51
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Ali A, Syed SM, Jamaluddin MFB, Colino-Sanguino Y, Gallego-Ortega D, Tanwar PS. Cell Lineage Tracing Identifies Hormone-Regulated and Wnt-Responsive Vaginal Epithelial Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1463-1477.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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52
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Crowell PD, Giafaglione JM, Hashimoto T, Diaz JA, Goldstein AS. Evaluating the Differentiation Capacity of Mouse Prostate Epithelial Cells Using Organoid Culture. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31814611 DOI: 10.3791/60223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostate epithelium is comprised predominantly of basal and luminal cells. In vivo lineage tracing has been utilized to define the differentiation capacity of mouse prostate basal and luminal cells during development, tissue-regeneration and transformation. However, evaluating cell-intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of prostate epithelial differentiation capacity using a lineage tracing approach often requires extensive breeding and can be cost-prohibitive. In the prostate organoid assay, basal and luminal cells generate prostatic epithelium ex vivo. Importantly, primary epithelial cells can be isolated from mice of any genetic background or mice treated with any number of small molecules prior to, or after, plating into three-dimensional (3D) culture. Sufficient material for evaluation of differentiation capacity is generated after 7-10 days. Collection of basal-derived and luminal-derived organoids for (1) protein analysis by Western blot and (2) immunohistochemical analysis of intact organoids by whole-mount confocal microscopy enables researchers to evaluate the ex vivo differentiation capacity of prostate epithelial cells. When used in combination, these two approaches provide complementary information about the differentiation capacity of prostate basal and luminal cells in response to genetic or pharmacological manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston D Crowell
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jenna M Giafaglione
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Takao Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Johnny A Diaz
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Andrew S Goldstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles;
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53
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Tika E, Ousset M, Dannau A, Blanpain C. Spatiotemporal regulation of multipotency during prostate development. Development 2019; 146:dev.180224. [PMID: 31575645 PMCID: PMC6883376 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prostate is formed by a branched glandular epithelium composed of basal cells (BCs) and luminal cells (LCs). Multipotent and unipotent stem cells (SCs) mediate the initial steps of prostate development whereas BCs and LCs are self-sustained in adult mice by unipotent lineage-restricted SCs. The spatiotemporal regulation of SC fate and the switch from multipotency to unipotency remain poorly characterised. Here, by combining lineage tracing, whole-tissue imaging, clonal analysis and proliferation kinetics, we uncover the cellular dynamics that orchestrate prostate postnatal development in mouse. We found that at an early stage of development multipotent basal SCs are located throughout the epithelium and are progressively restricted at the distal tip of the ducts, where, together with their progeny, they establish the different branches and the final structure of prostate. In contrast, pubertal development is mediated by unipotent lineage-restricted SCs. Our results uncover the spatiotemporal regulation of the switch from multipotency to unipotency during prostate development. Highlighted Article: A combination of lineage tracing and whole-mount imaging uncovers how the multipotency of basal stem cells is regulated during postnatal prostate development in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Tika
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Marielle Ousset
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Anne Dannau
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium .,WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
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54
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Davis JE, Kirk J, Ji Y, Tang DG. Tumor Dormancy and Slow-Cycling Cancer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:199-206. [PMID: 31576550 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell heterogeneity is a universal feature of human tumors and represents a significant barrier to the efficacy and duration of anticancer therapies, especially targeted therapeutics. Among the heterogeneous cancer cell populations is a subpopulation of relatively quiescent cancer cells, which are in the G0/G1 cell-cycle phase and refractory to anti-mitotic drugs that target proliferative cells. These slow-cycling cells (SCCs) preexist in untreated tumors and frequently become enriched in treatment-failed tumors, raising the possibility that these cells may mediate therapy resistance and tumor relapse. Here we review several general concepts on tumor cell heterogeneity, quiescence, and tumor dormancy. We discuss the potential relationship between SCCs and cancer stem cells (CSCs). We also present our current understanding of how SCCs and cancer dormancy might be regulated. Increasing knowledge of SCCs and tumor dormancy should lead to identification of novel molecular regulators and therapeutic targets of tumor relapse, residual diseases, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jason Kirk
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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55
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Horton C, Liu Y, Yu C, Xie Q, Wang ZA. Luminal-contact-inhibition of epithelial basal stem cell multipotency in prostate organogenesis and homeostasis. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.045724. [PMID: 31540905 PMCID: PMC6826291 DOI: 10.1242/bio.045724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate epithelial basal cells are highly plastic in their luminal differentiation capability. Basal stem cells actively produce luminal cells during organogenesis, but become restricted in the adult prostate unless receiving oncogenic or inflammatory stimuli. Given that the number of luminal cells increases relative to basal cells through development and that equilibrium is reached in the adulthood, we hypothesize that a negative-feedback mechanism exists to inhibit basal-to-luminal differentiation. We provide evidence supporting this hypothesis by comparing murine prostatic growth in a tissue reconstitution assay with cell recombinants of different basal-to-luminal ratios. Additionally, in organoid culture, hybrid organoids derived from adjacent basal and luminal cells showed reduced basal stem cell activities, suggesting contact inhibition. Importantly, removal of adult luminal cells in vivo via either an inducible Cre/loxP-Dre/rox dual-lineage-tracing system or orthotopic trypsin injection led to robust reactivation of basal stem cell activities, which acts independent of androgen. These data illustrate the prostate organ as a distinctive paradigm where cell contact from differentiated daughter cells restricts adult stem cell multipotency to maintain the steady-state epithelial architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrigan Horton
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Yueli Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Chuan Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Zhu A Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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56
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prostate Cancer Development: Therapeutic Implications. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E82. [PMID: 31366128 PMCID: PMC6789661 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent nonskin cancer and second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in man. Prostate cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease with many patients exhibiting an aggressive disease with progression, metastasis, and other patients showing an indolent disease with low tendency to progression. Three stages of development of human prostate tumors have been identified: intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma androgen-dependent, and adenocarcinoma androgen-independent or castration-resistant. Advances in molecular technologies have provided a very rapid progress in our understanding of the genomic events responsible for the initial development and progression of prostate cancer. These studies have shown that prostate cancer genome displays a relatively low mutation rate compared with other cancers and few chromosomal loss or gains. The ensemble of these molecular studies has led to suggest the existence of two main molecular groups of prostate cancers: one characterized by the presence of ERG rearrangements (~50% of prostate cancers harbor recurrent gene fusions involving ETS transcription factors, fusing the 5' untranslated region of the androgen-regulated gene TMPRSS2 to nearly the coding sequence of the ETS family transcription factor ERG) and features of chemoplexy (complex gene rearrangements developing from a coordinated and simultaneous molecular event), and a second one characterized by the absence of ERG rearrangements and by the frequent mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase adapter SPOP and/or deletion of CDH1, a chromatin remodeling factor, and interchromosomal rearrangements and SPOP mutations are early events during prostate cancer development. During disease progression, genomic and epigenomic abnormalities accrued and converged on prostate cancer pathways, leading to a highly heterogeneous transcriptomic landscape, characterized by a hyperactive androgen receptor signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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57
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that pre-vascularization of tissue-engineered constructs can significantly enhance their survival and engraftment upon transplantation. Endothelial cells (ECs), the basic component of vasculatures, are indispensable to the entire process of pre-vascularization. However, the source of ECs still poses an issue. Recent studies confirmed that diverse approaches are available in the derivation of ECs for tissue engineering, such as direct isolation of autologous ECs, reprogramming of somatic cells, and induced differentiation of stem cells in typology. Herein, we discussed a variety of human stem cells (i.e., totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent stem cells), which can be induced to differentiate into ECs and reviewed the multifarious approaches for EC generation, such as 3D EB formation for embryonic stem cells (ESCs), stem cell-somatic cell co-culture, and directed endothelial differentiation with growth factors in conventional 2D culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Stomatological Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui Province China
| | - Jiacai He
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Stomatological Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui Province China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
| | - Jianguang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Stomatological Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui Province China
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
| | - Yuanyin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Stomatological Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui Province China
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58
