide Alloza
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Tsutsumi N, Kimura T, Arita K, Ariyoshi M, Ohnishi H, Yamamoto T, Zuo X, Maenaka K, Park EY, Kondo N, Shirakawa M, Tochio H, Kato Z. The structural basis for receptor recognition of human interleukin-18. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5340. [PMID: 25500532 PMCID: PMC4275594 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 family and plays an important role in inflammation. The uncontrolled release of this cytokine is associated with severe chronic inflammatory disease. IL-18 forms a signalling complex with the IL-18 receptor α (Rα) and β (Rβ) chains at the plasma membrane, which induces multiple inflammatory cytokines. Here, we present a crystal structure of human IL-18 bound to the two receptor extracellular domains. Generally, the receptors' recognition mode for IL-18 is similar to IL-1β; however, certain notable differences were observed. The architecture of the IL-18 receptor second domain (D2) is unique among the other IL-1R family members, which presumably distinguishes them from the IL-1 receptors that exhibit a more promiscuous ligand recognition mode. The structures and associated biochemical and cellular data should aid in developing novel drugs to neutralize IL-18 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kyohei Arita
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mariko Ariyoshi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ohnishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, , Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ki, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Enoch Y. Park
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Graduate school of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Naomi Kondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- Heisei College of Health Sciences, 180 Kurono, Gifu 501-1131, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Core Research of Evolution Science (CREST), Japan Sciences and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Hidehito Tochio
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Zenichiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- Biomedical Informatics, Medical Information Sciences Division, The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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8
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Swaminathan S, Dai L, Lane HC, Imamichi T. Evaluating the potential of IL-27 as a novel therapeutic agent in HIV-1 infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:571-7. [PMID: 23962745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is an immunomodulatory cytokine with important roles in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In the last five years, the addition of exogenous IL-27 to primary cell cultures has been demonstrated to decrease HIV-1 replication in a number of cell types including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. These in vitro findings suggest that IL-27 may have therapeutic value in the setting of HIV-1 infection. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the biology of IL-27, its effects primarily on HIV-1 replication but also in other viral infections and explore its potential role as a therapeutic cytokine for the treatment of patients with HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Swaminathan
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Science Application International Corporation (SAIC)-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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9
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Kim S, Faris L, Cox CM, Sumners LH, Jenkins MC, Fetterer RH, Miska KB, Dalloul RA. Molecular characterization and immunological roles of avian IL-22 and its soluble receptor IL-22 binding protein. Cytokine 2012; 60:815-27. [PMID: 22980486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the interleukin (IL)-10 family, IL-22 is an important mediator in modulating tissue responses during inflammation. Through activation of STAT3-signaling cascades, IL-22 induces proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways, as well as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), that help prevent tissue damage and aid in its repair. This study reports the cloning and expression of recombinant chicken IL-22 (rChIL-22) and its soluble receptor, rChIL22BP, and characterization of biological effects of rChIL-22 during inflammatory responses. Similar to observations with mammalian IL-22, purified rChIL-22 had no effect on either peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or lymphocytes. This was due to the low expression of the receptor ChIL22RA1 chain compared to ChIL10RB chain. rChIL-22 alone did not affect chicken embryo kidney cells (CEKCs); however, co-stimulation of CEKCs with LPS and rChIL-22 enhanced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and AMPs. Furthermore, rChIL-22 alone stimulated and induced acute phase reactants in chicken embryo liver cells (CELCs). These effects of rChIL-22 were abolished by pre-incubation of rChIL-22 with rChIL22BP. Together, this study indicates an important role of ChIL-22 on epithelial cells and hepatocytes during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Kim
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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10
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Collison LW, Delgoffe GM, Guy CS, Vignali KM, Chaturvedi V, Fairweather D, Satoskar AR, Garcia KC, Hunter CA, Drake CG, Murray PJ, Vignali DAA. The composition and signaling of the IL-35 receptor are unconventional. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:290-9. [PMID: 22306691 PMCID: PMC3529151 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 35 (IL-35) belongs to the IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines but has a distinct functional profile. IL-35 suppresses T cell proliferation and converts naive T cells into IL-35-producing induced regulatory T cells (iTr35 cells). Here we found that IL-35 signaled through a unique heterodimer of receptor chains IL-12Rβ2 and gp130 or homodimers of each chain. Conventional T cells were sensitive to IL-35-mediated suppression in the absence of one receptor chain but not both receptor chains, whereas signaling through both chains was required for IL-35 expression and conversion into iTr35 cells. Signaling through the IL-35 receptor required the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT4, which formed a unique heterodimer that bound to distinct sites in the promoters of the genes encoding the IL-12 subunits p35 and Ebi3. This unconventional mode of signaling, distinct from that of other members of the IL-12 family, may broaden the spectrum and specificity of IL-35-mediated suppression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokine Receptor gp130/immunology
- Interleukins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-12/immunology
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/immunology
- STAT4 Transcription Factor/immunology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W Collison
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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11
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Logsdon NJ, Allen CE, Rajashankar KR, Walter MR. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the IL-20-IL-20R1-IL-20R2 complex. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:89-92. [PMID: 22232181 PMCID: PMC3253844 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111049529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-20 (IL-20) is an IL-10-family cytokine that regulates innate and adaptive immunity in skin and other tissues. In addition to protecting the host from various external pathogens, dysregulated IL-20 signaling has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of human psoriasis. IL-20 signals through two cell-surface receptor heterodimers, IL-20R1-IL-20R2 and IL-22R1-IL-20R2. In this report, crystals of the IL-20-IL-20R1-IL-20R2 ternary complex have been grown from polyethylene glycol solutions. The crystals belonged to space group P4(1)2(1)2 or P4(3)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = 111, c = 135 Å, and diffracted X-rays to 3 Å resolution. The crystallographic asymmetric unit contains one IL-20-IL-20R1-IL-20R2 complex, corresponding to a solvent content of approximately 54%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J. Logsdon
