1
|
Wang M, Fukushima S, Sheen YS, Ramelyte E, Pacheco NC, Shi C, Liu S, Banik I, Aquino JD, Acosta MS, Levesque M, Dummer R, Liau JY, Chu CY, Shain AH, Yeh I, Bastian BC. The genetic evolution of acral melanoma. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.18.562802. [PMID: 37904969 PMCID: PMC10614839 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Acral melanoma is an aggressive type of melanoma with unknown origins, arising on the sole, palm, or nail apparatus. It is the most common type of melanoma in individuals with dark skin and is notoriously challenging to treat. Our study examined exome sequencing data from 139 tissue samples, spanning different progression stages, collected from 37 patients. We found that 78.4% of the melanomas displayed one or more clustered copy number transitions with focal amplifications, recurring predominantly on chromosomes 5, 11, 12, and 22. These genomic "hailstorms" were typically shared across all progression stages within individual patients. Genetic alterations known to activate TERT also arose early. By contrast, mutations in the MAP-kinase pathway appeared later during progression, often leading to different tumor areas harboring non-overlapping driver mutations. We conclude that the evolutionary trajectories of acral melanomas substantially diverge from those of melanomas on sun-exposed skin, where MAP-kinase pathway activation initiates the neoplastic cascade followed by immortalization later. The punctuated formation of hailstorms, paired with early TERT activation, suggests a unique mutational mechanism underlying the origins of acral melanoma. Our findings highlight an essential role for telomerase, likely in re-stabilizing tumor genomes after hailstorms have initiated the tumors. The marked genetic heterogeneity, in particular of MAP-kinase pathway drivers, may partly explain the limited success of targeted and other therapies in treating this melanoma subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satoshi Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yi-Shuan Sheen
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Egle Ramelyte
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noel Cruz Pacheco
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chenxu Shi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ishani Banik
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jamie D. Aquino
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Mitchell Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jau-Yu Liau
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Chu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - A. Hunter Shain
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- These authors jointly supervised this project
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- These authors jointly supervised this project
| | - Boris C. Bastian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- These authors jointly supervised this project
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Sudiwala S, Berthoin L, Mohabbat S, Gaylord EA, Sinada H, Cruz Pacheco N, Chang JC, Jeon O, Lombaert IM, May AJ, Alsberg E, Bahney CS, Knox SM. Long-term functional regeneration of radiation-damaged salivary glands through delivery of a neurogenic hydrogel. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eadc8753. [PMID: 36542703 PMCID: PMC9770982 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc8753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salivary gland acinar cells are severely depleted after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, leading to loss of saliva and extensive oro-digestive complications. With no regenerative therapies available, organ dysfunction is irreversible. Here, using the adult murine system, we demonstrate that radiation-damaged salivary glands can be functionally regenerated via sustained delivery of the neurogenic muscarinic receptor agonist cevimeline. We show that endogenous gland repair coincides with increased nerve activity and acinar cell division that is limited to the first week after radiation, with extensive acinar cell degeneration, dysfunction, and cholinergic denervation occurring thereafter. However, we found that mimicking cholinergic muscarinic input via sustained local delivery of a cevimeline-alginate hydrogel was sufficient to regenerate innervated acini and retain physiological saliva secretion at nonirradiated levels over the long term (>3 months). Thus, we reveal a previously unknown regenerative approach for restoring epithelial organ structure and function that has extensive implications for human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Li
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Sudiwala
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lionel Berthoin
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seayar Mohabbat
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eliza A. Gaylord
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanan Sinada
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noel Cruz Pacheco
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiun Chiun Chang
- Orthopedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oju Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Isabelle M.A. Lombaert
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alison J. May
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Departments of Orthopedics, Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, and Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chelsea S. Bahney
- Orthopedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The lacrimal gland (LG) secretes aqueous tears necessary for maintaining the structure and function of the cornea, a transparent tissue essential for vision. In the human a single LG resides in the orbit above the lateral end of each eye delivering tears to the ocular surface through 3 - 5 ducts. The mouse has three pairs of major ocular glands, the most studied of which is the exorbital lacrimal gland (LG) located anterior and ventral to the ear. Similar to other glandular organs, the LG develops through the process of epithelial branching morphogenesis in which a single epithelial bud within a condensed mesenchyme undergoes multiple rounds of bud and duct formation to form an intricate interconnected network of secretory acini and ducts. This elaborate process has been well documented in many other epithelial organs such as the pancreas and salivary gland. However, the LG has been much less explored and the mechanisms controlling morphogenesis are poorly understood. We suspect that this under-representation as a model system is a consequence of the difficulties associated with finding, dissecting and culturing the LG. Thus, here we describe dissection techniques for harvesting embryonic and post-natal LG and methods for ex vivo culture of the tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Finley
- Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco
| | - D'Juan Farmer
- Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Noel Cruz Pacheco
- Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco;
| |
Collapse
|