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Sawamura K, Hamajima T, Izawa M, Kaneko H, Kitamura A, Kitoh H. Changes of the lower limb deformity in children with FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets treated with Burosumab: a single-center prospective study. J Pediatr Orthop B 2024; 33:90-96. [PMID: 36728857 DOI: 10.1097/bpb.0000000000001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-related hypophosphatemic rickets (HPR) are characterized by excess circulating FGF23 and low concentrations of serum phosphorus, leading to skeletal manifestations of rickets, including lower limb deformities in children. The objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate whether treatment with burosumab, a monoclonal antibody neutralizing FGF23, changes lower limb deformities in HPR. Patients who were 15 years of age or younger with a documented clinical diagnosis of HPR, receiving burosumab treatment, and had a minimum follow-up period of one year were included in the study. Various radiological parameters were measured from anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the bilateral lower limbs taken before administration of burosumab and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment for evaluation of lower limb alignment. Outcome was classified as 'improvement', 'no change', or 'deterioration' after 12 months treatment. Five patients (10 limbs), with a mean age of 7.2 years were included in this study. The outcome was 'improvement' in six limbs and 'no change' in four limbs. There were no limbs of 'deterioration'. The improvement in deformities after treatment was more significant in younger patients who originally showed severe lower limb deformities. Older patients with milder deformities, on the other hand, showed less improvement. Burosumab therapy favorably changed lower-limb malalignment in children with FGF23-related HPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Sawamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Obu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya
| | - Takashi Hamajima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Obu
| | - Masako Izawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Obu
| | - Hiroshi Kaneko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Obu
| | - Akiko Kitamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Obu
| | - Hiroshi Kitoh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Obu
- Department of Comprehensive Pediatric Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Amewu RK, Sakyi PO, Osei-Safo D, Addae-Mensah I. Synthetic and Naturally Occurring Heterocyclic Anticancer Compounds with Multiple Biological Targets. Molecules 2021; 26:7134. [PMID: 34885716 PMCID: PMC8658833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex group of diseases initiated by abnormal cell division with the potential of spreading to other parts of the body. The advancement in the discoveries of omics and bio- and cheminformatics has led to the identification of drugs inhibiting putative targets including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family receptors, fibroblast growth factors (FGF), platelet derived growth factors (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), and neuropeptide Y4 (NY4), amongst others. Drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and drug ineffectiveness for various cancer chemo-treatments are widespread. Due to this, efficient therapeutic agents targeting two or more of the putative targets in different cancer cells are proposed as cutting edge treatments. Heterocyclic compounds, both synthetic and natural products, have, however, contributed immensely to chemotherapeutics for treatments of various diseases, but little is known about such compounds and their multimodal anticancer properties. A compendium of heterocyclic synthetic and natural product multitarget anticancer compounds, their IC50, and biological targets of inhibition are therefore presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kwamla Amewu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana; (R.K.A.); (P.O.S.); (D.O.-S.)
| | - Patrick Opare Sakyi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana; (R.K.A.); (P.O.S.); (D.O.-S.)
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani P.O. Box 214, Ghana
| | - Dorcas Osei-Safo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana; (R.K.A.); (P.O.S.); (D.O.-S.)
| | - Ivan Addae-Mensah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana; (R.K.A.); (P.O.S.); (D.O.-S.)
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Lee HW, Seo HK. Fibroblast Growth Factor Inhibitors for Treating Locally Advanced/Metastatic Bladder Urothelial Carcinomas via Dual Targeting of Tumor-Specific Oncogenic Signaling and the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9526. [PMID: 34502435 PMCID: PMC8431699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced or metastatic urothelial bladder cancer (a/m UBC) is currently treated using platinum-based combination chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the preferred second-line treatment options for cisplatin-eligible a/m UBC patients and as first-line options in cisplatin-ineligible settings. However, the response rates for ICI monotherapy are modest (~20%), which necessitates the exploration of alternative strategies. Dysregulated activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling enhances tumor proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. The recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of erdafitinib and the emergence of other potent and selective FGFR inhibitors (FGFRis) have shifted the treatment paradigm for patients with a/m UBC harboring actionable FGFR2 or FGFR3 genomic alterations, who often have a minimal-to-modest response to ICIs. FGFRi-ICI combinations are therefore worth exploring, and their preliminary response rates and safety profiles are promising. In the present review, we summarize the impact of altered FGFR signaling on a/m UBC tumor evolution, the clinical development of FGFRis, the rationale for FGFRi-ICI combinations, current trials, and prospective research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Department of Urology, Center for Urologic Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
| | - Ho Kyung Seo
- Department of Urology, Center for Urologic Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Research Institute, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
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Castelli R, Taranto S, Furiassi L, Bozza N, Marseglia G, Ferlenghi F, Rivara S, Retini M, Bedini A, Spadoni G, Matarazzo S, Ronca R, Presta M, Mor M, Giacomini A. Chemical modification of NSC12 leads to a specific FGF-trap with antitumor activity in multiple myeloma. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113529. [PMID: 34004471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of FGF/FGFR signaling is a promising strategy for the treatment of malignances dependent from FGF stimulation, including multiple myeloma (MM). The steroidal derivative NSC12 (compound 1) is a pan-FGF trap endowed with antitumor activity in vivo. Chemical modifications of compound 1 were explored to investigate structure-activity relationships, focusing on the role of the bis(trifluoromethyl)1,3-propanediol chain, the stereochemistry at C20 and functionalization of C3 position. Our studies unveiled compound 25b, the pregnane 3-keto 20R derivative of compound 1 as an effective agent, blocking the proliferation of MM cells in vitro by inhibiting FGF-dependent receptor activation and slowing MM growth in vivo. Importantly, the absence of the hydroxyl group at C3 prevents binding to estrogen receptors, which might concur to the antitumor activity observed for compound 1, leading to a specific FGF/FGFR system inhibitor, and further supporting the role of FGFR in anticancer therapy in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Castelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Taranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, via Branze 39, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Furiassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università, degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Nicole Bozza
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marseglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferlenghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Michele Retini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università, degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università, degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università, degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Sara Matarazzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, via Branze 39, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, via Branze 39, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, via Branze 39, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, via Branze 39, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
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Hartley IR, Miller CB, Papadakis GZ, Bergwitz C, Del Rivero J, Blau JE, Florenzano P, Berglund JA, Tassone J, Roszko KL, Moran S, Gafni RI, Isaacs R, Collins MT. Targeted FGFR Blockade for the Treatment of Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:1387-1389. [PMID: 32905668 PMCID: PMC7561341 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris R Hartley
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Jenny E Blau
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jason A Berglund
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Kelly L Roszko
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Rachel I Gafni
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD
| | - Randi Isaacs
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, East Hanover, NJ
| | - Michael T Collins
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD
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Li Y, Wu L, Tao W, Wu D, Ma F, Li N. Expression Atlas of FGF and FGFR Genes in Pancancer Uncovered Predictive Biomarkers for Clinical Trials of Selective FGFR Inhibitors. Biomed Res Int 2020; 2020:5658904. [PMID: 32596330 PMCID: PMC7293733 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5658904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials based on FGFR mutation or amplification as a druggable target of FGFR inhibitors have produced disappointing clinical outcomes. Therefore, the identification of predictive biomarkers for FGFR-targeted agents has remained a crucial issue. METHODS Expression profiles of FGFs and FGFRs in 8,111 patients with 24 types of solid tumors and 879 tumor cell lines along with drug sensitivity data were obtained and followed by integrative bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS FGFs and FGFRs were frequently dysregulated in pancancer. Most of the expression of FGFs and FGFRs were significantly associated with overall survival in at least two cancer types. Moreover, tumor cell lines with high FGFR1/3 expression were more sensitive to FGFR inhibitor PD173074, especially in breast, liver, lung and ovarian cancer. The predicted positive ratios of FGFR1-4 were generally over 10% in most tumor types, especially in squamous cell carcinoma. High positive FGFR1 or 3 expression ratios were predicted in cholangiocarcinoma (58%), followed by bladder cancer (42%), endometrial carcinoma (35%), and ovarian cancer (34%). CONCLUSIONS FGFR expression was a promising predictive biomarker for FGFR inhibition response in clinical trials, and different combinations of FGFR genes should be used in screening for patients in certain tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiping Tao