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Christopher E. Allen
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Mark R. Walter
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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12
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Pidasheva S, Trifari S, Phillips A, Hackney JA, Ma Y, Smith A, Sohn SJ, Spits H, Little RD, Behrens TW, Honigberg L, Ghilardi N, Clark HF. Functional studies on the IBD susceptibility gene IL23R implicate reduced receptor function in the protective genetic variant R381Q. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25038. [PMID: 22022372 PMCID: PMC3192060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in several populations have demonstrated significant association of the IL23R gene with IBD (Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)) and psoriasis, suggesting that perturbation of the IL-23 signaling pathway is relevant to the pathophysiology of these diseases. One particular variant, R381Q (rs11209026), confers strong protection against development of CD. We investigated the effects of this variant in primary T cells from healthy donors carrying IL23R(R381) and IL23R(Q381) haplotypes. Using a proprietary anti-IL23R antibody, ELISA, flow cytometry, phosphoflow and real-time RT-PCR methods, we examined IL23R expression and STAT3 phosphorylation and activation in response to IL-23. IL23R(Q381) was associated with reduced STAT3 phosphorylation upon stimulation with IL-23 and decreased number of IL-23 responsive T-cells. We also observed slightly reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokine secretion in IL23R(Q381) positive donors. Our study shows conclusively that IL23R(Q381) is a loss-of-function allele, further strengthening the implication from GWAS results that the IL-23 pathway is pathogenic in human disease. This data provides an explanation for the protective role of R381Q in CD and may lead to the development of improved therapeutics for autoimmune disorders like CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Pidasheva
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SP) (SP); (HFC) (HC)
| | - Sara Trifari
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Anne Phillips
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley Smith
- ITGR Early Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sue J. Sohn
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Timothy W. Behrens
- ITGR Biomarker Discovery Group, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lee Honigberg
- ITGR Early Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hilary F. Clark
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SP) (SP); (HFC) (HC)
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13
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Zhao J, Liu YH, Reichert P, Pflanz S, Pramanik B. Glycosylation analysis of interleukin-23 receptor: elucidation of glycosylation sites and characterization of attached glycan structures. J Mass Spectrom 2010; 45:1416-1425. [PMID: 21053369 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a heterodimeric cytokine, a central factor in chronic/autoimmune inflammation. It signals through a heterodimeric receptor consisting of IL-23r, which is heavily glycosylated. The structural characterization of IL-23r has not been reported. In this work, glycosylation profiles of soluble recombinant human IL-23r (rhIL-23r) were established using mass spectrometry (MS), which included defining glycosylation sites, degree of glycosylation occupancy of each site and structure of attached oligosaccharides. Specifically, precursor ion scan of oxonium ion protonated N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc(+)) (m/z 204) was performed using a triple quadrupole MS instrument to locate the retention time of glycopeptides. Both the glycopeptides and their corresponding deglycosylated forms in each collected HPLC fraction were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (LTQ-Orbitrap) for glycosylation site profiling. The attached glycan structures were elucidated by collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation of target glycopeptides in combination with accurate mass measurement. Eight glycosylation sites were identified on IL-23r (Asn24, Asn209, Asn239, Asn157, Asn118, Asn250, Asn58 and Asn6). Most of the glycosylation sites were > 95% occupied except Asn250 and Asn6. Those two sites were 88% and 45% occupied by estimation from trypsin digestion and were 55% and 42% occupied from LysC digestion. Multiple glycoforms were observed in IL-23r. Most of them were bi-, tri- or tetra-antennary complex type structures with fucose and sialic acid. High mannose and hybrid type glycans were only observed on Asn157. The structural characterization on IL-23r glycosylation provides useful information for better understanding of the biological function of IL-23r.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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14
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Cheng G, Zhao X, Li Z, Liu X, Yan W, Zhang X, Zhong Y, Zheng Z. Identification of a putative invertebrate helical cytokine similar to the ciliary neurotrophic factor/leukemia inhibitory factor family by PSI-BLAST-based approach. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 29:461-8. [PMID: 19514841 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of our knowledge of helical cytokine-like molecules in invertebrates relies on functional assays and similarities at the physicochemical level. It is hard to predict helical cytokines in invertebrates based on sequences from mammals and vertebrates, because of their long evolutionary divergence. In this article, we collected 12 kinds of fish cytokines and constructed their respective consensus sequences using hidden Markov models; then, the conserved domains region of each consensus sequence were further extracted by the SMART tool, and used as the query sequence for PSI-BLAST analysis in Drosophila melanogaster. After two filtering processes based on the properties of helical cytokines, we obtained one protein named CG14629, which shares 25% identities/46% positives to fish M17 cytokine in the half length of the N-terminus. Considering the homology between M17 and LIF/CNTF (leukemia inhibitory factor/ciliary neurotrophic factor), and the close relationship between Dome, the putative cytokine receptor in Drosophila cells, and LIFR/CNTFR (LIF receptor/CNTF receptor), the results suggest that CG14629 is a good candidate for the helical cytokine ortholog in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Cheng
- School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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15
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de Moura PR, Watanabe L, Bleicher L, Colau D, Dumoutier L, Lemaire MM, Renauld JC, Polikarpov I. Crystal structure of a soluble decoy receptor IL-22BP bound to interleukin-22. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1072-7. [PMID: 19285080 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) plays an important role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses in mammals. The IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP), a soluble receptor that specifically binds IL-22, prevents the IL-22/interleukin-22 receptor 1 (IL-22R1)/interleukin-10 receptor 2 (IL-10R2) complex assembly and blocks IL-22 biological activity. Here we present the crystal structure of the IL-22/IL-22BP complex at 2.75 A resolution. The structure reveals IL-22BP residues critical for IL-22 binding, which were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis and functional studies. Comparison of IL-22/IL-22BP and IL-22/IL-22R1 crystal structures shows that both receptors display an overlapping IL-22 binding surface, which is consistent with the inhibitory role played by IL-22 binding protein.
