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Carofino BL, Ayanga B, Justice MJ. A mouse model for inducible overexpression of Prdm14 results in rapid-onset and highly penetrant T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1494-506. [PMID: 24046360 PMCID: PMC3820272 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.012575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PRDM14 functions in embryonic stem cell (ESC) maintenance to promote the expression of pluripotency-associated genes while suppressing differentiation genes. Expression of PRDM14 is tightly regulated and typically limited to ESCs and primordial germ cells; however, aberrant expression is associated with tumor initiation in a wide variety of human cancers, including breast cancer and leukemia. Here, we describe the generation of a Cre-recombinase-inducible mouse model for the spatial and temporal control of Prdm14 misexpression [ROSA26 floxed-stop Prdm14 (R26PR)]. When R26PR is mated to either of two Cre lines, Mx1-cre or MMTV-cre, mice develop early-onset T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) with median overall survival of 41 and 64 days for R26PR;Mx1-cre and R26PR;MMTV-cre, respectively. T-ALL is characterized by the accumulation of immature single-positive CD8 cells and their widespread infiltration. Leukemia is preceded by a dramatic expansion of cells resembling hematopoietic stem cells and lymphoid-committed progenitors prior to disease onset, accompanied by a blockage in B-cell differentiation at the early pro-B stage. Rapid-onset PRDM14-induced T-ALL requires factors that are present in stem and progenitor cells: R26PR;dLck-cre animals, which express Prdm14 starting at the double-positive stage of thymocyte development, do not develop disease. PRDM14-induced leukemic cells contain high levels of activated NOTCH1 and downstream NOTCH1 targets, including MYC and HES1, and are sensitive to pharmacological inhibition of NOTCH1 with the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT. Greater than 50% of human T-ALLs harbor activating mutations in NOTCH1; thus, our model carries clinically relevant molecular aberrations. The penetrance, short latency and involvement of the NOTCH1 pathway will make this hematopoietic R26PR mouse model ideal for future studies on disease initiation, relapse and novel therapeutic drug combinations. Furthermore, breeding R26PR to additional Cre lines will allow for the continued development of novel cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Carofino
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bernard Ayanga
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Monica J. Justice
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Integrated proteomic and metabolic analysis of breast cancer progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76220. [PMID: 24086712 PMCID: PMC3785415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most persistent hallmarks of cancer biology is the preference of tumor cells to derive energy through glycolysis as opposed to the more efficient process of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). However, little is known about the molecular cascades by which oncogenic pathways bring about this metabolic switch. We carried out a quantitative proteomic and metabolic analysis of the MCF10A derived cell line model of breast cancer progression that includes parental cells and derivatives representing three different tumor grades of Ras-driven cancer with a common genetic background. A SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture) labeling strategy was used to quantify protein expression in conjunction with subcellular fractionation to measure dynamic subcellular localization in the nucleus, cytosol and mitochondria. Protein expression and localization across cell lines were compared to cellular metabolic rates as a measure of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), glycolysis and cellular ATP. Investigation of the metabolic capacity of the four cell lines revealed that cellular OXPHOS decreased with breast cancer progression independently of mitochondrial copy number or electron transport chain protein expression. Furthermore, glycolytic lactate secretion did not increase in accordance with cancer progression and decreasing OXPHOS capacity. However, the relative expression and subcellular enrichment of enzymes critical to lactate and pyruvate metabolism supported the observed extracellular acidification profiles. This analysis of metabolic dysfunction in cancer progression integrated with global protein expression and subcellular localization is a novel and useful technique for determining organelle-specific roles of proteins in disease.
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Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in tumor diagnostics and prognostics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:189-206. [PMID: 23111197 DOI: 10.1097/pdm.0b013e3182595516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The increasing knowledge about genetic alterations and molecular biomarkers in cancer initiation and progression opens new possibilities for the treatment of various types of cancer. This requires the inclusion of sensitive, and preferably multiplex, methods for the detection of molecular genetic alterations in the toolbox of classic pathology. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) is a multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based method that can detect changes in the gene copy number status, DNA methylation, and point mutations simultaneously. MLPA probes recognize target sequences of only 50 to 100 nucleotides in length. This makes it possible to use MLPA even on highly fragmented DNA, and allows the detection of small deletions encompassing only a single exon. MLPA is a reliable, cost-effective, and robust method that can be performed using a standard thermocycler and capillary electrophoresis equipment, generating results within 24 hours with a short hands-on working time. Up to 50 different genomic locations can be tested in a single reaction, which can be sufficient to detect those genetic alterations that are of diagnostic and prognostic significance in a certain tumor entity. In the last years, MLPA has been used successfully in tumor diagnostics and in cancer research. This review gives an overview on the collected experience of MLPA applications on tumor DNA, about the advantages but also potential pitfalls and limitations of this technique.