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Good Clinical Practice Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Law JP, Price AM, Pickup L, Radhakrishnan A, Weston C, Jones AM, McGettrick HM, Chua W, Steeds RP, Fabritz L, Kirchhof P, Pavlovic D, Townend JN, Ferro CJ. Clinical Potential of Targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 and αKlotho in the Treatment of Uremic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016041. [PMID: 32212912 PMCID: PMC7428638 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is highly prevalent, affecting 10% to 15% of the adult population worldwide and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. As chronic kidney disease worsens, a unique cardiovascular phenotype develops characterized by heart muscle disease, increased arterial stiffness, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Cardiovascular risk is multifaceted, but most cardiovascular deaths in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease are caused by heart failure and sudden cardiac death. While the exact drivers of these deaths are unknown, they are believed to be caused by uremic cardiomyopathy: a specific pattern of myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, with both diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Although the pathogenesis of uremic cardiomyopathy is likely to be multifactorial, accumulating evidence suggests increased production of fibroblast growth factor-23 and αKlotho deficiency as potential major drivers of cardiac remodeling in patients with uremic cardiomyopathy. In this article we review the increasing understanding of the physiology and clinical aspects of uremic cardiomyopathy and the rapidly increasing knowledge of the biology of both fibroblast growth factor-23 and αKlotho. Finally, we discuss how dissection of these pathological processes is aiding the development of therapeutic options, including small molecules and antibodies, directly aimed at improving the cardiovascular outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Law
- Birmingham Cardio‐Renal GroupUniversity Hospitals BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of NephrologyUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna M. Price
- Birmingham Cardio‐Renal GroupUniversity Hospitals BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of NephrologyUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Luke Pickup
- Birmingham Cardio‐Renal GroupUniversity Hospitals BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Ashwin Radhakrishnan
- Birmingham Cardio‐Renal GroupUniversity Hospitals BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Chris Weston
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of PharmacyUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Winnie Chua
- Birmingham Cardio‐Renal GroupUniversity Hospitals BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Steeds
- Birmingham Cardio‐Renal GroupUniversity Hospitals BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of CardiologyUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Birmingham Cardio‐Renal GroupUniversity Hospitals BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of CardiologyUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Birmingham Cardio‐Renal GroupUniversity Hospitals BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Davor Pavlovic
- Birmingham Cardio‐Renal GroupUniversity Hospitals BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan N. Townend
- Birmingham Cardio‐Renal GroupUniversity Hospitals BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of CardiologyUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Charles J. Ferro
- Birmingham Cardio‐Renal GroupUniversity Hospitals BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of NephrologyUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUnited Kingdom
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Rothenbuhler A, Schnabel D, Högler W, Linglart A. Diagnosis, treatment-monitoring and follow-up of children and adolescents with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Metabolism 2020; 103S:153892. [PMID: 30928313 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis, optimal therapeutic management and regular follow up of children with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) determine their long term outcomes and future quality of life. Biochemical screening of potentially affected newborns in familial cases and improving physician's knowledge on clinical signs, symptoms and biochemical characteristics of XLH for de novo cases should lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment initiation. The follow-up of children with XLH includes clinical, biochemical and radiological monitoring of treatment (efficacy and complications) and screening for XLH-related dental, neurosurgical, rheumatological, cardiovascular, renal and ENT complications. In 2018, the European Union approved the use of burosumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-FGF23 antibody, as an alternative therapy to conventional therapy (active vitamin D analogues and phosphate supplements) in growing children with XLH and insufficiently controlled disease. Diagnostic criteria of XLH and the principles of disease management with conventional treatment or with burosumab are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Rothenbuhler
- APHP, Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR, Paris, France; APHP, Platform of Expertise for Rare Disorders Paris-Sud, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Dirk Schnabel
- Center for Chronic Sick Children, Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Högler
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Agnès Linglart
- APHP, Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR, Paris, France; APHP, Platform of Expertise for Rare Disorders Paris-Sud, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is caused by mutations in the PHEX gene which result in Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FG-F23) excess and phosphate wasting. Clinically, XLH children present with rickets, bone deformities and short stature. In adulthood, patients may still be symptomatic with bone and joint pain, osteomalacia-related fractures or pseudofractures, precocious osteoarthrosis, enthesopathy, muscle weakness and severe dental anomalies. Besides these musculoskeletal and dental manifestations, adult XLH patients are also prone to secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Pathophysiology of hyperparathyroidism is only partially understood but FGF23 excess and deficient production of calcitriol likely contributes to its development. Similarly, the pathophysiological mechanisms of potential cardiovascular and metabolic involvements are not clear, but FGF-23 excess may play an essential role. Treatment should be considered in symptomatic patients, patients undergoing orthopedic or dental surgery and women during pregnancy and lactation. Treatment with oral phosphate salts and active vitamin D analogs has incomplete efficacy and potential risks. Burosumab, a recombinant human monoclonal antibody against FGF-23, has proven its efficacy in phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials in adult patients with XLH, but currently its position as first line or second line treatment differ among the countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Lecoq
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR, and Platform of Expertise for Rare Disorders, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Agnès Linglart
- AP-HP, Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR, and Platform of Expertise for Rare Disorders, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter Kamenický
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR, and Platform of Expertise for Rare Disorders, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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10
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Hagan AS, Boylan M, Smith C, Perez-Santamarina E, Kowalska K, Hung IH, Lewis RM, Hajihosseini MK, Lewandoski M, Ornitz DM. Generation and validation of novel conditional flox and inducible Cre alleles targeting fibroblast growth factor 18 (Fgf18). Dev Dyn 2019; 248:882-893. [PMID: 31290205 PMCID: PMC7029619 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) functions in the development of several tissues, including the lung, limb bud, palate, skeleton, central nervous system, and hair follicle. Mice containing a germline knockout of Fgf18 (Fgf18 -/- ) die shortly after birth. Postnatally, FGF18 is being evaluated for pathogenic roles in fibrosis and several types of cancer. The specific cell types that express FGF18 have been difficult to identify, and the function of FGF18 in postnatal development and tissue homeostasis has been hampered by the perinatal lethality of Fgf18 null mice. RESULTS We engineered a floxed allele of Fgf18 (Fgf18 flox ) that allows conditional gene inactivation and a CreERT2 knockin allele (Fgf18 CreERT2 ) that allows the precise identification of cells that express Fgf18 and their lineage. We validated the Fgf18 flox allele by targeting it in mesenchymal tissue and primary mesoderm during embryonic development, resulting in similar phenotypes to those observed in Fgf18 null mice. We also use the Fgf18 CreERT2 allele, in combination with a conditional fluorescent reporter to confirm known and identify new sites of Fgf18 expression. CONCLUSION These alleles will be useful to investigate FGF18 function during organogenesis and tissue homeostasis, and to target specific cell lineages at embryonic and postnatal time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Hagan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael Boylan
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Craig Smith
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Karolina Kowalska
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Irene H. Hung
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Renate M. Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common type of cancer, with an increasing mortality rate. Aberrant expression of fibroblast growth factor 19-fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGF19-FGFR4) is reported to be an oncogenic-driver pathway for HCC patients. Thus, the FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway is a promising target for the treatment of HCC. Several pan-FGFR (1-4) and FGFR4-specific inhibitors are in different phases of clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the information, recent developments, binding modes, selectivity, and clinical trial phases of different available FGFR4/pan-FGF inhibitors. We also discuss future perspectives and highlight the points that should be addressed to improve the efficacy of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroosha Raja
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Inkeun Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea.
| | - Farhan Haq
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Sung-Min Ahn
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea.
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea.