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Abstract
Stem/progenitor cells play central roles in processes of organogenesis and tissue maintenance, whereas cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to drive tumor malignancy. Here, we review recent progress in the identification and analysis of normal prostate stem/progenitor cells as well as putative CSCs in both genetically engineered mouse models as well as in human tissue. We also discuss studies that have investigated the cell type of origin for prostate cancer. In addition, we provide a critical assessment of methodologies used in stem cell analyses and outline directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia J Li
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
- Department Genetics and Development, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
- Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Michael M Shen
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
- Department Genetics and Development, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
- Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
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59
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Hanoun M, Arnal-Estapé A, Maryanovich M, Zahalka AH, Bergren SK, Chua CW, Leftin A, Brodin PN, Shen MM, Guha C, Frenette PS. Nestin +NG2 + Cells Form a Reserve Stem Cell Population in the Mouse Prostate. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1201-1211. [PMID: 31130357 PMCID: PMC6565923 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the prostate, stem and progenitor cell regenerative capacities have been ascribed to both basal and luminal epithelial cells. Here, we show that a rare subset of mesenchymal cells in the prostate are epithelial-primed Nestin-expressing cells (EPNECs) that can generate self-renewing prostate organoids with bipotential capacity. Upon transplantation, these EPNECs can form prostate gland tissue grafts at the clonal level. Lineage-tracing analyses show that cells marked by Nestin or NG2 transgenic mice contribute to prostate epithelium during organogenesis. In the adult, modest contributions in repeated rounds of regression and regeneration are observed, whereas prostate epithelial cells derived from Nestin/NG2-marked cells are dramatically increased after severe irradiation-induced organ damage. These results indicate that Nestin/NG2 expression marks a novel radioresistant prostate stem cell that is active during development and displays reserve stem cell activity for tissue maintenance. The murine prostate mesenchyme contains epithelial-primed Nestin+ cells Nestin+ cells generate self-renewing prostate organoids and glands at clonal level NG2/Nestin+ cells contribute to prostate epithelium during organogenesis NG2/Nestin+ cells retain reserve stem cell activity for tissue regeneration in the adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Hanoun
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Hematology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Arnal-Estapé
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maria Maryanovich
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ali H Zahalka
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sarah K Bergren
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chee W Chua
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Avigdor Leftin
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Patrik N Brodin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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60
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Blee AM, Huang H. Lineage plasticity-mediated therapy resistance in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2019; 21:241-248. [PMID: 29900883 PMCID: PMC6498731 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_41_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy resistance is a significant challenge for prostate cancer treatment in clinic. Although targeted therapies such as androgen deprivation and androgen receptor (AR) inhibition are effective initially, tumor cells eventually evade these strategies through multiple mechanisms. Lineage reprogramming in response to hormone therapy represents a key mechanism that is increasingly observed. The studies in this area have revealed specific combinations of alterations present in adenocarcinomas that provide cells with the ability to transdifferentiate and perpetuate AR-independent tumor growth after androgen-based therapies. Interestingly, several master regulators have been identified that drive plasticity, some of which also play key roles during development and differentiation of the cell lineages in the normal prostate. Thus, further study of each AR-independent tumor type and understanding underlying mechanisms are warranted to develop combinational therapies that combat lineage plasticity in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Blee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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61
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The Contributions of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells in Prostate Cancer Initiation and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040434. [PMID: 30934773 PMCID: PMC6521153 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the last decade has clearly revealed a critical role of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) in prostate cancer (PC). Prostate stem cells (PSCs) reside in both basal and luminal layers, and are the target cells of oncogenic transformation, suggesting a role of PCSCs in PC initiation. Mutations in PTEN, TP53, and RB1 commonly occur in PC, particularly in metastasis and castration-resistant PC. The loss of PTEN together with Ras activation induces partial epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a major mechanism that confers plasticity to cancer stem cells (CSCs) and PCSCs, which contributes to metastasis. While PTEN inactivation leads to PC, it is not sufficient for metastasis, the loss of PTEN concurrently with the inactivation of both TP53 and RB1 empower lineage plasticity in PC cells, which substantially promotes PC metastasis and the conversion to PC adenocarcinoma to neuroendocrine PC (NEPC), demonstrating the essential function of TP53 and RB1 in the suppression of PCSCs. TP53 and RB1 suppress lineage plasticity through the inhibition of SOX2 expression. In this review, we will discuss the current evidence supporting a major role of PCSCs in PC initiation and metastasis, as well as the underlying mechanisms regulating PCSCs. These discussions will be developed along with the cancer stem cell (CSC) knowledge in other cancer types.
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62
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McAuley E, Moline D, VanOpstall C, Lamperis S, Brown R, Vander Griend DJ. Sox2 Expression Marks Castration-Resistant Progenitor Cells in the Adult Murine Prostate. Stem Cells 2019; 37:690-700. [PMID: 30720908 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Identification of defined epithelial cell populations with progenitor properties is critical for understanding prostatic development and disease. Here, we demonstrate that Sox2 expression is enriched in the epithelial cells of the proximal prostate adjacent to the urethra. We use lineage tracing of Sox2-positive cells during prostatic development, homeostasis, and regeneration to show that the Sox2 lineage is capable of self-renewal and contributes to prostatic regeneration. Persisting luminal cells express Sox2 after castration, highlighting a potential role for Sox2 in cell survival and castration-resistance. In addition to revealing a novel progenitor population in the prostate, these data implicate Sox2 as a regulatory factor of adult prostate epithelial stem cells. Stem Cells 2019;37:690-700.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin McAuley
- The Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Moline
- The Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Calvin VanOpstall
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sophia Lamperis
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan Brown
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Donald J Vander Griend
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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63
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Barbosa GO, Bruni-Cardoso A, da Silva Pinhal MA, Augusto TM, Carvalho HF. Heparanase-1 activity and the early postnatal prostate development. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:211-220. [PMID: 30653275 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventral prostate (VP) morphogenesis starts during embryonic development and continues for the first three postnatal weeks. Heparan sulfate (HS) affects paracrine signaling. Heparanase-1 (HPSE) is the only enzyme capable of cleaving HS. HPSE releases the HS bioactive fragment and mobilizes growth factors. Little is known, however, about HS turnover and HPSE function during VP morphogenesis. In this study, we measured HSPG expression and analyzed the expression and distribution of HPSE in the rat VP. HPSE was predominantly expressed by the VP epithelium. The VP was treated with heparin in ex vivo cultures to interfere with HS and resulted in delayed epithelial growth. Hpse knockdown using siRNA delayed epithelial growth in the first postnatal week ex vivo, which was similar to treating with the lower concentration of heparin. Hpse silencing was related to changes in HS chain length (as determined by size-exclusion chromatography, up-regulation of Mmp9, and down-regulation of Mmp2 expression). It also down-modulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting a reduction in signaling, likely due to decreased HS cleavage and growth factor bioavailability. Our results showed that HPSE played a role in early epithelial growth during the first week of VP postnatal development. Developmental Dynamics 248:211-220, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Oliveira Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Bruni-Cardoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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64
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Abstract
Comprehensive knowledge of the normal prostate epithelial lineage hierarchy is a prerequisite to investigate the identity of the cells of origin for prostate cancer. The basal and luminal cells constitute most of the prostate epithelium and have been the major focuses of the study on the cells of origin for prostate cancer. Much progress has been made during the past few decades, mainly using mouse models, to understand the inter-lineage relationship and intra-lineage heterogeneity in adults as well as the lineage plasticity during conditions of stress. These studies have concluded that the adult mouse prostate basal and luminal cells are largely independently sustained under physiological conditions, but both types of cells possess the capacity for bipotent differentiation under stress or artificial experimental conditions. However, the existence or the identity of the putative progenitors within each lineage warrants further investigation. Whether the human prostate lineage hierarchy is completely the same as that of the mouse remains uncertain. Experiments from independent groups have demonstrated that both types of cells in mice and humans can serve as targets for transformation. But controversies remain whether the disease from distinct cells of origin display different clinical behaviors. Further investigation of the intra-lineage heterogeneity will provide new insights into this issue. Understanding the identity of the cells of origin for prostate cancer will help identify novel prognostic markers for early detection of aggressive prostate cancers, provide insights into the therapeutic vulnerability of these tumors, and inspire novel therapeutic strategies.