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Lin CH, Liu JM, Lu YS, Lan C, Lee WC, Kuo KT, Wang CC, Chang DY, Huang CS, Cheng AL. Clinical significance of ESR1 gene copy number changes in breast cancer as measured by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. J Clin Pathol 2012; 66:140-5. [PMID: 23268322 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2012-200929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The ESR1 gene encodes for oestrogen receptor (ER) α, which plays a crucial role in mammary carcinogenesis and clinical outcome in patients with breast cancer. However, the clinical significance of the ESR1 gene copy number change for breast cancer has not been clarified. METHODS ESR1 gene copy number was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) on tissue sections. A minimum of 20 tumour cells were counted per section, and a FISH ratio of ESR1 gene to CEP6 ≥ 2.0 was considered ESR1 amplification. A ratio >1.2 but <2.0 was considered ESR1 gain. The ESR1 copy number was further measured by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) with ASXL2 as a reference. RESULTS FISH revealed ESR1 amplification in six cases (4.0%) and ESR1 gain in 13 cases (8.7%) from a total of 150 cases. ESR1 gain and amplification were more common in older patients (p<0.001), and correlated well with ER protein expression (p=0.03) measured by immunohistochemistry, and ESR1 copy number (p<0.001) measured by Q-PCR. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis revealed that ESR1 amplification was associated with a shorter disease-free survival (HR=5.56, p=0.03) and a shorter overall survival (HR=5.11, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS In general, the frequency of ESR1 amplification in breast cancer is low when measured by FISH in large sections. ESR1 gain and amplification in breast cancer may be associated with older age and poorer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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55
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Wiechec E, Overgaard J, Kjeldsen E, Hansen LL. Chromosome 1q25.3 copy number alterations in primary breast cancers detected by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and allelic imbalance assays and its comparison with fluorescent in situ hybridization assays. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 36:113-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Tenhagen M, van Diest PJ, Ivanova IA, van der Wall E, van der Groep P. Fibroblast growth factor receptors in breast cancer: expression, downstream effects, and possible drug targets. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:R115-29. [PMID: 22508544 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatments are increasingly focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying the oncogenic processes present in tumors of individual patients. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are among the many molecules that are involved in oncogenesis and are currently under investigation for their potential as drug targets in breast cancer patients. These receptor tyrosine kinases play a role in several processes including proliferation, angiogenesis, and migration. Alterations in these basal processes can contribute to the development and progression of tumors. Among breast cancer patients, several subgroups have been shown to harbor genetic aberrations in FGFRs, including amplifications of FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR4 and mutations in FGFR2 and FGFR4. Here, we review in vitro and in vivo models that have partly elucidated the molecular implications of these different genetic aberrations, the resulting tumor characteristics, and the potential of FGFRs as therapeutic targets for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tenhagen
- Department of Pathology Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kornegoor R, Moelans CB, Verschuur-Maes AHJ, Hogenes MCH, de Bruin PC, Oudejans JJ, Marchionni L, van Diest PJ. Oncogene amplification in male breast cancer: analysis by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 135:49-58. [PMID: 22527098 PMCID: PMC3413821 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene amplification is an important mechanism for oncogene activation, a crucial step in carcinogenesis. Compared to female breast cancer, little is known on the genetic makeup of male breast cancer, because large series are lacking. Copy number changes of 21 breast cancer related genes were studied in 110 male breast cancers using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. A ratio of >1.3 was regarded indicative for gene copy number gain and a ratio >2.0 for gene amplification. Data were correlated with clinicopathological features, prognosis and 17 genes were compared with a group of female breast cancers. Gene copy number gain of CCND1, TRAF4, CDC6 and MTDH was seen in >40 % of the male breast cancer cases, with also frequent amplification. The number of genes with copy number gain and several single genes were associated with high grade, but only CCND1 amplification was an independent predictor of adverse survival in Cox regression (p = 0.015; hazard ratio 3.0). In unsupervised hierarchical clustering a distinctive group of male breast cancer with poor prognosis (p = 0.009; hazard ratio 3.4) was