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16
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Watanabe L, de Moura PR, Nascimento AS, Colau D, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Polikarpov I. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of human IL-22 bound to its soluble decoy receptor IL-22BP. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:102-4. [PMID: 19193995 PMCID: PMC2635854 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108042309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is involved in inflammatory responses. Human IL-22 was incubated with its soluble decoy receptor IL-22BP (IL-22 binding protein) and the IL-22-IL-22BP complex was crystallized in hanging drops using the vapour-diffusion method. Suitable crystals were obtained from polyethylene glycol solutions and diffraction data were collected to 2.75 A resolution. The crystal belonged to the tetragonal space group P4(1), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 67.9, c = 172.5 A, and contained two IL-22-IL-22BP complexes per asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra Watanabe
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, 13560-970 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ribeiro de Moura
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, 13560-970 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Silva Nascimento
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, 13560-970 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Didier Colau
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
- Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
- Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, 13560-970 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
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17
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Wu PW, Li J, Kodangattil SR, Luxenberg DP, Bennett F, Martino M, Collins M, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Gill DS, Wolfman NM, Fouser LA. IL-22R, IL-10R2, and IL-22BP binding sites are topologically juxtaposed on adjacent and overlapping surfaces of IL-22. J Mol Biol 2008; 382:1168-83. [PMID: 18675824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) 22 is a type II cytokine that is produced by immune cells and acts on nonimmune cells to regulate local tissue inflammation. As a product of the recently identified T helper 17 lineage of CD4(+) effector lymphocytes, IL-22 plays a critical role in mucosal immunity as well as in dysregulated inflammation observed in autoimmune diseases. We used comprehensive mutagenesis combined with mammalian cell expression, ELISA cell-based, and structural methods to evaluate how IL-22 interacts with its cell surface receptor, IL-22R/IL-10R2, and with secreted IL-22 binding protein. This study identifies those amino acid side chains of IL-22 that are individually important for optimal binding to IL-22R, considerably expands the definition of IL-22 surface required for binding to IL-10R2, and demonstrates how IL-22 binding protein prevents IL-22R from binding to IL-22. The IL-22R and IL-10R2 binding sites are juxtaposed on adjacent IL-22 surfaces contributed mostly by helices A, D, and F and loop AB. Our results also provide a model for how IL-19, IL-20, IL-24, and IL-26 which are other IL-10-like cytokines, interact with their respective cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Wu
- Wyeth Research-Inflammation, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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18
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Abstract
IL-22 is an IL-10 family cytokine that initiates innate immune responses against bacterial pathogens and contributes to immune disease. IL-22 biological activity is initiated by binding to a cell-surface complex composed of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 receptor chains and further regulated by interactions with a soluble binding protein, IL-22BP, which shares sequence similarity with an extracellular region of IL-22R1 (sIL-22R1). IL-22R1 also pairs with the IL-20R2 chain to induce IL-20 and IL-24 signaling. To define the molecular basis of these diverse interactions, we have determined the structure of the IL-22/sIL-22R1 complex. The structure, combined with homology modeling and surface plasmon resonance studies, defines the molecular basis for the distinct affinities and specificities of IL-22 and IL-10 receptor chains that regulate cellular targeting and signal transduction to elicit effective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi C Jones
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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19
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Bleicher L, de Moura PR, Watanabe L, Colau D, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Polikarpov I. Crystal structure of the IL-22/IL-22R1 complex and its implications for the IL-22 signaling mechanism. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2985-92. [PMID: 18675809 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of the interleukin-10 cytokine family, which is involved in anti-microbial defenses, tissue damage protection and repair, and acute phase responses. Its signaling mechanism involves the sequential binding of IL-22 to interleukin-22 receptor 1 (IL-22R1), and of this dimer to interleukin-10 receptor 2 (IL-10R2) extracellular domain. We report a 1.9A crystal structure of the IL-22/IL-22R1 complex, revealing crucial interacting residues at the IL-22/IL-22R1 interface. Functional importance of key residues was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis and functional studies. Based on the X-ray structure of the binary complex, we discuss a molecular basis of the IL-22/IL-22R1 recognition by IL-10R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Bleicher
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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20
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Jones BC, Logsdon NJ, Walter MR. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of human IL-22 bound to the extracellular IL-22R1 chain. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:266-9. [PMID: 18391423 PMCID: PMC2374258 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108004752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a potent mediator of cellular inflammatory responses. Crystals of IL-22 bound to the extracellular high-affinity cell-surface receptor sIL-22R1 have been grown from polyethylene glycol solutions. Crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis were only obtained with mutants of IL-22 and sIL-22R1 that removed the N-linked glycosylation sites found in the wild-type amino-acid sequences. The crystals belonged to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 50.43, b = 76.33, c = 114.92 A, beta = 92.45 degrees , and diffracted X-rays to 3.2 A resolution. The crystallographic asymmetric unit contained two IL-22-sIL-22R1 complexes, corresponding to a solvent content of approximately 52%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi C. Jones
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Naomi J. Logsdon
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mark R. Walter
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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21
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de Oliveira Neto M, Ferreira JR, Colau D, Fischer H, Nascimento AS, Craievich AF, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Polikarpov I. Interleukin-22 forms dimers that are recognized by two interleukin-22R1 receptor chains. Biophys J 2008; 94:1754-65. [PMID: 18024507 PMCID: PMC2242740 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a class 2 cytokine whose primary structure is similar to that of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). IL-22 induction during acute phase immune response indicates its involvement in mechanisms of inflammation. Structurally different from IL-10 and a number of other members of IL-10 family, which form intertwined inseparable V-shaped dimers of two identical polypeptide chains, a single polypeptide chain of IL-22 folds on itself in a relatively globular structure. Here we present evidence, based on native gel electrophoresis, glutaraldehyde cross-linking, dynamic light scattering, and small angle x-ray scattering experiments, that human IL-22 forms dimers and tetramers in solution under protein concentrations assessable by these experiments. Unexpectedly, low-resolution molecular shape of IL-22 dimers is strikingly similar to that of IL-10 and other intertwined cytokine dimeric forms. Furthermore, we determine an ab initio molecular shape of the IL-22/IL-22R1 complex which reveals the V-shaped IL-22 dimer interacting with two cognate IL-22R1 molecules. Based on this collective evidence, we argue that dimerization might be a common mechanism of all class 2 cytokines for the molecular recognition with their respective membrane receptor. We also speculate that the IL-22 tetramer formation could represent a way to store the cytokine in nonactive form at high concentrations that could be readily converted into functionally active monomers and dimers upon interaction with the cognate cellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Didier Colau
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch and the Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hannes Fischer
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brasil
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | - Laure Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch and the Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch and the Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brasil
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22
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Bene L, Kanyári Z, Bodnár A, Kappelmayer J, Waldmann TA, Vámosi G, Damjanovich L. Colorectal carcinoma rearranges cell surface protein topology and density in CD4+ T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 361:202-7. [PMID: 17658476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we described conserved protein clusters including MHC I and II glycoproteins, ICAM-1 adhesion molecules, and interleukin-2 and -15 receptors in lipid rafts of several human cell types. Differential protein-protein interactions can modulate function, thus influence cell fate. Therefore, we analyzed supramolecular clusters of CD4(+) T cells from draining lymph nodes and peripheral blood of colorectal carcinoma patients, and compared these to healthy controls. Superclusters of MHC I and II with IL-2/15 receptors were identified by confocal microscopy on all cell types. Flow-cytometric FRET revealed molecular associations of these proteins with each other and with ICAM-1 as well. In draining lymph nodes expression levels of all these proteins were lower, and interactions, particularly between IL-2/15 receptors and MHC molecules weakened or disappeared as compared to the control. Stimuli/local conditions can rearrange cell surface protein patterns on the same cell type in the same patient, having important implications on further function and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Bene