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12
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Whyte MP, Carpenter TO, Gottesman GS, Mao M, Skrinar A, San Martin J, Imel EA. Efficacy and safety of burosumab in children aged 1-4 years with X-linked hypophosphataemia: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 7:189-199. [PMID: 30638856 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with X-linked hypophosphataemia have high concentrations of circulating phosphatonin fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which causes renal phosphate wasting and hypophosphataemia, rickets, skeletal deformities, and growth impairment. Burosumab, a human monoclonal antibody against FGF23, improves phosphate homoeostasis and rickets in children aged 5-12 years with X-linked hypophosphataemia. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of burosumab in younger children with X-linked hypophosphataemia. METHODS In this open-label, phase 2 trial at three hospitals in the USA, children (aged 1-4 years) with X-linked hypophosphataemia received burosumab (0·8 mg/kg) via subcutaneous injection every 2 weeks for 64 weeks. The dose was increased to 1·2 mg/kg if two consecutive pre-dose serum phosphorus concentrations were below 1·03 mmol/L (3·2 mg/dL), serum phosphorus had increased by less than 0·16 mmol/L (<0·5 mg/dL) from baseline, and a dose of burosumab had not been missed. Participants could continue to receive burosumab for up to an additional 96 weeks during the extension period. Key inclusion criteria were age 1-4 years at the time of informed consent; fasting serum phosphorus concentration of less than 0·97 mmol/L (3·0 mg/dL); serum creatinine 8·8-35·4 μmol/L (0·1-0·4 mg/dL); radiographic evidence of rickets (at least five participants were required to have a Thacher Rickets Severity Score of ≥1·5 at the knee); and a confirmed PHEX mutation or a variant of unknown significance in the patient or direct relative also affected with X-linked hypophosphataemia. Conventional therapy was stopped upon enrolment. The coprimary endpoints were safety and change from baseline to week 40 in fasting serum phosphorus concentrations. Changes in rickets severity from baseline to weeks 40 and 64 (assessed radiographically using Thacher Rickets Severity Score and an adaptation of the Radiographic Global Impression of Change), and recumbent length or standing height, were key secondary outcomes. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02750618, and is ongoing. FINDINGS Between May 16, 2016, and June 10, 2016, we enrolled 13 children with X-linked hypophosphataemia. All 13 children completed 64 weeks of treatment and were included in the efficacy and safety analysis; none exceeded 70 weeks of treatment at the time of analysis. Serum phosphorus least squares mean increase from baseline to week 40 of treatment was 0·31 mmol/L (SE 0·04; 95% CI 0·24-0·39; 0·96 mg/dL [SE 0·12]; p<0·0001). All patients had at least one adverse event. 14 treatment-related adverse events, mostly injection site reactions, occurred in five children. One serious adverse event considered unrelated to treatment (tooth abscess) occurred in a child with a history of tooth abscess. All other adverse events were mild to moderate, except a severe food allergy considered unrelated to treatment. No instances of nephrocalcinosis or noteworthy changes in the results of a standard safety chemistry panel emerged. Total Thacher Rickets Severity Score decreased by a least squares mean of -1·7 (SE 0·1; p<0·0001) from baseline to week 40 and by -2·0 (SE 0·1; p<0·0001) by week 64. The Radiographic Global Impression of Change score also indicated significant improvement, with a least squares mean score of +2·3 (SE 0·1) at week 40 and +2·2 (0·1) at week 64 (both p<0·0001). Mean length or standing height Z score was maintained from baseline to week 64. INTERPRETATION Burosumab had a favourable safety profile, increased serum phosphorus, and improved rickets and prevented early declines in growth in children aged 1-4 years with X-linked hypophosphataemia. These findings could substantially alter the treatment of young children with X-linked hypophosphataemia. FUNDING Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical and Kyowa Kirin International.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Meng Mao
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Erik A Imel
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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13
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Chesher D, Oddy M, Darbar U, Sayal P, Casey A, Ryan A, Sechi A, Simister C, Waters A, Wedatilake Y, Lachmann RH, Murphy E. Outcome of adult patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia caused by PHEX gene mutations. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:865-876. [PMID: 29460029 PMCID: PMC6133187 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common monogenic disorder causing hypophosphatemia. This case-note review documents the clinical features and the complications of treatment in 59 adults (19 male, 40 female) with XLH. XLH is associated with a large number of private mutations; 37 different mutations in the PHEX gene were identified in this cohort, 14 of which have not been previously reported. Orthopaedic involvement requiring surgical intervention (osteotomy) was frequent. Joint replacement and decompressive laminectomy were observed in those older than 40 years. Dental disease (63%), nephrocalcinosis (42%), and hearing impairment (14%) were also common. The rarity of the disease and the large number of variants make it difficult to discern specific genotype-phenotype relationships. A new treatment, an anti-FGF23 antibody, that may affect the natural history of the disease is currently being investigated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Chesher
- Charles Dent Metabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Oddy
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ulpee Darbar
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK
| | - Parag Sayal
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Adrian Casey
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Aidan Ryan
- Charles Dent Metabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Annalisa Sechi
- Charles Dent Metabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Centre for Rare Disease, Academic Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Charlotte Simister
- Charles Dent Metabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Aoife Waters
- Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Yehani Wedatilake
- Charles Dent Metabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Imperial College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Robin H Lachmann
- Charles Dent Metabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Elaine Murphy
- Charles Dent Metabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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14
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Abstract
Bariatric surgery procedures, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), are the most effective interventions available for sustained weight loss and improved glucose metabolism. Bariatric surgery alters the enterohepatic bile acid circulation, resulting in increased plasma bile levels as well as altered bile acid composition. While it remains unclear why both VSG and RYGB can alter bile acids, it is possible that these changes are important mediators of the effects of surgery. Moreover, a molecular target of bile acid synthesis, the bile acid-activated transcription factor FXR, is essential for the positive effects of VSG on weight loss and glycemic control. This Perspective examines the relationship and sequence of events between altered bile acid levels and composition, FXR signaling, and gut microbiota after bariatric surgery. We hypothesize that although bile acids and FXR signaling are potent mediators of metabolic function, unidentified downstream targets are the main mediators behind the benefits of weight-loss surgery. One of these targets, the gut-derived peptide FGF15/19, is a potential molecular and therapeutic marker to explain the positive metabolic effects of bariatric surgery. Focusing research efforts on identifying these complex molecular mechanisms will provide new opportunities for therapeutic strategies to treat obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Bozadjieva
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Randy J Seeley
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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15
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Agoro R, Montagna A, Goetz R, Aligbe O, Singh G, Coe LM, Mohammadi M, Rivella S, Sitara D. Inhibition of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) signaling rescues renal anemia. FASEB J 2018; 32:3752-3764. [PMID: 29481308 PMCID: PMC5998980 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700667r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Severe anemia and iron deficiency are common complications in chronic kidney disease. The cause of renal anemia is multifactorial and includes decreased erythropoietin (Epo) production, iron deficiency, and inflammation, and it is currently treated with injections of synthetic Epo. However, the use of recombinant Epo has several adverse effects. We previously reported that high fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels in mice are associated with decreased red blood cell production, whereas genetic inactivation of Fgf23 results in expansion of the erythroid lineage. The present study is the first to show that high FGF23 levels in a mouse model of renal failure contribute to renal anemia, and inhibiting FGF23 signaling stimulates erythropoiesis and abolishes anemia and iron deficiency. Moreover, we show that inhibition of FGF23 signaling significantly decreases erythroid cell apoptosis and influences the commitment of hematopoietic stem cells toward the erythroid linage. Furthermore, we show that blocking FGF23 signaling attenuates inflammation, resulting in increased serum iron and ferritin levels. Our data clearly demonstrate that elevated FGF23 is a causative factor in the development of renal anemia and iron deficiency, and importantly, blocking FGF23 signaling represents a novel approach to stimulate erythropoiesis and possibly improve survival for millions of chronic kidney disease patients worldwide.-Agoro, R., Montagna, A., Goetz, R., Aligbe, O., Singh, G., Coe, L. M., Mohammadi, M., Rivella, S., Sitara, D. Inhibition of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) signaling rescues renal anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiou Agoro
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna Montagna
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Regina Goetz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Onyedikachi Aligbe
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gurinder Singh
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Coe
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Division of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and
| | - Despina Sitara
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Maruyama N, Otsuki T, Yoshida Y, Nagura C, Kitai M, Shibahara N, Tomita H, Maruyama T, Abe M. Ferric Citrate Decreases Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Improves Erythropoietin Responsiveness in Hemodialysis Patients. Am J Nephrol 2018; 47:406-414. [PMID: 29874654 DOI: 10.1159/000489964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum phosphate and vitamin D receptor activator regulate fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and iron may modulate FGF23 metabolism. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of ferric citrate hydrate and lanthanum carbohydrate on serum FGF23 levels in hemodialysis patients. METHODS This prospective, open-label, multicenter study enrolled 60 patients on hemodialysis treated with lanthanum carbonate. Patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups: those switching from lanthanum carbonate to ferric citrate hydrate (ferric citrate group, n = 30) or those continuing lanthanum carbonate (control group, n = 30). Patients were monitored for 24 weeks. Endpoints included changes in FGF23, phosphate, and the dose of erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA), erythropoietin responsiveness index (ERI), and adverse events. RESULTS FGF-23 levels were significantly lower in the ferric citrate group compared with the levels in the control group (change from baseline -6,160 vs. -1,118 pg/mL; p = 0.026). There were no significant changes in serum calcium, phosphate, and intact parathyroid hormone levels in either group. The ferric citrate group had significantly increased serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation. Hemoglobin levels were significantly elevated, and the dose of ESA was significantly decreased in the ferric citrate group but not in the control group. ERI and the dose of intravenous saccharated ferric oxide were significantly lower in the ferric citrate group compared with those of the control group (p = 0.015 and p = 0.002). CONCLUSION In patients on hemodialysis, 24-week treatment with ferric citrate hydrate resulted in significant reduction in FGF23 and ERI independently of serum phosphate level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Maruyama
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Otsuki
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yoshida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chinami Nagura