identified, characterized by frequent CCND1, MTDH, CDC6, ADAM9, TRAF4 and MYC copy number gain. Compared to female breast cancers, EGFR (p = 0.005) and CCND1 (p = 0.041) copy number gain was more often seen in male breast cancer, while copy number gain of EMSY (p = 0.004) and CPD (p = 0.001) and amplification in general was less frequent. In conclusion, several female breast cancer genes also seem to be important in male breast carcinogenesis. However, there are also clear differences in copy number changes between male and female breast cancers, pointing toward differences in carcinogenesis between male and female breast cancer and emphasizing the importance of identifying biomarkers and therapeutic agents based on research in male breast cancer. In addition CCND1 amplification seems to be an independent prognosticator in male breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kornegoor
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy B. Moelans
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anoek H. J. Verschuur-Maes
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke C. H. Hogenes
- Laboratory for Pathology East Netherlands, Burgemeester Edo Bergsmalaan 1, 7512 AD Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C. de Bruin
- Department of Pathology, St. Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Joost J. Oudejans
- Department of Pathology, Diakonessenhuis, Bosboomstraat 1, 3582 KE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Paul J. van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zhao Y, Li Y, Lou G, Zhao L, Xu Z, Zhang Y, He F. MiR-137 targets estrogen-related receptor alpha and impairs the proliferative and migratory capacity of breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39102. [PMID: 22723937 PMCID: PMC3377602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
ERRα is an orphan nuclear receptor emerging as a novel biomarker of breast cancer. Over-expression of ERRα in breast tumor is considered as a prognostic factor of poor clinical outcome. The mechanisms underlying the dysexpression of this nuclear receptor, however, are poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play important roles in tumor initiation and progression. In the present study, we have identified that the expression of ERRα is regulated by miR-137, a potential tumor suppressor microRNA. The bioinformatics search revealed two putative and highly conserved target-sites for miR-137 located within the ERRα 3'UTR at nt 480-486 and nt 596-602 respectively. Luciferase-reporter assay demonstrated that the two predicted target sites were authentically functional. They mediated the repression of reporter gene expression induced by miR-137 in an additive manner. Moreover, ectopic expression of miR-137 down-regulated ERRα expression at both protein level and mRNA level, and the miR-137 induced ERRα-knockdown contributed to the impaired proliferative and migratory capacity of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, transfection with miR-137 mimics suppressed at least two downstream target genes of ERRα-CCNE1 and WNT11, which are important effectors of ERRα implicated in tumor proliferation and migration. Taken together, our results establish a role of miR-137 in negatively regulating ERRα expression and breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. They suggest that manipulating the expression level of ERRα by microRNAs has the potential to influence breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuping Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guiyu Lou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhizhen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtian He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Inference of tumor phylogenies from genomic assays on heterogeneous samples. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:797812. [PMID: 22654484 PMCID: PMC3359715 DOI: 10.1155/2012/797812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis can in principle result from many combinations of mutations, but only a few roughly equivalent sequences of mutations, or "progression pathways," seem to account for most human tumors. Phylogenetics provides a promising way to identify common progression pathways and markers of those pathways. This approach, however, can be confounded by the high heterogeneity within and between tumors, which makes it difficult to identify conserved progression stages or organize them into robust progression pathways. To tackle this problem, we previously developed methods for inferring progression stages from heterogeneous tumor profiles through computational unmixing. In this paper, we develop a novel pipeline for building trees of tumor evolution from the unmixed tumor data. The pipeline implements a statistical approach for identifying robust progression markers from unmixed tumor data and calling those markers in inferred cell states. The result is a set of phylogenetic characters and their assignments in progression states to which we apply maximum parsimony phylogenetic inference to infer tumor progression pathways. We demonstrate the full pipeline on simulated and real comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) data, validating its effectiveness and making novel predictions of major progression pathways and ancestral cell states in breast cancers.