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65
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Barros-Silva JD, Linn DE, Steiner I, Guo G, Ali A, Pakula H, Ashton G, Peset I, Brown M, Clarke NW, Bronson RT, Yuan GC, Orkin SH, Li Z, Baena E. Single-Cell Analysis Identifies LY6D as a Marker Linking Castration-Resistant Prostate Luminal Cells to Prostate Progenitors and Cancer. Cell Rep 2018; 25:3504-3518.e6. [PMID: 30566873 PMCID: PMC6315111 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact identity of castrate-resistant (CR) cells and their relation to CR prostate cancer (CRPC) is unresolved. We use single-cell gene profiling to analyze the molecular heterogeneity in basal and luminal compartments. Within the luminal compartment, we identify a subset of cells intrinsically resistant to castration with a bi-lineage gene expression pattern. We discover LY6D as a marker of CR prostate progenitors with multipotent differentiation and enriched organoid-forming capacity. Lineage tracing further reveals that LY6D+ CR luminal cells can produce LY6D- luminal cells. In contrast, in luminal cells lacking PTEN, LY6D+ cells predominantly give rise to LY6D+ tumor cells, contributing to high-grade PIN lesions. Gene expression analyses in patients' biopsies indicate that LY6D expression correlates with early disease progression, including progression to CRPC. Our studies thus identify a subpopulation of luminal progenitors characterized by LY6D expression and intrinsic castration resistance. LY6D may serve as a prognostic maker for advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- João D Barros-Silva
- Prostate Oncobiology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Douglas E Linn
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ivana Steiner
- Prostate Oncobiology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Guoji Guo
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adnan Ali
- Prostate Oncobiology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Hubert Pakula
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Garry Ashton
- Histology Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Isabel Peset
- Imaging Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Michael Brown
- Genito-Urinary Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Noel W Clarke
- Genito-Urinary Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Department of Surgery, The Christie Hospital, Department of Urology, Salford Royal Hospitals, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Esther Baena
- Prostate Oncobiology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK.
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66
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Zhang D, Zhao S, Li X, Kirk JS, Tang DG. Prostate Luminal Progenitor Cells in Development and Cancer. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:769-783. [PMID: 30352679 PMCID: PMC6212301 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) has a predominantly luminal phenotype. Basal cells were previously identified as a cell of origin for PCa, but increasing evidence implicates luminal cells as a preferred cell of origin for PCa, as well as key drivers of tumor development and progression. Prostate luminal cells are understudied compared with basal cells. In this review, we describe the contribution of prostate luminal progenitor (LP) cells to luminal cell development and their role in prostate development, androgen-mediated regeneration of castrated prostate, and tumorigenesis. We also discuss the potential value of LP transcriptomics to identify new targets and therapies to treat aggressive PCa. Finally, we propose future research directions focusing on molecular mechanisms underlying LP cell biology and heterogeneity in normal and diseased prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jason S Kirk
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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67
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Rodilla V, Fre S. Cellular Plasticity of Mammary Epithelial Cells Underlies Heterogeneity of Breast Cancer. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6040103. [PMID: 30388868 PMCID: PMC6315661 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hierarchical relationships between stem cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and differentiated cells remain unclear in several tissues, due to a high degree of cell plasticity, allowing cells to switch between different cell states. The mouse mammary gland, similarly to other tissues such as the prostate, the sweat gland, and the respiratory tract airways, consists of an epithelium exclusively maintained by unipotent progenitors throughout adulthood. Such unipotent progenitors, however, retain a remarkable cellular plasticity, as they can revert to multipotency during epithelial regeneration as well as upon oncogene activation. Here, we revise the current knowledge on mammary cell hierarchies in light of the most recent lineage tracing studies performed in the mammary gland and highlight how stem cell differentiation or reversion to multipotency are at the base of tumor development and progression. In addition, we will discuss the current knowledge about the interplay between tumor cells of origin and defined genetic mutations, leading to different tumor types, and its implications in choosing specific therapeutic protocols for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Rodilla
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, F-75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France.
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68
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Frank S, Nelson P, Vasioukhin V. Recent advances in prostate cancer research: large-scale genomic analyses reveal novel driver mutations and DNA repair defects. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30135717 PMCID: PMC6073096 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14499.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a disease of mutated and misregulated genes. However, primary prostate tumors have relatively few mutations, and only three genes (
ERG,
PTEN, and
SPOP) are recurrently mutated in more than 10% of primary tumors. On the other hand, metastatic castration-resistant tumors have more mutations, but, with the exception of the androgen receptor gene (
AR), no single gene is altered in more than half of tumors. Structural genomic rearrangements are common, including
ERG fusions, copy gains involving the
MYC locus, and copy losses containing
PTEN. Overall, instead of being associated with a single dominant driver event, prostate tumors display various combinations of modifications in oncogenes and tumor suppressors. This review takes a broad look at the recent advances in PCa research, including understanding the genetic alterations that drive the disease and how specific mutations can sensitize tumors to potential therapies. We begin with an overview of the genomic landscape of primary and metastatic PCa, enabled by recent large-scale sequencing efforts. Advances in three-dimensional cell culture techniques and mouse models for PCa are also discussed, and particular emphasis is placed on the benefits of patient-derived xenograft models. We also review research into understanding how ETS fusions (in particular,
TMPRSS2-ERG) and
SPOP mutations contribute to tumor initiation. Next, we examine the recent findings on the prevalence of germline DNA repair mutations in about 12% of patients with metastatic disease and their potential benefit from the use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and immune modulation. Lastly, we discuss the recent increased prevalence of AR-negative tumors (neuroendocrine and double-negative) and the current state of immunotherapy in PCa. AR remains the primary clinical target for PCa therapies; however, it does not act alone, and better understanding of supporting mutations may help guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Frank
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Valeri Vasioukhin
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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69
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Soundararajan R, Paranjape AN, Maity S, Aparicio A, Mani SA. EMT, stemness and tumor plasticity in aggressive variant neuroendocrine prostate cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:229-238. [PMID: 29981816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine/Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancers are lethal variants of the disease, with an aggressive clinical course and very short responses to conventional therapy. The age-adjusted incidence rate for this tumor sub-type has steadily increased over the past 20 years in the United States, with no reduction in the associated mortality rate. The molecular networks fueling its emergence and sustenance are still obscure; however, many factors have been associated with the onset and progression of neuroendocrine differentiation in clinically typical adenocarcinomas including loss of androgen-receptor expression and/or signaling, conventional therapy, and dysregulated cytokine function. "Tumor-plasticity" and the ability to dedifferentiate into alternate cell lineages are central to this process. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) signaling pathways are major promoters of stem-cell properties in prostate tumor cells. In this review, we examine the contributions of EMT-induced cellular-plasticity and stem-cell signaling pathways to the progression of Neuroendocrine/Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancers in the light of potential therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Anurag N Paranjape
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sankar Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ana Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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70
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Civenni G, Carbone GM, Catapano CV. Overview of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Prostate Cancer and Their Applications in Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 81:e39. [PMID: 29927081 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignant visceral neoplasm in males in Western countries. Despite progress made in the early treatment of localized malignancies, there remains a need for therapies effective against advanced forms of the disease. Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models are valuable tools for addressing this issue, particularly in defining the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for tumor initiation and progression. While cell and tissue culture systems are important models for this purpose as well, they cannot recapitulate the complex interactions within heterotypic cells and the tumor microenvironment that are crucial in the initiation and progression of prostate tumors. Limitations of GEM models include resistance to developing invasive and metastatic tumors that resemble the advanced stages of human PCa. Nonetheless, because genetic models provide valuable information on the human condition that would otherwise be impossible to obtain, they are increasingly employed to identify molecular targets and to examine the efficacy of cancer therapeutics. The aim of this overview is to provide a brief but comprehensive summary of GEM models for PCa, with particular emphasis on the strengths and weaknesses of this experimental approach. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Civenni
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppina M Carbone
- Prostate Cancer Biology Group, Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Carlo V Catapano
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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71
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Lilja AM, Rodilla V, Huyghe M, Hannezo E, Landragin C, Renaud O, Leroy O, Rulands S, Simons BD, Fre S. Clonal analysis of Notch1-expressing cells reveals the existence of unipotent stem cells that retain long-term plasticity in the embryonic mammary gland. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:677-687. [PMID: 29784917 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent lineage tracing studies have revealed that mammary gland homeostasis relies on unipotent stem cells. However, whether and when lineage restriction occurs during embryonic mammary development, and which signals orchestrate cell fate specification, remain unknown. Using a combination of in vivo clonal analysis with whole mount immunofluorescence and mathematical modelling of clonal dynamics, we found that embryonic multipotent mammary cells become lineage-restricted surprisingly early in development, with evidence for unipotency as early as E12.5 and no statistically discernable bipotency after E15.5. To gain insights into the mechanisms governing the switch from multipotency to unipotency, we used gain-of-function Notch1 mice and demonstrated that Notch activation cell autonomously dictates luminal cell fate specification to both embryonic and basally committed mammary cells. These functional studies have important implications for understanding the signals underlying cell plasticity and serve to clarify how reactivation of embryonic programs in adult cells can lead to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Lilja
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Veronica Rodilla
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris VI, Paris, France. .,Preclinical Research Program; Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mathilde Huyghe
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Camille Landragin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Renaud
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris VI, Paris, France.,Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Leroy
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris VI, Paris, France.,Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Steffen Rulands
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris VI, Paris, France.