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kitai
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nami Shibahara
- Department of Nephrology, Hashimoto-Minami Clinic, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hyoe Tomita
- Department of Nephrology, Yujin Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Maruyama
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Liu H, Liu H. [Correlation of fibroblast growth factor 23 with
adverse prognosis of chronic kidney disease and
therapy strategy]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2018; 43:560-565. [PMID: 29886473 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone secreted by the bone. It is not only involved in the pathophysiological process of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but also associated with the poor prognosis. In patients with CKD, serum FGF23 levels are elevated in early phase. The increased FGF23 levels gradually lead to myocardial hypertrophy, inflammatory, vascular calcification, and low level of vitamin D, which contribute to the progress of CKD, cardiovascular complications and even death. Presently, there are several ways to reduce FGF23 levels, including decrease of intake and block of phosphorus absorption, supplement of FGF23 antibody and pseudo calcium or renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purifi cation of Hunan Province, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purifi cation of Hunan Province, Changsha 410011, China
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18
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Carpenter TO, Whyte MP, Imel EA, Boot AM, Högler W, Linglart A, Padidela R, Van't Hoff W, Mao M, Chen CY, Skrinar A, Kakkis E, San Martin J, Portale AA. Burosumab Therapy in Children with X-Linked Hypophosphatemia. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1987-1998. [PMID: 29791829 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1714641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked hypophosphatemia is characterized by increased secretion of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), which leads to hypophosphatemia and consequently rickets, osteomalacia, and skeletal deformities. We investigated burosumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets FGF-23, in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia. METHODS In an open-label, phase 2 trial, we randomly assigned 52 children with X-linked hypophosphatemia, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive subcutaneous burosumab either every 2 weeks or every 4 weeks; the dose was adjusted to achieve a serum phosphorus level at the low end of the normal range. The primary end point was the change from baseline to weeks 40 and 64 in the Thacher rickets severity total score (ranging from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater disease severity). In addition, the Radiographic Global Impression of Change was used to evaluate rachitic changes from baseline to week 40 and to week 64. Additional end points were changes in pharmacodynamic markers, linear growth, physical ability, and patient-reported outcomes and the incidence of adverse events. RESULTS The mean Thacher rickets severity total score decreased from 1.9 at baseline to 0.8 at week 40 with every-2-week dosing and from 1.7 at baseline to 1.1 at week 40 with every-4-week dosing (P<0.001 for both comparisons); these improvements persisted at week 64. The mean serum phosphorus level increased after the first dose in both groups, and more than half the patients in both groups had levels within the normal range (3.2 to 6.1 mg per deciliter [1.0 to 2.0 mmol per liter]) by week 6. Stable serum phosphorus levels were maintained through week 64 with every-2-week dosing. Renal tubular phosphate reabsorption increased from baseline in both groups, with an overall mean increase of 0.98 mg per deciliter (0.32 mmol per liter). The mean dose of burosumab at week 40 was 0.98 mg per kilogram of body weight with every-2-week dosing and 1.50 mg per kilogram with every-4-week dosing. Across both groups, the mean serum alkaline phosphatase level decreased from 459 U per liter at baseline to 369 U per liter at week 64. The mean standing-height z score increased in both groups, with greater improvement seen at all time points with every-2-week dosing (an increase from baseline of 0.19 at week 64) than with every-4-week dosing (an increase from baseline of 0.12 at week 64). Physical ability improved and pain decreased. Nearly all the adverse events were mild or moderate in severity. CONCLUSIONS In children with X-linked hypophosphatemia, treatment with burosumab improved renal tubular phosphate reabsorption, serum phosphorus levels, linear growth, and physical function and reduced pain and the severity of rickets. (Funded by Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical and Kyowa Hakko Kirin; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02163577 ; EudraCT number, 2014-000406-35 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Carpenter
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - Michael P Whyte
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - Erik A Imel
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - Annemieke M Boot
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - Wolfgang Högler
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - Agnès Linglart
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - Raja Padidela
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - William Van't Hoff
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - Meng Mao
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - Chao-Yin Chen
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - Alison Skrinar
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - Emil Kakkis
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - Javier San Martin
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
| | - Anthony A Portale
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.O.C.); Shriners Hospital for Children and Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.P.W.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (E.A.I.); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.M.B.); Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (W. Högler), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester (R.P.), and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (W. van't Hoff) - all in the United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bicêtre, Paris (A.L.); and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Novato (M.M., C.-Y.C., A.S., E.K., J.S.M.), and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (A.A.P.) - both in California
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19
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Velazquez HA, Riccardi D, Xiao Z, Quarles LD, Yates CR, Baudry J, Smith JC. Ensemble docking to difficult targets in early-stage drug discovery: Methodology and application to fibroblast growth factor 23. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 91:491-504. [PMID: 28944571 PMCID: PMC7983124 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ensemble docking is now commonly used in early-stage in silico drug discovery and can be used to attack difficult problems such as finding lead compounds which can disrupt protein-protein interactions. We give an example of this methodology here, as applied to fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a protein hormone that is responsible for regulating phosphate homeostasis. The first small-molecule antagonists of FGF23 were recently discovered by combining ensemble docking with extensive experimental target validation data (Science Signaling, 9, 2016, ra113). Here, we provide a detailed account of how ensemble-based high-throughput virtual screening was used to identify the antagonist compounds discovered in reference (Science Signaling, 9, 2016, ra113). Moreover, we perform further calculations, redocking those antagonist compounds identified in reference (Science Signaling, 9, 2016, ra113) that performed well on drug-likeness filters, to predict possible binding regions. These predicted binding modes are rescored with the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) approach to calculate the most likely binding site. Our findings suggest that the antagonist compounds antagonize FGF23 through the disruption of protein-protein interactions between FGF23 and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector A. Velazquez
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Demian Riccardi
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Leigh Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charless Ryan Yates
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jerome Baudry
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy C. Smith
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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20
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Fukumoto S. [Bone and calcium metabolism associated with malignancy. Tumor-induced osteomalacia.]. Clin Calcium 2018; 28:1451-1455. [PMID: 30374000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-induced osteomalacia(TIO)is a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by excessive production and secretion of fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23)from causative tumors which induces hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. Mesenchymal benign tumors in bone or soft tissue are the most frequent causes for TIO. The first choice treatment of TIO is complete resection of the responsible tumors. In patients whose tumors cannot be completely removed, phosphate salt and active vitamin D are usually prescribed. The effect of anti-FGF23 monoclonal antibody that inhibits the actions of FGF23 is being tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Fukumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
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21
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Kinoshita Y. [Rickets/Osteomalacia. Anti-FGF23 antibody therapy in patients with FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets and osteomalacia.]. Clin Calcium 2018; 28:1373-1379. [PMID: 30269120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23)is a phosphaturic hormone, and its excess causes several kinds of congenital and acquired hypophosphatemic diseases. A combination of oral active vitamin D3 and phosphate salt is the current standard therapy for patients with FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets and osteomalacia. However, these medications may cause long-term complications, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism and chronic kidney disease. Therefore, an anti-FGF23 neutralizing antibody that blocks FGF23 activity has been produced. X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets(XLHR)is the most prevalent form of hereditary FGF23-related hypophosphatemia. The safety and efficacy of a human anti-FGF23 antibody, KRN23 or burosumab, has been confirmed in adults and children with XLHR. Moreover, Burosumab is being tested as a potential treatment for patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia(TIO), which is the most prevalent form of acquired FGF23-related hypophosphatemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kinoshita
- Division of Nephrology & Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan
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22
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Yoshimura K, Hosoya T, Fujinami M, Ohta T, Kumazawa S. Nymphaeol-C, a prenylflavonoid from Macaranga tanarius, suppresses the expression of fibroblast growth factor 18. Phytomedicine 2017; 36:238-242. [PMID: 29157820 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) is one of the key factors in human signaling pathways and has been reported to be associated with the formation of various tissues. Additionally, FGF18 has been reported to maintain the telogen stage of the hair cycle, and its over-expression has also been observed in cancer cells. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We searched for natural compounds that inhibit the expression of FGF18 expression in vitro and evaluated their inhibitory mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN Various plant samples were screened using a luciferase assay targeting FGF18. One active compound was selected by the screening, isolated and identified. METHODS The active compound was isolated using chromatographic techniques and identified by specific rotation measurements, LC-MS and NMR. Additionally, its inhibitory mechanism was evaluated using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS As a result of screening various plant leaf samples, Macaranga tanarius was identified as the most active plant and a prenylflavonoid nymphaeol-C was isolated as the active compound. Using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis, this compound was confirmed to strongly suppress the expression of FGF18. The compound lowered the β-catenin level in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, it was suggested that nymphaeol-C suppresses the expression of FGF18 by suppressing β-catenin expression. Additionally, the compound lowered the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation level in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (MAPK cascade). Therefore, nymphaeol-C suppressed downstream signals of FGF18 by suppressing the expression of FGF18. CONCLUSION We isolated and identified prenylflavonoid nymphaeol-C from M. tanarius. The compound suppresses the expression of FGF18 and affects FGF18 related signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hosoya