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60
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Farshid G. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification for HER2 testing in breast cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 11:767-9. [PMID: 22022937 DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Natrajan R, Mackay A, Wilkerson PM, Lambros MB, Wetterskog D, Arnedos M, Shiu KK, Geyer FC, Langerød A, Kreike B, Reyal F, Horlings HM, van de Vijver MJ, Palacios J, Weigelt B, Reis-Filho JS. Functional characterization of the 19q12 amplicon in grade III breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R53. [PMID: 22433433 PMCID: PMC3446387 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 19q12 locus is amplified in a subgroup of oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative grade III breast cancers. This amplicon comprises nine genes, including cyclin E1 (CCNE1), which has been proposed as its 'driver'. The aim of this study was to identify the genes within the 19q12 amplicon whose expression is required for the survival of cancer cells harbouring their amplification. METHODS We investigated the presence of 19q12 amplification in a series of 313 frozen primary breast cancers and 56 breast cancer cell lines using microarray comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH). The nine genes mapping to the smallest region of amplification on 19q12 were silenced using RNA interference in phenotypically matched breast cancer cell lines with (MDA-MB-157 and HCC1569) and without (Hs578T, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, ZR75.1, JIMT1 and BT474) amplification of this locus. Genes whose silencing was selectively lethal in amplified cells were taken forward for further validation. The effects of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) silencing and chemical inhibition were tested in cancer cells with and without CCNE1 amplification. RESULTS 19q12 amplification was identified in 7.8% of ER-negative grade III breast cancer. Of the nine genes mapping to this amplicon, UQCRFS1, POP4, PLEKHF1, C19ORF12, CCNE1 and C19ORF2 were significantly over-expressed when amplified in primary breast cancers and/or breast cancer cell lines. Silencing of POP4, PLEKHF1, CCNE1 and TSZH3 selectively reduced cell viability in cancer cells harbouring their amplification. Cancer cells with CCNE1 amplification were shown to be dependent on CDK2 expression and kinase activity for their survival. CONCLUSIONS The 19q12 amplicon may harbour more than a single 'driver', given that expression of POP4, PLEKHF1, CCNE1 and TSZH3 is required for the survival of cancer cells displaying their amplification. The observation that cancer cells harbouring CCNE1 gene amplification are sensitive to CDK2 inhibitors provides a rationale for the testing of these chemical inhibitors in a subgroup of patients with ER-negative grade III breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Natrajan
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alan Mackay
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Paul M Wilkerson
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Maryou B Lambros
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Daniel Wetterskog
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Monica Arnedos
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kai-Keen Shiu
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Felipe C Geyer
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Anita Langerød
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausèen 70, Montebello, Oslo, 0310, Norway
| | - Bas Kreike
- Institute for Radiation Oncology Arnhem, Wagnerlaan 47, Arnhem 6815 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Fabien Reyal
- Department of Surgery, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Hugo M Horlings
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J van de Vijver
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Palacios
- Servicio de Anatomia Patologica, HHUU Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot, s/n, Seville, 41013, Spain
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
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Albertson DG. ESR1 amplification in breast cancer: controversy resolved? J Pathol 2012; 227:1-3. [PMID: 22322671 DOI: 10.1002/path.3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The determination of oestrogen receptor α (ERα) expression in breast cancers has been for many years the standard of care for guiding patient management. In 2007, Holst and colleagues published the previously unappreciated observation that the ERα gene, ESR1, was amplified in 21% of breast cancers, and that ESR1 gene amplification identified those individuals with high ERα expression in their tumours and who were likely to respond to hormonal manipulation. This has been a controversial area. Others have tried to reproduce these findings but the results have been mixed with respect to amplification frequency, and even contradictory with respect to prognostic and predictive value. The controversy may have now been resolved. Ooi et al, in this issue of the journal, show that the large clustered FISH signals that have been interpreted as ESR1 amplification are sensitive to RNase treatment, indicating that FISH is detecting accumulation of ESR1 transcripts in the nucleus of breast cancer cells expressing high levels of ERα, rather than gene amplification events. This story has important lessons for translational cancer research, and in particular FISH studies of gene copy number.
