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Delcroix V, Mauduit O, Lee HS, Ivanova A, Umazume T, Knox SM, de Paiva CS, Dartt DA, Makarenkova HP. The First Transcriptomic Atlas of the Adult Lacrimal Gland Reveals Epithelial Complexity and Identifies Novel Progenitor Cells in Mice. Cells 2023; 12:1435. [PMID: 37408269 PMCID: PMC10216974 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal gland (LG) secretes aqueous tears. Previous studies have provided insights into the cell lineage relationships during tissue morphogenesis. However, little is known about the cell types composing the adult LG and their progenitors. Using scRNAseq, we established the first comprehensive cell atlas of the adult mouse LG to investigate the cell hierarchy, its secretory repertoire, and the sex differences. Our analysis uncovered the complexity of the stromal landscape. Epithelium subclustering revealed myoepithelial cells, acinar subsets, and two novel acinar subpopulations: Tfrchi and Car6hi cells. The ductal compartment contained Wfdc2+ multilayered ducts and an Ltf+ cluster formed by luminal and intercalated duct cells. Kit+ progenitors were identified as: Krt14+ basal ductal cells, Aldh1a1+ cells of Ltf+ ducts, and Sox10+ cells of the Car6hi acinar and Ltf+ epithelial clusters. Lineage tracing experiments revealed that the Sox10+ adult populations contribute to the myoepithelial, acinar, and ductal lineages. Using scRNAseq data, we found that the postnatally developing LG epithelium harbored key features of putative adult progenitors. Finally, we showed that acinar cells produce most of the sex-biased lipocalins and secretoglobins detected in mouse tears. Our study provides a wealth of new data on LG maintenance and identifies the cellular origin of sex-biased tear components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Delcroix
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (V.D.); (H.S.L.); (A.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Olivier Mauduit
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (V.D.); (H.S.L.); (A.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (V.D.); (H.S.L.); (A.I.); (T.U.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Anastasiia Ivanova
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (V.D.); (H.S.L.); (A.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (V.D.); (H.S.L.); (A.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cintia S. de Paiva
- The Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Helen P. Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (V.D.); (H.S.L.); (A.I.); (T.U.)
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2
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Li J, Sudiwala S, Berthoin L, Mohabbat S, Gaylord EA, Sinada H, Cruz Pacheco N, Chang JC, Jeon O, Lombaert IM, May AJ, Alsberg E, Bahney CS, Knox SM. Long-term functional regeneration of radiation-damaged salivary glands through delivery of a neurogenic hydrogel. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eadc8753. [PMID: 36542703 PMCID: PMC9770982 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc8753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salivary gland acinar cells are severely depleted after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, leading to loss of saliva and extensive oro-digestive complications. With no regenerative therapies available, organ dysfunction is irreversible. Here, using the adult murine system, we demonstrate that radiation-damaged salivary glands can be functionally regenerated via sustained delivery of the neurogenic muscarinic receptor agonist cevimeline. We show that endogenous gland repair coincides with increased nerve activity and acinar cell division that is limited to the first week after radiation, with extensive acinar cell degeneration, dysfunction, and cholinergic denervation occurring thereafter. However, we found that mimicking cholinergic muscarinic input via sustained local delivery of a cevimeline-alginate hydrogel was sufficient to regenerate innervated acini and retain physiological saliva secretion at nonirradiated levels over the long term (>3 months). Thus, we reveal a previously unknown regenerative approach for restoring epithelial organ structure and function that has extensive implications for human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Li
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Sudiwala
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lionel Berthoin
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seayar Mohabbat
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eliza A. Gaylord
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanan Sinada
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noel Cruz Pacheco
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiun Chiun Chang
- Orthopedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oju Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Isabelle M.A. Lombaert
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alison J. May
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Departments of Orthopedics, Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, and Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chelsea S. Bahney
- Orthopedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
- Corresponding author. (S.M.K.); (C.S.B.)
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (S.M.K.); (C.S.B.)
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May AJ, Mattingly AJ, Gaylord EA, Griffin N, Sudiwala S, Cruz-Pacheco N, Emmerson E, Mohabbat S, Nathan S, Sinada H, Lombaert IMA, Knox SM. Neuronal-epithelial cross-talk drives acinar specification via NRG1-ERBB3-mTORC2 signaling. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2550-2565.e5. [PMID: 36413949 PMCID: PMC9727910 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acinar cells are the principal secretory units of multiple exocrine organs. A single-cell, layered, lumenized acinus forms from a large cohort of epithelial progenitors that must initiate and coordinate three cellular programs of acinar specification, namely, lineage progression, secretion, and polarization. Despite this well-known outcome, the mechanism(s) that regulate these complex programs are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that neuronal-epithelial cross-talk drives acinar specification through neuregulin (NRG1)-ERBB3-mTORC2 signaling. Using single-cell and global RNA sequencing of developing murine salivary glands, we identified NRG1-ERBB3 to precisely overlap with acinar specification during gland development. Genetic deletion of Erbb3 prevented cell lineage progression and the establishment of lumenized, secretory acini. Conversely, NRG1 treatment of isolated epithelia was sufficient to recapitulate the development of secretory acini. Mechanistically, we found that NRG1-ERBB3 regulates each developmental program through an mTORC2 signaling pathway. Thus, we reveal that a neuronal-epithelial (NRG1/ERBB3/mTORC2) mechanism orchestrates the creation of functional acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aaron J Mattingly
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nathan Griffin
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sonia Sudiwala
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Seayar Mohabbat
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hanan Sinada
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Isabelle M A Lombaert
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Efraim Y, Chen FYT, Cheong KN, Gaylord EA, McNamara NA, Knox SM. A synthetic tear protein resolves dry eye through promoting corneal nerve regeneration. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111307. [PMID: 36044852 PMCID: PMC9549932 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal architecture is essential for vision and is greatly perturbed by the absence of tears due to the highly prevalent disorder dry eye. With no regenerative therapies available, pathological alterations of the ocular surface in response to dryness, including persistent epithelial defects and poor wound healing, result in life-long morbidity. Here, using a mouse model of aqueous-deficient dry eye, we reveal that topical application of the synthetic tear protein Lacripep reverses the pathological outcomes of dry eye through restoring the extensive network of corneal nerves that are essential for tear secretion, barrier function, epithelial homeostasis, and wound healing. Intriguingly, the restorative effects of Lacripep occur despite extensive immune cell infiltration, suggesting tissue reinnervation and regeneration can be achieved under chronic inflammatory conditions. In summary, our data highlight Lacripep as a first-in-class regenerative therapy for returning the cornea to a near homeostatic state in individuals who suffer from dry eye. Currently, there are no regenerative treatments for ocular pathologies due to dry eye. Efraim et al. demonstrate the synthetic tear peptide Lacripep as a regenerative therapy capable of restoring the damaged, dysfunctional ocular surface to a near homeostatic state through promoting nerve regeneration in the presence of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Efraim