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72
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Emmerson E, Knox SM. Salivary gland stem cells: A review of development, regeneration and cancer. Genesis 2018; 56:e23211. [PMID: 29663717 PMCID: PMC5980780 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are responsible for maintaining the health of the oral cavity and are routinely damaged by therapeutic radiation for head and neck cancer as well as by autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome. Regenerative approaches based on the reactivation of endogenous stem cells or the transplant of exogenous stem cells hold substantial promise in restoring the structure and function of these organs to improve patient quality of life. However, these approaches have been hampered by a lack of knowledge on the identity of salivary stem cell populations and their regulators. In this review we discuss our current knowledge on salivary stem cells and their regulators during organ development, homeostasis and regeneration. As increasing evidence in other systems suggests that progenitor cells may be a source of cancer, we also review whether these same salivary stem cells may also be cancer initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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73
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Hao Y, Bjerke GA, Pietrzak K, Melhuish TA, Han Y, Turner SD, Frierson HF, Wotton D. TGFβ signaling limits lineage plasticity in prostate cancer. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007409. [PMID: 29782499 PMCID: PMC5983872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although treatment options for localized prostate cancer (CaP) are initially effective, the five-year survival for metastatic CaP is below 30%. Mutation or deletion of the PTEN tumor suppressor is a frequent event in metastatic CaP, and inactivation of the transforming growth factor (TGF) ß signaling pathway is associated with more advanced disease. We previously demonstrated that mouse models of CaP based on inactivation of Pten and the TGFß type II receptor (Tgfbr2) rapidly become invasive and metastatic. Here we show that mouse prostate tumors lacking Pten and Tgfbr2 have higher expression of stem cell markers and genes indicative of basal epithelial cells, and that basal cell proliferation is increased compared to Pten mutants. To better model the primarily luminal phenotype of human CaP we mutated Pten and Tgfbr2 specifically in luminal cells, and found that these tumors also progress to invasive and metastatic cancer. Accompanying the transition to invasive cancer we observed de-differentiation of luminal tumor cells to an intermediate cell type with both basal and luminal markers, as well as differentiation to basal cells. Proliferation rates in these de-differentiated cells were lower than in either basal or luminal cells. However, de-differentiated cells account for the majority of cells in micro-metastases consistent with a preferential contribution to metastasis. We suggest that active TGFß signaling limits lineage plasticity in prostate luminal cells, and that de-differentiation of luminal tumor cells can drive progression to metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Glen A. Bjerke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Karolina Pietrzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tiffany A. Melhuish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Stephen D. Turner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Henry F. Frierson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - David Wotton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
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74
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Yin L, Li J, Liao CP, Jason Wu B. Monoamine Oxidase Deficiency Causes Prostate Atrophy and Reduces Prostate Progenitor Cell Activity. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1249-1258. [PMID: 29637670 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) degrade a number of biogenic and dietary amines, including monoamine neurotransmitters, and play an essential role in many biological processes. Neurotransmitters and related neural events have been shown to participate in the development, differentiation, and maintenance of diverse tissues and organs by regulating the specialized cellular function and morphological structures of innervated organs such as the prostate. Here we show that mice lacking both MAO isoforms, MAOA and MAOB, exhibit smaller prostate mass and develop epithelial atrophy in the ventral and dorsolateral prostates. The cellular composition of prostate epithelium showed reduced CK5+ or p63+ basal cells, accompanied by lower Sca-1 expression in p63+ basal cells, but intact differentiated CK8+ luminal cells in MAOA/B-deficient mouse prostates. MAOA/B ablation also decreased epithelial cell proliferation without affecting cell apoptosis in mouse prostates. Using a human prostate epithelial cell line, we found that stable knockdown of MAOA and MAOB impaired the capacity of prostate stem cells to form spheres, coinciding with a reduced CD133+ /CD44+ /CD24- stem cell population and less expression of CK5 and select stem cell markers, including ALDH1A1, TROP2, and CD166. Alternative pharmacological inhibition of MAOs also repressed prostate cell stemness. In addition, we found elevated expression of MAOA and MAOB in epithelial and/or stromal components of human prostate hyperplasia samples compared with normal prostate tissues. Taken together, our findings reveal critical roles for MAOs in the regulation of prostate basal progenitor cells and prostate maintenance. Stem Cells 2018;36:1249-1258.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yin
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Chun-Peng Liao
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Boyang Jason Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
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75
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Xiao L, Feng Q, Zhang Z, Wang F, Lydon JP, Ittmann MM, Xin L, Mitsiades N, He B. The essential role of GATA transcription factors in adult murine prostate. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47891-47903. [PMID: 27374105 PMCID: PMC5216986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
GATA transcription factors are essential in mammalian cell lineage determination and have a critical role in cancer development. In cultured prostate cancer cells, GATA2 coordinates with androgen receptor (AR) to regulate gene transcription. In the murine prostate, among six GATA members, GATA2 and GATA3 are expressed. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that both GATA factors predominantly localize in the nuclei of luminal epithelial cells. The pioneer factor FoxA1 is exclusively detected in the luminal cells, whereas AR is detected in both luminal and basal cells. Using genetic engineering, we generated prostate-specific GATA2 and GATA3 knockout (KO) mice. Ablation of single GATA gene had marginal effect on prostate morphology and AR target gene expression, likely due to their genetic compensation. Double KO mice exhibited PIN III to IV lesions, but decreased prostate to body weight ratio, altered AR target gene expression, and expansion of p63-positive basal cells. However, deletion of GATA2 and GATA3 did not reduce the mRNA or protein levels of AR or FoxA1, indicating that GATA factors are not required for AR or FoxA1 expression in adult prostate. Surprisingly, GATA2 and GATA3 exhibit minimal expression in the ventral prostatic (VP) lobe. In contrast, FoxA1 and AR expression levels in VP are at least as high as those in anterior prostatic (AP) and dorsal-lateral prostatic (DLP) lobes. Together, our results indicate that GATA2 and GATA3 are essential for adult murine prostate function and in vivo AR signaling, and the lack of the GATA factor expression in the VP suggests a fundamental difference between VP and other prostatic lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qin Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fen Wang
- The Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas Mitsiades
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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76
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Jia J, Li F, Tang XS, Xu S, Gao Y, Shi Q, Guo W, Wang X, He D, Guo P. Long noncoding RNA DANCR promotes invasion of prostate cancer through epigenetically silencing expression of TIMP2/3. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37868-37881. [PMID: 27191265 PMCID: PMC5122356 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
LncRNA DANCR suppresses differentiation of epithelial cells, however, its function in prostate cancer development is still unknown. In the present study, we found the expression of DANCR increases in prostate cancer tissues and cells compared to normal prostate tissues and cells, moreover, DANCR promotes invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells in vitro and metastasis of tumor xenografts in nude mice. Mechanistically, we found that TIMP2/3, which are critical metastasis inhibitor of prostate cancer, were down-regulated by DANCR synergistically with EZH2 through epigenetically silencing their promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In addition, we further investigated whether DANCR is regulated by the differentiation-promoting androgen-androgen receptor (AR) pathway and found that DANCR expression is repressed by androgen-AR; furthermore, DANCR impedes the upregulation of TIMP2/3 and the suppression of invasion and migration by androgen-AR. On the other hand, interestingly, we found that in prostate cancer cells DANCR knockdown decreased the promotion of invasion and migration by the treatment of enzalutamide, which is an AR inhibitor. In summary, our results indicate that DANCR promotes prostate cancer invasion and metastasis through repressing the expression of TIMP2/3, and suggest that DANCR could be a potential target for preventing prostate cancer metastasis, and knockdown DANCR may lessen the potential side effect of AR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhuan Guo
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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77
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Brocqueville G, Chmelar RS, Bauderlique-Le Roy H, Deruy E, Tian L, Vessella RL, Greenberg NM, Rohrschneider LR, Bourette RP. s-SHIP expression identifies a subset of murine basal prostate cells as neonatal stem cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:29228-44. [PMID: 27081082 PMCID: PMC5045392 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of prostate stem cells (PSCs) is crucial for understanding their biology during normal development and tumorigenesis. In this aim, we used a transgenic mouse model expressing GFP from the stem cell-specific s-SHIP promoter to mark putative stem cells during postnatal prostate development. Here we show that cells identified by GFP expression are present transiently during early prostate development and localize to the basal cell layer of the epithelium. These prostate GFP+ cells are a subpopulation of the Lin- CD24+ Sca-1+ CD49f+ cells and are capable of self-renewal together with enhanced growth potential in sphere-forming assay in vitro, a phenotype consistent with that of a PSC population. Transplantation assays of prostate GFP+ cells demonstrate reconstitution of prostate ducts containing both basal and luminal cells in renal grafts. Altogether, these results demonstrate that s-SHIP promoter expression is a new marker for neonatal basal prostate cells exhibiting stem cell properties that enables PSCs in situ identification and isolation via a single consistent parameter. Transcriptional profiling of these GFP+ neonatal stem cells showed an increased expression of several components of the Wnt signaling pathway. It also identified stem cell regulators with potential applications for further analyses of normal and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Brocqueville
