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Hernández C, Barrachina MD, Vallecillo-Hernández J, Álvarez Á, Ortiz-Masiá D, Cosín-Roger J, Esplugues JV, Calatayud S. Aspirin-induced gastrointestinal damage is associated with an inhibition of epithelial cell autophagy. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:691-701. [PMID: 26525539 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin (ASA) causes gastrotoxicity by hampering the epithelial defense against luminal contents through cyclooxygenase inhibition. Since cell survival in tough conditions may depend on rescue mechanisms like autophagy, we analyzed whether epithelial cells rely on this process to defend themselves from aspirin's damaging action. METHODS Rats received a single dose of ASA (150 mg/kg, p.o.) with or without pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine, and gastric injury and epithelial autophagy were evaluated 3 h later. The effects of ASA on cell viability and autophagy were also evaluated in gastric epithelial AGS cells. RESULTS Basal autophagy in the gastric mucosa was inhibited by ASA as demonstrated by increased levels of p62 and ubiquitinated proteins and total LC3 and a reduced LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. Similarly, ASA increased p62 and decreased LC3-II accumulation and the number of EmGFP/LC3B puncta in AGS cells. ASA activated the PI3K/Akt-GSK3-mTOR pathway, which phosphorylates ULK1 to prevent autophagy initiation, changes that were inhibited by the PI3K-inhibitor wortmannin. Autophagy inhibition seems to enhance the vulnerability of gastric epithelial cells as a combination of ASA with 3-methyladenine exacerbated rat gastric damage and AGS cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the importance of autophagy in the gastric mucosa as a protective mechanism when the epithelium is injured. In the stomach, aspirin induces mucosal damage and reduces autophagy, thus, eliminating a protective mechanism that epithelial cells could use to escape death. We hypothesize that the combination of aspirin with drugs that activate autophagy could protect against gastric damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- FISABIO, Hospital Dr. Peset, Av. Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Maria Dolores Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Vallecillo-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Fundación General Universidad de Valencia, Calle Amadeo de Saboya, 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Cosín-Roger
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Vicente Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- FISABIO, Hospital Dr. Peset, Av. Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
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Cosín-Roger J, Ortiz-Masiá D, Calatayud S, Hernández C, Esplugues JV, Barrachina MD. The activation of Wnt signaling by a STAT6-dependent macrophage phenotype promotes mucosal repair in murine IBD. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:986-98. [PMID: 26601901 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The complete repair of the mucosa constitutes a key goal in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment. The Wnt signaling pathway mediates mucosal repair and M2 macrophages that coordinate efficient healing have been related to Wnt ligand expression. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) mediates M2 polarization in vitro and we hypothesize that a STAT6-dependent macrophage phenotype mediates mucosal repair in acute murine colitis by activating the Wnt signaling pathway. Our results reveal an impaired mucosal expression of M2 macrophage-associated genes and delayed wound healing in STAT6(-/-) mice treated with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). These mice also exhibited decreased mucosal expression of Wnt2b, Wnt7b, and Wnt10a, diminished protein levels of nuclear β-catenin that is mainly located in crypts adjacent to damage, and reduced mRNA expression of two Wnt/β-catenin target molecules Lgr5 and c-Myc when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Murine peritoneal macrophages treated with interleukin-4 (IL-4) and polarized toward an M2a phenotype overexpressed Wnt2b, Wnt7b, and Wnt10a in a STAT6-dependent manner. Administration of a Wnt agonist as well as transfer of properly polarized M2a macrophages to STAT6(-/-) mice activated the Wnt signaling pathway in the damaged mucosa and accelerated wound healing. Our results demonstrate that a STAT6-dependent macrophage phenotype promotes mucosal repair in TNBS-treated mice through activation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cosín-Roger