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Feeling Yu Ting Chen
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ka Neng Cheong
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nancy A McNamara
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Oakland, CA 94720, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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5
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Nnabue OE, Pletcher SD, Gurrola JG, Goldberg AN, Jordan KM, Knox SM, May AJ. Septum submucosal glands exhibit aberrant morphology and reduced mucin production in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 11:1443-1451. [PMID: 33956392 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized by significant accumulation and thickening of mucus in the sinonasal cavities. One contributor of aberrant mucus production and impaired mucociliary clearance (MCC) is altered function of the sinonasal submucosal glands (SMGs), yet contributions of SMGs to upper airway disease initiation and progression remain unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize the morphology and secretory cell identities of the nasal septum SMGs in both healthy and CRS adults. METHODS Biopsies from adult participants with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP, n = 4), CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP, n = 8), and non-CRS controls (n = 14) were collected from the posterior septum. Glandular morphology and mucus markers were investigated using histological techniques and high-resolution confocal microscopy. RESULTS Analysis revealed a significant decrease in gland density in the posterior septum of CRSsNP (28% ± 6.15%) and CRSwNP (23% ± 3.09%) compared to control participants (53% ± 1.59%, p < 0.0001). Further analysis of the CRS SMG secretory function revealed an overall decrease in Mucin 5B+ gland mucus being produced. Dilated and cystic ductal structures filled with inspissated mucus were also common to CRS glands. CONCLUSION Here, we describe a significant alteration in SMG structure and function in the adult CRS posterior septum suggesting reduced gland contribution to MCC. The SMGs of both the nose and sinuses may represent targets for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven D Pletcher
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jose G Gurrola
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew N Goldberg
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kristiana M Jordan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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6
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Saitou M, Gaylord EA, Xu E, May AJ, Neznanova L, Nathan S, Grawe A, Chang J, Ryan W, Ruhl S, Knox SM, Gokcumen O. Functional Specialization of Human Salivary Glands and Origins of Proteins Intrinsic to Human Saliva. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108402. [PMID: 33207190 PMCID: PMC7703872 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary proteins are essential for maintaining health in the oral cavity and proximal digestive tract, and they serve as potential diagnostic markers for monitoring human health and disease. However, their precise organ origins remain unclear. Through transcriptomic analysis of major adult and fetal salivary glands and integration with the saliva proteome, the blood plasma proteome, and transcriptomes of 28+ organs, we link human saliva proteins to their source, identify salivary-gland-specific genes, and uncover fetal- and adult-specific gene repertoires. Our results also provide insights into the degree of gene retention during gland maturation and suggest that functional diversity among adult gland types is driven by specific dosage combinations of hundreds of transcriptional regulators rather than by a few gland-specific factors. Finally, we demonstrate the heterogeneity of the human acinar cell lineage. Our results pave the way for future investigations into glandular biology and pathology, as well as saliva's use as a diagnostic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Saitou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A; Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, U.S.A; Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Viken, Norway
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Erica Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lubov Neznanova
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Anissa Grawe
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jolie Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - William Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.
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Efraim Y, Chen FYT, Stashko C, Cheong KN, Gaylord E, McNamara N, Knox SM. Alterations in corneal biomechanics underlie early stages of autoimmune-mediated dry eye disease. J Autoimmun 2020; 114:102500. [PMID: 32565048 PMCID: PMC8269964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune-mediated dry eye disease is a pathological feature of multiple disorders including Sjögren's syndrome, lupus and rheumatoid arthritis that has a life-long, detrimental impact on vision and overall quality of life. Although late stage disease outcomes such as epithelial barrier dysfunction, reduced corneal innervation and chronic inflammation have been well characterized in both human patients and mouse models, there is little to no understanding of early pathological processes. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying the loss of cornea homeostasis and disease progression are unknown. Here, we utilize the autoimmune regulatory (Aire)-deficient mouse model of autoimmune-mediated dry eye disease in combination with genome wide transcriptomics, high-resolution imaging and atomic force microscopy to reveal a potential extracellular matrix (ECM)-biomechanical-based mechanism driving cellular and morphological changes at early disease onset. Early disease in the Aire-deficient mouse model is associated with a mild reduction in tear production and moderate immune cell infiltration, allowing for interrogation of cellular, molecular and biomechanical changes largely independent of chronic inflammation. Using these tools, we demonstrate for the first time that the emergence of autoimmune-mediated dry eye disease is associated with an alteration in the biomechanical properties of the cornea. We reveal a dramatic disruption of the synthesis and organization of the extracellular matrix as well as degradation of the epithelial basement membrane during early disease. Notably, we provide evidence that the nerve supply to the cornea is severely reduced at early disease stages and that this is independent of basement membrane destruction or significant immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, diseased corneas display spatial heterogeneity in mechanical, structural and compositional changes, with the limbal compartment often exhibiting the opposite response compared to the central cornea. Despite these differences, however, epithelial hyperplasia is apparent in both compartments, possibly driven by increased activation of IL-1R1 and YAP signaling pathways. Thus, we reveal novel perturbations in corneal biomechanics, matrix organization and cell behavior during the early phase of dry eye that may underlie disease development and progression, presenting new potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Efraim
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Feeling Yu Ting Chen
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Connor Stashko
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ka Neng Cheong
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Eliza Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nancy McNamara
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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8
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Monje M, Borniger JC, D'Silva NJ, Deneen B, Dirks PB, Fattahi F, Frenette PS, Garzia L, Gutmann DH, Hanahan D, Hervey-Jumper SL, Hondermarck H, Hurov JB, Kepecs A, Knox SM, Lloyd AC, Magnon C, Saloman JL, Segal RA, Sloan EK, Sun X, Taylor MD, Tracey KJ, Trotman LC, Tuveson DA, Wang TC, White RA, Winkler F. Roadmap for the Emerging Field of Cancer Neuroscience. Cell 2020; 181:219-222. [PMID: 32302564 PMCID: PMC7286095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that the nervous system plays a central role in cancer pathogenesis. In turn, cancers and cancer therapies can alter nervous system form and function. This Commentary seeks to describe the burgeoning field of "cancer neuroscience" and encourage multidisciplinary collaboration for the study of cancer-nervous system interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Monje
- Departments of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Pediatrics, Pathology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | - Nisha J D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter B Dirks