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, SIRIC ONCOLille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Renee S Chmelar
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hélène Bauderlique-Le Roy
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, SIRIC ONCOLille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emeric Deruy
- BioImaging Center Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Lu Tian
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, SIRIC ONCOLille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Robert L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Norman M Greenberg
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Present address: NMG Scientific Consulting, North Potomac, MD 20878, USA
| | - Larry R Rohrschneider
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Roland P Bourette
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, SIRIC ONCOLille, F-59000 Lille, France
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78
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Histone 2B-GFP Label-Retaining Prostate Luminal Cells Possess Progenitor Cell Properties and Are Intrinsically Resistant to Castration. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 10:228-242. [PMID: 29276153 PMCID: PMC5768933 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of slow-cycling luminal cells in the prostate has been suggested, but their identity and functional properties remain unknown. Using a bigenic mouse model to earmark, isolate, and characterize the quiescent stem-like cells, we identify a label-retaining cell (LRC) population in the luminal cell layer as luminal progenitors. Molecular and biological characterizations show that these luminal LRCs are significantly enriched in the mouse proximal prostate, exhibit relative dormancy, display bipotency in both in vitro and in vivo assays, and express a stem/progenitor gene signature with resemblance to aggressive prostate cancer. Importantly, these LRCs, compared with bulk luminal cells, maintain a lower level of androgen receptor (AR) expression and are less androgen dependent and also castration resistant in vivo. Finally, analysis of phenotypic markers reveals heterogeneity within the luminal progenitor cell pool. Our study establishes luminal LRCs as progenitors that may serve as a cellular origin for castration-resistant prostate cancer. A bigenic mouse model to study prostatic slow-cycling luminal epithelial cells Prostate label-retaining cells (LRCs) exhibit stem/progenitor cell activities Luminal LRCs are developmentally bipotent and display a progenitor gene signature Luminal LRCs resist castration and molecularly resemble aggressive prostate cancer
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79
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Fu DJ, Miller AD, Southard TL, Flesken-Nikitin A, Ellenson LH, Nikitin AY. Stem Cell Pathology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 13:71-92. [PMID: 29059010 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine have opened new opportunities for better understanding disease pathogenesis and the development of new diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment approaches. Many stem cell niches are well defined anatomically, thereby allowing their routine pathological evaluation during disease initiation and progression. Evaluation of the consequences of genetic manipulations in stem cells and investigation of the roles of stem cells in regenerative medicine and pathogenesis of various diseases such as cancer require significant expertise in pathology for accurate interpretation of novel findings. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing stem cell pathology as a discipline to facilitate stem cell research and regenerative medicine. This review provides examples of anatomically defined niches suitable for evaluation by diagnostic pathologists, describes neoplastic lesions associated with them, and discusses further directions of stem cell pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dah-Jiun Fu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Andrea Flesken-Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Lora H Ellenson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexander Yu Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
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80
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Weeden CE, Asselin-Labat ML. Mechanisms of DNA damage repair in adult stem cells and implications for cancer formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:89-101. [PMID: 29038050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of genomic integrity in tissue-specific stem cells is critical for tissue homeostasis and the prevention of deleterious diseases such as cancer. Stem cells are subject to DNA damage induced by endogenous replication mishaps or exposure to exogenous agents. The type of DNA lesion and the cell cycle stage will invoke different DNA repair mechanisms depending on the intrinsic DNA repair machinery of a cell. Inappropriate DNA repair in stem cells can lead to cell death, or to the formation and accumulation of genetic alterations that can be transmitted to daughter cells and so is linked to cancer formation. DNA mutational signatures that are associated with DNA repair deficiencies or exposure to carcinogenic agents have been described in cancer. Here we review the most recent findings on DNA repair pathways activated in epithelial tissue stem and progenitor cells and their implications for cancer mutational signatures. We discuss how deep knowledge of early molecular events leading to carcinogenesis provides insights into DNA repair mechanisms operating in tumours and how these could be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Weeden
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie-Liesse Asselin-Labat
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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81
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Ferrucci D, Biancardi MF, Nishan U, Rosa-Ribeiro R, Carvalho HF. Desquamation takes center stage at the origin of proliferative inflammatory atrophy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and stromal growth in benign prostate hyperplasia. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1265-1270. [PMID: 28877372 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this commentary, we propose a relationship between desquamation, initially described as the collective detachment and deletion of epithelial cell in the prostate gland after castration, and proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) and stromal growth in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). First, in response to diverse stimuli, including inflammatory mediators, epithelial cells desquamate and leave a large surface of the luminal side of the basement membrane (BM) exposed. Basal cells are activated into intermediate-type cells, which change morphology to cover and remodel the exposed BM (simple atrophy) to a new physiological demand (such as in the hypoandrogen environment, simulated by surgical and/or chemical castration) and/or to support re-epithelialization (under normal androgen levels). In the presence of inflammation (that might be the cause of desquamation), the intermediate-type cells proliferate and characterize PIA. Second, in other circumstances, desquamation is an early step of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which contributes to stromal growth, as suggested by some experimental models of BPH. The proposed associations correlate unexplored cell behaviors and reveal the remarkable plasticity of the prostate epithelium that might be at the origin of prostate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Ferrucci
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel F Biancardi
- Department of Histology, Embryology, and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania GO, Brazil
| | - Umar Nishan
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rafaela Rosa-Ribeiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas SP, Brazil
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82
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Toivanen R, Shen MM. Prostate organogenesis: tissue induction, hormonal regulation and cell type specification. Development 2017; 144:1382-1398. [PMID: 28400434 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate organogenesis is a complex process that is primarily mediated by the presence of androgens and subsequent mesenchyme-epithelial interactions. The investigation of prostate development is partly driven by its potential relevance to prostate cancer, in particular the apparent re-awakening of key developmental programs that occur during tumorigenesis. However, our current knowledge of the mechanisms that drive prostate organogenesis is far from complete. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of prostate development, focusing on recent findings regarding sexual dimorphism, bud induction, branching morphogenesis and cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Toivanen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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83
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Moad M, Hannezo E, Buczacki SJ, Wilson L, El-Sherif A, Sims D, Pickard R, Wright NA, Williamson SC, Turnbull DM, Taylor RW, Greaves L, Robson CN, Simons BD, Heer R. Multipotent Basal Stem Cells, Maintained in Localized Proximal Niches, Support Directed Long-Ranging Epithelial Flows in Human Prostates. Cell Rep 2017; 20:1609-1622. [PMID: 28813673 PMCID: PMC5565638 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic mitochondrial DNA mutations serve as clonal marks providing access to the identity and lineage potential of stem cells within human tissues. By combining quantitative clonal mapping with 3D reconstruction of adult human prostates, we show that multipotent basal stem cells, confined to discrete niches in juxta-urethral ducts, generate bipotent basal progenitors in directed epithelial migration streams. Basal progenitors are then dispersed throughout the entire glandular network, dividing and differentiating to replenish the loss of apoptotic luminal cells. Rare lineage-restricted luminal stem cells, and their progeny, are confined to proximal ducts and provide only minor contribution to epithelial homeostasis. In situ cell capture from clonal maps identified delta homolog 1 (DLK1) enrichment of basal stem cells, which was validated in functional spheroid assays. This study establishes significant insights into niche organization and function of prostate stem and progenitor cells, with implications for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moad
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK; Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Simon J Buczacki
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Laura Wilson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Amira El-Sherif
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - David Sims
- Computational Genomics Analysis and Training (CGAT), MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Robert Pickard
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nicholas A Wright
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stuart C Williamson
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Newcastle Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Laura Greaves
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Newcastle Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Craig N Robson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK; Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AD, UK.