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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23
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Ren Y, Li Z, Rong Z, Cheng L, Li Y, Wang Z, Chang Z. Tyrosine 330 in hSef is critical for the localization and the inhibitory effect on FGF signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 354:741-6. [PMID: 17266935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sef (similar expression to fgf genes) was identified as an inhibitor of FGF signaling. The regulation of this inhibitory effect was largely unknown. In this report we demonstrated that tyrosine 330 in hSef protein plays a critical role in the control of the protein localization and thereby in the regulation of Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. We found that the tyrosine 330 is in the form of the YXXcapital EF, Cyrillic signal context and mutation of this residue resulted in preferred plasma membrane localization of hSef. We also observed that both Sef and SefY330F (where tyrosine is substituted by phenylalanine) interacted and co-localized with FGFR in the co-immunoprecipitation assay, and immunostaining assay respectively. We further revealed that the increased amount of Sef localization in the plasma membrane was coupled with the enhanced inhibitory effect on the FGF signaling pathway, indicating that Sef might exert its inhibitory function on the plasma membrane. This paper revealed that tyrosine 330 is critical for the inhibitory function of Sef on FGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Ren
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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24
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Abstract
The interleukin-19 (IL-19) subfamily of cytokines is part of a larger family of homologs of IL-10 that includes two groups of proteins: five viral cytokines, and eight cellular cytokines, having quite different biological activities. Among proteins of the latter group, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24 were suggested to form a structurally unique IL-19 subfamily characterized by their structural features and aggregation state as monomers. IFN-lambda1, IFN-lambda2, and IFN-lambda3 are likely to belong to this subfamily, and it is still not clear whether IL-26 belongs to it or not. In spite of their differences in biological function, all cellular homologs of IL-10 used for signaling a set of five overlapping membrane-bound receptors: three long receptor chains (IL-20R1, IL-22R1, and IFN-lambdaR) and two short receptor chains (IL-20R2 and IL-10R2). Signal transduction is initiated when a cytokine binds two receptor chains, one long and one short, forming a ternary complex. Crystal structures of IL-19 and IL-22 showed that these cytokines consist of seven amphipathic helices of different length organized in helical bundle, covering an extensive hydrophobic core. Based on the similarity of the structures with the structure of a single domain of IL-10, and with the crystal structure of a binary IL-10/IL-10R1 complex, putative receptor binding sites on the surface of IL-19 and IL-22 were identified. This chapter summarizes the available structural data on the IL-19 subfamily of cytokines and their putative ligand/receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zdanov
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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25
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Ziv I, Fuchs Y, Preger E, Shabtay A, Harduf H, Zilpa T, Dym N, Ron D. The human sef-a isoform utilizes different mechanisms to regulate receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways and subsequent cell fate. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:39225-35. [PMID: 17035228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607327200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative feedback is among the key mechanisms for regulating receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. Human Sef, a recently identified inhibitor of RTK signaling, encodes different isoforms, including a membrane spanning (hSef-a) and a cytosolic (hSef-b) isoform. Previously, we reported that hSef-b inhibited fibroblast proliferation and prevented the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), without affecting protein kinase B/Akt or p38 MAPK. Conflicting results were reported concerning hSef-a inhibition of MAPK activation, and the effect of hSef-a on other RTK-induced signaling pathways is unknown. Here we show that, in fibroblasts, similar to hSef-b, ectopic expression of hSef-a inhibited fibroblast growth factor-induced cell proliferation. Unlike hSef-b, however, the growth arrest was mediated via a MAPK-independent mechanism, and was accompanied by elevated p38 MAPK phosphorylation and inhibition of protein kinase B/Akt. In addition, hSef-a, but not hSef-b, mediated apoptosis in fibroblast growth factor-stimulated cells. Chemical inhibitor of p38 MAPK abrogated the effect of hSef-a on apoptosis. In epithelial cells, ectopic expression of hSef-a inhibited the activation of MAPK, whereas down-regulation of endogenous hSef-a significantly increased MAPK activation and accelerated growth factor-dependent cell proliferation. These results indicate that hSef-a is a multifunctional negative modulator of RTK signaling and clearly demonstrate that hSef-a can inhibit the activation of MAPK, although in a cell type-specific manner. Moreover, the differences between the activities of hSef-a and hSef-b suggest that hSef isoforms can control signal specificity and subsequent cell fate by utilizing different mechanisms to modulate RTK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Ziv
- Department of Biology, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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26
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Randles LG, Lappalainen I, Fowler SB, Moore B, Hamill SJ, Clarke J. Using Model Proteins to Quantify the Effects of Pathogenic Mutations in Ig-like Proteins. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:24216-26. [PMID: 16760466 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603593200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It has proved impossible to purify some proteins implicated in disease in sufficient quantities to allow a biophysical characterization of the effect of pathogenic mutations. To overcome this problem we have analyzed 37 different disease-causing mutations located in the L1 and IL2Rgamma proteins in well characterized related model proteins in which mutations that are identical or equivalent to pathogenic mutations were introduced. We show that data from these models are consistent and that changes in stability observed can be correlated to severity of disease, to correct trafficking within the cell and to in vitro ligand binding studies. Interestingly, we find that any mutations that cause a loss of stability of more than 2 kcal/mol are severely debilitating, even though some model proteins with these mutations can be easily expressed and analyzed. Furthermore we show that the severity of mutation can be predicted by a DeltaDeltaG(evolution) scale, a measure of conservation. Our results demonstrate that model proteins can be used to analyze disease-causing mutations when wild-type proteins are not stable enough to carry mutations for biophysical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy G Randles
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Medical Research Council Centre for Protein Engineering, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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27
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Andrews AL, Holloway JW, Holgate ST, Davies DE. IL-4 receptor alpha is an important modulator of IL-4 and IL-13 receptor binding: implications for the development of therapeutic targets. J Immunol 2006; 176:7456-61. [PMID: 16751391 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 is a key cytokine associated with allergy and asthma. Induction of cell signaling by IL-4 involves interaction with its cognate receptors, a complex of IL-4Ralpha with either the common gamma-chain or the IL-13R chain alpha1 (IL-13Ralpha1). We found that IL-4 bound to the extracellular domain of IL-4Ralpha (soluble human (sh)IL-4Ralpha) with high affinity and specificity. In contrast with the sequential mechanism of binding and stabilization afforded by IL-4Ralpha to the binding of IL-13 to IL-13Ralpha1, neither common gamma-chain nor IL-13Ralpha1 contributed significantly to the stabilization of the IL-4:IL-4Ralpha complex. Based on the different mechanisms of binding and stabilization of the IL-4R and IL-13R complexes, we compared the effects of shIL-4Ralpha and an IL-4 double mutein (R121D/Y124D, IL-4R antagonist) on IL-4- and IL-13-mediated responses. Whereas IL-4R antagonist blocked responses to both cytokines, shIL-4Ralpha only blocked IL-4. However, shIL-4Ralpha stabilized and augmented IL-13-mediated STAT6 activation and eotaxin production by primary human bronchial fibroblasts at suboptimal doses of IL-13. These data demonstrate that IL-4Ralpha plays a key role in the binding affinity of both IL-13R and IL-4R complexes. Under certain conditions, shIL-4Ralpha has the potential to stabilize binding IL-13 to its receptor to augment IL-13-mediated responses. Thus, complete understanding of the binding interactions between IL-4 and IL-13 and their cognate receptors may facilitate development of novel treatments for asthma that selectively target these cytokines without unpredicted or detrimental side effects.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Adult
- Binding Sites
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Delivery Systems/methods
- Female
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit
- Interleukin-13/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-13/chemistry
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Interleukin-13/physiology
- Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit
- Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-13
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/physiology
- STAT6 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Solubility
- Surface Plasmon Resonance/methods
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison-Lynn Andrews
- The Brooke Laboratories, Division of Infection, Inflammation, and Repair, Southampton General Hospital, UK.