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Departments of Surgery and Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Faranak Fattahi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Livia Garzia
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center and Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Douglas Hanahan
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shawn L Hervey-Jumper
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Adam Kepecs
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alison C Lloyd
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claire Magnon
- UMR1274 (Equipe Cancer et Microenvironnement-INSERM-CEA), Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Paris, France
| | - Jami L Saloman
- Departments of Medicine and Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Rosalind A Segal
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Xin Sun
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Departments of Surgery, Laboratory Medicine & Pathology and Medical Biophysics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Lloyd C Trotman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ruth A White
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, DKTK & Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Sudiwala S, Knox SM. The emerging role of cranial nerves in shaping craniofacial development. Genesis 2019; 57:e23282. [PMID: 30628162 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organs and structures of the vertebrate head perform a plethora of tasks including visualization, digestion, vocalization/communication, auditory functions, and respiration in response to neuronal input. This input is primarily derived from afferent and efferent fibers of the cranial nerves (sensory and motor respectively) and efferent fibers of the cervical sympathetic trunk. Despite their essential contribution to the function and integration of processes necessary for survival, how organ innervation is established remains poorly understood. Furthermore, while it has been appreciated for some time that innervation of organs by cranial nerves is regulated in part by secreted factors and cell surface ligands expressed by those organs, whether nerves also regulate the development of facial organs is only beginning to be elucidated. This review will provide an overview of cranial nerve development in relation to the organs they innervate, and outline their known contributions to craniofacial development, thereby providing insight into how nerves may shape the organs they innervate during development. Throughout, the interaction between different cell and tissue types will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sudiwala
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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10
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May AJ, Cruz-Pacheco N, Emmerson E, Gaylord EA, Seidel K, Nathan S, Muench MO, Klein OD, Knox SM. Diverse progenitor cells preserve salivary gland ductal architecture after radiation-induced damage. Development 2018; 145:dev.166363. [PMID: 30305288 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ductal system of the salivary gland has long been postulated to be resistant to radiation-induced damage, a common side effect incurred by head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. Yet, whether the ducts are capable of regenerating after genotoxic injury, or whether damage to ductal cells induces lineage plasticity, as has been reported in other organ systems, remains unknown. Here, using the murine salivary gland, we show that two ductal progenitor populations, marked exclusively by KRT14 and KIT, maintain non-overlapping ductal compartments after radiation exposure but do so through distinct cellular mechanisms. KRT14+ progenitor cells are fast-cycling cells that proliferate in response to radiation-induced damage in a sustained manner and divide asymmetrically to produce differentiated cells of the larger granulated ducts. Conversely, KIT+ intercalated duct cells are long-lived progenitors for the intercalated ducts that undergo few cell divisions either during homeostasis or after gamma radiation, thus maintaining ductal architecture with slow rates of cell turnover. Together, these data illustrate the regenerative capacity of the salivary ducts and highlight the heterogeneity in the damage responses used by salivary progenitor cells to maintain tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA .,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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11
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Byrnes LE, Wong DM, Subramaniam M, Meyer NP, Gilchrist CL, Knox SM, Tward AD, Ye CJ, Sneddon JB. Lineage dynamics of murine pancreatic development at single-cell resolution. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3922. [PMID: 30254276 PMCID: PMC6156586 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis requires the complex interactions of multiple cell lineages that coordinate their expansion, differentiation, and maturation over time. Here, we profile the cell types within the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments of the murine pancreas across developmental time using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and genetic lineage tracing. We identify previously underappreciated cellular heterogeneity of the developing mesenchyme and reconstruct potential lineage relationships among the pancreatic mesothelium and mesenchymal cell types. Within the epithelium, we find a previously undescribed endocrine progenitor population, as well as an analogous population in both human fetal tissue and human embryonic stem cells differentiating toward a pancreatic beta cell fate. Further, we identify candidate transcriptional regulators along the differentiation trajectory of this population toward the alpha or beta cell lineages. This work establishes a roadmap of pancreatic development and demonstrates the broad utility of this approach for understanding lineage dynamics in developing organs. Coordinated proliferation and differentiation of diverse cell populations drive pancreatic epithelial and mesenchymal development. Here, the authors profile cell type dynamics in the developing mouse pancreas using single-cell RNA sequencing, identifying mesenchymal subtypes and undescribed endocrine progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Byrnes
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Daniel M Wong
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Meena Subramaniam
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nathaniel P Meyer
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Caroline L Gilchrist
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Aaron D Tward
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Chun J Ye
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Julie B Sneddon
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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12
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Emmerson E, Knox SM. Salivary gland stem cells: A review of development, regeneration and cancer. Genesis 2018; 56:e23211. [PMID: 29663717 PMCID: PMC5980780 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are responsible for maintaining the health of the oral cavity and are routinely damaged by therapeutic radiation for head and neck cancer as well as by autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome. Regenerative approaches based on the reactivation of endogenous stem cells or the transplant of exogenous stem cells hold substantial promise in restoring the structure and function of these organs to improve patient quality of life. However, these approaches have been hampered by a lack of knowledge on the identity of salivary stem cell populations and their regulators. In this review we discuss our current knowledge on salivary stem cells and their regulators during organ development, homeostasis and regeneration. As increasing evidence in other systems suggests that progenitor cells may be a source of cancer, we also review whether these same salivary stem cells may also be cancer initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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13
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Emmerson E, May AJ, Berthoin L, Cruz-Pacheco N, Nathan S, Mattingly AJ, Chang JL, Ryan WR, Tward AD, Knox SM. Salivary glands regenerate after radiation injury through SOX2-mediated secretory cell replacement. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e8051. [PMID: 29335337 PMCID: PMC5840548 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland acinar cells are routinely destroyed during radiation treatment for head and neck cancer that results in a lifetime of hyposalivation and co-morbidities. A potential regenerative strategy for replacing injured tissue is the reactivation of endogenous stem cells by targeted therapeutics. However, the identity of these cells, whether they are capable of regenerating the tissue, and the mechanisms by which they are regulated are unknown. Using in vivo and ex vivo models, in combination with genetic lineage tracing and human tissue, we discover a SOX2+ stem cell population essential to acinar cell maintenance that is capable of replenishing acini after radiation. Furthermore, we show that acinar cell replacement is nerve dependent and that addition of a muscarinic mimetic is sufficient to drive regeneration. Moreover, we show that SOX2 is diminished in irradiated human salivary gland, along with parasympathetic nerves, suggesting that tissue degeneration is due to loss of progenitors and their regulators. Thus, we establish a new paradigm that salivary glands can regenerate after genotoxic shock and do so through a SOX2 nerve-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lionel Berthoin