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84
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Strand DW, Costa DN, Francis F, Ricke WA, Roehrborn CG. Targeting phenotypic heterogeneity in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation 2017; 96:49-61. [PMID: 28800482 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower urinary tract symptoms remain difficult to treat medically, resulting in hundreds of thousands of surgeries performed annually in elderly males. New therapies have not improved clinical outcomes since alpha blockers and 5 alpha reductase inhibitors were introduced in the 1990s. An underappreciated confounder to identifying novel targets is pathological heterogeneity. Individual patients display unique phenotypes, composed of distinct cell types. We have yet to develop a cellular or molecular understanding of these unique phenotypes, which has led to failure in developing targeted therapies for personalized medicine. This review covers the strategic experimental approach to unraveling the cellular pathogenesis of discrete BPH phenotypes and discusses how to incorporate these findings into the clinic to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA.
| | - Daniel N Costa
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Franto Francis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, USA
| | - Claus G Roehrborn
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
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85
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Sackmann Sala L, Boutillon F, Menara G, De Goyon-Pélard A, Leprévost M, Codzamanian J, Lister N, Pencik J, Clark A, Cagnard N, Bole-Feysot C, Moriggl R, Risbridger GP, Taylor RA, Kenner L, Guidotti JE, Goffin V. A rare castration-resistant progenitor cell population is highly enriched in Pten-null prostate tumours. J Pathol 2017; 243:51-64. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Sackmann Sala
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Inserm U1151-CNRS UMR 8253; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine; Paris France
| | - Florence Boutillon
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Inserm U1151-CNRS UMR 8253; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine; Paris France
| | - Giulia Menara
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Inserm U1151-CNRS UMR 8253; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine; Paris France
| | - Andréa De Goyon-Pélard
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Inserm U1151-CNRS UMR 8253; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine; Paris France
| | - Mylène Leprévost
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Inserm U1151-CNRS UMR 8253; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine; Paris France
| | - Julie Codzamanian
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Inserm U1151-CNRS UMR 8253; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine; Paris France
| | - Natalie Lister
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium and Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Departments of Physiology and Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Jan Pencik
- Clinical Institute of Pathology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy; Vienna Austria
| | - Ashlee Clark
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium and Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Departments of Physiology and Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Inserm US 24-CNRS UMS 3633-SFR Necker; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine; Paris France
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Genomics Core Facility, Inserm US 24-CNRS UMS 3633-SFR Necker; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine; Paris France
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR); Vienna Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium and Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Departments of Physiology and Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium and Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Departments of Physiology and Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR); Vienna Austria
- Department of Pathology of Laboratory Animals; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Jacques-Emmanuel Guidotti
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Inserm U1151-CNRS UMR 8253; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine; Paris France
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Inserm U1151-CNRS UMR 8253; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine; Paris France
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86
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Abstract
Cell and tissue specific somatic stem cells develop as dynamic populations of precursor cells to discrete tissue and organ differentiation during embryonic and fetal stages and their potential evolves with development. Some of their progeny are sequestered into separate cell niches of tissues as adult somatic stem cells at various times during organ development and differentiation These are diverse cell populations of stem and progenitor cells that respond to homeostatic needs for cell and tissue maintenance and the cycling of differentiated cells for physiological/ endocrinological changes. Nominally, multipotent stem cells in one or more niches follow specific lineages of differentiation that can be followed by diverse markers of differentiation. The activation of precursors appears to be stochastic and results in a population of heterogeneous progenitor cells. When variations in the functional need of the tissue or organ occurs, the progenitor cells exhibit flexibility in their differentiation capacity. Regulation of the progenitors is the result of signals from the stem cell niche that can cause adaptive changes in the behavior or function of the stem -progenitor cell lineage. A possible mechanism may be alteration in the differentiation capacity of the resident or introduced cells. Certain quiescent stem cells also serve as a potential cell reservoir for trauma induced cell regeneration through adaptive changes in differentiation of stem cells, progenitor cells and differentiated cells. If the stem-progenitor cell population is normally depleted or destroyed by trauma, differentiated cells from the niche microenvironment can restore the specific stem potency which suggests the process of dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon S Tweedell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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87
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Hu WY, Hu DP, Xie L, Li Y, Majumdar S, Nonn L, Hu H, Shioda T, Prins GS. Isolation and functional interrogation of adult human prostate epithelial stem cells at single cell resolution. Stem Cell Res 2017. [PMID: 28651114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Using primary cultures of normal human prostate epithelial cells, we developed a novel prostasphere-based, label-retention assay that permits identification and isolation of stem cells at a single cell level. Their bona fide stem cell nature was corroborated using in vitro and in vivo regenerative assays and documentation of symmetric/asymmetric division. Robust WNT10B and KRT13 levels without E-cadherin or KRT14 staining distinguished individual stem cells from daughter progenitors in spheroids. Following FACS to isolate label-retaining stem cells from label-free progenitors, RNA-seq identified unique gene signatures for the separate populations which may serve as useful biomarkers. Knockdown of KRT13 or PRAC1 reduced sphere formation and symmetric self-renewal highlighting their role in stem cell maintenance. Pathways analysis identified ribosome biogenesis and membrane estrogen-receptor signaling enriched in stem cells with NF-ĸB signaling enriched in progenitors; activities that were biologically confirmed. Further, bioassays identified heightened autophagy flux and reduced metabolism in stem cells relative to progenitors. These approaches similarly identified stem-like cells from prostate cancer specimens and prostate, breast and colon cancer cell lines suggesting wide applicability. Together, the present studies isolate and identify unique characteristics of normal human prostate stem cells and uncover processes that maintain stem cell homeostasis in the prostate gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yang Hu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dan-Ping Hu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lishi Xie
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shyama Majumdar
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hong Hu
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Toshi Shioda
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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88