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - D Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - J V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,FISABIO, Hospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - M D Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Ortiz-Masiá D, Cosín-Roger J, Calatayud S, Hernández C, Alós R, Hinojosa J, Esplugues JV, Barrachina MD. M1 Macrophages Activate Notch Signalling in Epithelial Cells: Relevance in Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:582-92. [PMID: 26802079 PMCID: PMC4957456 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Notch signalling pathway plays an essential role in mucosal regeneration, which constitutes a key goal of Crohn's disease (CD) treatment. Macrophages coordinate tissue repair and several phenotypes have been reported which differ in the expression of surface proteins, cytokines and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). We analysed the role of HIFs in the expression of Notch ligands in macrophages and the relevance of this pathway in mucosal regeneration. METHODS Human monocytes and U937-derived macrophages were polarized towards the M1 and M2 phenotypes and the expression levels of HIF-1α, HIF-2α, Jagged 1 (Jag1) and delta-like 4 (Dll4) were evaluated. The effects of macrophages on the expression of hairy and enhancer of split-1 (HES1, the main target of Notch signalling) and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP, enterocyte marker) in epithelial cells in co-culture were also analysed. Phenotype macrophage markers and Notch signalling were evaluated in the mucosa of CD patients. RESULTS M1 macrophages were associated with HIF-1-dependent induction of Jag1 and Dll4, which increased HES1 protein levels and IAP activity in co-cultured epithelial cells. In the mucosa of CD patients a high percentage of M1 macrophages expressed both HIF-1α and Jag1 while M2 macrophages mainly expressed HIF-2α and we detected a good correlation between the ratio of M1/M2 macrophages and both HES1 and IAP protein levels. CONCLUSION M1, but not M2, macrophages are associated with HIF-1-dependent induction of Notch ligands and activation of epithelial Notch signalling pathway. In the mucosa of chronic CD patients, the prevalence of M2 macrophages is associated with diminution of Notch signalling and impaired enterocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J. Cosín-Roger
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - S. Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - R. Alós
- Hospital de Manises, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - J. V. Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain,FISABIO, Hospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. D. Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
Globally, greater than 30 million individuals are afflicted with disorders of the nervous system accompanied by tens of thousands of new cases annually with limited, if any, treatment options. Erythropoietin (EPO) offers an exciting and novel therapeutic strategy to address both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. EPO governs a number of critical protective and regenerative mechanisms that can impact apoptotic and autophagic programmed cell death pathways through protein kinase B (Akt), sirtuins, mammalian forkhead transcription factors, and wingless signaling. Translation of the cytoprotective pathways of EPO into clinically effective treatments for some neurodegenerative disorders has been promising, but additional work is necessary. In particular, development of new treatments with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents such as EPO brings several important challenges that involve detrimental vascular outcomes and tumorigenesis. Future work that can effectively and safely harness the complexity of the signaling pathways of EPO will be vital for the fruitful treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101
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Baxt LA, Xavier RJ. Role of Autophagy in the Maintenance of Intestinal Homeostasis. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:553-62. [PMID: 26170139 PMCID: PMC4550567 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of inflammatory bowel disease have identified several risk loci in genes that regulate autophagy, and studies have provided insight into the functional effects of these polymorphisms. We review the mechanisms by which autophagy contributes to intestinal homeostasis, focusing on its cell type-specific roles in regulating gut ecology, restricting pathogenic bacteria, and controlling inflammation. Based on this information, we are beginning to understand how alterations in autophagy can contribute to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A. Baxt