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28
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Toy D, Kugler D, Wolfson M, Vanden Bos T, Gurgel J, Derry J, Tocker J, Peschon J. Cutting Edge: Interleukin 17 Signals through a Heteromeric Receptor Complex. J Immunol 2006; 177:36-9. [PMID: 16785495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 is an inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by a unique lineage of CD4 T cells that plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases. IL-17RA is a ubiquitously expressed receptor that is essential for IL-17 biologic activity. Despite widespread receptor expression, the activity of IL-17 is most classically defined by its ability to induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other mediators by stromal cells. The lack of IL-17 responsiveness in mouse stromal cells genetically deficient in IL-17RA is poorly complemented by human IL-17RA, suggesting the presence of an obligate ancillary component whose activity is species specific. This component is IL-17RC, a distinct member of the IL-17R family. Thus, the biologic activity of IL-17 is dependent on a complex composed of IL-17RA and IL-17RC, suggesting a new paradigm for understanding the interactions between the expanded family of IL-17 ligands and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Toy
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
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29
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Daines MO, Tabata Y, Walker BA, Chen W, Warrier MR, Basu S, Hershey GKK. Level of Expression of IL-13Rα2 Impacts Receptor Distribution and IL-13 Signaling. J Immunol 2006; 176:7495-501. [PMID: 16751396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-13, a critical cytokine for allergic inflammation, exerts its effects through a complex receptor system including IL-4Ralpha, IL-13Ralpha1, and IL-13Ralpha2. IL-4Ralpha and IL-13Ralpha1 form a heterodimeric signaling receptor for IL-13. In contrast, IL-13Ralpha2 binds IL-13 with high affinity but does not signal. IL-13Ralpha2 exists on the cell surface, intracellularly, and in soluble form, but no information is available regarding the relative distributions of IL-13Ralpha2 among these compartments, whether the compartments communicate, and how the relative expression levels impact IL-13 responses. Herein, we investigated the distribution of IL-13Ralpha2 in transfected and primary cells, and we evaluated how the total level of IL-13Ralpha2 expression impacted its distribution. Our results demonstrate that the distribution of IL-13Ralpha2 is independent of the overall level of expression. The majority of the IL-13Ralpha2 protein existed in intracellular pools. Surface IL-13Ralpha2 was continually released into the medium in a soluble form, yet surface expression remained constant supporting receptor trafficking to the cell surface. IL-13Ralpha2 inhibited IL-13 signaling proportionally to its level of expression, and this inhibition could be overcome with high concentrations of IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Daines
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children' Hospital Medical Center, OH 45229, USA
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30
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Ishino T, Pillalamarri U, Panarello D, Bhattacharya M, Urbina C, Horvat S, Sarkhel S, Jameson B, Chaiken I. Asymmetric usage of antagonist charged residues drives interleukin-5 receptor recruitment but is insufficient for receptor activation. Biochemistry 2006; 45:1106-15. [PMID: 16430207 PMCID: PMC2538410 DOI: 10.1021/bi0518038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic peptide AF17121 (VDECWRIIASHTWFCAEE) is a library-derived antagonist for human Interleukin-5 receptor alpha (IL5Ralpha). We have previously demonstrated that AF17121 mimics Interleukin-5 (IL5) by binding in a region of IL5Ralpha that overlaps the IL5 binding epitope. In the present study, to explore the functional importance of the amino acid residues of AF17121 required for effective binding to, and antagonism of, IL5Ralpha, each charged residue was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis and examined for IL5Ralpha interaction by using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. One residue, Arg(6), was found to be essential for receptor antagonism; its replacement with either alanine or lysine completely abolished the interaction between AF17121 and IL5Ralpha. Other charged residues play modulatory roles. One class consists of the N-terminal acidic cluster (Asp(2) and Glu(3)) for which alanine replacement decreased the association rate. A second class consists of His(11) and the C-terminal acidic cluster (Glu(17) and Glu(18)) for which alanine replacement increased the dissociation rate. Binding model analysis of the mutants of the latter class of residues indicated the existence of conformational rearrangement during the interaction. On the basis of these results, we propose a model in which Arg(6) and N-terminal acidic residues drive the encounter complex, while Arg(6), His(11), and C-terminal acidic residues are involved in stabilizing the final complex. These data argue that the charged residues of AF17121 are utilized asymmetrically in the pathway of inhibitor-receptor complex formation to deactivate the receptor function. The results also help focus emerging models for the mechanism by which IL5 activates the IL5Ralpha-betac receptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and A. J. Drexel Institute of Basic and Applied Protein Science, Drexel University College of Medicine Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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31
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Yang X, Capotosto R, DiBlasio E, Hu Z, Kriz R, Lorenzo M, Malakian K, Wolfrom S, Wilhelm J, Wolf SF. A homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay for IL-13/IL-13Rα1 interaction. Anal Biochem 2006; 351:158-60. [PMID: 16460661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 12/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Yang
- Inflammation, Wyeth Research, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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32
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Abstract
IL-17 and its receptor are founding members of a novel inflammatory cytokine family. To date, only one IL-17 receptor subunit has been identified, termed IL-17RA. All known cytokine receptors consist of a complex of multiple subunits. Although IL-17-family cytokines exist as homodimers, the configuration and stoichiometry of the IL-17R complex remain unknown. We used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to determine whether IL-17RA subunits multimerize, and, if so, whether they are preassembled in the plasma membrane. HEK293 cells coexpressing IL-17RA fused to cyan or yellow fluorescent proteins (CFP or YFP) were used to evaluate FRET before and after IL-17A or IL-17F treatment. In the absence of ligand, IL-17RA molecules exhibited significant specific FRET efficiency, demonstrating that they exist in a multimeric, preformed receptor complex. Strikingly, treatment with IL-17A or IL-17F markedly reduced FRET efficiency, suggesting that IL-17RA subunits within the IL-17R complex undergo a conformational change upon ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M. Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Ling Yi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Twinbrook II Facility, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Fang Shen
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Amarnath Maitra
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Twinbrook II Facility, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Tian Jin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Twinbrook II Facility, Bethesda, MD 20852
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Sarah L. Gaffen, Department of Oral Biological School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214; or Dr. Tian Jin, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Twinbrook II Facility, Bethesda, MD 20852;
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Sarah L. Gaffen, Department of Oral Biological School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214; or Dr. Tian Jin, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Twinbrook II Facility, Bethesda, MD 20852;
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33
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Krause CD, Mei E, Mirochnitchenko O, Lavnikova N, Xie J, Jia Y, Hochstrasser RM, Pestka S. Interactions among the components of the interleukin-10 receptor complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 340:377-85. [PMID: 16364239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We used fluorescence resonance energy transfer previously to show that the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) receptor complex is a preformed entity mediated by constitutive interactions between the IFN-gammaR2 and IFN-gammaR1 chains, and that this preassembled entity changes its structure after the treatment of cells with IFN-gamma. We applied this technique to determine the structure of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) receptor complex and whether it undergoes a similar conformational change after treatment of cells with IL-10. We report that, like the IFN-gamma receptor complex, the IL-10 receptor complex is preassembled: constitutive but weaker interactions occur between the IL-10R1 and IL-10R2 chains, and between two IL-10R2 chains. The IL-10 receptor complex undergoes no major conformational changes when cells are treated with cellular or Epstein-Barr viral IL-10. Receptor complex preassembly may be an inherent feature of Class 2 cytokine receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Krause