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Frank SB, Berger PL, Ljungman M, Miranti CK. Human prostate luminal cell differentiation requires NOTCH3 induction by p38-MAPK and MYC. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1952-1964. [PMID: 28446540 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.197152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathways dysregulated in prostate cancer are also involved in epithelial differentiation. To better understand prostate tumor initiation, we sought to investigate specific genes and mechanisms required for normal basal to luminal cell differentiation. Utilizing human prostate basal epithelial cells and an in vitro differentiation model, we tested the hypothesis that regulation of NOTCH3 by the p38 MAPK family (hereafter p38-MAPK), via MYC, is required for luminal differentiation. Inhibition (SB202190 and BIRB796) or knockdown of p38α (also known as MAPK14) and/or p38δ (also known as MAPK13) prevented proper differentiation. Additionally, treatment with a γ-secretase inhibitor (RO4929097) or knockdown of NOTCH1 and/or NOTCH3 greatly impaired differentiation and caused luminal cell death. Constitutive p38-MAPK activation through MKK6(CA) increased NOTCH3 (but not NOTCH1) mRNA and protein levels, which was diminished upon MYC inhibition (10058-F4 and JQ1) or knockdown. Furthermore, we validated two NOTCH3 enhancer elements through a combination of enhancer (e)RNA detection (BruUV-seq) and luciferase reporter assays. Finally, we found that the NOTCH3 mRNA half-life increased during differentiation or upon acute p38-MAPK activation. These results reveal a new connection between p38-MAPK, MYC and NOTCH signaling, demonstrate two mechanisms of NOTCH3 regulation and provide evidence for NOTCH3 involvement in prostate luminal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander B Frank
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.,Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Penny L Berger
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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89
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Ceder JA, Aalders TW, Schalken JA. Label retention and stem cell marker expression in the developing and adult prostate identifies basal and luminal epithelial stem cell subpopulations. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:95. [PMID: 28446230 PMCID: PMC5406885 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer among males worldwide, and most patients with metastatic disease eventually develop therapy-resistant disease. Recent research has suggested the existence of cancer stem-like cells, and that such cells are behind the therapy resistance and progression. METHODS Here, we have taken advantage of the relatively quiescent nature of stem cells to identify the slow-cycling label-retaining stem cell (LRC) populations of the prostate gland. Mice were pulsed with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) during prostate organogenesis, and the LRC populations were then identified and characterized in 5-day-old and in 6-month-old adult animals using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Quantification of LRCs in the adult mouse prostate showed that epithelial LRCs were significantly more numerous in prostatic ducts (3.7 ± 0.47% SD) when compared to the proximal (1.4 ± 0.83%) and distal epithelium (0.48 ± 0.08%) of the secretory lobes. LRCs were identified in both the basal and epithelial cell layers of the prostate, and LRCs co-expressed several candidate stem cell markers in a developmental and duct/acini-specific manner, including Sca-1, TROP-2, CD133, CD44, c-kit, and the novel prostate progenitor marker cytokeratin-7. Importantly, a significant proportion of LRCs were localized in the luminal cell layer, the majority in ducts and the proximal prostate, that co-expressed high levels of androgen receptor in the adult prostate. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there are separate basal and luminal stem cell populations in the prostate, and they open up the possibility that androgen receptor-expressing luminal stem-like cells could function as cancer-initiating and relapse-responsible cells in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Adam Ceder
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, CRC 91:10, SE20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Tilly Wilhelmina Aalders
- Department of Urology (Route 267), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Antonius Schalken
- Department of Urology (Route 267), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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90
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Shafer MER, Nguyen AHT, Tremblay M, Viala S, Béland M, Bertos NR, Park M, Bouchard M. Lineage Specification from Prostate Progenitor Cells Requires Gata3-Dependent Mitotic Spindle Orientation. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1018-1031. [PMID: 28285879 PMCID: PMC5390093 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During prostate development, basal and luminal cell lineages are generated through symmetric and asymmetric divisions of bipotent basal cells. However, the extent to which spindle orientation controls division symmetry or cell fate, and the upstream factors regulating this process, are still elusive. We report that GATA3 is expressed in both prostate basal progenitor and luminal cells and that loss of GATA3 leads to a mislocalization of PRKCZ, resulting in mitotic spindle randomization during progenitor cell division. Inherently proliferative intermediate progenitor cells accumulate, leading to an expansion of the luminal compartment. These defects ultimately result in a loss of tissue polarity and defective branching morphogenesis. We further show that disrupting the interaction between PRKCZ and PARD6B is sufficient to recapitulate the spindle and cell lineage phenotypes. Collectively, these results identify a critical role for GATA3 in prostate lineage specification, and further highlight the importance of regulating spindle orientation for hierarchical cell lineage organization. Gata3 regulates prostate lineage specification and tissue architecture Loss of Gata3 causes aPKC mislocalization and mitotic spindle randomization aPKC-Par6 decoupling randomizes the spindle and perturbs lineage specification Spindle regulation prevents progenitor cell accumulation and tissue hyperplasia
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell E R Shafer
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 415, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Alana H T Nguyen
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 415, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Tremblay
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 415, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sophie Viala
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 415, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Mélanie Béland
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 415, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Bertos
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 415, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 415, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3T2, Canada
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 415, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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91
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Adamowicz J, Pakravan K, Bakhshinejad B, Drewa T, Babashah S. Prostate cancer stem cells: from theory to practice. Scand J Urol 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2017.1283360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Adamowicz
- Chair of Urology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Katayoon Pakravan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Bakhshinejad
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tomasz Drewa
- Chair of Urology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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92
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Dissecting cell-type-specific roles of androgen receptor in prostate homeostasis and regeneration through lineage tracing. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14284. [PMID: 28112153 PMCID: PMC5264212 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen signals through androgen receptor (AR) to influence prostate development and cancer. How stromal and epithelial AR regulate prostate homeostasis remains unclear. Using genetic lineage tracing, we systematically investigated the role of cell-autonomous AR in different prostate epithelial cell types. Here we show that AR is dispensable for basal cell maintenance, but is cell-autonomously required for the luminal differentiation of rare basal stem cells. In contrast, AR deletion in luminal cells alters cell morphology and induces transient over-proliferation, without affecting androgen-mediated luminal cell survival or regeneration. However, AR is selectively required for the maintenance of daughter cells produced by castration-resistant Nkx3.1-expressing luminal stem cells (CARNs). Notably, Pten loss can override AR-loss effects in both basal and luminal compartments to initiate tumours. Our data reveal distinct cell-type-specific roles of epithelial AR in orchestrating prostate homeostasis, and question the notion that epithelial AR serves as a tumour suppressor in early cancer initiation. Androgen receptor is an important regulator of prostate development and cancer. In this study, the authors use genetic lineage tracing in mice to clarify the role of AR in different prostate epithelial cells.