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Misa Fujinami
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiro Ohta
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shigenori Kumazawa
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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23
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Bluemn EG, Coleman IM, Lucas JM, Coleman RT, Hernandez-Lopez S, Tharakan R, Bianchi-Frias D, Dumpit RF, Kaipainen A, Corella AN, Yang YC, Nyquist MD, Mostaghel E, Hsieh AC, Zhang X, Corey E, Brown LG, Nguyen HM, Pienta K, Ittmann M, Schweizer M, True LD, Wise D, Rennie PS, Vessella RL, Morrissey C, Nelson PS. Androgen Receptor Pathway-Independent Prostate Cancer Is Sustained through FGF Signaling. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:474-489.e6. [PMID: 29017058 PMCID: PMC5750052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a distinctive feature of prostate carcinoma (PC) and represents the major therapeutic target for treating metastatic prostate cancer (mPC). Though highly effective, AR antagonism can produce tumors that bypass a functional requirement for AR, often through neuroendocrine (NE) transdifferentiation. Through the molecular assessment of mPCs over two decades, we find a phenotypic shift has occurred in mPC with the emergence of an AR-null NE-null phenotype. These "double-negative" PCs are notable for elevated FGF and MAPK pathway activity, which can bypass AR dependence. Pharmacological inhibitors of MAPK or FGFR repressed the growth of double-negative PCs in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that FGF/MAPK blockade may be particularly efficacious against mPCs with an AR-null phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Bluemn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Jared M Lucas
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Roger T Coleman
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Susana Hernandez-Lopez
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Robin Tharakan
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Daniella Bianchi-Frias
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Ruth F Dumpit
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Arja Kaipainen
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Alexandra N Corella
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Yu Chi Yang
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Michael D Nyquist
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Elahe Mostaghel
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Andrew C Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Xiaotun Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lisha G Brown
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Wise
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Robert L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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24
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Carrasco P, Zuazo-Gaztelu I, Casanovas O. Sprouting strategies and dead ends in anti-angiogenic targeting of NETs. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:R77-R91. [PMID: 28469004 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that arise from cells of the neuroendocrine system. NETs are characterized by being highly vascularized tumors that produce large amounts of proangiogenic factors. Due to their complexity and heterogeneity, progress in the development of successful therapeutic approaches has been limited. For instance, standard chemotherapy-based therapies have proven to be poorly selective for tumor cells and toxic for normal tissues. Considering the urge to develop an efficient therapy to treat NET patients, vascular targeting has been proposed as a new approach to block tumor growth. This review provides an update of the mechanisms regulating different components of vessels and their contribution to tumor progression in order to develop new therapeutic drugs. Following the description of classical anti-angiogenic therapies that target VEGF pathway, new angiogenic targets such as PDGFs, EGFs, FGFs and semaphorins are further explored. Based on recent research in the field, the combination of therapies that target multiple and different components of vessel formation would be the best approach to specifically target NETs and inhibit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Carrasco
- Tumor Angiogenesis GroupProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iratxe Zuazo-Gaztelu
- Tumor Angiogenesis GroupProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Casanovas
- Tumor Angiogenesis GroupProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Yan C, Yang Q, Huo X, Li H, Zhou L, Gong Z. Chemical inhibition reveals differential requirements of signaling pathways in kras V12- and Myc-induced liver tumors in transgenic zebrafish. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45796. [PMID: 28378824 PMCID: PMC5381109 DOI: 10.1038/srep45796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have generated inducible liver tumor models by transgenic expression of an oncogene and robust tumorigenesis can be rapidly induced by activation of the oncogene in both juvenile and adult fish. In the present study, we aimed at chemical intervention of tumorigenesis for understanding molecular pathways of tumorigenesis and for potential development of a chemical screening tool for anti-cancer drug discovery. Thus, we evaluated the roles of several major signaling pathways in krasV12- or Myc-induced liver tumors by using several small molecule inhibitors: SU5402 and SU6668 for VEGF/FGF signaling; IWR1 and cardionogen 1 for Wnt signaling; and cyclopamine and Gant61 for Hedgehog signaling. Inhibition of VEGF/FGF signaling was found to deter both Myc- and krasV12-induced liver tumorigenesis while suppression of Wnt signaling relaxed only Myc- but not krasV12-induced liver tumorigenesis. Inhibiting Hedgehog signaling did not suppress either krasV12 or Myc-induced tumors. The suppression of liver tumorigenesis was accompanied with a decrease of cell proliferation, increase of apoptosis, distorted liver histology. Collectively, our observations suggested the requirement of VEGF/FGF signaling but not the hedgehog signaling in liver tumorigenesis in both transgenic fry. However, Wnt signaling appeared to be required for liver tumorigenesis only in Myc but not krasV12 transgenic zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore graduate school for integrative sciences and engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaojing Huo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hankun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore graduate school for integrative sciences and engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Porta R, Borea R, Coelho A, Khan S, Araújo A, Reclusa P, Franchina T, Van Der Steen N, Van Dam P, Ferri J, Sirera R, Naing A, Hong D, Rolfo C. FGFR a promising druggable target in cancer: Molecular biology and new drugs. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 113:256-267. [PMID: 28427515 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) family consists of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors (TKR) involved in several biological functions. Recently, alterations of FGFR have been reported to be important for progression and development of several cancers. In this setting, different studies are trying to evaluate the efficacy of different therapies targeting FGFR. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the current status of treatments targeting FGFR, focusing on the trials that are evaluating the FGFR profile as inclusion criteria: Multi-Target, Pan-FGFR Inhibitors and anti-FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor)/FGFR Monoclonal Antibodies. EXPERT OPINION Most of the TKR share intracellular signaling pathways; therefore, cancer cells tend to overcome the inhibition of one tyrosine kinase receptor by activating another. The future of TKI (Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor) therapy will potentially come from multi-targeted TKIs that target different TKR simultaneously. It is crucial to understand the interaction of the FGF-FGFR axis with other known driver TKRs. Based on this, it is possible to develop therapeutic strategies targeting multiple connected TKRs at once. One correct step in this direction is the reassessment of multi target inhibitors considering the FGFR status of the tumor. Another opportunity arises from assessing the use of FGFR TKI on patients harboring FGFR alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Porta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Girona, Spain; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGi), Girona, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Roberto Borea
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Andreia Coelho
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Nanomedicine and Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - António Araújo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pablo Reclusa
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Tindara Franchina
- Medical Oncology Unit A.O. Papardo & Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nele Van Der Steen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Dam
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Jose Ferri
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Rafael Sirera
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2).
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27
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De Almeida I, Oliveira NMM, Randall RA, Hill CS, McCoy JM, Stern CD. Calreticulin is a secreted BMP antagonist, expressed in Hensen's node during neural induction. Dev Biol 2017; 421:161-170. [PMID: 27919666 PMCID: PMC5231319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hensen's node is the "organizer" of the avian and mammalian early embryo. It has many functions, including neural induction and patterning of the ectoderm and mesoderm. Some of the signals responsible for these activities are known but these do not explain the full complexity of organizer activity. Here we undertake a functional screen to discover new secreted factors expressed by the node at this time of development. Using a Signal Sequence Trap in yeast, we identify several candidates. Here we focus on Calreticulin. We show that in addition to its known functions in intracellular Calcium regulation and protein folding, Calreticulin is secreted, it can bind to BMP4 and act as a BMP antagonist in vivo and in vitro. Calreticulin is not sufficient to account for all organizer functions but may contribute to the complexity of its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene De Almeida
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nidia M M Oliveira
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | | - Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Xiao Z, Riccardi D, Velazquez HA, Chin AL, Yates CR, Carrick JD, Smith JC, Baudry J, Quarles LD. A computationally identified compound antagonizes excess FGF-23 signaling in renal tubules and a mouse model of hypophosphatemia. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra113. [PMID: 27879395 PMCID: PMC6544179 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf5034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) interacts with a binary receptor complex composed of α-Klotho (α-KL) and FGF receptors (FGFRs) to regulate phosphate and vitamin D metabolism in the kidney. Excess FGF-23 production, which causes hypophosphatemia, is genetically inherited or occurs with chronic kidney disease. Among other symptoms, hypophosphatemia causes vitamin D deficiency and the bone-softening disorder rickets. Current therapeutics that target the receptor complex have limited utility clinically. Using a computationally driven, structure-based, ensemble docking and virtual high-throughput screening approach, we identified four novel compounds predicted to selectively inhibit FGF-23-induced activation of the FGFR/α-KL complex. Additional modeling and functional analysis found that Zinc13407541 bound to FGF-23 and disrupted its interaction with the FGFR1/α-KL complex; experiments in a heterologous cell expression system showed that Zinc13407541 selectivity inhibited α-KL-dependent FGF-23 signaling. Zinc13407541 also inhibited FGF-23 signaling in isolated renal tubules ex vivo and partially reversed the hypophosphatemic effects of excess FGF-23 in a mouse model. These chemical probes provide a platform to develop lead compounds to treat disorders caused by excess FGF-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38165, USA
| | - Demian Riccardi
- Department of Chemistry, Earlham College, 801 National Road West, Richmond, IN 47374, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Hector A Velazquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, 55 University Drive, Cookeville, TN 38501, USA
| | - Ai L Chin
- University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Charles R Yates
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jesse D Carrick
- University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, 55 University Drive, Cookeville, TN 38501, USA
| | - Jerome Baudry
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, 55 University Drive, Cookeville, TN 38501, USA
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38165, USA.