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron J Mattingly
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jolie L Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William R Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron D Tward
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Chen FY, Lee A, Ge S, Nathan S, Knox SM, McNamara NA. Aire-deficient mice provide a model of corneal and lacrimal gland neuropathy in Sjögren's syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184916. [PMID: 28926640 PMCID: PMC5605119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic, autoimmune exocrinopathy that leads to severe dryness of the mouth and eyes. Exocrine function is highly regulated by neuronal mechanisms but little is known about the link between chronic inflammation, innervation and altered exocrine function in the diseased eyes and exocrine glands of SS patients. To gain a better understanding of neuronal regulation in the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune exocrinopathy, we profiled a mouse model of spontaneous, autoimmune exocrinopathy that possess key characteristics of peripheral neuropathy experienced by SS patients. Mice deficient in the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene developed spontaneous, CD4+ T cell-mediated exocrinopathy and aqueous-deficient dry eye that were associated with loss of nerves innervating the cornea and lacrimal gland. Changes in innervation and tear secretion were accompanied by increased proliferation of corneal epithelial basal cells, limbal expansion of KRT19-positive progenitor cells, increased vascularization of the peripheral cornea and reduced nerve function in the lacrimal gland. In addition, we found extensive loss of MIST1+ secretory acinar cells in the Aire -/- lacrimal gland suggesting that acinar cells are a primary target of the disease, Finally, topical application of ophthalmic steroid effectively restored corneal innervation in Aire -/- mice thereby functionally linking nerve loss with local inflammation in the aqueous-deficient dry eye. These data provide important insight regarding the relationship between chronic inflammation and neuropathic changes in autoimmune-mediated dry eye. Peripheral neuropathies characteristic of SS appear to be tightly linked with the underlying immunopathological mechanism and Aire -/- mice provide an excellent tool to explore the interplay between SS-associated immunopathology and peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feeling Y. Chen
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Lee
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shaokui Ge
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sara Nathan
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy A. McNamara
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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15
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Emmerson E, May AJ, Nathan S, Cruz-Pacheco N, Lizama CO, Maliskova L, Zovein AC, Shen Y, Muench MO, Knox SM. SOX2 regulates acinar cell development in the salivary gland. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28623666 PMCID: PMC5498133 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinar cells play an essential role in the secretory function of exocrine organs. Despite this requirement, how acinar cells are generated during organogenesis is unclear. Using the acini-ductal network of the developing human and murine salivary gland, we demonstrate an unexpected role for SOX2 and parasympathetic nerves in generating the acinar lineage that has broad implications for epithelial morphogenesis. Despite SOX2 being expressed by progenitors that give rise to both acinar and duct cells, genetic ablation of SOX2 results in a failure to establish acini but not ducts. Furthermore, we show that SOX2 targets acinar-specific genes and is essential for the survival of acinar but not ductal cells. Finally, we illustrate an unexpected and novel role for peripheral nerves in the creation of acini throughout development via regulation of SOX2. Thus, SOX2 is a master regulator of the acinar cell lineage essential to the establishment of a functional organ. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26620.001 The salivary glands produce fluid that contains enzymes to help us to digest our food. These glands contain a tree-like network of cells – known as acinar cells – that produce the fluid, and cells that form ducts to transport the fluid out of the glands. Both types of cells form from stem cells as animal embryos develop. Like all developing organs, the salivary glands receive many different signals that guide how they grow. However, the identity of the cues that instruct a stem cell to produce a new acinar cell or duct cell are not known. Emmerson et al. studied how the salivary glands develop in mouse embryos. The experiments show that a protein called SOX2 – which is an essential regulator of stem cells in embryos – is required for acinar cells to form. Loss of SOX2 inhibited the production of acinar but not duct cells. Furthermore, nerves that surround the gland provide support to cells that produce SOX2 and promote the formation of acinar cells. Further experiments suggest that the nerves also play the same role in humans. Adult organs often use developmental signals to repair or regenerate tissue. As such, understanding how an organ develops may lead to new therapies that can stimulate salivary glands and other organs to regenerate after they have been damaged in adults. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26620.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Carlos O Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Lenka Maliskova
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ann C Zovein
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yin Shen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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16
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Togarrati PP, Sasaki RT, Abdel-Mohsen M, Dinglasan N, Deng X, Desai S, Emmerson E, Yee E, Ryan WR, da Silva MCP, Knox SM, Pillai SK, Muench MO. Identification and characterization of a rich population of CD34 + mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in human parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3484. [PMID: 28615711 PMCID: PMC5471181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) play crucial roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis during physiological turnovers and injuries. Very little is known about the phenotype, distribution and molecular nature of MSCs in freshly isolated human salivary glands (SGs) as most reports have focused on the analysis of cultured MSCs. Our results demonstrate that the cell adhesion molecule CD34 was widely expressed by the MSCs of human major SGs, namely parotid (PAG), sublingual (SLG) and submandibular (SMG) glands. Further, gene expression analysis of CD34+ cells derived from fetal SMGs showed significant upregulation of genes involved in cellular adhesion, proliferation, branching, extracellular matrix remodeling and organ development. Moreover, CD34+ SMG cells exhibited elevated expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix, basement membrane proteins, and members of ERK, FGF and PDGF signaling pathways, which play key roles in glandular development, branching and homeostasis. In vitro CD34+ cell derived SG-MSCs revealed multilineage differentiation potential. Intraglandular transplantation of cultured MSCs in immunodeficient mice led to their engraftment in the injected and uninjected contralateral and ipsilateral glands. Engrafted cells could be localized to the stroma surrounding acini and ducts. In summary, our data show that CD34+ derived SG-MSCs could be a promising cell source for adoptive cell-based SG therapies, and bioengineering of artificial SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robson T Sasaki
- Department of Morphology and Genetics - Discipline of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, CEP, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shivani Desai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Yee
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William R Ryan
- Division of Head and Neck Oncologic/Endocrine/Salivary Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo C P da Silva