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Immunology, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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34
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Tsuboi N, Kawamura T. [Molecular biology in regulation of kidney functions: Interleukin family]. Nihon Rinsho 2006; 64 Suppl 2:276-82. [PMID: 16523902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Tsuboi
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine
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35
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Abstract
A method for the rapid limited enzymatic cleavage of PVDF membrane-immobilized proteins is described. This method allows the fast characterization of PVDF blotted proteins by peptide mass fingerprinting (Henzel, W. J., Billeci, T. M., Stults, J. T., Wong, S. C., Grimley, C., Wantanabe, C., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90, 5011-5015), LC-MS/MS, or N-terminal sequencing and has been demonstrated on a range of proteins using a full complement of proteolytic enzymes. This technique allows the generation of proteolytic fragments between 5 and 60 min (depending on the enzyme employed), which is significantly faster than previously reported on-membrane digestion methods. To date, this on-membrane rapid digestion protocol has aided in the identification and confirmation of mutation sites in over 200 recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Pham
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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36
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Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that acts through a quaternary receptor signaling complex containing alpha (IL-2Ralpha), beta (IL-2Rbeta), and common gamma chain (gc) receptors. In the structure of the quaternary ectodomain complex as visualized at a resolution of 2.3 angstroms, the binding of IL-2Ralpha to IL-2 stabilizes a secondary binding site for presentation to IL-2Rbeta. gammac is then recruited to the composite surface formed by the IL-2/IL-2Rbeta complex. Consistent with its role as a shared receptor for IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21, gammac forms degenerate contacts with IL-2. The structure of gammac provides a rationale for loss-of-function mutations found in patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency diseases (X-SCID). This complex structure provides a framework for other gammac-dependent cytokine-receptor interactions and for the engineering of improved IL-2 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Fairchild D319, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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37
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Li TS, Li XN, Chang ZJ, Fu XY, Liu L. Identification and functional characterization of a novel interleukin 17 receptor: a possible mitogenic activation through ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2005; 18:1287-98. [PMID: 16310341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 receptor (IL-17R) is increasingly emerged as a distinct receptor family functioning in diverse cellular processes including inflammation and cancer. In this study, we uncovered a novel member of IL-17R from mouse tissue that was named mouse IL-17RE (mIL-17R). Mouse IL-17RE cDNA is composed of at least 14 exons and presents at least 6 spliced isoforms (mIL-17RE1-6) with a molecular weight ranging from 34.2 to 70.1 kD. Mouse IL-17RE is expressed in limited tissues such as lung, kidney, stomach, intestine and testis, etc., and is mainly localized in the cytoplasm and on cell membrane. IL-17RE can also be detected in numerous tumor cell lines. Importantly, a mitogenic effect was detected in BaF3 cells stably transfected with the chimeric receptor fused by the ectodomain of erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) with the transmembrane and endomain of IL-17RE in a serum-dependent but EPO-independent manner. Moreover, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was significantly up-regulated as the dose of mIL-17RE increased. Specific RNAi targeting at mIL-17RE dramatically inhibited the activation of ERK1/2, indicating that mIL-17RE could functionally activate RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. Using dominant negative MEK (Dn-MEK) or RAS (Dn-RAS) as a signaling blocker, we were able to show that mIL-17RE probably activated RAS/MAPK signaling at or upstream of RAS. Overall, our results strongly indicate that mIL-17RE may belong to a novel growth-receptor like molecule that has the capability to support cellular mitogenesis through RAS/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Shi Li
- Tsinghua Institute of Genome Research, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and Institute of Biomedicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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38
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Abstract
The activation of interleukin 5 (IL-5) receptor is a dynamic process that depends on specific interaction of IL-5 with IL-5 receptor alpha, the formation of oligomeric receptor complexes with receptor beta, and the initiation of cytoplasmic phosphorylation events. These steps culminate in the triggering of a cellular response. Important advances have been made recently in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cytokine recognition, receptor assembly, and signal triggering. Cytokine recognition can be envisioned by relating structure to function in IL-5 and IL-5 receptor alpha. A pair of charge-complementary regions plays an essential role in the specific interaction between IL-5 receptor alpha and IL-5. Moreover, peptide library methodology has led to the discovery of IL-5 receptor alpha antagonists that mimic key elements in IL-5 receptor recognition. Because IL-5 has been implicated in the pathology of eosinophil-related inflammatory diseases, revealing the key recognition elements of IL-5, IL-5 mimetic peptides, and IL-5 receptor alpha could help drive the design of new compounds for therapeutic treatment against allergic inflammatory diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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39
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O'Connell MJ, McInerney JO. Gamma chain receptor interleukins: evidence for positive selection driving the evolution of cell-to-cell communicators in the mammalian immune system. J Mol Evol 2005; 61:608-19. [PMID: 16205981 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-004-0313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) gamma chain, or common gamma chain (gammac), is the hub of a protein interaction network in the mammalia that is central to defense against disease. It is the indispensable subunit of the functional receptor complexes for a group of interleukins known as the gamma-chain-dependent interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, -7, -9, -15, and -21). The gammac links these proteins through their interaction with it and their competition for its recruitment. The gammac-dependent interleukins also interact with each other to either enhance or suppress expression through manipulation of expression of receptor subunits. Given the influence of protein-protein interactions on evolution, such as those documented for many genes including the reproductive proteins of the sperm and egg coat, here we have asked whether there is a common thread in the evolution of these interleukins. Our findings indicate that positive selection has acted by fixing a large number of amino acid replacement mutations in every single one of these interleukins, this adaptive evolution is also observed in a lineage-specific manner. Crucially, however, there does not appear to have ever been an instance of adaptive evolution in the gammac chain itself, thereby providing an insight into the evolution of this hub protein. These findings highlight the importance of adaptive evolutionary events in the evolution of this central network in the immune system and suggest underlying causes for differences in defense responses in the mammalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J O'Connell
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Evolution Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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40