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29
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Vernia S, Cavanagh-Kyros J, Barrett T, Tournier C, Davis RJ. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Mediates Glycemic Regulation by Hepatic JNK. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2273-80. [PMID: 26947074 PMCID: PMC4794343 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-signaling pathway is implicated in metabolic syndrome, including dysregulated blood glucose concentration and insulin resistance. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a target of the hepatic JNK-signaling pathway and may contribute to the regulation of glycemia. To test the role of FGF21, we established mice with selective ablation of the Fgf21 gene in hepatocytes. FGF21 deficiency in the liver caused marked loss of FGF21 protein circulating in the blood. Moreover, the protective effects of hepatic JNK deficiency to suppress metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-fed mice were not observed in mice with hepatocyte-specific FGF21 deficiency, including reduced blood glucose concentration and reduced intolerance to glucose and insulin. Furthermore, we show that JNK contributes to the regulation of hepatic FGF21 expression during fasting/feeding cycles. These data demonstrate that the hepatokine FGF21 is a key mediator of JNK-regulated metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Vernia
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Julie Cavanagh-Kyros
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tamera Barrett
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Cathy Tournier
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester University, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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30
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Fan H, Sun X, Zhang H, Liu J, Zhang P, Xu Y, Pan Q, Wang G. Effect of Metformin on Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 Levels in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2016; 18:120-6. [PMID: 26950284 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2015.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 is an important regulator of glucose metabolism. In the present study, we investigated whether plasma levels of FGF-21 changed in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and assessed the effects of metformin treatment on plasma FGF-21 levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS The plasma FGF-21 levels and the metabolic parameters of 226 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM and 100 sex- and age-matched normal glycemic tolerant (NGT) controls were measured. Seventy-four patients among of the 226 patients with T2DM were treated with metformin throughout the 12-week study period. The fasting plasma FGF-21 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS The patients with T2DM had significantly higher fasting plasma FGF-21 levels (302.2 pg/mL [range, 201.3-454.4 pg/mL] vs. 104.5 pg/mL [range, 71.6-185.6 pg/mL]; P < 0.00) and hs-CRP levels (2.63 ± 2.81 mg/L vs. 1.58 ± 2.16 mg/L; P < 0.00) than the NGT subjects. The fasting plasma hs-CRP and FGF-21 levels were significantly decreased in the T2DM group after metformin treatment compared with pretreatment (respectively, 2.56 ± 1.75 mg/L vs. 3.28 ± 1.89 mg/L [P < 0.05] and 232.6 pg/mL [range, 154.3-307.8 pg/mL] vs. 313.9 pg/mL [range, 227.7-474.2 pg/mL] [P < 0.01]). CONCLUSIONS In patients with T2DM, the plasma FGF-21 levels are increased but are significantly decreased after metformin treatment. Metformin may play a role in reducing the FGF-21 levels in patients with T2DM, likely through the amelioration of glucose-lipid metabolism and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoMeng Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - PengRui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - QingRong Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Kinoshita Y. [Inhitibion of FGF23 activities as a possible new treatment for patients with FGF23-related hypophosphatemic diseases]. Clin Calcium 2016; 26:233-239. [PMID: 26813503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Excessive actions of fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23)result in several kinds of hypophosphatemic rickets and osteomalacia. A combination of oral active vitamin D3 and phosphate is the current standard therapy for FGF23-related hypophosphatemia. However, these medications can lead to long-term complications, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal impairment. Therefore, safer and more efficient therapy to correct excessive actions of FGF23 is needed. X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets(XLHR)is the most prevalent form of FGF23-related hypophosphatemia. The efficacy of anti-FGF23 antibody was confirmed in a Hyp mouse, a murine model of XLHR. A recent phase 1 double-blind, placebo-controlled study and the subsequent open-label phase 1/2 study in adults with XLHR showed the safety and the efficacy of human anti-FGF23 antibody, KRN23. KRN23 has a potential for effectively treating patients with XLHR and other types of FGF23-related hypophosphatemia as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kinoshita
- Division of Nephrology & Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan
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32
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Rahbek ET, Nielsen LH, Beck-Nielsen SS, Christesen HT. [Medical treatment of children with hypophosphataemic rickets]. Ugeskr Laeger 2014; 176:V10130629. [PMID: 25350412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypophosphataemic rickets is a rare, genetic disorder resulting in defect bone mineralisation and rickets. The current medical treatment consists of phosphate supplementation and alfacalcidol, but side effects such as secondary hyperparat-hyroidism and nephrocalcinosis are common. This treatment regimen often fails to prevent bone deformity and reduced final height. The rarity and complexity of these diseases call for centralised specialist care and international collaboration. Future medical treatment may be improved by addition of new promising experimental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Torp Rahbek
- H.C. Andersen Børnehospital, Odense Universitetshospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C.
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Carpenter TO, Imel EA, Ruppe MD, Weber TJ, Klausner MA, Wooddell MM, Kawakami T, Ito T, Zhang X, Humphrey J, Insogna KL, Peacock M. Randomized trial of the anti-FGF23 antibody KRN23 in X-linked hypophosphatemia. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1587-97. [PMID: 24569459 DOI: 10.1172/jci72829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common heritable form of rickets and osteomalacia. XLH-associated mutations in phosphate-regulating endopeptidase (PHEX) result in elevated serum FGF23, decreased renal phosphate reabsorption, and low serum concentrations of phosphate (inorganic phosphorus, Pi) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]. KRN23 is a human anti-FGF23 antibody developed as a potential treatment for XLH. Here, we have assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and immunogenicity of KRN23 following a single i.v. or s.c. dose of KRN23 in adults with XLH. METHODS Thirty-eight XLH patients were randomized to receive a single dose of KRN23 (0.003-0.3 mg/kg i.v. or 0.1-1 mg/kg s.c.) or placebo. PK, PD, immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability were assessed for up to 50 days. RESULTS KRN23 significantly increased the maximum renal tubular threshold for phosphate reabsorption (TmP/GFR), serum Pi, and 1,25(OH)2D compared with that of placebo (P<0.01). The maximum serum Pi concentration occurred later following s.c. dosing (8-15 days) compared with that seen with i.v. dosing (0.5-4 days). The effect duration was dose related and persisted longer in patients who received s.c. administration. Changes from baseline in TmP/GFR, serum Pi, and serum 1,25(OH)2D correlated with serum KRN23 concentrations. The mean t1/2 of KRN23 was 8-12 days after i.v. administration and 13-19 days after s.c. administration. Patients did not exhibit increased nephrocalcinosis or develop hypercalciuria, hypercalcemia, anti-KRN23 antibodies, or elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) or creatinine. CONCLUSION KRN23 increased TmP/GFR, serum Pi, and serum 1,25(OH)2D. The positive effect of KR23 on serum Pi and its favorable safety profile suggest utility for KRN23 in XLH patients. Trial registration. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00830674. Funding. Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Inc.
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So WY, Cheng Q, Chen L, Evans-Molina C, Xu A, Lam KS, Leung PS. High glucose represses β-klotho expression and impairs fibroblast growth factor 21 action in mouse pancreatic islets: involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ signaling. Diabetes 2013; 62:3751-9. [PMID: 23897951 PMCID: PMC3806592 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels are elevated in diabetic subjects and correlate directly with abnormal glucose metabolism, while pharmacologically administered FGF21 can ameliorate hyperglycemia. The pancreatic islet is an FGF21 target, yet the actions of FGF21 in the islet under normal and diabetic conditions are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of high glucose on islet FGF21 actions in a diabetic mouse model by investigating db/db mouse islet responses to exogenous FGF21, the direct effects of glucose on FGF21 signaling, and the involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in FGF21 pathway activation. Results showed that both adult db/db mouse islets and normal islets treated with high glucose ex vivo displayed reduced β-klotho expression, resistance to FGF21, and decreased PPARγ expression. Rosiglitazone, an antidiabetic PPARγ ligand, ameliorated these effects. Our data indicate that hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus may lead to FGF21 resistance in pancreatic islets, probably through reduction of PPARγ expression, which provides a novel mechanism for glucose-mediated islet dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qianni Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen S.L. Lam
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding author: Po Sing Leung,
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35
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Bono F, De Smet F, Herbert C, De Bock K, Georgiadou M, Fons P, Tjwa M, Alcouffe C, Ny A, Bianciotto M, Jonckx B, Murakami M, Lanahan AA, Michielsen C, Sibrac D, Dol-Gleizes F, Mazzone M, Zacchigna S, Herault JP, Fischer C, Rigon P, Ruiz de Almodovar C, Claes F, Blanc I, Poesen K, Zhang J, Segura I, Gueguen G, Bordes MF, Lambrechts D, Broussy R, van de Wouwer M, Michaux C, Shimada T, Jean I, Blacher S, Noel A, Motte P, Rom E, Rakic JM, Katsuma S, Schaeffer P, Yayon A, Van Schepdael A, Schwalbe H, Gervasio FL, Carmeliet G, Rozensky J, Dewerchin M, Simons M, Christopoulos A, Herbert JM, Carmeliet P. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and growth by a small-molecule multi-FGF receptor blocker with allosteric properties. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:477-88. [PMID: 23597562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are targets for anticancer drug development. To date, only RTK inhibitors that block orthosteric binding of ligands and substrates have been developed. Here, we report the pharmacologic characterization of the chemical SSR128129E (SSR), which inhibits fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling by binding to the extracellular FGFR domain without affecting orthosteric FGF binding. SSR exhibits allosteric properties, including probe dependence, signaling bias, and ceiling effects. Inhibition by SSR is highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom. Oral delivery of SSR inhibits arthritis and tumors that are relatively refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 antibodies. Thus, orally-active extracellularly acting small-molecule modulators of RTKs with allosteric properties can be developed and may offer opportunities to improve anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Bono
- Early to Candidate Department and Lead Generation and Candidate Realization Department, Sanofi, 31036 Toulouse, France
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Hall M, Gourley C, McNeish I, Ledermann J, Gore M, Jayson G, Perren T, Rustin G, Kaye S. Targeted anti-vascular therapies for ovarian cancer: current evidence. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:250-8. [PMID: 23385789 PMCID: PMC3566823 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer presents at advanced stage in around 75% of women, and despite improvements in treatments such as chemotherapy, the 5-year survival from the disease in women diagnosed between 1996 and 1999 in England and Wales was only 36%. Over 80% of patients with advanced ovarian cancer will relapse and despite a good chance of remission from further chemotherapy, they will usually die from their disease. Sequential treatment strategies are employed to maximise quality and length of life but patients eventually become resistant to cytotoxic agents. The expansion in understanding of the molecular biology that characterises cancer cells has led to the rapid development of new agents to target important pathways but the heterogeneity of ovarian cancer biology means that there is no predominant defect. This review attempts to discuss progress to date in tackling a more general target applicable to ovary cancer-angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Rickmansworth Road, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2RN, UK.