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Xing Y, Chen X, Cao Y, Huang J, Xie X, Wei Y. Expression of Wnt and Notch signaling pathways in inflammatory bowel disease treated with mesenchymal stem cell transplantation: evaluation in a rat model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:101. [PMID: 25998108 PMCID: PMC4487973 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of Wnt and Notch signaling pathway-related genes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with mesenchymal stem cell transplantation (MSCT). METHODS TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid) was used to establish IBD in a rat model. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were transplanted via tail vein transfusion. Saline water was used in a control group. The expression of Wnt and Notch main signaling molecules was screened by gene chips and verified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the IBD rat model on day 14 and day 28 after transplantation. RESULTS The IBD rat models were successfully established and MSCs were transplanted into those models. Genome-wide expression profile chips identified a total of 388 differentially expressive genes, of which 191 were upregulated and 197 were downregulated in the MSC-transplanted group in comparison with the IBD control group. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that the level of Olfm4 mRNA expression in the IBD group (2.54±0.20) was significantly increased compared with the MSCT group (1.39±0.54) and the normal group (1.62±0.25) (P <0.05). The Wnt3a mRNA was more highly expressed in IBD rats (2.92±0.94) and decreased in MSCT rats (0.17±0.63, P <0.05). The expression of GSK-3β mRNA was decreased in the setting of inflammation (0.65±0.04 versus 1.00±0.01 in normal group, P <0.05) but returned to normal levels after MSCT (0.81±0.17). The expression of β-catenin was observed to increase in IBD tissues (1.76±0.44) compared with normal tissues (1.00±0.01, P <0.05), but no difference was found in the MSCT group (1.12±0.36). Wnt11 declined at 14 days and returned to normal levels at 28 days in the IBD group; in comparison, a significantly lower expression was found in MSCT rats. There were no differences in the expression of Fzd3, c-myc, TCF4, and Wnt5a in inflammation, but all of those genes declined after MSCT treatment. CONCLUSIONS The canonical Wnt and Notch signaling pathways are activated in IBD and may be suppressed by stem cell transplantation to differentiate into intestinal epithelium after MSCT. Moreover, the non-canonical Wnt signaling may be inhibited by canonical Wnt signaling in the setting of inflammation and may also be suppressed by MSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Xing
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1. Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, China. .,Guangdong Key laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1. Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1. Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, China. .,Guangdong Key laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1. Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yanwen Cao
- Guangdong Key laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1. Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1. Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jianyun Huang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1. Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, China. .,Guangdong Key laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1. Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Xuhong Xie
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1. Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, China. .,Guangdong Key laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1. Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yaming Wei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1. Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, China. .,Guangdong Key laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1. Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, China.
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New Insights for Oxidative Stress and Diabetes Mellitus. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:875961. [PMID: 26064426 PMCID: PMC4443788 DOI: 10.1155/2015/875961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the generation of oxidative stress are considered critical factors for the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM), a disorder that is growing in prevalence and results in significant economic loss. New therapeutic directions that address the detrimental effects of oxidative stress may be especially warranted to develop effective care for the millions of individuals that currently suffer from DM. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (S. cerevisiae) (SIRT1), and Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) are especially justified to be considered treatment targets for DM since these pathways can address the complex relationship between stem cells, trophic factors, impaired glucose tolerance, programmed cell death pathways of apoptosis and autophagy, tissue remodeling, cellular energy homeostasis, and vascular biology that greatly impact the biology and disease progression of DM. The translation and development of these pathways into viable therapies will require detailed understanding of their proliferative nature to maximize clinical efficacy and limit adverse effects that have the potential to lead to unintended consequences.