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Polanovski OL, Lebedenko EN, Deyev SM. ERBB oncogene proteins as targets for monoclonal antibodies. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:227-45. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Quan L, Dittmar A, Zhou Y, Hutson A, Stassen APM, Demant P. Susceptibility loci affecting ERBB2/neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis in mice. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 51:631-43. [PMID: 22419448 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.21949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty percent of breast cancers exhibit amplification or overexpression of ERBB2/neu and a poor prognosis. As the susceptibility genes controlling ERBB2 tumorgenesis are unknown, in a genetic mapping project we crossed transgenic mice expressing the neu oncogene under control of MMTV promoter with recombinant congenic (RC) strains, which provided a high mapping power. RC strains differed considerably in tumor latency (P = 0.0002), suggesting a strong genetic control of tumor development. Linkage analysis in neu-transgene carrying F2 hybrids between the most susceptible and most resistant RC strain revealed three mammary tumor susceptibility (Mts) loci with main effects, Mts1 (chr. 4), Mts2 (chr. 10), Mts3 (chr. 19), and two interacting loci Mts4 (chr.6) and Mts5 (chr. 8), significantly affecting mammary tumor latency. Suggestive significance levels indicated control of tumor numbers by Mts1 alone and in interaction with Mts5, and by two additional interacting loci on chromosomes 1 and 8. These loci combined explain to a large extent the tumor latency and number in individual F2 mouse. We also identified a suggestive locus on chromosome 17 controls metastasis to the lung. The loci Mts1, Mts1b, and Mts3 are located in the Naad4-4,5 and Naad19-2 LOH-regions of neu-induced mammary tumors, corresponding to the frequent human breast cancer LOH-regions 1p34/1p36, and 10q25, respectively. These results expand the knowledge of ERBB2 tumorigenesis and point to a combined control of specific tumor phenotypes by germ-line polymorphisms and somatic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Quan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Holst F, Moelans CB, Filipits M, Singer CF, Simon R, van Diest PJ. On the evidence for ESR1 amplification in breast cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:149. [PMID: 22270954 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3093-c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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66
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Topoisomerase 2A gene amplification in breast cancer. Critical evaluation of different FISH probes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 133:929-35. [PMID: 22083232 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The HER2 amplicon on chromosome 17q is variable in size and occasionally includes Topoisomerase 2A (TOP2A) at 17q21-22. It has been suggested that TOP2 co-amplification, not HER2 amplification on chromosome 17q11.2-12, is a useful predictive marker of response to anthracycline-based chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Given the significant toxicities of anthracyclines, the detection methods of TOP2A gene amplifications have to be standardized. We determined TOP2A gene alterations using two different fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) DNA probes. HER2 amplifications were identified with the PathVysion probe. TOP2A status of 42 HER2 amplified breast cancers was tested by FISH with PathVysion covering 160 kb and DAKO pharm DX covering 228 kb of the TOP2A amplicon. TOP2A protein expression was tested by immunohistochemistry. Multiplex-ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was performed retrospectively in cases showing discrepancies. TOP2A was amplified in 15 of 42 cases (35%) with DAKO pharm DX and in 11 of 42 cases (26%) with PathVysion. In all four discrepant cases, MLPA showed no TOP2A amplification, but instead amplification of an upstream region including HER2. TOP2A was deleted in the same seven of 42 carcinomas (17%) with both probes. TOP2A protein expression was detected in all 42 tumours (100%) with high intratumoral heterogeneity. TOP2A amplification rate depends on the length of the hybridized probes for the TOP2A locus. Because TOP2A, not HER2, is a target of anthracyclines, non-overlapping DNA probes should be used to evaluate any associations between such alterations and response to anthracycline-based chemotherapy.