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Pasini A, Manenti R, Rothbächer U, Lemaire P. Antagonizing retinoic acid and FGF/MAPK pathways control posterior body patterning in the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46193. [PMID: 23049976 PMCID: PMC3458022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate embryos exploit the mutual inhibition between the RA and FGF signalling pathways to coordinate the proliferative elongation of the main body axis with the progressive patterning and differentiation of its neuroectodermal and paraxial mesodermal structures. The evolutionary history of this patterning system is still poorly understood. Here, we investigate the role played by the RA and FGF/MAPK signals during the development of the tail structures in the tunicate Ciona intestinalis, an invertebrate chordate belonging to the sister clade of vertebrates, in which the prototypical chordate body plan is established through very derived morphogenetic processes. Ciona embryos are constituted of few cells and develop according to a fixed lineage; elongation of the tail occurs largely by rearrangement of postmitotic cells; mesoderm segmentation and somitogenesis are absent. We show that in the Ciona embryo, the antagonism of the RA and FGF/MAPK signals is required to control the anteroposterior patterning of the tail epidermis. We also demonstrate that the RA, FGF/MAPK and canonical Wnt pathways control the anteroposterior patterning of the tail peripheral nervous system, and reveal the existence of distinct subpopulations of caudal epidermal neurons with different responsiveness to the RA, FGF/MAPK and canonical Wnt signals. Our data provide the first demonstration that the use of the antagonism between the RA and FGF signals to pattern the main body axis predates the emergence of vertebrates and highlight the evolutionary plasticity of this patterning strategy, showing that in different chordates it can be used to pattern different tissues within the same homologous body region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pasini
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), UMR7288, CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.
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Abstract
Uremia is a complex metabolic state marked by derangement of many signaling molecules and metabolic intermediates; of these, the massively increased levels of FGF23 are among the most striking. It has remained unclear whether FGF23 is directly implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications, a consequence of other dysregulated pathways, or perhaps an adaptive - and thus desirable - response. In this issue of the JCI, Shalhoub et al. describe the chronic effects of antibody-mediated FGF23 neutralization in a CKD mouse model, shedding new light on this complicated story and moving us one step closer to understanding the role of FGF23 in CKD.
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Zhang MYH, Ranch D, Pereira RC, Armbrecht HJ, Portale AA, Perwad F. Chronic inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling improves disordered bone and mineral metabolism in hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1806-16. [PMID: 22334725 PMCID: PMC3320256 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mouse carries a loss-of-function mutation in the phex gene and is characterized by hypophosphatemia due to renal phosphate (Pi) wasting, inappropriately suppressed 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)₂D] production, and rachitic bone disease. Increased serum fibroblast growth factor-23 concentration is responsible for the disordered metabolism of Pi and 1,25(OH)₂D. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that chronic inhibition of fibroblast growth factor-23-induced activation of MAPK signaling in Hyp mice can reverse their metabolic derangements and rachitic bone disease. Hyp mice were administered the MAPK inhibitor, PD0325901 orally for 4 wk. PD0325901 induced a 15-fold and 2-fold increase in renal 1α-hydroxylase mRNA and protein abundance, respectively, and thereby higher serum 1,25(OH)₂D concentrations (115 ± 13 vs. 70 ± 16 pg/ml, P < 0.05), compared with values in vehicle-treated Hyp mice. With PD0325901, serum Pi levels were higher (5.1 ± 0.5 vs. 3 ± 0.2 mg/dl, P < 0.05), and the protein abundance of sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter Npt2a, was greater than in vehicle-treated mice. The rachitic bone disease in Hyp mice is characterized by abundant unmineralized osteoid bone volume, widened epiphyses, and disorganized growth plates. In PD0325901-treated Hyp mice, mineralization of cortical and trabecular bone increased significantly, accompanied by a decrease in unmineralized osteoid volume and thickness, as determined by histomorphometric analysis. The improvement in mineralization in PD0325901-treated Hyp mice was confirmed by microcomputed tomography analysis, which showed an increase in cortical bone volume and thickness. These findings provide evidence that in Hyp mice, chronic MAPK inhibition improves disordered Pi and 1,25(OH)₂D metabolism and bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Y H Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0748, USA
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Matikainen N, Taskinen MR, Stennabb S, Lundbom N, Hakkarainen A, Vaaralahti K, Raivio T. Decrease in circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 after an oral fat load is related to postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and liver fat. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166:487-92. [PMID: 22190000 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are commonly encountered in type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, all of which share exaggerated postprandial lipemia as a common proatherogenic feature. How FGF21 responds to an oral fat load in man is unknown. METHODS We measured liver fat contents and subcutaneous and visceral fat volumes in 47 healthy subjects, who also underwent an oral fat load with measurements of plasma FGF21 and free fatty acid (FFA). Triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB-48), and apoB-100 concentrations were measured in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fractions. RESULTS When compared with fasting levels, the concentration of FGF21 decreased significantly at 4 h (P < 0.05) and tended to return to fasting levels at 8 h after an oral fat load. Fasting and postprandial FGF21 correlated significantly with liver fat as well as with TRLs in the chylomicron and especially in very low-density lipoprotein 1 (VLDL1) and VLDL2 fractions representing remnant particles, but not with FFA. Subjects with increased liver fat (>5%, n = 12) showed impaired suppression of FGF21 at 4 h (P < 0.05) and at 8 h (P=0.01) and demonstrated higher postprandial TG area under the curve in plasma and TRL fractions (P ≤ 0.032) compared with those with normal liver fat (≤ 5%, n = 35). CONCLUSIONS We observed a significant decrease of FGF21 concentration after an oral fat load. Fasting and postprandial FGF21 levels were closely related to large VLDL and remnants, but not to plasma FFA. Our pilot findings suggest that the postprandial accumulation of TRL remnants and liver fat may modulate postprandial FGF21 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Matikainen
- Division of Cardiology Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, PO Box 700, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland.