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Maiese K. Novel applications of trophic factors, Wnt and WISP for neuronal repair and regeneration in metabolic disease. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:518-28. [PMID: 26170801 PMCID: PMC4424733 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.155427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus affects almost 350 million individuals throughout the globe resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Of further concern is the growing population of individuals that remain undiagnosed but are susceptible to the detrimental outcomes of this disorder. Diabetes mellitus leads to multiple complications in the central and peripheral nervous systems that include cognitive impairment, retinal disease, neuropsychiatric disease, cerebral ischemia, and peripheral nerve degeneration. Although multiple strategies are being considered, novel targeting of trophic factors, Wnt signaling, Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1, and stem cell tissue regeneration are considered to be exciting prospects to overcome the cellular mechanisms that lead to neuronal injury in diabetes mellitus involving oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Pathways that involve insulin-like growth factor-1, fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and erythropoietin can govern glucose homeostasis and are intimately tied to Wnt signaling that involves Wnt1 and Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (CCN4) to foster control over stem cell proliferation, wound repair, cognitive decline, β-cell proliferation, vascular regeneration, and programmed cell death. Ultimately, cellular metabolism through Wnt signaling is driven by primary metabolic pathways of the mechanistic target of rapamycin and AMP activated protein kinase. These pathways offer precise biological control of cellular metabolism, but are exquisitely sensitive to the different components of Wnt signaling. As a result, unexpected clinical outcomes can ensue and therefore demand careful translation of the mechanisms that govern neural repair and regeneration in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
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Khare V, Dammann K, Asboth M, Krnjic A, Jambrich M, Gasche C. Overexpression of PAK1 promotes cell survival in inflammatory bowel diseases and colitis-associated cancer. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:287-96. [PMID: 25569743 PMCID: PMC4345971 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic gut inflammation predisposes to the development of colorectal cancer and increased mortality. Use of mesalamine (5-ASA) in the treatment of ulcerative colitis modulates the risk of neoplastic progression. p21 activated kinase 1 (PAK1) mediates 5-ASA activity by orchestrating MAPK signaling, Wnt-β catenin pathway, and cell adhesion; all implicated in the colon carcinogenesis. We evaluated the role of PAK1 in IBD and in colitis-associated cancer (CAC). METHODS AND RESULTS PAK1 expression was scored by immunohistochemistry in human samples from IBD, CAC, and in normal mucosa. Compared with controls, a higher PAK1 expression was detected in IBD which further increased in CAC. The consequence of PAK1 overexpression was investigated using normal diploid colon epithelial cells (HCEC-1CT), which showed higher proliferation and decreased apoptosis on overexpression of PAK1. Analysis of IBD and CAC samples showed activation of AKT (p-AKT). However, mTOR pathway was activated in IBD but not in CAC. Treatment of cells with specific inhibitors (PD98059/LY294002/rapamycin) of growth signaling pathways (MEK/PI3K/mTOR) demonstrated that in HCEC-1CT, PAK1 expression is regulated by MEK, PI3K, and mTOR. In colorectal cancer cell lines, PAK1, and beta-catenin expression correlated and inhibition of PAK1 and addition of 5-ASA elicited similar molecular affects by reducing ERK and AKT activation. Moreover, 5-ASA disrupted PAK1 interaction and colocalization with β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that (1) PAK1 is upregulated in IBD and CAC (2) PAK1 overexpression is associated with activation of PI3K-AKT/mTOR prosurvival pathways in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Khare
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Maiese K. Programming apoptosis and autophagy with novel approaches for diabetes mellitus. Curr Neurovasc Res 2015; 12:173-88. [PMID: 25742566 PMCID: PMC4380829 DOI: 10.2174/1567202612666150305110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, diabetes mellitus (DM) in the year 2030 will be ranked the seventh leading cause of death in the world. DM impacts all systems of the body with oxidant stress controlling cell fate through endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in uncoupling proteins, and the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. Multiple treatment approaches are being entertained for DM with Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 1 (S. cerevisiae) (SIRT1) generating significant interest as target pathways that can address maintenance of glucose homeostasis as well as prevention of cellular pathology by controlling insulin resistance, stem cell proliferation, and the programmed cell death pathways of apoptosis and autophagy. WISP1, mTOR, and SIRT1 can rely upon similar pathways such as AMP activated protein kinase as well as govern cellular metabolism through cytokines such as EPO and oral hypoglycemics such as metformin. Yet, these pathways require precise biological control to exclude potentially detrimental clinical outcomes. Further elucidation of the ability to translate the roles of WISP1, mTOR, and SIRT1 into effective clinical avenues offers compelling prospects for new therapies against DM that can benefit hundreds of millions of individuals throughout the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- MD, Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA.
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