- Department of Morphology and Genetics - Discipline of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, CEP, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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17
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Farmer DT, Nathan S, Finley JK, Shengyang Yu K, Emmerson E, Byrnes LE, Sneddon JB, McManus MT, Tward AD, Knox SM. Defining epithelial cell dynamics and lineage relationships in the developing lacrimal gland. Development 2017; 144:2517-2528. [PMID: 28576768 DOI: 10.1242/dev.150789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The tear-producing lacrimal gland is a tubular organ that protects and lubricates the ocular surface. The lacrimal gland possesses many features that make it an excellent model in which to investigate tubulogenesis, but the cell types and lineage relationships that drive lacrimal gland formation are unclear. Using single-cell sequencing and other molecular tools, we reveal novel cell identities and epithelial lineage dynamics that underlie lacrimal gland development. We show that the lacrimal gland from its earliest developmental stages is composed of multiple subpopulations of immune, epithelial and mesenchymal cell lineages. The epithelial lineage exhibits the most substantial cellular changes, transitioning through a series of unique transcriptional states to become terminally differentiated acinar, ductal and myoepithelial cells. Furthermore, lineage tracing in postnatal and adult glands provides the first direct evidence of unipotent KRT5+ epithelial cells in the lacrimal gland. Finally, we show conservation of developmental markers between the developing mouse and human lacrimal gland, supporting the use of mice to understand human development. Together, our data reveal crucial features of lacrimal gland development that have broad implications for understanding epithelial organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D'Juan T Farmer
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sara Nathan
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer K Finley
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kevin Shengyang Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Lauren E Byrnes
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Julie B Sneddon
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Michael T McManus
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Aaron D Tward
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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18
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Farmer DT, Finley JK, Chen FY, Tarifeño-Saldivia E, McNamara NA, Knox SM, McManus MT. miR-205 is a critical regulator of lacrimal gland development. Dev Biol 2017; 427:12-20. [PMID: 28511845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The tear film protects the terrestrial animal's ocular surface and the lacrimal gland provides important aqueous secretions necessary for its maintenance. Despite the importance of the lacrimal gland in ocular health, molecular aspects of its development remain poorly understood. We have identified a noncoding RNA (miR-205) as an important gene for lacrimal gland development. Mice lacking miR-205 fail to properly develop lacrimal glands, establishing this noncoding RNA as a key regulator of lacrimal gland development. Specifically, more than half of knockout lacrimal glands never initiated, suggesting a critical role of miR-205 at the earliest stages of lacrimal gland development. RNA-seq analysis uncovered several up-regulated miR-205 targets that may interfere with signaling to impair lacrimal gland initiation. Supporting this data, combinatorial epistatic deletion of Fgf10, the driver of lacrimal gland initiation, and miR-205 in mice exacerbates the lacrimal gland phenotype. We develop a molecular rheostat model where miR-205 modulates signaling pathways related to Fgf10 in order to regulate glandular development. These data show that a single microRNA is a key regulator for early lacrimal gland development in mice and highlights the important role of microRNAs during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D'Juan T Farmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; WM Keck Center for Noncoding RNAs, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Finley
- Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Feeling Y Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Estefania Tarifeño-Saldivia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; WM Keck Center for Noncoding RNAs, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nancy A McNamara
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael T McManus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; WM Keck Center for Noncoding RNAs, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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19
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Knosp WM, Knox SM, Lombaert IMA, Haddox CL, Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Submandibular parasympathetic gangliogenesis requires sprouty-dependent Wnt signals from epithelial progenitors. Dev Cell 2015; 32:667-77. [PMID: 25805134 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasympathetic innervation is critical for submandibular gland (SMG) development and regeneration. Parasympathetic ganglia (PSG) are derived from Schwann cell precursors that migrate along nerves, differentiate into neurons, and coalesce within their target tissue to form ganglia. However, signals that initiate gangliogenesis after the precursors differentiate into neurons are unknown. We found that deleting negative regulators of FGF signaling, Sprouty1 and Sprouty2 (Spry1/2DKO), resulted in a striking loss of gangliogenesis, innervation, and keratin 5-positive (K5+) epithelial progenitors in the SMG. Here we identify Wnts produced by K5+ progenitors in the SMG as key mediators of gangliogenesis. Wnt signaling increases survival and proliferation of PSG neurons, and inhibiting Wnt signaling disrupts gangliogenesis and organ innervation. Activating Wnt signaling and reducing FGF gene dosage rescues gangliogenesis and innervation in both the Spry1/2DKO SMG and pancreas. Thus, K5+ progenitors produce Wnt signals to establish the PSG-epithelial communication required for organ innervation and progenitor cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Knosp
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Candace L Haddox
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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Mattingly A, Finley JK, Knox SM. Salivary gland development and disease. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 2015; 4:573-90. [PMID: 25970268 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian salivary glands synthesize and secrete saliva via a vast interconnected network of epithelial tubes attached to secretory end units. The extensive morphogenesis required to establish this organ is dependent on interactions between multiple cell types (epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial, and neuronal) and the engagement of a wide range of signaling pathways. Here we describe critical regulators of salivary gland development and discuss how mutations in these impact human organogenesis. In particular, we explore the genetic contribution of growth factor pathways, nerve-derived factors and extracellular matrix molecules to salivary gland formation in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mattingly
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer K Finley
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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21
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Abstract
The lacrimal gland (LG) secretes aqueous tears necessary for maintaining the structure and function of the cornea, a transparent tissue essential for vision. In the human a single LG resides in the orbit above the lateral end of each eye delivering tears to the ocular surface through 3 - 5 ducts. The mouse has three pairs of major ocular glands, the most studied of which is the exorbital lacrimal gland (LG) located anterior and ventral to the ear. Similar to other glandular organs, the LG develops through the process of epithelial branching morphogenesis in which a single epithelial bud within a condensed mesenchyme undergoes multiple rounds of bud and duct formation to form an intricate interconnected network of secretory acini and ducts. This elaborate process has been well documented in many other epithelial organs such as the pancreas and salivary gland. However, the LG has been much less explored and the mechanisms controlling morphogenesis are poorly understood. We suspect that this under-representation as a model system is a consequence of the difficulties associated with finding, dissecting and culturing the LG. Thus, here we describe dissection techniques for harvesting embryonic and post-natal LG and methods for ex vivo culture of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Finley
- Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco
| | - D'Juan Farmer
- Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Noel Cruz Pacheco
- Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco;
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22
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Nedvetsky PI, Emmerson E, Finley JK, Ettinger A, Cruz-Pacheco N, Prochazka J, Haddox CL, Northrup E, Hodges C, Mostov KE, Hoffman MP, Knox SM. Parasympathetic innervation regulates tubulogenesis in the developing salivary gland. Dev Cell 2014; 30:449-62. [PMID: 25158854 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in development is how cells assemble to form a tubular network during organ formation. In glandular organs, tubulogenesis is a multistep process requiring coordinated proliferation, polarization and reorganization of epithelial cells to form a lumen, and lumen expansion. Although it is clear that epithelial cells possess an intrinsic ability to organize into polarized structures, the mechanisms coordinating morphogenetic processes during tubulogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that parasympathetic nerves regulate tubulogenesis in the developing salivary gland. We show that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) secreted by the innervating ganglia promotes ductal growth, leads to the formation of a contiguous lumen, and facilitates lumen expansion through a cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA)-dependent pathway. Furthermore, we provide evidence that lumen expansion is independent of apoptosis and involves the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-regulated Cl(-) channel. Thus, parasympathetic innervation coordinates multiple steps in tubulogenesis during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Nedvetsky
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer K Finley
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andreas Ettinger
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Candace L Haddox
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily Northrup
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Craig Hodges
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Keith E Mostov
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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23
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Klein OD, Bush JO, Knox SM, Jheon AH, Cordero DR, Richtsmeier JT. The society of craniofacial genetics and developmental biology 35th annual meeting. Am J Med Genet A 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ophir D. Klein
- Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
- Department of Orofacial Sciences; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
- Institute for Human Genetics; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | - Jeffrey O. Bush
- Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
- Institute for Human Genetics; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | - Andrew H. Jheon
- Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
- Department of Orofacial Sciences; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | | | - Joan T. Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania
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24
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Abstract
Our understanding of vertebrate salivary gland organogenesis has been largely informed by the study of the developing mouse submandibular gland (SMG), which will be the major focus of this review. The mouse SMG has been historically used as a model system to study epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, growth factor-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, and branching morphogenesis. SMG organogenesis involves interactions between a variety of cell types and their stem/progenitor cells, including the epithelial, neuronal, and mesenchymal cells, and their ECM microenvironment, or niche. Here, we will review recent literature that provides conceptual advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of salivary gland development. We will describe SMG organogenesis, introduce the model systems used to study development, and outline the key signaling pathways and cellular processes involved. We will also review recent research focusing on the identification of stem/progenitor cells in the SMG and how they are directed along a series of cell fate decisions to form a functional gland. The mechanisms that drive SMG organogenesis provide a template to regenerate functional salivary glands in patients who suffer from salivary hypofunction due to irreversible glandular damage after irradiation or removal of tumors. Additionally, these mechanisms may also control growth and development of other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Knosp
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, LCDB, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Abstract
An irreversible loss of salivary gland function often occurs in humans after removal of salivary tumors, after therapeutic radiation of head and neck tumors, as a result of Sjögren's syndrome and in genetic syndromes affecting gland development. The permanent loss of gland function impairs the oral health of these patients and broadly affects their quality of life. The regeneration of functional salivary gland tissue is thus an important therapeutic goal for the field of regenerative medicine and will likely involve stem/progenitor cell biology and/or tissue engineering approaches. Recent reports demonstrate how both innervation of the salivary gland epithelium and certain growth factors influence progenitor cell growth during mouse salivary gland development. These advances in our understanding suggest that developmental mechanisms of mouse salivary gland development may provide a paradigm for postnatal regeneration of both mice and human salivary glands. Herein, we will discuss the developmental mechanisms that influence progenitor cell biology and the implications for salivary gland regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M A Lombaert
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
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26
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Chuang CY, Lord MS, Melrose J, Rees MD, Knox SM, Freeman C, Iozzo RV, Whitelock JM. Heparan sulfate-dependent signaling of fibroblast growth factor 18 by chondrocyte-derived perlecan. Biochemistry 2010; 49:5524-32. [PMID: 20507176 DOI: 10.1021/bi1005199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan is a large multidomain proteoglycan that is essential for normal cartilage development. In this study, perlecan was localized in the pericellular matrix of hypertrophic chondrocytes in developing human cartilage rudiments. Perlecan immunopurified from medium conditioned by cultured human fetal chondrocytes was found to be substituted with heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and keratan sulfate (KS). Ligand and carbohydrate engagement (LACE) assays demonstrated that immunopurified chondrocyte-derived perlecan formed HS-dependent ternary complexes with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 and either FGF receptors (FGFRs) 1 or 3; however, these complexes were not biologically active in the BaF32 cell system. Chondrocyte-derived perlecan also formed HS-dependent ternary complexes with FGF18 and FGFR3. The proliferation of BaF32 cells expressing FGFR3 was promoted by chondrocyte-derived perlecan in the presence of FGF18, and this activity was reduced by digestion of the HS with either heparinase III or mammalian heparanase. These data suggest that FGF2 and -18 bind to discrete structures on the HS chains attached to chondrocyte-derived perlecan which modulate the growth factor activities. The presence and activity of mammalian heparanase may be important in the turnover of HS and subsequent signaling required for the establishment and maintenance of functional osteo-chondral junctions in long bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Y Chuang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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27