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Samson SL, Sathyanarayana P, Jogi M, Gonzalez EV, Gutierrez A, Krishnamurthy R, Muthupillai R, Chan L, Bajaj M. Exenatide decreases hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a mouse model of obesity and in a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2011; 54:3093-100. [PMID: 21956711 PMCID: PMC3658171 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Systemic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21 levels and hepatic FGF21 production are increased in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients, suggesting FGF21 resistance. We examined the effects of exenatide on FGF21 in patients with type 2 diabetes and in a diet-induced mouse model of obesity (DIO). METHODS Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (n = 24) on diet and/or metformin were randomised (using a table of random numbers) to receive additional treatment consisting of pioglitazone 45 mg/day or combined therapy with pioglitazone (45 mg/day) and exenatide (10 μg twice daily) for 12 months in an open label parallel study at the Baylor Clinic. RESULTS Twenty-one patients completed the entire study and were included in the analysis. Pioglitazone treatment (n = 10) reduced hepatic fat as assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, despite a significant increase in body weight (Δ = 3.7 kg); plasma FGF21 levels did not change (1.9 ± 0.6 to 2.2 ± 0.6 ng/ml [mean ± SEM]). However, combined pioglitazone and exenatide therapy (n = 11) was associated with a significant reduction of FGF21 levels (2.3 ± 0.5 to 1.1 ± 0.3 ng/ml) and a greater decrease in hepatic fat. Besides weight gain observed in the pioglitazone-treated patients, lower extremity oedema was observed as a side effect in two of the ten patients. Three patients who received pioglitazone and exenatide combination therapy complained of significant nausea that was self-limiting and did not require them to leave the study. In DIO mice, exendin-4 for 4 weeks significantly reduced hepatic triacylglycerol content, decreased hepatic FGF21 protein and mRNA, and enhanced phosphorylation of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, although no significant difference in weight and body fat was observed. Hepatic FGF21 correlated inversely with hepatic AMPK phosphorylation CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In type 2 diabetes mellitus, combined pioglitazone and exenatide therapy is associated with a reduction in plasma FGF21 levels, as well as a greater decrease in hepatic fat than that achieved with pioglitazone therapy. In DIO mice, exendin-4 treatment reduces hepatic triacylglycerol and FGF21 protein, and enhances hepatic AMPK phosphorylation, suggesting an improvement of hepatic FGF21 resistance. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov NCT 01432405.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Samson
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, Endocrinology Division, Baylor College of Medicine, 1709 Dryden Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Moura RS, Coutinho-Borges JP, Pacheco AP, Damota PO, Correia-Pinto J. FGF signaling pathway in the developing chick lung: expression and inhibition studies. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17660. [PMID: 21412430 PMCID: PMC3055888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are essential key players during embryonic development. Through their specific cognate receptors (FGFR) they activate intracellular cascades, finely regulated by modulators such as Sprouty. Several FGF ligands (FGF1, 2, 7, 9, 10 and 18) signaling through the four known FGFRs, have been implicated in lung morphogenesis. Although much is known about mammalian lung, so far, the avian model has not been explored for lung studies. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we provide the first description of fgf10, fgfr1-4 and spry2 expression patterns in early stages of chick lung development by in situ hybridization and observe that they are expressed similarly to their mammalian counterparts. Furthermore, aiming to determine a role for FGF signaling in chick lung development, in vitro FGFR inhibition studies were performed. Lung explants treated with an FGF receptor antagonist (SU5402) presented an impairment of secondary branch formation after 48 h of culture; moreover, abnormal lung growth with a cystic appearance of secondary bronchi and reduction of the mesenchymal tissue was observed. Branching and morphometric analysis of lung explants confirmed that FGFR inhibition impaired branching morphogenesis and induced a significant reduction of the mesenchyme. Conclusions/Significance This work demonstrates that FGFRs are essential for the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that determine epithelial branching and mesenchymal growth and validate the avian embryo as a good model for pulmonary studies, namely to explore the FGF pathway as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute S Moura
- School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Lü Y, Liu JH, Zhang LK, DU J, Zeng XJ, Hao G, Huang J, Zhao DH, Wang GZ, Zhang YC. Fibroblast growth factor 21 as a possible endogenous factor inhibits apoptosis in cardiac endothelial cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2010; 123:3417-3421. [PMID: 22166524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a new member of FGF super family that is an important endogenous regulator for systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. This study aimed to explore whether FGF21 reduces atherosclerotic injury and prevents endothelial dysfunction as an independent protection factor. METHODS The present study was designed to investigate the changes of FGF21 levels induced by oxidized-low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and the changes of apoptosis affected by regulating FGF21 expression. The FGF21 mRNA levels of cultured cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) were determined by real time-PCR and the protein concentration in culture media was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We analyzed the different expression levels of untreated controls and CMECs incubated with ox-LDL, and the changes of CMECs apoptosis initiated by the enhancement or suppression of FGF21 levels. RESULTS The secretion levels of FGF21 mRNA and protein were significantly upregulated in CMECs incubated with ox-LDL. Furthermore, FGF21 levels increased by 200 µmol/L bezafibrate could reduce CMECs apoptosis, and inhibit FGF21 expression by shRNA induced apoptosis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS FGF21 may be a signal of injured target tissue, and may play physiological roles in improving the endothelial function at an early stage of atherosclerosis and in stopping the development of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lü
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors control a wide range of biological functions, regulating cellular proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation. Although targeting FGF signalling as a cancer therapeutic target has lagged behind that of other receptor tyrosine kinases, there is now substantial evidence for the importance of FGF signalling in the pathogenesis of diverse tumour types, and clinical reagents that specifically target the FGFs or FGF receptors are being developed. Although FGF signalling can drive tumorigenesis, in different contexts FGF signalling can mediate tumour protective functions; the identification of the mechanisms that underlie these differential effects will be important to understand how FGF signalling can be most appropriately therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Turner
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK, and Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK.
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LaVaute TM, Yoo YD, Pankratz MT, Weick JP, Gerstner JR, Zhang SC. Regulation of neural specification from human embryonic stem cells by BMP and FGF. Stem Cells 2010; 27:1741-9. [PMID: 19544434 DOI: 10.1002/stem.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is required for vertebrate neural induction, and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) may affect neural induction through phosphorylation at the linker region of Smad1, thus regulating BMP signaling. Here we show that human embryonic stem cells efficiently convert to neuroepithelial cells in the absence of BMP antagonists, or even when exposed to high concentrations of exogenous BMP4. Molecular and functional analyses revealed multiple levels of endogenous BMP signaling inhibition that may account for the efficient neural differentiation. Blocking FGF signaling inhibited neural induction, but did not alter the phosphorylation of the linker region of Smad1, suggesting that FGF enhances human neural specification independently of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M LaVaute
- Neuroscience Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Hayashi S, Shimoda T, Nakajima M, Tsukada Y, Sakumura Y, Dale JK, Maroto M, Kohno K, Matsui T, Bessho Y. Sprouty4, an FGF inhibitor, displays cyclic gene expression under the control of the notch segmentation clock in the mouse PSM. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5603. [PMID: 19440349 PMCID: PMC2680047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During vertebrate embryogenesis, somites are generated at regular intervals, the temporal and spatial periodicity of which is governed by a gradient of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and/or Wnt signaling activity in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) in conjunction with oscillations of gene expression of components of the Notch, Wnt and FGF signaling pathways. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we show that the expression of Sprouty4, which encodes an FGF inhibitor, oscillates in 2-h cycles in the mouse PSM in synchrony with other oscillating genes from the Notch signaling pathway, such as lunatic fringe. Sprouty4 does not oscillate in Hes7-null mutant mouse embryos, and Hes7 can inhibit FGF-induced transcriptional activity of the Sprouty4 promoter. CONCLUSIONS Thus, periodic expression of Sprouty4 is controlled by the Notch segmentation clock and may work as a mediator that links the temporal periodicity of clock gene oscillations with the spatial periodicity of boundary formation which is regulated by the gradient of FGF/Wnt activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hayashi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
- Institute for Bioinformatics Research and Development (BIRD), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiju Shimoda
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
- Institute for Bioinformatics Research and Development (BIRD), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Nakajima
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
- Institute for Bioinformatics Research and Development (BIRD), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsukada
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
- Institute for Bioinformatics Research and Development (BIRD), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sakumura
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
- Institute for Bioinformatics Research and Development (BIRD), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - J. Kim Dale
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Maroto
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kenji Kohno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsui
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
- Institute for Bioinformatics Research and Development (BIRD), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Bessho
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
- Institute for Bioinformatics Research and Development (BIRD), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Pan J, Jin P, Yan J, Kabelitz D. Anti-angiogenic active immunotherapy: a new approach to cancer treatment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1105-14. [PMID: 18214475 PMCID: PMC11030112 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis plays an important role in tumor growth, aggression and metastasis. Many molecules have been demonstrated as positive regulators of angiogenesis, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and others. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research on anti-angiogenic strategies for tumor therapies. In this review, anti-angiogenic active immunotherapies for tumors based on vaccination with xenogeneic homologous molecules and non-xenogeneic homologous molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Pan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
The entire inner ear, together with the neurons that innervate it, derive from a simple piece of ectoderm on the side of the embryonic head the otic placode. In this review, we describe the current state of the field of otic placode induction. Several lines of evidence suggest that all craniofacial sensory organs, including the inner ear, derive from a common "pre-placodal region" early in development. We review data showing that assumption of a pre-placodal cell state correlates with the competence of embryonic ectoderm to respond to otic placode inducing signals, such as members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. We also review evidence for FGF-independent signals that contribute to the induction of the otic placode. Finally, we review recent evidence suggesting that Wnt signals may act after FGF signaling to mediate a cell fate decision between otic placode and epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ohyama
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Shisa is an antagonist of Wnt and FGF signaling, that functions cell autonomously in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to inhibit the post-translational maturation of Wnt and FGF receptors. In this paper we report the isolation of a second Xenopus shisa gene (Xshisa-2). Xenopus Shisa-2 shows 30.7% identity to Xshisa. RT-PCR analysis indicated that Xshisa-2 mRNA is present throughout early development and shows an increased expression during neurula and tailbud stages. At neurula stages Xenopus shisa-2 is initially expressed in the presomitic paraxial mesoderm and later in the developing somites. The expression profiles and pattern of Xshisa and Xshisa-2 differ significantly. During gastrulation only Xshisa mRNA is present in the Spemann-Mangold organizer and later on becomes restricted to the neuroectoderm and the prechordal plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Cristina Silva
- Early Mouse Development Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Cincia, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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