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Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine produced by T(H)2 type helper T cells and by mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. This cytokine can elicit many responses, some of which are associated with allergy and asthma. Studies with long-term cell lines and primary cells have revealed differences in the signaling between these two experimental systems. Understanding these differences is important because therapeutic strategies targeting IL-4 and its signaling pathways are currently being tested to treat allergy and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kelly-Welch
- Program in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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41
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Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13), like IL-4, is a cytokine produced by T(H)2 type helper T cells in response to signaling through the T cell antigen receptor and by mast cells and basophils upon cross-linkage of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE). It is also produced by activated eosinophils. IL-13 induces many of the same responses as IL-4 and shares a receptor subunit with IL-4. IL-13 has been implicated in airway hypersensitivity and mucus hypersecretion, inflammatory bowel disease, and parasitic nematode expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kelly-Welch
- Program in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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42
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It was reported previously that malignant human tumors, like glioma and medulloblastoma, express high-density interleukin (IL-4) receptor mRNA and protein. Because IL-4 receptors (R) are sensitive targets for targeted therapeutics, knowledge of the expression of these receptors in other central nervous system tumors is of great interest. In this study, the authors examined the expression and subunit composition of IL-4R complex in primary human meningiomas. METHODS Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for IL-13Ralpha1, IL-4Ralpha and IL-2Rgammac was performed on total RNA extracted from 35 meningiomas and a normal human brain tissue sample. Results were confirmed in nine randomly selected tumors by quantitative real-time PCR and in situ immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS Transcripts for the IL-4Ralpha and IL-13Ralpha1 chains were overexpressed in meningiomas compared with normal brain tissue. The levels of IL-4Ralpha mRNA appeared to be higher compared with the levels of IL-13Ralpha1 mRNA. The results also showed that tumors with higher disease grade tended to have increased mRNA expression for the IL-4Ralpha chain. This IL-4Ralpha mRNA overexpression appeared to be more frequent in younger patients (age < 37 years). The transcripts for IL-2Rgammac chain were not detected in any of the tumor samples or in normal brain tissue. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed the results of the RT-PCR analysis. Meningiomas also demonstrated a bright immunofluorescent staining for the IL-4Ralpha and IL-13Ralpha1 chains but no staining for IL-2Rgammac. CONCLUSIONS Expression of the IL-4Ralpha and IL-13Ralpha1 chains and absence of IL-2gammac expression established that meningiomas expressed type II IL-4Rs. These receptors may serve as a target for cytotoxin/immunotoxin therapy in patients with meningioma who are not amenable to surgical resection or for recurrent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Puri
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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43
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Pletnev S, Magracheva E, Wlodawer A, Zdanov A. A model of the ternary complex of interleukin-10 with its soluble receptors. BMC Struct Biol 2005; 5:10. [PMID: 15985167 PMCID: PMC1192808 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine whose main biological function is to suppress the immune response by induction of a signal(s) leading to inhibition of synthesis of a number of cytokines and their cellular receptors. Signal transduction is initiated upon formation of a ternary complex of IL-10 with two of its receptor chains, IL-10R1 and IL-10R2, expressed on the cell membrane. The affinity of IL-10R1 toward IL-10 is very high, which allowed determination of the crystal structure of IL-10 complexed with the extracellular/soluble domain of IL-10R1, while the affinity of IL-10R2 toward either IL-10 or IL-10/sIL-10R1 complex is quite low. This so far has prevented any attempts to obtain structural information about the ternary complex of IL-10 with its receptor chains. RESULTS Structures of the second soluble receptor chain of interleukin-10 (sIL-10R2) and the ternary complex of IL-10/sIL-10R1/sIL-10R2 have been generated by homology modeling, which allowed us to identify residues involved in ligand-receptor and receptor-receptor interactions. CONCLUSION The previously experimentally determined structure of the intermediate/binary complex IL-10/sIL-10R1 is the same in the ternary complex. There are two binding sites for the second receptor chain on the surface of the IL-10/sIL-10R1 complex, involving both IL-10 and sIL-10R1. Most of the interactions are hydrophilic in nature, although each interface includes two internal hydrophobic clusters. The distance between C-termini of the receptor chains is 25 A, which is common for known structures of ternary complexes of other cytokines. The structure is likely to represent the biologically active signaling complex of IL-10 with its receptor on the surface of the cell membrane.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Gene Deletion
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Interleukin-10/chemistry
- Ligands
- Models, Biological
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Interferon/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-10
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Pletnev
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD21702-1201, USA
| | - Eugenia Magracheva
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD21702-1201, USA
- Basic Research Program, Science Application International Corporation-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD21702-1201, USA
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD21702-1201, USA
| | - Alexander Zdanov
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD21702-1201, USA
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44
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Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that binds sequentially to the alpha (IL-2Ralpha), beta (IL-2Rbeta), and common gamma chain (gammac) receptor subunits. Here we present the 2.8 angstrom crystal structure of a complex between human IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha, which interact in a docking mode distinct from that of other cytokine receptor complexes. IL-2Ralpha is composed of strand-swapped "sushi-like" domains, unlike the classical cytokine receptor fold. As a result of this domain swap, IL-2Ralpha uses a composite surface to dock into a groove on IL-2 that also serves as a binding site for antagonist drugs. With this complex, we now have representative structures for each class of hematopoietic cytokine receptor-docking modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Rickert
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Fairchild D319, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA
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45
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Abstract
The cyclic peptide AF17121 is a library-derived antagonist for human interleukin-5 (IL5) receptor alpha (IL5Ralpha) and inhibits IL5 activity. Our previous results have demonstrated that the sixth arginine residue of the peptide is crucial for the inhibitory effect and that several acidic residues in the N- and C-terminal regions also make a contribution, although to a lesser extent (Ruchala, P., Varadi, G., Ishino, T., Scibek, J., Bhattacharya, M., Urbina, C., Van Ryk, D., Uings, I., and Chaiken, I. (2004) Biopolymers 73, 556-568). However, the recognition mechanism of the receptor has remained unresolved. In this study, AF17121 was fused to thioredoxin by recombinant DNA techniques and examined for IL5Ralpha interaction using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor method. Kinetic analysis revealed that the dissociation rate of the peptide.receptor complex is comparable with that of the cytokine.receptor complex. The fusion peptide competed with IL5 for both biological function and interaction with IL5Ralpha, indicating that the binding sites on the receptor are shared by AF17121 and IL5. To define the epitope residues for AF17121, we defined its binding footprint on IL5Ralpha by alanine substitution of Asp(55), Asp(56), Glu(58), Lys(186), Arg(188), and Arg(297) of the receptor. Marked effects on the interaction were observed in all three fibronectin type III domains of IL5Ralpha, in particular Asp(55), Arg(188), and Arg(297) in the D1, D2, and D3 domains, respectively. This footprint represents a significant subset of that for IL5 binding. The fact that AF17121 mimics the receptor binding capability of IL5 but antagonizes biological function evokes several models for how IL5 induces activation of the multisubunit receptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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46