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93
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Yoo YA, Roh M, Naseem AF, Lysy B, Desouki MM, Unno K, Abdulkadir SA. Bmi1 marks distinct castration-resistant luminal progenitor cells competent for prostate regeneration and tumour initiation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12943. [PMID: 27703144 PMCID: PMC5059479 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of defined cell populations with stem/progenitor properties is key for understanding prostate development and tumorigenesis. Here we show that the polycomb repressor protein Bmi1 marks a population of castration-resistant luminal epithelial cells enriched in the mouse proximal prostate. We employ lineage tracing to show that these castration-resistant Bmi1-expressing cells (or CARBs) are capable of tissue regeneration and self-renewal. Notably, CARBs are distinct from the previously described luminal castration-resistant Nkx3.1-expressing cells (CARNs). CARBs can serve as a prostate cancer cell-of-origin upon Pten deletion, yielding luminal prostate tumours. Clonal analysis using the R26R-confetti allele indicates preferential tumour initiation from CARBs localized to the proximal prostate. These studies identify Bmi1 as a marker for a distinct population of castration-resistant luminal epithelial cells enriched in the proximal prostate that can serve as a cell of origin for prostate cancer. The polycomb repressor protein Bmi1 has a role in self-renewal and tumorigenesis. Here, the authors use lineage tracing to show that Bmi-expressing cells are a distinct population of cells, primarily found in the luminal compartment, which is castration resistant, can initiate cancer and regenerate prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young A Yoo
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Meejeon Roh
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Anum F Naseem
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Barbara Lysy
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Mohamed M Desouki
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37215, USA
| | - Kenji Unno
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Sarki A Abdulkadir
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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94
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Zhang D, Lin K, Lu Y, Rycaj K, Zhong Y, Chao H, Calhoun‐Davis T, Shen J, Tang DG. Developing a Novel Two-Dimensional Culture System to Enrich Human Prostate Luminal Progenitors that Can Function as a Cell of Origin for Prostate Cancer. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:748-760. [PMID: 28297567 PMCID: PMC5442765 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the cell of origin of cancer has great significance in stratifying patients into appropriate treatment groups and for developing novel targeted therapies. Early studies demonstrate that only stem‐like basal cells in the normal human prostate (NHP) can function as the cell of origin for prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we show that the organoids derived from bulk NHP luminal cells can also be tumorigenically transformed. We further show that the WIT medium, which is used to culture human mammary epithelial progenitor cells, when combined with the ROCK inhibitor, can readily propagate a population of progenitor‐like cells from the primary NHP luminal cell isolates. Such functionally defined luminal progenitors can be transformed by distinct sets of genetic perturbations (i.e., AR+AKT/ERG or c‐MYC+PTEN knockout) to form tumor glands. Genome‐wide RNA‐Seq analysis of freshly purified unperturbed human benign prostatic basal and luminal cells and culture‐expanded lineage‐specific stem/progenitor populations reveals that the luminal progenitors possess a distinct gene expression profile that is greatly enriched in advanced, castration‐resistant, and metastatic PCa, and it associates with poor patient survival. The ability of the simple two‐dimensional culture system reported herein to greatly enrich NHP progenitor‐like cells should facilitate biological and biochemical studies as well as high‐throughput screening in these cells and in progenitor‐like PCa cells. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:748–760
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxiao Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kiera Rycaj
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hsueh‐Ping Chao
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tammy Calhoun‐Davis
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dean G. Tang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non‐Coding RNAs, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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95
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Green WJF, Ball G, Powe D. Does the molecular classification of breast cancer point the way for biomarker identification in prostate cancer? World J Clin Urol 2016; 5:80-89. [DOI: 10.5410/wjcu.v5.i2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is significant variation in clinical outcome between patients diagnosed with prostate cancer (CaP). Although useful, statistical nomograms and risk stratification tools alone do not always accurately predict an individual’s need for and response to treatment. The factors that determine this variation are not fully elucidated. In particular, cellular response to androgen ablation and subsequent paracrine/autocrine adaptation is poorly understood and despite best therapies, median survival in castrate resistant patients is only approximately 35 mo. We propose that one way of understanding this is to look for correlates in other comparable malignancies, such as breast cancer, where markers of at least 4 distinct gene clusters coding for 4 different phenotypic subtypes have been identified. These subtypes have been shown to demonstrate prognostic significance and successfully guide appropriate treatment regimens. In this paper we assess and review the evidence demonstrating parallels in the biology and treatment approach between breast and CaP, and consider the feasibility of patients with CaP being stratified into different molecular classes that could be used to complement prostate specific antigen and histological grading for clinical decision making. We show that there are significant correlations between the molecular classification of breast and CaP and explain how techniques used successfully to predict response to treatment in breast cancer can be applied to the prostate. Molecular phenotyping is possible in CaP and identification of distinct subtypes may allow personalised risk stratification way beyond that currently available.
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96
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Quantitative lineage tracing strategies to resolve multipotency in tissue-specific stem cells. Genes Dev 2016; 30:1261-77. [PMID: 27284162 PMCID: PMC4911926 DOI: 10.1101/gad.280057.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, Wuidart et al. present a rigorous new method for assessing the lineage relationship and stem cell fate in different organs and tissues. The authors developed two novel methods for determining lineage relationships: the first one based on statistical analysis of multicolor lineage tracing, and the second one based on lineage tracing at saturation to assess the fate of all stem cells within a given lineage and the “flux” of cells between different lineages. Lineage tracing has become the method of choice to study the fate and dynamics of stem cells (SCs) during development, homeostasis, and regeneration. However, transgenic and knock-in Cre drivers used to perform lineage tracing experiments are often dynamically, temporally, and heterogeneously expressed, leading to the initial labeling of different cell types and thereby complicating their interpretation. Here, we developed two methods: the first one based on statistical analysis of multicolor lineage tracing, allowing the definition of multipotency potential to be achieved with high confidence, and the second one based on lineage tracing at saturation to assess the fate of all SCs within a given lineage and the “flux” of cells between different lineages. Our analysis clearly shows that, whereas the prostate develops from multipotent SCs, only unipotent SCs mediate mammary gland (MG) development and adult tissue remodeling. These methods offer a rigorous framework to assess the lineage relationship and SC fate in different organs and tissues.
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97
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Packer JR, Maitland NJ. The molecular and cellular origin of human prostate cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1238-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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98
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Wang N, Dong BJ, Quan Y, Chen Q, Chu M, Xu J, Xue W, Huang YR, Yang R, Gao WQ. Regulation of Prostate Development and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Autocrine Cholinergic Signaling via Maintaining the Epithelial Progenitor Cells in Proliferating Status. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:668-678. [PMID: 27167157 PMCID: PMC4939755 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of prostate epithelial progenitor cells is important in prostate development and prostate diseases. Our previous study demonstrated a function of autocrine cholinergic signaling (ACS) in promoting prostate cancer growth and castration resistance. However, whether or not such ACS also plays a role in prostate development is unknown. Here, we report that ACS promoted the proliferation and inhibited the differentiation of prostate epithelial progenitor cells in organotypic cultures. These results were confirmed by ex vivo lineage tracing assays and in vivo renal capsule recombination assays. Moreover, we found that M3 cholinergic receptor (CHRM3) was upregulated in a large subset of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues compared with normal tissues. Activation of CHRM3 also promoted the proliferation of BPH cells. Together, our findings identify a role of ACS in maintaining prostate epithelial progenitor cells in the proliferating state, and blockade of ACS may have clinical implications for the management of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Bai-Jun Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yizhou Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Mingliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yi-Ran Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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99
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Brown-Clay JD, Shenoy DN, Timofeeva O, Kallakury BV, Nandi AK, Banerjee PP. PBK/TOPK enhances aggressive phenotype in prostate cancer via β-catenin-TCF/LEF-mediated matrix metalloproteinases production and invasion. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15594-609. [PMID: 25909225 PMCID: PMC4558173 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A Current challenge in prostate cancer treatment is how to differentiate aggressive disease from indolent prostate cancer. There is an urgent need to identify markers that would accurately distinguish indolent prostate cancer from aggressive disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of PDZ Domain-binding kinase (PBK) in prostate cancer and to determine if PBK expression enhances aggressiveness in prostate cancer. Using archival tissue samples, gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies, we show that PBK expression is up-regulated in prostate cancer, and its expression level is commensurate with invasiveness. Modulation of PBK expression and function causally regulates the invasive ability of prostate cancer cells. Production of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9, which are key players in metastatic invasion, is up-regulated, and the promoters of these genes are transcriptionally activated by PBK via increased β-catenin-TCF/LEF signaling. Prostate cancer tissue specimens show that PBK's expression correlates with aggressive disease and distant metastasis in bone, lymph node and abdomen. Our in vitro and in situ data are in agreement that PBK could be a prognostic biomarker for prostate cancer that would discriminate aggressive prostate cancer from indolent disease, and is a potential target for the therapeutic intervention of aggressive prostate cancer in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Brown-Clay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deepika N Shenoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Olga Timofeeva
- Departments of Oncology and Radiation Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bhaskar V Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Partha P Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Toivanen R, Mohan A, Shen MM. Basal Progenitors Contribute to Repair of the Prostate Epithelium Following Induced Luminal Anoikis. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:660-667. [PMID: 27117783 PMCID: PMC4939748 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact with the extracellular matrix is essential for maintenance of epithelial cells in many tissues, while in its absence epithelial cells can detach and undergo anoikis. Here, we show that anoikis of luminal cells in the prostate epithelium is followed by a program of tissue repair that is mediated in part by differentiation of basal epithelial cells to luminal cells. We describe a mouse model in which inducible deletion of E-cadherin in prostate luminal cells results in their apoptotic cell death by anoikis, in the absence of phenotypic effects in the surrounding stroma. Quantitative assessments of proliferation and cell death in the luminal and basal compartments indicate that basal cells can rapidly generate luminal cells. Thus, our findings identify a role for basal-to-luminal differentiation in prostate epithelial repair, and provide a normal context to analogous processes that may occur during prostate cancer initiation. Induced deletion of E-cadherin results in anoikis of prostate luminal cells Luminal anoikis and tissue repair take place in the absence of stromal phenotypes Basal cells proliferate and differentiate to produce luminal cells during repair These findings suggest a conserved role for basal cells in epithelial tissue repair
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Toivanen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics & Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Adithi Mohan
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics & Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics & Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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