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Yu KD, Shao ZM. ESR1 gene amplification: another mechanism regulating the cellular levels of ERα. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:823; author reply 823. [PMID: 22020208 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3093-c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Association between c-myc amplification and pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:1779-88. [PMID: 21741827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate whether c-myc amplification in human breast cancer is associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy comprising paclitaxel followed by 5-FU/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide (P-FEC). METHODS Tumour tissue samples were obtained before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P-FEC) from 100 primary breast cancer patients (stage II/III). C-myc and HER2 amplification were examined by FISH, and oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Ki67, and topoisomerase 2α (TOP2A) expression were examined immunohistochemically. Pathological complete response (pCR) was defined by a complete loss of tumour cells in the breast without any lymph node metastasis. RESULTS C-myc amplification was observed in 40% (40/100) of breast tumours, and was significantly associated with ER-negative tumours (23/40 for ER(-) versus 17/60 for ER(+), P=0.004), high histological grade tumours (11/18 for grade 3 versus 29/82 for grades 1+2, P=0.043) and TOP2A-positive tumours (28/51 for TOP2A(+) versus 12/49 for TOP2A(-), P=0.002). pCR rate was 20% for total patients (10.0% for ER(+) and 35.0% for ER(-)). Further, breast tumours with c-myc amplification (c-myc(+)) showed a significantly (P=0.041) higher pCR rate (12/40) than those without such amplification (c-myc(-)) (8/60). This association between pCR and c-myc amplification was observed in ER-positive tumours (4/17 for c-myc(+) versus 2/43 for c-myc(-), P=0.048) but not in ER-negative tumours (8/23 for c-myc(+) versus 6/17 for c-myc(-), P=0.973). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that c-myc amplification is significantly associated with a high pCR rate to P-FEC in breast tumours, especially in ER-positive tumours.
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Tolhurst RS, Thomas RS, Kyle FJ, Patel H, Periyasamy M, Photiou A, Thiruchelvam PTR, Lai CF, Al-Sabbagh M, Fisher RA, Barry S, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T, Martin LA, Dowsett M, Charles Coombes R, Kamalati T, Ali S, Buluwela L. Transient over-expression of estrogen receptor-α in breast cancer cells promotes cell survival and estrogen-independent growth. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 128:357-68. [PMID: 20730598 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) positive breast cancer frequently responds to inhibitors of ERα activity, such as tamoxifen, and/or to aromatase inhibitors that block estrogen biosynthesis. However, many patients become resistant to these agents through mechanisms that remain unclear. Previous studies have shown that expression of ERα in ERα-negative breast cancer cell lines frequently inhibits their growth. In order to determine the consequence of ERα over-expression in ERα-positive breast cancer cells, we over-expressed ERα in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line using adenovirus gene transduction. ERα over-expression led to ligand-independent expression of the estrogen-regulated genes pS2 and PR and growth in the absence of estrogen. Interestingly, prolonged culturing of these cells in estrogen-free conditions led to the outgrowth of cells capable of growth in cultures from ERα transduced, but not in control cultures. From these cultures a line, MLET5, was established which remained ERα-positive, but grew in an estrogen-independent manner. Moreover, MLET5 cells were inhibited by anti-estrogens showing that ERα remains important for their growth. Gene expression microarray analysis comparing MCF-7 cells with MLET5 highlighted apoptosis as a major functional grouping that is altered in MLET5 cells, such that cell survival would be favoured. This conclusion was further substantiated by the demonstration that MLET5 show resistance to etoposide-induced apoptosis. As the gene expression microarray analysis also shows that the apoptosis gene set differentially expressed in MLET5 is enriched for estrogen-regulated genes, our findings suggest that transient over-expression of ERα could lead to increased cell survival and the development of estrogen-independent growth, thereby contributing to resistance to endocrine therapies in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Tolhurst
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Dettman E, Simko SJ, Ayanga B, Carofino B, Margolin J, Morse HC, Justice MJ. Prdm14 initiates lymphoblastic leukemia after expanding a population of cells resembling common lymphoid progenitors. Oncogene 2011; 30:2859-73. [PMID: 21339739 PMCID: PMC3121925 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the heterogeneous genetic mechanisms of tumor initiation in lymphoid leukemias (LL) will lead to improvements in prognostic classification and treatment regimens. In previous studies of mouse leukemias, we showed that retroviral insertion at the ecotropic viral insertion site 32 locus leads to increased expression of Prdm14, a pluripotency gene implicated in the self-renewal capacity of embryonic stem cells and the early stages of breast cancer. Here, we show that PRDM14 is also overexpressed in ∼25% of human lymphoid neoplasms, with increased frequencies in T-cell acute LL and hyperdiploid precursor B-cell acute LL. To test if Prdm14 overexpression could initiate leukemia, mice were transduced with bone marrow cells transfected with a Prdm14 expression vector. LLs developed in 96% of female mice and 42% of male mice. Before