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Arima K, Sato K, Tanaka G, Kanaji S, Terada T, Honjo E, Kuroki R, Matsuo Y, Izuhara K. Characterization of the interaction between interleukin-13 and interleukin-13 receptors. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:24915-22. [PMID: 15870068 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502571200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) possesses two types of receptor: the heterodimer, composed of the IL-13Ralpha1 chain (IL-13Ralpha1) and the IL-4Ralpha chain (IL-4Ralpha), transducing the IL-13 signals; and the IL-13Ralpha2 chain (IL-13Ralpha2), acting as a nonsignaling "decoy" receptor. Extracellular portions of both IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-13Ralpha2 are composed of three fibronectin type III domains, D1, D2, and D3, of which the last two comprise the cytokine receptor homology modules (CRHs), a common structure of the class I cytokine receptor superfamily. Thus far, there has been no information about the critical amino acids of the CRHs or the role of the D1 domains of IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-13Ralpha2 in binding to IL-13. In this study, we first built the homology modeling of the IL-13.hIL-13 receptor complexes and then predicted the amino acids involved in binding to IL-13. By incorporating mutations into these amino acids, we identified Tyr-207, Asp-271, Tyr-315, and Asp-318 in the CRH of human IL-13Ralpha2, and Leu-319 and Tyr-321 in the CRH of human IL-13Ralpha1, as critical residues for binding to IL-13. Tyr-315 in IL-13Ralpha2 and Leu-319 in IL-13Ralpha1 are positionally conserved hydrophobic amino acid residues. Furthermore, by using D1 domain-deleted mutants, we found that the D1 domain is needed for the expression of IL-13Ralpha2, but not IL-13Ralpha1, and that the D1 domain of IL-13Ralpha1 is important for binding to IL-13, but not to IL-4. These results provide the basis for a precise understanding of the interaction between IL-13 and its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Arima
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Center for Comprehensive Community Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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47
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Hölscher C. Targeting IL-23 in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:489-95. [PMID: 15912962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated cell-mediated immune responses may lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmune disorders. The recent discovery of the dimeric interleukin (IL)-12-related cytokine IL-23 now adds to our understanding of the fine-tuning of cellular immunity. The critical implication of the role that IL-12p40 plays in autoimmune inflammation has long been misinterpreted and only recently have studies revealed that it is IL-23, and not IL-12, that is the decisive factor in this immune deviation. Therefore, targeting of IL-23 or the IL-23 receptor is a promising therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes recent findings regarding IL-23-mediated autoreactive inflammatory responses, and introduces possible therapeutic interventions that are aimed at mitigating autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hölscher
- Junior Research Group Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany.
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48
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Fukushima K, Ikehara Y, Yamashita K. Functional role played by the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor glycan of CD48 in interleukin-18-induced interferon-gamma production. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18056-62. [PMID: 15760905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413297200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 induces T cells and natural killer cells to produce not only interferon-gamma but also other cytokines by binding to the IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) alpha and beta subunits. However, little is known about how IL-18, IL-18Ralpha, and IL-18Rbeta form a high-affinity complex on the cell surface and transduce the signal. We found that IL-18 and IL-18Ralpha bind to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycan via the third mannose 6-phosphate diester and the second beta-GlcNAc-deleted mannose 6-phosphate of GPI glycan, respectively. To determine which GPI-anchored glycoprotein is involved in the complex of IL-18 and IL-18Ralpha, IL-18Ralpha of IL-18-stimulated KG-1 cells was immunoprecipitated together with CD48 by anti-IL-18Ralpha antibody. More than 90% of CD48 was detected as beta-GlcNAc-deleted GPI-anchored glycoprotein, and soluble recombinant human CD48 without GPI glycan bound to IL-18Ralpha, indicating that CD48 is associated with IL-18Ralpha via both the peptide portion and the GPI glycan. To investigate whether the carbohydrate recognition of IL-18 is involved in physiological activities, KG-1 cells were digested with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C before IL-18 stimulation. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases and the following IL-18-dependent interferon-gamma production. These observations suggest that the complex formation of IL-18.IL-18Ralpha. CD48 via both the peptide portion and GPI glycan triggers the binding to IL-18Rbeta, and the IL-18.IL-18Ralpha.CD48.IL-18Rbeta complex induces cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Fukushima
- Department of Biochemistry, Sasaki Institute, 2-2 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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49
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Bhakoo A, Raynes JG, Heal JR, Keller M, Miller AD. De-novo design of complementary (antisense) peptide mini-receptor inhibitor of interleukin 18 (IL-18). Mol Immunol 2004; 41:1217-24. [PMID: 15482857 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2003] [Revised: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Complementary (antisense) peptide mini-receptor inhibitors are complementary peptides designed to be receptor-surrogates that act by binding to selected surface features of biologically important proteins thereby inhibiting protein-cognate receptor interactions and subsequent biological effects. Previously, we described a complementary peptide mini-receptor inhibitor of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) that was designed to bind to an external surface loop (beta-bulge) of IL-1beta (Boraschi loop) clearly identified in the X-ray crystal structure of this cytokine. Here, we report the de-novo design and rational development of a complementary peptide mini-receptor inhibitor of cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18), a protein for which there is no known X-ray crystal structure. Using sequence homology comparisons with IL-1beta, putative IL-18 surface loops are identified and used as a starting point for design, including a loop region 1 thought to be equivalent with the Boraschi loop of IL-1beta. Only loop region 1 complementary peptides are found to be promising leads as mini-receptor inhibitors of IL-18 but these are prevented from being properly successful owing to solubility problems. The application of "M-I pair mutagenesis" and inclusion of a C-terminal arginine residue are then sufficient to solve this problem and convert one lead peptide into a functional complementary peptide mini-receptor inhibitor of IL-18. This suggests that the biophysical and biological properties of complementary peptides can be improved in a rational and logical manner where appropriate, further strengthening the potential importance of complementary peptides as inhibitors of protein-protein interactions, even when X-ray crystal structural information is not readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bhakoo
- Imperial College Genetic Therapies Centre, Department of Chemistry, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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50
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Abstract
IL-17 and its receptor are founding members of an emerging family of cytokines and receptors with many unique characteristics. IL-17 is produced primarily by T cells, particularly those of the memory compartment. In contrast, IL-17 receptor is ubiquitously expressed, making nearly all cells potential targets of IL-17. Although it has only limited homology to other cytokines, IL-17 exhibits proinflammatory properties similar to those of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, particularly with respect to induction of other inflammatory effectors. In addition, IL-17 synergizes potently with other cytokines, placing it in the center of the inflammatory network. Strikingly, IL-17 has been associated with several bone pathologies, most notably rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Gaffen
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA.
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