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Patel VN, Knox SM, Likar KM, Lathrop CA, Hossain R, Eftekhari S, Whitelock JM, Elkin M, Vlodavsky I, Hoffman MP. Heparanase cleavage of perlecan heparan sulfate modulates FGF10 activity during ex vivo submandibular gland branching morphogenesis. Development 2007; 134:4177-86. [PMID: 17959718 DOI: 10.1242/dev.011171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are essential for biological processes regulated by fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Heparan sulfate (HS) regulates the activity of FGFs by acting as a coreceptor at the cell surface, enhancing FGF-FGFR affinity, and being a storage reservoir for FGFs in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we demonstrate a critical role for heparanase during mouse submandibular gland (SMG) branching morphogenesis. Heparanase, an endoglycosidase, colocalized with perlecan in the basement membrane and in epithelial clefts of SMGs. Inhibition of heparanase activity in organ culture decreased branching morphogenesis, and this inhibition was rescued specifically by FGF10 and not by other FGFs. By contrast, exogenous heparanase increased SMG branching and MAPK signaling and, surprisingly, when isolated epithelia were cultured in a three-dimensional ECM with FGF10, it increased the number of lateral branches and end buds. In a solid-phase binding assay, an FGF10-FGFR2b complex was released from the ECM by heparanase. In addition, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis showed that FGF10 and the FGF10-FGFR2b complex bound to purified perlecan HS and could be released by heparanase. We used the FGF10-FGFR2b complex as a probe for HS in SMGs, and it colocalized with perlecan in the basement membrane and partly colocalized with syndecan 1 in the epithelium, and binding was reduced by treatment with heparanase. In summary, our results show heparanase releases FGF10 from perlecan HS in the basement membrane, increasing MAPK signaling, epithelial clefting, and lateral branch formation, which results in increased branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Abstract
Perlecan is a large multi-domain extracellular matrix proteoglycan that plays a crucial role in tissue development and organogenesis. In vertebrates, perlecan functions in a diverse range of developmental and biological processes, from the establishment of cartilage to the regulation of wound healing. How can a single molecule modulate such a wide variety of processes? We suggest that perlecan employs the same basic mechanism, based on interactions with growth factors, morphogens and matrix proteins, to regulate each of these processes and that the local extracellular environment determines the function of perlecan and consequently its downstream effects on the structure and function of the organ. We discuss this hypothesis in relation to its role in three major vertebrate developmental processes: angiogenesis, chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Knox
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Level 5, Samuels Bldg, Kensington, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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29
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Kirkpatrick CA, Knox SM, Staatz WD, Fox B, Lercher DM, Selleck SB. The function of a Drosophila glypican does not depend entirely on heparan sulfate modification. Dev Biol 2006; 300:570-82. [PMID: 17055473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Division abnormally delayed (Dally) is one of two glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked heparan sulfate proteoglycans in Drosophila. Numerous studies have shown that it influences Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Wingless signaling. It has been generally assumed that Dally affects signaling by directly interacting with these growth factors, primarily through its heparan sulfate (HS) chains. To understand the functional contributions of HS chains and protein core we have (1) assessed the growth factor binding properties of purified Dally using surface plasmon resonance, (2) generated a form of Dally that is not HS modified and evaluated its signaling capacity in vivo. Purified Dally binds directly to FGF2, FGF10, and the functional Dpp homolog BMP4. FGF binding is abolished by preincubation with HS, but BMP4 association is partially HS-resistant, suggesting the Dally protein core contributes to binding. Cell binding and co-immunoprecipitation studies suggest that non-HS-modified Dally retains some ability to bind Dpp or BMP4. Expression of HS-deficient Dally in vivo showed it does not promote signaling as well as wild-type Dally, yet it can rescue several dally mutant phenotypes. These data reveal that heparan sulfate modification of Dally is not required for all in vivo activities and that significant functional capacity resides in the protein core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Kirkpatrick
- The Developmental Biology Center, Department of Pediatrics, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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30
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Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are finding increasing applications in biology, especially as therapeutic candidates and diagnostic components. An important characteristic in meeting the needs of these applications is improved stability in physiological fluids, which is most often accomplished with chemical modification or unnatural nucleotides. In an alternative approach we have specified the design of a multivalent circular DNA aptamer topology that encompasses a number of properties relevant to nucleic acid therapeutic candidates, especially the ability to multitask by combining different activities together within a modular structure. Improved stability in blood products, greater conformational stability, antidoting by complementary circular antiaptamers, heterovalency, transcription factor decoy activity and minimal unintended effects upon the cellular innate immune response are desirable properties that are described here. Multitasking by circular DNA aptamers could similarly find applications in diagnostics and biomaterials, where the combination of interchangeable modules might generate new functions, such as anticoagulation coupled with reversible cell capture as, described here. These results provide a platform for further exploration of multivalent circular aptamer properties, especially in novel combinations of nucleic acid therapeutic modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Di Giusto
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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31
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Abraham DC, Jones RC, Jones SE, Cheek JH, Peters GN, Knox SM, Grant MD, Hampe DW, Savino DA, Harms SE. Evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapeutic response of locally advanced breast cancer by magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer 1996; 78:91-100. [PMID: 8646731 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960701)78:1<91::aid-cncr14>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The implementation of new treatment protocols for locally advanced breast cancer is currently limited by inaccurate evaluation of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A recently developed dedicated breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method (RODEO MRI) was evaluated as a tool for determining tumor response and extent of residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS Thirty-nine patients with Stage II, III, or IV breast carcinoma were prospectively evaluated prior to and following neoadjuvant chemotherapy by MRI, physical examination, and mammography. Assessment of response determined by the three methods was compared. In addition, detailed pathologic correlation of residual disease was determined by serial sectioning of 31 mastectomy specimens from 30 patients. Nine patients had breast conservation, and were included in the response evaluation only. Estimates of tumor response were made by both surgical and medical oncologists. Independent interpretations of MRI studies without knowledge of clinical response were made by three radiologists. RESULTS The surgical oncologists assessed complete response (CR), partial response (PR), and no response (NR) in 11, 22, and 7 cases, respectively. The medical oncologists assessed CR, PR, and NR in 12, 21, and 7 cases, respectively. The surgical and medical oncologists' clinical assessment of response agreed with the results of MRI in 52% and 55% of cases, respectively, and with each other in 30 of 40 cases (75%). Mammography correlated with MRI response in only 52% of cases. However, MRI accurately predicted the pathologic determination of residual disease in 30 of 31 cases (97%). There was no disagreement in the assessments of residual disease or response among the three radiologists. CONCLUSIONS RODEO breast MRI accurately estimates residual disease after induction chemotherapy. It assesses response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy better than traditional methods of physical examination or mammography. The information obtained from this MRI technique may be used as an objective tool during clinical trials, and to select patients better for breast conservation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Abraham
- Department of Surgery, Baptist Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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32