the onset of leukemia, differentiation of transduced cells was biased up to 1000-fold toward cells with features of common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), and lymphoid differentiation showed a relative block at the pro-B stage. Microarray gene expression analysis of expanded CLP-like cells before the onset of leukemia demonstrated upregulation of genes involved in pluripotency, tumor initiation, early B-lineage commitment, Wnt/Ras signaling and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Among the dysregulated genes were imprinted genes and non-coding RNAs including Dlk1 and Meg3, which are also key pluripotency mediators. Heightened expression of the estrogen-dependent oncogene, Myb, in tumors suggests a basis for the increased frequency of cancer in female mice. These data provide the first direct evidence for the association of Prdm14 with cancer initiation in an in vivo mouse model and in human lymphoid malignancies, while suggesting mechanisms for Prdm14's mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.J. Dettman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen J. Simko
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bernard Ayanga
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Brandi Carofino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Judith Margolin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Herbert C. Morse
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Monica J. Justice
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Molecular differences between ductal carcinoma in situ and adjacent invasive breast carcinoma: a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification study. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 34:475-82. [PMID: 21547576 PMCID: PMC3219861 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-011-0043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) accounts for approximately 20% of mammographically detected breast cancers. Although DCIS is generally highly curable, some women with DCIS will develop life-threatening invasive breast cancer, but the determinants of progression to infiltrating ductal cancer (IDC) are largely unknown. Methods In the current study, we used multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), a multiplex PCR-based test, to compare copy numbers of 21 breast cancer related genes between laser-microdissected DCIS and adjacent IDC lesions in 39 patients. Genes included in this study were ESR1, EGFR, FGFR1, ADAM9, IKBKB, PRDM14, MTDH, MYC, CCND1, EMSY, CDH1, TRAF4, CPD, MED1, HER2, CDC6, TOP2A, MAPT, BIRC5, CCNE1 and AURKA. Results There were no significant differences in copy number for the 21 genes between DCIS and adjacent IDC. Low/intermediate-grade DCIS showed on average 6 gains/amplifications versus 8 in high-grade DCIS (p = 0.158). Furthermore, alterations of AURKA and CCNE1 were exclusively found in high-grade DCIS, and HER2, PRDM14 and EMSY amplification was more frequent in high-grade DCIS than in low/intermediate-grade DCIS. In contrast, the average number of alterations in low/intermediate and high grade IDC was similar, and although EGFR alterations were exclusively found in high grade IDC compared to low/intermediate-grade IDC, there were generally fewer differences between low/intermediate-grade and high-grade IDC than between low/intermediate-grade and high-grade DCIS. Conclusion In conclusion, there were no significant differences in copy number for 21 breast cancer related genes between DCIS and adjacent IDC, indicating that DCIS is genetically as advanced as its invasive counterpart. However, high grade DCIS showed more copy number changes than low/intermediate grade DCIS with specifically involved genes, supporting a model in which different histological grades of DCIS are associated with distinct genomic changes that progress to IDC in different routes. These high grade DCIS specific genes may be potential targets for treatment and/or predict progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13402-011-0043-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Grimm EE, Schmidt RA, Swanson PE, Dintzis SM, Allison KH. Achieving 95% cross-methodological concordance in HER2 testing: causes and implications of discordant cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134:284-92. [PMID: 20660333 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpuqb18xzohhbj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We were interested in determining our concordance between fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and a previously validated immunohistochemical HER2 assay to identify possible reasons for discordance and to determine if all reasons for discordance were addressed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guidelines. We reviewed 697 cases (2004-2007) in which HER2 immunohistochemical and FISH testing were concurrently done. Overall concordance between nonequivocal immunohistochemical and FISH results was 96%. Of the 19 discordant cases, 13 (68%) were interpreted as positive immunohistochemically but negative by FISH. The primary reason for this discordance was immunohistochemical interpretation. Weak stain intensity, granular staining, and interpretation in areas of crush artifact were identified as the most common issues. Of the 6 cases interpreted as immunohistochemically negative and FISH-positive, 2 were from patients known to be receiving trastuzumab at the time of biopsy, 1 was very close to the FISH equivocal category, and 4 cases had fewer than 1.5 CEP17 signals per cell (1 patient in this group was also receiving trastuzumab). Focusing on issues with HER2 immunohistochemical interpretation can improve concordance rates for immunohistochemically positive cases, but biologic reasons may explain some discordant immunohistochemically negative cases.
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