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Cathcart CK, Jones SE, Pumroy CS, Peters GN, Knox SM, Cheek JH. Clinical recognition and management of depression in node negative breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993; 27:277-81. [PMID: 8312586 DOI: 10.1007/bf00665698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Depression is not an uncommon complaint of women with breast cancer and is usually assumed to be related to the cancer diagnosis itself or its treatment. As part of a prospective clinical trial of adjuvant therapy of node negative breast cancer, 301 patients treated and assessed by one oncologist (SEJ) were serially questioned for symptoms of depression in the first 6-12 months after completing initial treatment (surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy). Two hundred and fifty-seven patients were evaluable for assessment of depression; 155 were receiving tamoxifen and 102 were not. Twenty-six patients had symptoms of depression including 23 (15%) treated with tamoxifen compared to 3 (3%) in the group not placed on tamoxifen (p < 0.005). Of the 23 patients with depression in the tamoxifen group, symptoms were temporally related to the initiation of therapy and occurred generally in the first 2 months of treatment. Eight patients had mild symptoms not requiring a dose reduction, 8 had significant depression requiring a dose reduction to relieve symptoms, and 7 required discontinuation of tamoxifen. We conclude that clinical depression as a side effect of tamoxifen therapy may be more common than previously believed and should be further rigorously investigated to confirm or deny our clinical impressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Cathcart
- Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75246
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33
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Harms SE, Flamig DP, Hesley KL, Evans WP, Cheek JH, Peters GN, Knox SM, Savino DA, Netto GJ, Wells RB. Fat-suppressed three-dimensional MR imaging of the breast. Radiographics 1993; 13:247-67. [PMID: 8460218 DOI: 10.1148/radiographics.13.2.8460218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rotating delivery of excitation off-resonance (RODEO) is a new magnetic resonance (MR) imaging pulse sequence that uses a jump return sine excitation on fat resonance to produce fat-suppressed, T1-weighted images. New three-dimensional MR imaging techniques were used to examine 57 women with abnormalities suspicious for breast cancer. MR imaging findings were compared with those of mammography in all cases and with those of other imaging techniques when appropriate. Thirty-five specimens obtained at mastectomy were analyzed with rigorous pathologic examination that included imaging of the entire breast at 5-mm incremental sections. Histologic confirmation was obtained in 76 lesions in 47 patients. MR imaging helped detect 100% of malignant lesions, whereas mammography produced 33% false-negative findings. The use of RODEO in breast imaging is in the early investigational phases, but it has potential for supplementing mammography in the diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Harms
- Department of Radiology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246
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34
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Johnson MA, Morton MK, Knox SM. The transition to a nursing home: meeting the family's needs. Family members face their own transition when a loved one enters a nursing home. Geriatr Nurs 1992; 13:299-302. [PMID: 1334927 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4572(05)80373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The lack of preparation for the experience of admission to a nursing home, as represented by these family members, indicates there is a need for nursing interventions targeted to the family before the admission of a loved one to the nursing home. The program could address information and problem solving, as well as provide emotional support. The day of admission is too late to prepare for this experience. Access to families occurs before any admission to LTCFs. Nurses in acute care and home care are in a position to inform, assist, and advocate for families in this decision-making and admission process. The family members we questioned have provided some of the content for an educational preparation program that may be useful to all families. The responses also indicate that each family will have its own concerns and functional relationships that would alter specific content. Maslow's framework could aid the identification of needs and direct the specific interventions to empower the family to cope with this transition. A few guidelines have been suggested in this article to stimulate discussion about the family's transition to the nursing home. Appraisal of a family's perceptions about the use of nursing homes may alert the nurse to potential conflicts and areas of uncertainty. These assessments provide direction for family interventions that may alleviate the extent of uncertainty and conflict before the admission and serve as ongoing family-centered activity in the nursing home. The view of this experience as a family transition also supports the concept of continuity of care through nursing interventions.
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35
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Abstract
To ascertain the prognostic significance of tumor hormone receptor status in premenopausal patients with node-negative breast cancer, a retrospective review of 199 patients who met these criteria was conducted. Of these 199 patients, estrogen receptor (ER) data were available for 147. One hundred four patients (71%) had ER-negative disease and 22 (21%) exhibited local or distant recurrence with a median follow-up time of 85.4 months. Thirteen patients in this group had died of breast cancer. Of the 43 patients who had ER-positive disease, 5 (12%) had recurrences and 2 died of breast cancer. After observing patients for a longer period of time (median follow-up time, 85.4 months), no statistically significant differences in disease-free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS) were demonstrated. However, as seen in our first analysis of this group at 45 months, tumor size after a median follow-up time of 85.4 months continues to have significant prognostic implications, regardless of ER status.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Tsangaris
- Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Jones SE, Mennel RG, Peters GN, Westrick MA, Brooks BD, Knox SM, McGuffey P. Phase I trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil (CEF) for stage II breast cancer. Invest New Drugs 1988; 6:195-8. [PMID: 2847991 DOI: 10.1007/bf00175397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epirubicin is a new anthracycline with a potentially more favorable toxicity profile than the parent compound, doxorubicin. Accordingly, the feasibility and toxicity of 6 courses of adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (C), epirubicin (E), and 5-fluorouracil (F) were assessed in 10 patients with Stage 2 (node positive) breast cancer. Doses of C and F were 600 mg/m2 and E was 75 mg/m2. Moderate granulocytopenia (median count = 610/mm3) occurred on day 14 of the first 21 day treatment course and was the main toxicity encountered with treatment, although there were no episodes of granulocytopenic fever. Grade 3 or 4 vomiting occurred in 40% and significant alopecia in 30% of patients. Four patients experienced transient asymptomatic decreases in calculated radionuclide cardiac ejection fraction of greater than or equal to 10% but no signs or symptoms of cardiac failure were observed. If epirubicin proves to be less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin, this combination would merit further evaluation as potential adjuvant therapy for early breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Jones
- Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Somberg JC, Knox SM, Miura DS. Effect of quinidine on differing sensitivities of Purkinje fibers and myocardium to inhibition of monovalent cation transport by digitalis in dogs. Am J Cardiol 1983; 52:1123-6. [PMID: 6637835 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(83)90545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies have implicated quinidine in increasing serum digoxin levels, resulting in serious arrhythmias. Arrhythmias caused by digitalis intoxication are thought to originate in Purkinje fibers. Thus, the extent of inhibition of monovalent cation-active transport in Purkinje fibers and myocardium may explain the enhanced toxicity of the combined administration of digoxin and quinidine. Monovalent cation transport was assessed by measuring the uptake of the potassium analog rubidium in samples of myocardium and Purkinje fibers after in vitro exposure to ouabain and after long-term administration of digoxin and quinidine or digoxin alone. A group of dogs received chronic digoxin administration and achieved a steady-stage digoxin administration and achieved a steady-stage digoxin level of 2.1 +/- 0.3 ng/ml. Quinidine administered intravenously caused a 134% increase in the serum digoxin level. The transport in myocardium was unchanged, while it was reduced to 40% of control levels in Purkinje fibers. The difference in sensitivity between Purkinje fibers and myocardium may explain the finding that digitalis-toxic arrhythmias arise in Purkinje fibers and that quinidine, when combined with digitalis, increases the incidence of such arrhythmias.
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